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Scarlet Letter 11 Flashcards

19933603	necromancy	n. The art of conjuring up spirits of the dead in order to communicate with them	0
19933604	repose	v. or n. To lie down; rest. 2. Act or state of resting; peace of mind; tranquility.	1
19933605	plaintiveness	n. Sorrowfulness; mournfulness.	2
19933606	undulate	v. To move or cause to move in wavelike, sinuous or rippling motion.	3
19933607	indefatigable	adj. Untiring; tireless	4
19933608	audacity	n. Boldness; nerve.	5
19933609	transitory	adj. Temporary; short lived.	6
19933610	apotheosize	v. To glorify, exalt, even deify. Idolize	7
19933611	conjectural	adj. Involving inference from inconclusive evidence or guesswork.	8

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Cold War and Beyond Flashcards

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61688262	Truman Doctrine	this doctrine was later interpreted to mean that the US would oppose the overthrow of any democratic government
61688263	Marshall Plan	a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
61688264	Containment	American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
61688265	George Kennan	US State Dept. Employee who authors the Containment Doctrine
61688266	Mao Zedong; Jiang Jieshi	Chinese communists under ______ defeated Nationalist forces of ________.
61688267	Korean War	(1950-3) A conflict between UN forces (primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and later China; Gen. Douglas Macarthur led UN forces and was later replaced by Gen. Ridgeway; Resulted in Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel.
61688268	U-2 Spy Plane	built in the 1950s to help watch the soviet union as a surveillance plane only
61688269	Fidel Castro	Communist leader of Cuba, Soviet ally during 1950s and 60s
61688270	Berlin Wall	a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
61688271	Cold War	The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)
61688272	Iron Curtain	a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region
61688273	The 38th Parallel	The latitude line that marked the border between North and South Korea
61688274	NATO	created in 1949; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
61688275	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations in response to NATO
61688276	Domino Theory	the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control
61688277	Brinksmanship	The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
61688278	DMZ	Demilitarized zone. Border between North and South Korea along the 38th parallel
61688279	Nikita Khrushchev	leader of USSR after Stalin died; famous for pounding shoe on table during UN conference; leader during Cuban Missile Crisis
61688280	Berlin Airlift	airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
61688281	Truman fires MacArthur	for wanting to drop atom bombs on Korea and China and making it public
61688282	People's Republic of China	Mao Zedong's Communist China
61688283	CIA	Central Intelligence Agency, an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest,
61688284	Joseph McCarthy	United States politician who unscrupulously accused many citizens of being Communists (1908-1957)
61688285	McCarthyism	Intense anti-communist suspicion/witch-hunt from late 1940s until late 1950s. Named to criticize actions of Senator Joseph McCarthy during second "Red Scare".
61688286	HUAC	The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda,
61688287	Douglas MacArthur	United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II
61688288	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
61688289	Space Race	a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union
61688290	I Love Lucy	Most popular sitcom of the 1950s, star Lucille Ball: played Lucy, married to Cuban American, Lucy always tried to outthink her husband, she rarely succeeds, but keeps trying
61688291	Baby Boomers	The generation of 78 million children born between 1946 and 1964,
61688292	Betty Friedan	American Feminist, writer of The Feminine Mystique, cofounded NOW
61688293	television	invented by Philo T. Farnsworth; by the end of the '50s, 46 million homes had one, this was a major advancement for information, entertainment, and advertisements as well
61688294	Philo T. Farnsworth	credited with invention of tv technology
61688295	Syngman Rhee	Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War.
61688296	Interstate Highway system	Ike backed the interstate highway act of 1956, a $27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways.
61688297	Levittown	Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families.
61688298	Howdy Doody	A children's puppet show that featured characters called Buffalo Bob, Clarabelle and Phineas T. Bluster.
61688299	G I Bill	helped former soldiers to go to college and buy houses
61688300	ENIAC/UNIVAC	The first modern computer, built in 1945 in Philadelphia.
61688301	I like Ike	Eisenhower's slogan, running mate was Nixon
61688302	Elvis Presley	United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)
61688303	Salk vaccine	prevented polio; Baby Boomers inoculated.
61688304	Dr. Benjamin Spock	Wrote a famous book in the 1950s about raising children: Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care--it was the Bible for Moms
61688305	Ray Kroc	founder of McDonald's
61688306	Rock and roll	feared by parents; grew out of rhythm and blues; youths had music that they can call their own; new style
61688307	Israel	It became a state in 1948 was formed as a homeland for Jews.
61688308	PLO	opposition to Israel; Palestine Liberation Organization, which has attempted to "liberate" Palestine from Israel
61688309	NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration, In 1958 NASA was founded to compete with the USSR in the space race.
61688310	Richard Nixon	Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States (R)
61688311	JFK	Camelot president, Peace Corps, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, assassinated Nov. 22, 1963; 35th President of the United States
61688312	Cuban Missile Crisis	The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba
61688313	Peace Corps	(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
61688314	Camelot	JFK's presidency was full of hope and beauty
61688315	Warren Commission	The U.S. commission in charge with investigating the assassination of JFK. It came to the conclusion that Oswald was alone in his actions and advised to reform presidential security measures. Named for Chief Justice Earl Warren.
