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AP Biology - Biochemistry Flashcards

Campbell's Ch 1-5, 8: atomic structure, water, pH, isomers, organic compounds, enzymes, and metabolism. Also Cliff's AP Bio 4th ed., Ch 2: Chemistry.

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771436678	elements	can't be broken into other substances
771436679	compound	2+ elements in ratio
771436680	atom	smallest unit of element
771436681	nucleus contains	protons, neutrons
771436682	protons	(+) determine element
771436683	neutrons	(0) determines isotope
771436684	electrons	(-) determine chem. behavior
771436685	atomic #	proton #
771436686	atomic mass	(daltons, amu) protons + neutrons
771436687	ground state	lowest E state
771436688	excited state	absorbs E, higher E level
771436689	covalent bonds	electrons shared, forms molecule
771436690	electronegativity	affinity of electrons
771436691	nonpolar covalent	same electronegativity
771436692	polar covalent	different electronegativity, favors higher
771436693	ionic bonds	electrons transfered between opposite charged atoms, forms ions
771436694	anion	negative ion, gains electrons
771436695	cation	positive ion, loses electrons
771436696	hydrogen bonds	attraction between H (+) and highly electronegative atoms, i.e., O, F, N
771436697	van der Waals interactions (IMFs)	interactions between + and - ends of molecules, generally weak
771436698	water properties (due to H bonds)	1) specific heat 2) heat of vaporization 3) universal solvent 4) cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, capillary action 5) ice floats
771436699	specific heat	heat absorbed to increase 1g 1C; bodies of water resist temp. change -> stable environ, moderate land climates
771436700	heat of vaporization	heat needed to evaporate water; cools down
771436701	universal solvent	dissolves polar and ionic substances because of high polarity (attracts parts of aforementioned)
771436702	properties that allow water to climb tree without exerting energy (transpirational-pull)	1) cohesion 2) adhesion 3) capillary action 4) surface tension
771436703	cohesion	attracts water to itself
771436704	adhesion	attracts water to polar surfaces
771436705	capillary action	cohesion + adhesion join to cause water to rise
771436706	surface tension	prevents "breakage" of bonds, allows some organisms to walk on water
771436707	ice floats	less dense because atom arrangement less condensed; insulates marine life below top layer; spring overturn
771436708	spring overturn	circulation of water upon melting of ice, brings oxygen and nutrients to top to allow diffusion
771436709	hydrophilic	affinity for water
771436710	hydrophobic	afraid of water
771436711	molarity	moles solute / L solution = concentration
771436712	acidic	donate H+; [H+]>[OH-], 0-6
771436713	neutral	[H+]=[OH-], 7
771436714	basic	accept H+, donate OH-; [H+]<[OH-], 8-14
771436715	pH=	-log[H+] EX: pH 3=1E-3 mol/L H+ because -log(1E-3)=3
771436716	ocean acidification	fossil fuels burning increases CO2, which dissolved into oceans
771436717	acidic precipitation (acid rain)	fossil fuels burning increases sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which combine in air with rain to make acid rain
771436718	buffers	substance that resist change in pH; absorb and donate H+ accordingly
771436719	isomers	same formula, different structure
771436720	structural isomers	different covalent arrangement
771436721	geometric isomers	different spatial arrangement around double bonds; cis and trans isomers
771436722	enantiomers	mirror images; L- and D- which have very different effects in pharmaceuticals
771436723	organic compounds	containing organic carbon: 1) carbohydrates 2) lipids 3) proteins 4) nucleic acids
771436724	carbohydrates (general)	CHO, provides quick E and structural support
771436725	carbohydrates (components)	monosaccharide monomer: ring of C with H and OH molecules attached; glycosidic linkage between monomers
771436726	carbohydrates (ex)	monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharids
771436727	monosaccharides (ex + fx)	glucose, fructose; fuel, combine to form polymers
771436728	disaccharides (ex + fx)	lactose, sucrose; fuel, combine to form polymers
771436729	polysaccharides (ex)	cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen
771436730	cellulose	plants; strengthens cell walls
771436731	starch	plants; stores glucose for E
771436732	chitin	animals; strengthens exoskeletal walls
771436733	glycogen	animals; stores glucose for E
771436734	dehydration synthesis	(condensation) forming of polymers; water lost
771436735	hydrolysis	breakdown polymers; water gained
771467336	lipids	group of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
771467337	triglyceride	- fats, oils - glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails - E source
771467338	phospholipids	- glycerol+P head (hydrophilic) + 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) - bilipid membrane layer
771467339	steroids	- 4 fused rings + attached chemical groups - cell membrane (cholesterol) - signal molecules (hormones)
771467340	saturated fatty acid	animals, solid, single bond
771467341	unsaturated fatty acid	plants, liquid, double bond (healthier)
771467342	proteins (components)	amine (NH2) + R-C-H + carboxyl (COHO); form AAs; peptide bonds between AAs
771467343	proteins (ex)	enzymes, structural proteins, storage, transport, hormones, receptor, motor, and defensive
771467344	conformation	unique shape of proteins
771467345	primary structure	unique AA sequence; change in primary=dire affects
771467346	secondary structure	coil/folding due to H bonds (alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets)
771467347	tertiary structure	conformation; H bonds between R groups, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, IMFd, hydrophobic interactions
771467348	quaternary structure	2+ polypeptides
771467349	chaperone protein	help fold proteins
771467350	denaturation	unravel, lose shape and function
771488656	nucleic acids (general)	store, transmit, help express hereditary info; RNA and DNA
771488657	nucleic acids (components)	nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate
771488658	DNA	two stranded; sugar=deoxyribose; bases=ATCG; stores heredity info
771488659	RNA	one stranded; sugar=ribose; bases=AUCG; various in gene expression, carry DNA instruction to ribosomes
785886885	adenine thymine bond	double bond
785886886	guanine cytosine bond	triple bond
771488660	hydroxyl group	OH, alcohols; ethanol, sugars
771488661	carboxyl	COHO, carboxylic acids; fatty acids, AAs
771488662	amino	NH2, amines; AAs
771488663	phosphate	PO3-, organic phosphates; DNA, ATP
771488664	carbonyl (1)	CO, ketones; acetone, sugar
771488665	carbonyl (2)	COH, aldehydes; formaldehyde
771488666	methyl	CH3; oils, wax, fatty acids
785886887	activation energy	E required for reaction to occur
785886888	catalyst	lowers activation energy (Ea); doesn't change, can be reused
785886889	metabolism	chemical rxns that occur in bio systems
785886890	catabolism	breakdown substances (E released)
785886891	anabolism	synthesis: form substances (E absorbed)
785886892	chemical equilibrium	rate of rxn from reactant->product=rate of rxn from product->reactant; no net production
785886893	enzymes	globular proteins that catalyze; substrate specific, optimal pH usually 7; -ase
785886894	substrate	substance upon which enzyme acts
785886895	induced-fit model	active site bonded to=enzyme changes shape, new shape favors reaction (goes w/ idea that enzymes are substrate specific)
785886896	coenzymes	organic cofactors that assist enzymes; donate or accept some part of rxn
785886897	cofactors	inorganic that assist enzymes; usually metal ions
785886898	ATP	adenosine triphosphate; common source of Ea for metabolic rxns
785886899	ATP hydrolysis	ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi + E ; breaks P bond
785886900	phosphorylation	ADP + Pi + E -> ATP + H20
785886901	energy coupling	products of ATP hydrolysis (Pi and E) used to drive another rxn
785886902	allosteric activator	induces active form
785886903	allosteric inhibitor	induces inactive form; can be reversible or irreversible
785886904	feedback inhibition	product of rxn series binds to allosteric site, disabling rxn
785886905	competitive inhibition	mimics substrate and binds to active site, blocking substrate from being able to; doesn't induce enzyme
785886906	noncompetitive inhibition	binds to allosteric site, blocking active site or changing active site shape
785886907	cooperativity	once substrate binds to active site, more substrates likely to bind b/c increased receptivity