61688316	Abraham Zapruder	took film footage of the Kennedy assassination
61688317	Lee Harvey Oswald	assassinated President Kennedy in Dallas, Texas from the window of the Texas School Book depository; killed on tv by Jack Ruby
61688318	Jack Ruby	owned a night club; shoots Oswald on Nov. 24, 1963; dies of natural causes in jail.
61688319	Frances Kelsey	FDA pharmacologist who refused to approve the sedative drug thalidomide and prevented it from entering the United States
61688320	LBJ	Lyndon B. Johnson, became president after Kennedy was assassinated; Great Society, Civil Rights Act, PBS, and the escalation of the Vietnam War
61688321	Single Bullet Theory	The Warren Commission offered as a likely explanation that the same bullet that wounded Kennedy also caused all of Governor Connally's wounds.
61690632	Nationalist China	a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the communists led by Mao Zedong

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AP World History Terms to Know Flashcards

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752400905	Hunter-Gatherers	Small nomadic groups of people, often related, that collected wild plants and hunted game together, using tools like bows and arrows, spears, and Clovis points (stone arrowheads), while often practicing a form of religion called animism.
752400906	Neolithic Revolution	Time period, starting in the Middle East around 8000 BCE, when hunter-gatherers settled in regions with water supplies and good soil, and planted seeds, while also developing irrigation systems, creating permanent residences, and domesticating animals like dogs, horses, and cattle.
752400907	River Valley Civilizations	Include Mesopotamia (Middle East), Egypt (Nile River/North Africa), Indus (South Asia), and Shang (Yellow River Valley in East Asia). Earliest places where agriculture was successfully practiced, and first places to build brick and stone structures, which eventually led to cities.
752400908	Pastoralists	People who domesticated animals without developing agriculture, thus remaining nomadic. These people often spread information about other groups and about new technologies. These people emerged in parts of Africa, Europe and Asia around the time of the Neolithic Revolution.
752400909	Urbanization	The growth of cities, first in River Valley Civilizations and later in other places. These cities often became centers of government, trade, and religion. Accompanying this process was the development of job specialization (scribes, merchants, etc.), social classes (slaves, elites, etc.), gender roles, counting and writing systems (cuneiform in Mesopotamia), and monumental buildings (often religious temples, like Ziggurats in Mesopotamia). Examples of early cities are Sumer in Mesopotamia, Catal Huyuk in Turkey, and Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley.
752400910	Early Empires	The product of when cities were united in River Valley Civilizations under one ruler or king, who claimed divine right. And example of this was in Egypt. Often times, the uniting ruler used force and established one code of law. An example of a constant code of law was the Code of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia.
752400911	Animism	The earliest known form of religion in which people worshipped things in nature (i.e. the sun). Usually practiced by hunter-gatherers.
752400912	Polytheism	A religion in which there are different gods who have specific names and duties (i.e. Apollo, god of the sun).
752400913	Monotheism	A religion in which there is only one god. The Hebrews were one of the first groups to practice this kind of religion, practicing Judaism. Zoroastrianism, from Persia, was another example of this kind of religion.
754883421	Classical Era	The time period from 600 BCE to 600 CE, during which the Greek and Roman (Mediterranean), Han (East Asia), Maurya and Gupta (South Asia), Persian (Central Asia), and Mayan (Mesoamerica) empires all rose and fell in economic, political, and social power.
754883422	Hinduism	The earliest known organized religion, with written codes of faith and religious leaders. Centered in South Asia, influenced by Indo-European groups who came to the region via the Caspian Sea. Supported the caste system which greatly influenced South Asia.
754883423	Buddhism	A "reform" of Hinduism, started by Prince Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) around 500 BCE. This religion, unlike Hinduism, supported spiritual equality and missionary activity. It spread from its origins in South Asia into Southeast and East Asia via trade routes.
754883424	Confucianism	Based on the teachings of Kong Fuzi (Confucius) in China, around 500 BCE. It clearly established codes of behavior, as well as family and gender roles and duties. More of a philosophy than a religion, although it did eventually merge with elements of Buddhism and Daoism to make Confucius into somewhat of a deity.
754883425	Christianity	This religion was a reform of Judaism, based around the teachings of Jesus, who taught eternal salvation through the belief that he was the Jewish Messiah (savior from God). Over time, missionaries spread Jesus' gospel (good news) throughout the Roman Empire. The fact that Jesus chose a successor (Peter) illustrates a KEY difference between Christianity and Islam, which had no clear successor after its founding profits.
754883426	Han Empire	This empire existed in East Asia around the same time as the Roman empire, was one of the largest of the Classical Era, and was technologically far superior to the other empires of the era.
754883427	Mandate of Heaven	The belief that the emperor in China was granted his power from the gods, and he would stay in power as long as the heavens were satisfied with his rule. If the emperor was overthrown, it was a sign that the gods were no longer satisfied. Through the rise and fall of many Chinese dynasties, this concept provided continuity.