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AP Physics C Equations- Mechanics Flashcards

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787733061	Displacement	∆x=x2-x1
787733062	Average Velocity	v=∆x/∆t
787733063	Average Speed	v=distance/∆time
787733064	Constant Acceleration (w/o x)	v=v₀+at
787733065	Constant Acceleration (w/o v final)	x = v₀t + ½at²
787733066	Constant Acceleration (w/o t)	v²=v₀²+2ax
787733067	Constant Acceleration (w/o a)	∆x=½(v₀+v)t
787733068	Instant Acceleration	∆v/∆t
787733069	Circular Acceleration	a=v²/r
787733070	Newton's 2nd Law	F=ma
787733071	Weight	W=mg
787733072	Static Friction (Max)	f(smax)≤µsN
787733073	Kinetic Friction	f(k)=µkN
787733074	Work (F isn't constant)	W=∫F dx = ∆K
787733075	Work (F is constant)	W=Fxcosθ
787743831	Force (in terms of energy)	F=-dU/dt
787743832	Potential Energy	U=mgh
787743833	Spring Potential Energy	U=½kx²
787743834	Kinetic Energy	K=½mv²
787743835	Power (in terms of work)	P=dW/dt
787743836	Power	F ° v
787743837	Center of Mass	x(center of mass) = m₁x₁+m₂x₂/(M total)
787743838	Center of Mass Velocity	v(center of mass) = m₁v₁+m₂v₂/(M total)
787743839	Momentum	p=mv
787897717	Momentum in Inelastic Collision	m₁v₁+m₂v₂=m₁m₁f+m₂v₂f
787897718	Impulse	J=∆p
787897719	Impulse (Integral)	J=∫F dt
787897720	Angular Displacement	θ
787897721	Angular Velocity	w=dθ/dt
787897722	Angular Acceleration	α=dw/dt
787897723	Tangential Displacement	s=θr
787897724	Tangential Velocity	v=wr
787897725	Tangential Acceleration	a=αr
787897726	Centripetal/Radial Acceleration	a=w²r=v²/r
787897727	Moment of Inertia (Integral)	I=∫r²dm=∫r²λdr
787897728	Inertia of Hoop	MR²
787897729	Inertia of Disk or Cylinder	½MR²
787897730	Inertia of Solid Sphere	(2/5)MR²
787897731	Inertia of Sphere Shell	(2/3)MR²
787897732	Inertia of Rod	(1/12)MR²
787897733	Angular Momentum	L=IW
787897734	Angular Momentum (l)	l=mrv
787897735	Torque	t=r x F
787897736	Torque (net)	t=dL/dt=Iα
787897737	Rotational Kinetic Energy	K=½Iw²
787897738	Rolling Velocity Center of Mass	v=wR
787897739	Rolling Energy	K=½Iw²+½mv²
787897740	Work (Angular)	W=∫t ° dθ = ∆K
787897741	Power (Angular)	P=dW/dt= r ° w
787897742	Gravitational Potential Energy	U=-GMm/r
787897743	Gravitational Kinetic Energy	K=GMm/2r
787897744	Total Gravitational Energy	E=U+K=-GMm/2r
787897745	Escape Velocity	v=√2GM/r
787897746	Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation	F=GMm/r²
787897747	Newton's Law of Gravitation (inside planet)	F=GMmr/R³
787897748	Definition of Simple Harmonic Motion	a=-w²x
787897749	Definition of Simple Harmonic Motion (Angular)	α=-w²θ
787897750	Simple Harmonic Motion Equation (distance)	x=Acos(wt+∅)
787897751	Frequency	f=1/T=w/2π
787897752	Period of Oscillation in Spring	T=2π√m/k
787897753	Spring Velocity (Oscillation)	w=√k/m
787897754	Period of a Pendulum	T=2π√L/g

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Evolution Flashcards

Aristotle - Linnaeus - Lamarck - August Weismann - Thomas Malthus - Geology - Charles Darwin - Theory- Facts- Inference- Evidence for Evolution - Speciation - Reproductive isolation - Microevolution (Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium) - Adaptation, Selection, CoEvolution and Convergent Evolution, Great Transformations, Origin of Life