754883428	Chinese Examination System	A political feature of Chinese empires, starting with the Han and lasting until the early 1900s, in which young Chinese scholars would take rigorous, state-sponsored exams in order to earn government positions as bureaucrats. This system allowed for some lower-class citizens to rise to political prominence, but this was rare.
754883429	Mediterranean Civilizations	A term used in AP World History to collectively describe the classical Greek and Roman civilizations. The two can be combined conveniently because the Romans borrowed so much of their political, social, and economic culture from the Greeks.
754883430	Hellenism	A culture that developed in the short-lived empire of Alexander the Great, around the 4th century BCE, that combined Greek styles with local styles through the empire, which stretched from India to Egypt and included the major acquisition of Persia in the 4th century BCE.
754883431	Maurya Empire	Geographically extensive and powerful empire from 320 BCE to 185 BCE. Centered in South Asia. One of the few centrally powerful empires in South Asian history. South Asian history is mostly filled with political fragmentation. First truly powerful South Asian empire.
754883432	Gupta Empire	Geographically extensive and powerful empire from 320 CE to 550 CE. Centered in South Asia. One of the few centrally powerful empires in South Asian history. South Asian history is mostly filled with political fragmentation. Second truly powerful South Asian empire.
754883433	Bantu Migrations	Major sub-Saharan Classical Era event. Began in Central Africa, lasted from 1000 BCE to 500 CE, Bantu speaking peoples migrated south and east over many centuries. They spread a common language base and metal working technology.
754883434	Silk Roads	MUST-KNOW trade route connecting East Asia to northern India, central Asia, and, indirectly, to Mediterranean, West Africa, and northern Europe. Silk, tea, spices, horses, technology were carried westward along this network of caravan and camel routes. Chinese goods made it to the rest of the world through these routes.
754883435	Indian Ocean Trade Network	Importan aquatic trade route, connecting African, Arab, Jewish, Chinese, Muslim, and Christian people. Merchants carried religion (especially Buddhism and Islam), and exchanged goods like silver, cotton, spices, and more, over the Indian Ocean.
754883436	Fall of Classical Empires	What happened to the Han Dynasty in China (c. 220 CE), the Roman Empire (476 CE) and the Gupta empire (c. 550 CE). For all three, was caused due to internal pressures like peasant revolts, and due to external pressures like invading nomads or imported diseases.
756689744	Trans-Sahara Trade	The trade of goods, people, and faith across the Sahara desert in North Africa. This trade peaked from the 700s CE to the 1500s, using camels as its main mode of transport. The main items traded were gold, salt, animal hides, and slaves, among other items. Islam and camels were brought into North Africa during this time and spread rapidly. Djenne, Goa, and Timbuktu were important trade centers along these trade routes.
756689745	Islam	A religion first preached in Arabia in the 600s CE by the prophet Muhammad, a merchant who preached monotheism. The religion united multiple Arab tribes which had previously been polytheistic. By the mid 700s, it had spread via trade routes to North Africa, Spain, Central Asia, and Southeast and East Asia.
756689746	Caliphates	Regional Islamic states, which were each led by a caliph. These states were the result of political fragmentation after the death of Muhammad, since there was no clear successor to his leadership. On the AP, you will be asked more about the Abbasid than the Umayyad or Fatamid.
756689747	Crusades	A series of "holy wars" between Christians and Muslims for the "holy land" in Southwest Asia and parts of the Byzantine Empire. These wars occurred sporadically from 1100-1300 CE. Although Christians failed to conquer much land, they did reacquire much of the cultural and scientific knowledge, which they had lost during the Middle Ages, through contact with Muslims. The reintroduction to Greek and Roman history sparked the European Renaissance.
756689748	Dar-al Islam	The term used to collectively describe all of the area where Islam spread across Afro-Eurasia from c. 600-1450 CE. Literally "Everywhere Islam Is." Not a politically unified empire, but rather, a large region where Islam was the dominant faith and culture. Stretched from Spain and Northwest Africa to Southeast and South Asia.
756689749	Diffusion of Religions	The process undergone by Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism from c. 600 CE to c. 1450 CE, as they spread to places far outside their origin. Christianity and Buddhism were spread by missionaries. Christianity and Islam were both spread through conquering and violent force. Both Islam and Buddhism were spread through trade routes.
756689750	Byzantine Empire	The empire that succeeded the Roman empire, which was built around the Eastern Roman capital of Byzantium, renamed Constantinople. It lasted for about 1000 years after the fall of the Roman empire in 476 CE. The empire had major economic, social, and political influence over southern and eastern Europe, the East Mediterranean, and Southwest Asia.
756689751	Tang and Song Dynasties	Consecutive Chinese dynasties in the era c. 600-1450, during which China had the world's largest population, most advanced technology, and most splendid cities. Two of the most famous dynasties in all of Chinese history.
756689752	Sinification	The process of Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia adapting themselves to follow the political, social, and economic example of China. Essentially "Chinese-ification."
756689753	Mongols	Nomadic forces which conquered the area from south China to Russia and Southwest Asia in the 1200s and 1300s, using brutal force in their conquest. After they conquered, they established an era of peace and trade throughout their territories, called the Pax Mongolica.