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141669411	Aristotle	"Scale of nature" Ladder of Increasing complexity
141669412	Linnaeus part. 1	Modern classification Taxanomy - Science of classification Morphology - form, anatomy, structure Modern Biochem compare - DNA, amino-acid Phylogeny - evolutionary. History of an organism Cladogram - relatedness and common ancestry Binomial Nomenclature 2 Name System - Latin 7 Levels or Taxa (Singular- Taxon) "God creates Linnaeus arranges!"
141669413	Linnaeus part. 2	King (Kingdom) - Most Inclusive Philip (Phylum) Comes (Class) Over (Order) For (Family) Great (Genus) Sex (Species) - Least Inclusive
141669414	Lamarck (1809)	Idea of change. Use and disuse. Inheritance of acquired characteristics Strive for perfection -> improve themselves.
141669415	August Weismann	Test Lamarck ideas. Cut off tails of mice. No change in lengths. Lamarck was WRONG.
141669416	Thomas Malthus	"Where did all the elephants go." Unchecked populations will increase exponentially. Unchecked = no predators, surplus food/space/shelter War, Famine, Disease checks human population
141669417	Change	Needs Geology. First Geologist Charles Lyell.
141669418	Principles of Geology	Earth is old (millions) Built by slow process
141669419	Charles Darwin Observation	(Takes HMS Beagle to SA (1831-1836) - 5 year voyage.) Observations: Organisms are well adapted to their environment. Patterns of diversity, Grasslands in Europe, Argentina and Australia different yet similar adaptations. Fossils resembled living organisms. Other fossils are completely unalike anything alive. (ex. Dinosaurs) Galapagos Islands each with a slightly different environment. The wildlife such as insects and birds are similar yet with slightly different adaptations. Finches varied by beak size and shape. Tortoises shell varied from island to island. "What a trifling difference must often determine which shall survive and which perish!"
141669420	Darwin's Theory	Evolution by means of natural selection
141669421	Fact 1:	Exponential Growth - (From Thomas Mathus. All species have a great potential fertility.
141669422	Fact 2:	Most population are stable.
141669423	Fact 3:	Resources are limited. (resources include; food, water, shelter, space, mates, sunlight and minerals.)
141669424	Inference 1:	More offspring are produced than can survive, this leads to a struggle for existence among individuals. A small fraction from each generation survive.
141669425	Fact 4:	Individuals vary in a population no two are alike. (Mendel rules apply. Different alleles.)
141669426	Fact 5:	Variation is heritable. Most like your parents.
141669427	Inference 2:	Those with characteristics that best suit them to the environment survive and are most likely to have offspring. (Success is measured by how many offspring an animal has.) Darwinian Fitness
141669428	Inference 3:	This unequal ability to survive leads to a gradual change in a population, favorable characteristics accumulate over many generations.
141669429	Evolutionary Theory	Rest upon facts and experimental evidence. 1. Fossils 2. Comparative Cytology 3. Comparative Biochemistry 4. Comparative Anatomy 5. Comparative Embryology 6. Transitional Series 7. Vestigial Organs 8. Intermediate Forms 9. BioGeography
141669430	ET: Fossils	relic (remain), impression (ex. Leaf, footprint). Fossilization - rare. (teeth, shells, bone) Found in Sedimentary rocks. ex/ Petrified wood, and amber. Minerals replace tissue. Sand -> sandstone Mud -> shale Determining age of Fossil: Older sediment on bottom Relative dating - index fossil to match sediments (Wide distribution) Absolute Dating - radioactive dating (isotopes are used. Known half-life)
141669431	ET: Comparative Cytology	"All living things are made up of cells."
141669432	ET: Comparative Biochemistry	Dna, Rna, proteins
141669433	ET: Comparative Anatomy	Muscles, bones, organs Similar structures show - Common Ancestry Homologous structure - similar structure that used for different functions (ex/ Bat wing, human arm, whale flipper.) Analogous Structures - Different structure similar/same function. (ex/ bird wing - insect wing. Chordate eye - Arthropod eye - Mollusks eye)
141669434	ET: Comparative Embryology	Similar, early embryo's
141669435	ET: Transitional Series	A change in the fossil record for 1 species over million of years (ex/ Eohippus -> equus)
141669436	ET: Vestigal Organs	Organs that disappear when NOT needed. (ex/ Humans -> appendix) Any structure that you have but non-functional or not needed
141669437	ET: intermediate forms	Fossil that links two or more groups. (ex/ Archeopteryx "Ancient Wing" -> Teeth/feathers or reptiles/birds)
141669438	ET: BioGeography	Distribution of species
141669439	Speciation	How are new species formed? (species = viable offspring) Branching evolution Mutation is the source of variation along with crossing over (mixing genes, recombination) [Darwin was never able to explain the source of the variation he wrote about: Origin of species 1859] To form new species the parent population must become separated. A subset is now reproductively isolated from the parent population. Each population will respond to the pressures place upon them. Populations Evolve Individuals are selected
141669440	Reproductive Isolation	(Adaptive radiation) 1. Geographic (water, mountain range, desert, river, canyon) 2. Behavioral (courtship rituals (song+dance)) 3. Temporal (Time~ Gene pool stay separated)
141669441	(Macro/Micro)evolution	Macroevoltuion- Major events in the history of life on Earth Microevoltuion - Minor events. (ex/ Shift in allele frequencies form one generation to the next.)
141669442	Microevolution: Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium	Formula: p² + 2pq + q² Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium: Conditions of No evoltuion. (Helps establish a baseline.): 1. Large population 2. Random Mating 3. No mutation 4. No immigration/emigration 5. No natural selection For Evolution: 1. Small - allele frequency can change/faster 2. Assortive mating - pick winner 3. Mutations are necessary 4. Allow movement 5. Natural selection (Nature selects)
141669443	Adaptations	Structural: paws, jaws, claws, wing, fin, tentacles Physiological: cold-blooded/ warm-blooded, hibernate, ink (octopus), water conservation Camouflage: Blend-in (ex/ walking stick, chameleon, lion/tiger. octopus) Behavioral: gender mating Warning Coloration: Advertise poisonousness (ex/ Frogs SA) Mimicry: Pretends to be poisonous by their vibrant colors (ex/ Monarch, viceroy)
141669444	Selection	Standard distribution: favors majority Directional: The extremes are selected for. Stabilizing: both extremes are selected against. Average is the winner. Disruptive Selection: Both extreme. (Leads to 2 species) *Sexual Selection: Contests for a mate
141669445	Observed Natural Selection	1. Industrial Melanism - Peppered moth (ex/ light moth vs. dark moth) 2. Drug Resistant Bacteria (ex/ MRSA) 3. Resistance to Pesticies (ex/ Bugs)
141669446	Pace of Evolution	Gradualism: straight line Punctuated Quilibrium: broken line Debate facts that support (fossil record -> how thorough is it?)
141669447	Convergent, Divergent and Coevolution	Convergent: Distantly related species converge upon similar solutions to life's struggle (ex/ Fish in the NP and SP both use Antifreeze. Genes are different) Divergent: Same group separate from ancestors. (Half evolves because of a certain geography other half evolves because of their geography.) Coevolution: Species influence each other (ex/ Birds/flowers, orchids, nutrition/pollination)
141669448	Extinction	Whale- Transitional series. Movement of spines, homology, nostrils to top of their heads. Sea to Land- 1) Fin in H₂O -> Fins land then arms OR 2) Arms in H₂O -> Arms on land further adapt. (Ex/ Tetrapod) Origin of Animals- Cambrian Explosion (sudden appearance) Evolution of all major animal phyla. Segmentation. 1 set of genes. (Universal to all animals controls its development)
141669449	Origin of Life	Spontaneous Generation: Non-life -> Life (ex/ dirty clothes+grain -> Mice; rotting meat -> maggots) Pasteur~ S-shape Flask. First Living thing arise: Hypothesis: (AI oparin & JBS Haldane 1920s- 30s) Primitive Earth Environment. Chemical evolution~ Prebiotic No free oxygen - O₂ Gas Early Atmosphere (H₂O, N₂, H₂S, CO₂, CO etc.) -> (+ Energy; lightning, heat, uv, radiation) Building Blocks. Primordial soup Stanley Miller + Urey Experiment -> stimulate conditions of Early atmosphere. Results: Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid, ATP
141669450	Heterotroph Hypothesis	Anerobic - Heterotroph First Organism were bacteria like Heterotrophic organisms They consumed 'ate' organic molecules in the primordial soup. They were anaerobic. Autotrophs evolved later. With the addition of free oxygen Aerobic. Anerobes -> Autotrophs (added free of molecular oxygen, O₂) -> Heterotrophs Aerobic)