756689754	Black Death	A deadly disease during the 1200s and 1300s, which spread throughout Eurasia, killing millions of people. Some believe it originated along trade routes near the Black Sea. In the mid 1300s, it wiped out 1/3 of Europe's population.
756689755	Mayan States	An series of states which formed an important Mesoamerican civilization, centered in southern Mexico and parts of Central America. Similarly to Egypt, this civilization featured pyramids, large cities, written language, and complex soviety. Its height was from 250-900 CE, the American Classical Era. Tikal was an important city in this civilization.
756689756	Coerced Labor	A term that includes slavery, serfdom, the corvee (government required labor on public works projects), and indentured servitude. Forms of this have existed in all civilizations throughout history. On the AP test, for the era c. 600-1450, European serfdom is a COMMON EXAMPLE of this term.
756689757	Feudalism	A labor system used in western Europe and Japan during the time period c. 600-1450. Many people served as agricultural workers for landowners, who fought over land rights using local, private armies. Elite warriors in western Europe were called knights. In Japan, they were called samurai.
756689758	Zheng He	A naval explorer for the Ming Dynasty of China, who led massive expeditions that included huge treasure ships and thousands of sailors. His voyages crossed the Indian Ocean and traveled to the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia in the early 1400s.

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AP Human Geography Motherload of All Key Terms Flashcards

Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture by JF De Blij, Alexander Murphy, and Erin Fouberg; 8th Edition

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775719558	Absolute Location	Location determined by a frame of reference, usually latitude and longitude
775719559	Accessibility	The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations.
775719560	Activity Space	The space within which daily activity occurs.
775719561	Cartography	The art and science of making maps.
775719562	Connectivity	The degree of direct linkage between places by transportation and communication
775719563	Contagious Diffusion	A form of expansion diffusion where nearly all adjacent individuals are affected
775719564	Cultural Barrier	Prevailing cultural attitude rendering certian innovations; ideas or practices unacceptable or unadoptable in that particular culture.
775719565	Cultural Diffusion	The expansion and adoption of a cultural element, from its place of origin to a wider area.
775719566	Cultural Ecology	The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment.
775719567	Cultural Hearth	Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
775719568	Cultural Landscape	The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. Layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted by the activities of various human occupants.
775719569	Culture	The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society(music, literature, art, etc.)
775719570	Culture Complex	A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils.
775719571	Culture Trait	A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.
775719572	Distance	Measurement of the physical space between two places
775719573	Environmental Determinism	Environment(nature) affects human life(culture)
775719574	Epidemic	regional outbreak of a disease
775719575	Expansion Diffusion	An innovation/idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward.
775719576	Fieldwork	To answer geographic inquiry by visiting places to observe how people's actions and reactions change those places and how they vary across space
775719577	Five Themes	Developed by the Geographic Educational National Implemention Project (GENIP):
775719578	Formal Region	Marked by a certain degree of similarity
775719579	Functional Region	defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occurs within it.
775719580	Generalized Maps	Information is always generalized on maps.
775719581	Geocaching	A hunt for a cache, the GPS coordinates which are placed on the Internet by other geocachers.
775719582	Geographic Concept	Ways of seeing the world spatially that are used by geographers in answering research questions.
775719583	Geographic Information Systems	Computer technology that lets spatial data be collected and analyzed.
775719584	Global Positioning System	Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features.
775719585	Globalization	Set of processes that...without boundaries: • increase interactions • deepen relationships • heighten interdependence Set of outcomes...throughout the world: • unevenly distributed • differently manifested • varying across scales
775719586	Hierarchical Diffusion	A pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to/adopting what is being diffused (ex: new shoes)
775719587	Human Geography	study of human phenomena; how people make places, organize space and society, interact with another here and across space, and make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world
775719588	Human-Environment	relationship between humans and physical world
775719589	Independent Invention	A trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other
775719590	Isotherm	Line on a map connecting point of equal temperature values.
775719591	Landscape	The overall appearance of an area. Most are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences.
775719592	Location	How geographical position of people and things affects what happens and why
775719593	Location Theory	an element of contemporary human geography that seeks answers to a variety of questions(where a Target should be built)
775719594	Medical Geography	study of health and disease from a geographical perspective; mapping the distribution of a disease to find the cause
775719595	Mental Map	maps we carry in our minds
775719596	Movement	Mobility of people, goods, and ideas across Earth
775719597	Pandemic	worldwide outbreak of a disease
775719598	Pattern	design of the spatial distribution; what processes create and sustain it
775719599	Perception of Place	belief or understanding about a place from books, movies, pictures, etc.
775719600	Perceptual Region	only exists as an idea, not as a physically demarcated entity(different people have different opinions)
775719601	Physical Geography	study of physical phenomena on Earth; spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of natural phenomena
775719602	Place	All have unique human and physical characteristics; geo-graphers study the special character and meaning of places
775719603	Political Ecology	The environment/nature is affected by political and socioeconomic contexts
775719604	Possibilism	Humans affect culture
775719605	Reference Maps	Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features
775719606	Region	Phenomena aren't evenly distributed, but concentrated; marked by a degree of formal, funtional, or perceptual homogeneity