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Flashcards

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Road to the Revolution Flashcards

Terms/Vocabulary for Road to the Revolution

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8059522	Stamp Act	taxed all legal documents	0
8059523	Townshend Act	taxed paper, glass, silk, lead, and tea	1
8059524	Quartering Act	allowed British soldiers to be placed in the homes of the colonists	2
8059525	Intolerable Acts	closed the port of Boston, ended town meetings, was the British response to the Boston Tea Party	3
8059526	Tea Act	created to help the British East India Company sell tea directly to the colonists	4
8061013	First Continental Congress	urged colonists to set up militias or citizen armies to defend against the British	5
8061014	Declaration of Independence	3 Parts include: rights of people, wrongs of the king, declaration of independence (new country)	6
8061015	boycott	refusal to buy goods or services in protest	7
8061016	French and Indian War	caused by disputed claims in the Ohio River Valley; costs for this war led to many taxes on the colonists	8
8061017	"no taxation without representation"	colonist's argument against taxes; colonists did not have representation in Parliament so they felt that the taxes were unfair	9
8061018	propaganda	used to promote or put down an idea; Paul Revere's engraving of the Boston Massacre is an example	10
8061019	tarring and feathering	used to frighten tax collectors; often accompanied by pouring hot tea down their throats	11
8061020	Boston Tea Party	Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk Indians and dumped tea into Boston Harbor in response to the Tea Act	12
8062919	Proclamation of 1763	forbid colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains	13
8062920	Sugar Act	put a tax on molasses	14
8062921	Declaratory Act	reminded the colonists that England had all power to tax them when necessary	15
8062922	mercantilism	idea that colonies are set up to benefit the mother country	16
8062923	Triangular Trade	smuggling route that colonists used to avoid having to sell goods only to England	17
8062924	Writs of assistance	allowed British soldiers to search ships without warrants	18
8062925	Petition	formal request to someone in authority; used by colonists to send to the king	19
8062926	Repeal	to cancel or undo	20
8062927	Nonimportation agreement	colonists agreed not to import goods taxed by England	21
8062928	Committees of Correspondence	set up to communicate news of mutual interest throughout the colonies	22
8062929	Sons/Daughters of Liberty	groups of patriots working to end unfair British practices	23
8062930	Sam Adams	famous Son of Liberty	24
8062931	John Adams	Son of Liberty who later became second president of the United States	25
8062932	Mercy Otis Warren	Daughter of Liberty who wrote plays to protest British actions	26
8062933	Patrick Henry	ardent patriot:; "Give me Liberty or Give me Death"	27
8062934	Boston Massacre	5 colonists shot; exaggerated to increase anti-British feelings	28
8062935	Militia	citizen soldiers; sometimes called minutemen	29
8062936	Lexington and Concord	"shot heard round the world"; start of the Revolution	30

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U.S. History Chapter 5 Flashcards

U.S. History test Thursday

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488463532	Privy Council	Group of royal advisers that set English Policies
488463533	Parliament	England's National Legislature
488463534	Bicameral Legislature	lawmaking body made up of two houses
488463535	House of Burgesses	elected by colonists to represent Virginia's plantation and towns
488463536	town meeting	center of New England politics
488463537	John Peter Zenger	criticized a government and believed in freedom in the press
488463538	Libel	false statement (usually published) that damages a person's reputation
488463539	Dominion of New England	one government that included Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island
488463540	Sir Edmund Andros	royal governor of the Dominion
488463541	Glorious Revolution	a revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and put Protestants Mary and William of Orange on the throne.
488463542	English Bill of Rights	Powers of the English monarchy were reduced, and the Parliament gained power.
488463543	mercantilism	Economic System nations created and maintained wealth by carefully controlling trade
488463544	Balance of Trade	fewer imports that exports
488463545	imports	goods bought from other countries
488463546	Exports	goods sold to other countries
488463547	Navigation Acts	required colonists to do the bulk of their trading with England
488463548	duties	import taxes on some trade products
488463549	free enterprise	economic competition with little government control
488463550	triangular trade	several trading routes all across the Atlantic Ocean
488463551	Middle Passage	slave trade that brought 10 million Africans across the Atlantic Ocean
488463552	Olaudah Equiano	sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography
488463553	cash crops	crops grown for a profit
488463554	slave codes	laws to control slaves
488463555	apprentices	young boys who learned skilled trades
488463556	staple crops	crops that were always needed
488463557	revivals	emotional gatherings where sermons were given and people declared their faith
488463558	Great Awakening	Christian movement that emphasized faith in God that changed colonial religion
488463559	Jonathan Edwards	pastor that gave dramatic sermons and urged sinners to seek forgiveness
488463560	George Whitefield	popular ministers of the Great Awakening
488463561	Glibert Tennent	Presbyterian minister who also led the Great Awakening
488463562	Scientific Revolution	new way of thinking about the natural world
488463563	Galileo Galilei	realized planets revolve around the Sun
488463564	Sir Isaac Newton	explained how objects on Earth and in the sky behaved
488463565	scientific method	a series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems
488463566	enlightenment	studied human nature and suggested ways to improve their world
488463567	David Rittenhouse	American Philosophical Society's second president that designed mathematical and astronomical instruments
488463568	Benjamin Banneker	free African American who predicated a solar eclipse
488463569	Benjamin Franklin	An American diplomat, writer, and inventor. He helped the writing of the Declaration as well as securing French aid.
488463570	Anne Bradstreet	poet who wrote about family and faith
488463571	Phillis Wheatley	used religious language and imagery in her poems

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Out of Many Vocabulary Chapter 17 Flashcards

Definitions from chapter 17 of the "Out of Many" AP United States History textbook

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928956544	radical republicans	a shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substantial minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South	0
928956545	special field order 15	order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants to freed men; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year	1
928956546	freedmen's bureau	agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years	2
928956547	black codes	laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War	3
928956548	civil rights act	1866 act that gave full citizenship to African Americans	4
928956549	congressional reconstruction	name given to the period 1867-1870 when the Republican-dominated Congress controlled the Reconstruction-era policy	5
928956550	first reconstruction act	1877 act that divided the South into five military districts subject to martial law	6
928956551	tenure of office act	act stipulating that any officeholder appointed by the president with the Senate's advice and consent could not be removed until the Senate had approved a successor	7
928956552	ku klux klan	perhaps the most prominent of the vigilante groups that terrorized black people in the South during the Reconstruction era, founded by the Confederate veterans in 1866	8
928956553	fifteenth amendment	passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race	9
928956554	sharecropping	labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborers' crop	10
928956555	union league	republican party organizations in northern cities that became an important organizing device among freedmen in southern cities after 1865	11
928956556	carpetbaggers	northern transplants to the South, many of whom were Union soldiers who stayed in the South after the war	12
928956557	scalawags	southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planters, who supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction	13
928956558	slaughterhouse cases	group of cases resulting in one sweeping decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873 that contradicted the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained under state, not federal, control	14
928956559	liberal republicans	disaffected republicans that emphasized the doctrines of classical economics	15
928956560	compromise of 1877	the congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in teh White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South	16
928956561	war democrats	those from the north and the border states who broke with the Democratic Party and supported Abraham Lincoln's military policies during the Civil War	17

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renaissance Flashcards

renaissance test for tomorrow

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225178311	Michelangelo	Cinquecentro. Taken in by the Medicis as an aristocrat, describes himself as a sculptor. Painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta, Tomb of Julius II/Moses, Last Judgment, St. Peter's Basilica Dome
225178312	Leonardo Da Vinci	Cinquecentro. Painted The Last Supper, Mona Lisa
225178313	Raphael	Cinquecentro. Painted School of Athens, Leo X, Pope Julius II.
225178314	Brunelleschi	Quattrocentro. Duomo(Cathedral) Dome
225178315	Ghiberti	Quattrocentro. Baptistry doors
225178316	Donatello	Quattrocentro. David, Repentant Magdalene
225178317	Botticelli	Quattrocentro. Allegory of Spring, Birth of Venus
225178318	Jan Van Eyck	Marriage of Giovanni and Giovanna
225178319	Florence	1400s. Focus of the quattrocentro time period, birthplace of renaissance, Duomo(Cathedral) was the center of the city, highly educated society.
225178320	Rome	1500s. focus of cinquecentro time period.
225178321	Machiavelli	writes the Prince in 1513
225178322	1513	date the Prince was written by Machiavelli
225178323	Northern renaissance art	more religious themes, less influenced by classical themes, more human themes, realism, folk legends, symbolism
225178324	Christian humanism	more christian than Italian renaissance. stressed social reform based on christian ideals. wanted to create a more perfect world.
225178325	1516	Thomas More wrote Utopia
225178326	Thomas More	wrote Utopia in 1516
225178327	Christopher Columbus	Italian, Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain(commissioned by Queen Isabella) while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
225178328	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important trade route.
225178329	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese explorer who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. before that he reached the phillipines after crossing the pacific ocean.
225178330	Bartholomew Diaz	Portuguese explorer that reached the southern tip of africa and rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
225178331	Amerigo Vespucci	Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America and America was named after him.
225178332	Hernando Cortez	Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
225178333	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
225178334	John Cabot	Italian explorer who discovered parts of north america and claimed north america for england. (1450-1498)
225178335	Alfonso de Albuquerque	Portuguese governor of India, who had the idea that Portugal should try to control the ports to gain power
225178336	Jaques Cartier	French explorer who set out to find gold and the northwest passage, but claimed our current canada for france.
225178337	Pedro Cabral	Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil. claimed brazil for portugal.
225178338	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	spanish explorer. founded present day columbia.