775719607	Relative Location	The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places.
775719608	Relocation Diffusion	Actual movement of individuals who have adopted the idea/innovation, and carry it to a new(and maybe distant) locale, where they disseminate it(ex: migration)
775719609	Remote Sensing	Collecting data/info(that is almost instantly available) from instruments physically distant from the area or object
775719610	Rescale	Involve players at other scales to generate global support for their position.
775719611	Sense of Place	Infusing a place with meaning and emotion
775719612	Sequent Occupance	Cultural succession and its lasting imprint, contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
775719613	Spatial	How places and phenomena are laid out, organized, and arranged on Earth; how they appear on the landscape. Used by human and physical geographers
775719614	Spatial Distribution	physical location of geographic phenomena across space
775719615	Spatial Interaction	how places interact with another
775719616	Spatial Perspective	Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
775719617	Stimulus Diffusion	cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place; ideas indirectly promote local experimentation
775719618	Thematic Maps	Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
775719619	Time-Distance Decay	The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.
775719620	AIDS	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome caused by HIV and spread by bodily contact
775719621	Arithmetic Population Density	Average population density of country/region (divide total population by # of km/miles)
775719622	Census	Periodic and official count of a country's population
775719623	Child Mortality Rate	Death of children from ages 1-5
775719624	Chronic Diseases	Afflictions of middle and old age, reflecting higher life expectancies, such as cancer, stroke, tuberculosis, etc.
775719625	Crude Birth Rate	# of lives per year per thousand people
775719626	Crude Death Rate	# of deaths per year per thousand people
775719627	Demographic Transition	Sequence of stages in population growth: 1. Low-growth stage 2. High-growth stage 3. Moderate-growth stage 4. Low-growth/stationary stage
775719628	Dot Map	A map that represents population distribution, where one dot equals a certain # of a population
775719629	Doubling Time	time required for population to double in size
775719630	Eugenic Population Policies	Favors one racial/cultural sector of a population over others
775719631	Expansive Population Policies	Encourages large families to raise rate of natural increase
775719632	Infant Mortality Rate	Baby's death between birth to 1 year old, per thousand births
775719633	Life Expectancy	Average of how long a person is expected to live
775719634	Megalopolis	Huge urban agglomerations that coalesce into an enormous megacity
775719635	Natural Increase	Difference between # of births and deaths
775719636	Physiological Population Density	# of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land
775719637	Population Composition	Structure of a population by age, gender, marital status, education, etc.
775719638	Population Density	Total population relative to land size, measurement of # of people per unit of land
775719639	Population Distribution	descriptions of locations where individuals/groups live
775719640	Population Explosion	Rapid growth of population by shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
775719641	Population Pyramids	Shows demographic situation by visually displaying % of each age group in a total population by gender. Poor countries look like evergreen tree while rich countries look like lopsided vase.
775719642	Restrictive Population Policies	Tolerates officially unapproved birth control, prohibits large families.
775719643	Stationary Population Level	Stabilized world population, where major problems involve the old, not young
775719644	Activity Spaces	space where daily activity occurs
775719645	Asylum	shelter and protection for refugees from another state
775719646	Chain Migration	pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links
775719647	Colonization	colonizer takes over another place and puts its government in charge. Moves its people in or brings indentured outsiders to control the people and land.
775719648	Cyclic Movements	shorter periods away from home
775719649	Distance Decay	Greater distance means less interaction
775719650	Explorers	a person examining a region that is unknown to them
775719651	Forced Migration	human migration flows in which movers have no choice but to relocate
775719652	Gravity Model	Predicts interactions between places based on their population size and distance between them
775719653	Guest Workers	legal immigrant who has a short term work visa
775719654	Immigration Laws	laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
775719655	Immigration Wave	phenomenon where different patterns of chain migration combine to create a swell in migration from one origin to same destination
775719656	Internal Migration	human movement within a nation-state
775719657	Internal Refugees	people who have been displaced within their own country
775719658	International Migration	human movement across international boundaries
775719659	International Refugees	refugees who have crossed at least one international boundary during dislocation, searching for asylum in a different country
775719660	Intervening Opportunity	presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
775719661	Islands of Development	place built by government/corporation to attract foreign investment. Has high concentrations of jobs and infrastructure
775719662	Kinship Links	push and pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family/friends have already found success
775719663	Laws of Migration	Developed by Ernst Ravenstein 1.Every migration flow generates a return/countermigration 2.Majority of migrants move short distances 3.Long distance migrants tend to choose big-city destinations 4.Urban residents are less migratory than rural inhabitants 5.Young adults more likely to move internationally than families
775719664	Migrant Labor	millions of workers who cross international borders and become immigrants in search for jobs
775719665	Migration	change in residence intended to be permanent
775719666	Military Service	Military personnel and families move to new locations to spend tours of duty, up to a few years
775719667	Nomadism	movement among a definite set of places; a matter of survival, culture, and tradition. Takes place along same well-known routes to find water, food, and shelter
775719668	Periodic Movements	longer periods away from home
775719669	Pull Factors	circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places
775719670	Push Factors	conditions and perceptions that help migrant decide to leave
775719671	Quotas	limits set by governments on the number of immigrants allowed into a country each year
775719672	Refugees	people who have fled their country from political persecution and seek asylum in another country
775719673	Remittances	monies migrants send home to family
775719674	Selective Immigration	process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from immigrating
775719675	Step Migration	migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
775719676	Transhumance	seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
775719677	Voluntary Migration	people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced
775719678	Assimilate	Process where people lose original differentiating traits when they come contact with another society/culture(Immigrant adaptation to new place)
775719679	Authenticity	Accuracy where a stereotypical/typecast image or experience conveys a dynamic and complex local culture or its customs
775719680	Commodification	Process in which something that was previously not regarded as merchandise becomes able to be bought, sold, and traded in the world market
775719681	Cultural Appropriation	Process where other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit
775719682	Cultural Landscape	Visible imprint of human activity on the landscape
775719683	Culture	Group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people
775719684	Custom	A practice that a group of people routinely follow
775719685	Diffusion Routes	Spatial trajectory through which cultural traits/phenomena spread
775719686	Distance Decay	Effects of distance on interaction; the greater the distance the less interaction
775719687	Ethnic Neighborhood	A neighborhood in a major city where a local culture can practice its customs
775719688	Folk Culture	Small, incorporates a homogeneous population, typically rural, and cohesive in cultural traits
775719689	Folk-Housing Regions	Region where housing stock reflects architecture particular to the place's original culture
775719690	Global-Local Continuum	What happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales
775719691	Glocalization	People in a local place mediated and alter regional, national, and global processes
775719692	Hearth	Origin of an idea/cultural trait
775719693	Hierarchical Diffusion	idea/innovation spreads fastest among most connected places/people
775719694	Local Culture	group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective/community, sharing and preserving experiences, customs, and traits to stay unique and distinguished
775719695	Material Culture	things a group of people construct(art, clothing, food, etc.)
775719696	Neolocalism	Seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the world
775719697	Nonmaterial Culture	Beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people
775719698	Placelessness	Loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape; one place looks like the next
775719699	Popular Culture	Large, ubiquitous, incorporates heterogeneous populations, typically urban, and experiences quickly changing cultural traits
775719700	Reterritorialization	When a place produces an aspect of popular culture in the context of their local culture and making it their own
775719701	Time-Space Compression	How fast innovations diffuse depends on how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication
775719702	Barrioization	increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood
775719703	Dowry Deaths	disputes over the price to be paid by the bride's family to the groom's father, resulting in death
775719704	Ethnicity	identity within a group bound by common ancestry and culture
775719705	Gender	a culture's assumptions about the social differences between men and women
775719706	Gendered	places designed for women or men
775719707	Identifying against	constructing an identity by first defining the "other" and then defining ourselves as "not the other"
775719708	Identity	how we make sense of ourselves; how people see themselves at different scales
775719709	Invasion and Succession	new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups
775719710	Place	particular articulations of those social relations as they come together in that certain location
775719711	Queer Theory	contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of queers with the heteronormative
775719712	Race	social and political constructions; categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
775719713	Racism	differences in socioeconomic classes started the concept of superiority of race
775719714	Residential Segregation	degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment
775719715	Sense of Place	infusing a place with meaning and feeling; fluid
775719716	Space	social relations stretched out

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AP Euro: Ideologies I Flashcards

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776469268	Quadruple Alliance	Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
776469269	Ideology	A social/political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism
776469271	Louis XVIII	The Bourbon monarchy returned to France in 1814 with the restoration of this younger brother of Louis XVI
776469273	Klemens von Metternich	This Austrian prince dominated the Congress of Vienna and was influenced by the principles of legitimacy and intervention
776469275	Legitimacy	This "principle" advocated restoring legitimate monarchs to the thrones of Europe who would preserve traditional institutions and values
776469277	Balance of Power	Diplomatic principle of ensuring that no one country could dominate Europe; this principle was evident in the deliberations at the Congress of Vienna
776469279	Germanic Confederation	Created by the Congress of Vienna, it replaced Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine and was made up of 38 states, the two most powerful of which were Austria and Prussia
776469281	Indemnity	Payments paid by losers of war to the victors; besides having to pay these payments, the Congress of Vienna stipulated that the borders of France would be pushed back to their 1790 levels and that France would have to accept an army of occupation for five years
776469283	Burke	This "father" of conservatism wrote the influential Reflections on the Revolution in France; in it, among other things, he argued that the state was a partnership between past, present, and future generations and that change should only occur gradually