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Brain Flashcards

All about the brain lobes, brain stem, and more!

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402895506	Cerebellum	The "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
402895507	Midbrain	The portion of the brain responsible for visual and auditory startle reflexes.
402895508	Pons	Relay station
402895509	Medulla Oblongata	Contains centers that control several visceral functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion.
402895510	Pituitary Gland	The master gland of the endocrine system
402895511	Pineal Gland	Located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin
402895512	Hypothalamus	Directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
402895513	Thalamus	The sensory "switchboard"; receives all sensory impulses (except smell), then channels these impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation. Limbic system-emotions
402895514	Declarative Memory	The part of long-term memory where factual information is stored, such as mathematical formulas, vocabulary, and life events.
402895515	Procedural Memory	Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection; stored in the cerebellum
402895516	Meninges	Membranes surrounding the CNS; 3 layers: durameter, arachnoid meter, & piamater
402895517	Durameter	Tough, outer layer of the meninges
402895518	Arachnoid Meter	Thin, weblike blood vessels in the middle layer of the meninges
402895519	Piamater	Very thin, innermost layer of meninges
402895520	Frontal Lobe	Deals with concentrating, planing, complex problem solving, and personality
402895521	Parietal Lobe	Sensory
402895522	Temporal Lobe	Interpret complex sensory experiences, stores memory of visual scenes/music
402895523	Occiputal Lobe	Analyze/combine visual images with sensory images
402895524	Cerebral Cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center
402895525	Corpus Callosum	The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

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anatomy chapter 3 Cell Membrane structure and function Flashcards

Cell organelles, their function; cell membrane structure and functions

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885416732	Phospholipid	molecule that has both a hydrophillic region and hydrophobic region
885416733	Phospholipid bilayer	a double layer of phospholipids that makes up a plasma membrane
885416734	Integral Proteins	Proteins that extend through the phospholipid bilayer.
885416735	Peripheral Proteins	A protein loosely attached to the surface of a membrane
885416736	Selective Permeability	Allows some substances to cross more easily than others
885416737	Diffusion	the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, so that they spread out evenly reaching equilibrium
885416738	Osmosis	The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
885416739	Concentration Gradient	a difference in the concentration of a substance across a space
885416740	Transport Proteins	proteins that help to transport substances across cell membranes
885416741	Passive Transport	movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
885416742	Isotonic	a solution whose solute concentration equals that inside a cell; the cell will not change
885416743	Hypertonic	the solution with the greater concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; the cell will lose water to its environment--> Cell will shrivel up
885416744	Hypotonic	the solution with the lower concentration of solutes than that inside the cell; water will enter the cell -> Cell will swell and burst
885416745	Facilitated Diffusion	passive transport of ions or polar molecules across a plasma membrane by transport proteins
885416746	Active Transport	transport of a substance through a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; requires energy
885416747	Sodium-Potassium Pump	a carrier protein that uses ATP to transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell against the concentration gradient; active transport, requires energy
885416748	Exocytosis	process by which a cell releases large amounts of material by vesicles
885416749	Endocytosis	the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
885416750	Prokaryotic cell	cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles; found only in bacteria
885416751	Eukaryotic cell	cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other membrane-bound organelles