776469285	Conservatism	An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted abrupt change; this ideology tended to receive support from hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracies, the landholding aristocracy, and traditional religious institutions
776469287	Concert of Europe	An agreement by the four (and later five) major powers of Europe to periodically meet to discuss their interests and ensure the maintenance of peace and the conservative status quo in Europe
776469289	Intervention	This "principle" advocated the great powers of Europe sending armies into countries where there were revolutions so as to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones; significantly, this principle was not agreed to by the British, which in part helps explain the breakdown of the Concert of Europe
776469292	Bolivar	Nicknamed the "Liberator" this Venezuelan freedom fighter, along with Argentine José de San Martín, helped free most of Latin America from Spanish/Portuguese control
776469294	Monroe Doctrine	Promulgated in 1823, it guaranteed the independence of the newly free Latin American states and warned the European powers to stay out of the New World; importantly, the British (navy) supported it largely for selfish economic reasons
776469296	Greek Revolt	Until 1830 in post-Napoleonic Europe, it was the only successful revolution due to the supported of the great powers based on the principle of legitimacy and intervention (with a twist of Eurocentrism too)
776469297	Adrianople	The peace treaty that ended the Greek Revolt and left the fate of Greece to be decided by the European great powers
776469299	Corn	Series of laws passed by Parliament in 1815 that put excessive tariffs on foreign grains; generally supported by landowners and vociferously opposed by groups such as the urban working class who had to pay significantly higher prices because of limited supply and lack of foreign competition
776469301	Suffrage	The right to vote
776469302	Whigs	Tories and _____ dominted British politics in the early 19th century
776469305	Burschenschaften	German nationalist and liberal movement largely led by university students and professors; their motto was "Honor, Liberty, Fatherland"
776469307	Karlsbad Decrees	Series of laws passed by the diet of the Germanic Confederation that tried to suppress the Burschenschaften
776469309	Multinational	The Austrian Empire was a _____ state, a collection of different peoples under the Habsburg emperor, who provided a common bond
776469311	Magyars	Ethnic name for Hungarians, who were the key minority clamoring for self-determination in the multiethnic Austrian Empire
776469313	Decembrist	Name of the revolt, led by the Northern Uniton, during the early days of the reign of Nicholas I of Russia, which was crushed by forces loyal to Nicholas
776469315	Policeman of Europe	Nickname of tsar Nicholas I, given his enthusiasm for crushing possible revolutionary activity in Russia and abroad
776469318	Liberalism	Ideology (largely adopted by the industrial middle class) that championed the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible; strains of this ideology included political and economic
776469320	Classical Economics	Synonymous with economic liberalism, the ideology that championed laissez-faire
776469322	Political	Type of liberalism whose adherents generally supported protection of civil liberties or the basic rights of all people, which included equality before the law; freedom of religion, assembly, speech, and press; and freedom from arbitrary arrest—all of which should be guaranteed in written constitution
776469324	Limited	Kind of suffrage most political liberals endorsed by the mid-19th century
776469326	John Stuart Mill	This important proponent of liberalism in the 19th century also favored equal political rights for women
776469328	Nationalism	This ideology arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that had common institutions, traditions, language, and customs; perhaps the most radical of early 19th century ideologies
776469330	Utopian Socialists	Derisive nickname for those intellectuals and political theorists that were against private property and the competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism; these individuals—like Fourier, Owen, Blanc, Saint-Simon, and Tristan—thought that by eliminating these things and creating new systems of social organization, a better environment for humanity could be achieved
776469332	July Revolution	The attempt under Charles X of France to bring back elements of the ancien régime sparked this liberal uprising in the summer of1830
776469334	Reform Act	This 1832 law passed in Parliament increased the number of male voters in Britain, which was one key reason Britain avoided a revolution in the mid-19th century; it essentially gave suffrage and political representation to the upper middle class
776469336	Anti-Corn Law League	Group that favored repeal of the protectionist Corn Laws; this group was successful with their repeal in 1846
776469338	Poor	1834 Parliamentarian law based on the theory that giving aid to the poor and unemployed only encouraged laziness and increased the number of paupers
776469340	June Days	The name of the workers' revolt inspired by closing of the national workshops in France in June 1848
776469341	Second Republic	It came to power with the ratification of a new constitution on November 4, 1848
776469343	Nephew	The president of the Second Republic of France was Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the _____ of Napoleon Bonaparte
776469345	Sneezes	"When France _____, Europe catches a cold"—Metternich
776469347	Franz Joseph I	Last of the Habsburg monarchs, who ruled the Austrian Empire from 1848-1916
776469349	Frankfurt Assembly	This pan-German parliament had met in 1848 to prepare Germany for unification; it failed when it had no way of compelling German territorial rulers to accept the constitution they had drawn up
776469351	Kossuth	He was the driving force behind Hungarian nationalism
776469353	Mazzini	This nationalist's Young Italy group led the Italian Risorgimento in the early 19th century
776469355	Divisions	The unity of the revolutionaries in had made the 1848 revolutions possible, but _____ soon shattered their ranks
776469357	Police	The first major contribution of the nineteenth century to the development of a disciplined or ordered society in Europe was a regular system of _____
776469359	Bobbies	French police officers were known as serjents; British police officers were known as _____
776469361	Solitary Confinement	_____ ____, it was believed, forced prisoners back on their own consciences, led to greater remorse, and increased the possibility that they would change their evil ways
776469363	Romanticism	The new intellectual and cultural movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century to challenge the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason in discovering truth; adherents of this movement typically tried to balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
776469364	Poetry	The literary form most revered by Romantics as it was considered the direct expression of one's soul
776469366	Grimm	Well-known German brothers whose interest in German historical consciousness led them to collect and publish local fairy tales; their work is thought to have contributed to German nationalism
776469368	Dare to be	The motto of Romanticism; what Goethe urged to his contemporaries
776469370	Delacroix	Well-known Romantic painter perhaps best known for his Liberty Leading the People
776469372	Beethoven	His music served as a bridge between the classical and romantic styles
776469374	Chateaubriand	His Genius of Christianity has been called the "Bible of Romanticism"
776469376	Carlyle	Romantic historian who stressed that historical events were largely determined by "heroes" such as Luther and Napoleon
776469378	Mary Shelley	An example of Gothic literature would be her Frankenstein
776469380	Gothic	Architectural style that re-emerged in the Romantic age
776469382	Materialism	The worship of nature also led Wordsworth and other Romantic poets to critique the mechanistic _____ of eighteenth-century science, which, they believed, had reduced nature to a cold object of study
776469383	Friedrich	German Romantic landscape painter whose works convey a feeling of mystery and mysticism
776469384	Turner	Prolific English Romantic painter who many see as a forerunner of the impressionistic style
776469385	Program music	The attempt to use the moods and sound effects of instrumental music to depict the actions and emotions inherent in a story, an event, or even a personal experience; Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique is an example

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AP Euro: Ideologies II Flashcards

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776694771	British Housing Act	1890 Parliamentarian law that authorized local town councils to collect new taxes and construct cheap housing for the working classes
776694772	Bernstein	Author of Evolutionary Socialism, which argued that evolution by democratic means, not revolution, would achieve the desired goals of socialism
776694773	Ministerial Responsibility	The notion that ministers of government were responsible to the parliament and not the monarch (Germany did not have it!)
776694774	Mass	Forms of leisure and entertainment that appeal to large numbers of people in a society including the working classes; emerged at the end of the 19th century to provide workers with amusements after work and on weekends; examples include amusement parks, music and dance halls, and athletic events (which increasingly became professionalized)
776694775	Zones	By 1900, Europe was divided into two economic _________, a prosperous north and west that had a high standard of living, decent systems of transportation, and relatively healthy and educated peoples, and the backward and little industrialized areas to the south and east
776694776	Third Republic	French government brought to power by the Constitution of 1875; lasted until 1940
776694777	Commune	Group of radical Parisian republicans who established an independent government in Paris after the French people, by universal male suffrage, had voted the monarchists to power in the new National Assembly after the fall of the Second Empire
776694778	White collar	After 1870, new job opportunities for women emerged primarily in the service or ___________ sector for such positions as clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks, sales clerks, teachers, telephone operators, and nurses
776694779	Urbanization	Like the First Industrial Revolution, one of the major impacts of the Second Industrial Revolution was increased _________, or movement of people to the cities
776694780	Jacob	She founded Europe's first birth control clinic in 1882 in (where else?) Amsterdam
776694781	Prostitution	Despite the new job opportunities for women in the late 19th century, many lower-class women were forced to become __________ to survive
776694782	Sewage	Essential to the public health of the modern European city was the ability to bring clean water into the city and to expel _________ from it
776694783	Untrue	By the late 19th century, the liberal principle that the government that governs least governs best had simply proved __________; more and more, governments were stepping into areas of activity that they would have never touched earlier
776694784	Identity	Professional sports teams became objects of mass adulation by crowds of urbanites who compensated for their lost sense of ________ in mass urban areas by developing these new loyalties
776694785	Social Democratic	Probably the most powerful working class party (German) in late 19th century Europe (and who would be the target of many of Bismarck's domestic policies)
776694786	Assassination	The primary instrument of terror for anarchist revolutionaries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries
776694787	Gradual	The British system of ________ reform through parliamentary institutions had become the way of British political life
776694788	Reform	"_____ that you might preserve"—British statesman Thomas Macaulay
776694789	Doctorate	After 1870, the relationship between science and technology grew closer, nowhere more apparent than in Germany, whose technical schools began to award _______ degrees
776694790	Gradualism	Synonymous with evolutionary socialism
776694791	Domesticity	Working class organizations during this time tended to reinforce the underlying ideology of _______
776694792	Hour	A public health and sewage campaign in Frankfurt went by the motto "from the toilet to the river in half an _________"
776694793	Social Security	Government programs that provided social welfare measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident, and disability insurance; first spearheaded by Bismarck
776694794	Print	Mass forms of this "culture" included newspapers, magazines, and pulp fiction
776694795	Suburbanization	This social effect of the second Industrial Revolution was facilitated by the emergence of cheap, modern transportation like commuter trains
776694796	Literacy	One of the most notable effects of mass education was rising levels of this; the ability to read
776694797	Human Progress	With new industries, new sources of energy, and new goods, a Second Industrial Revolution transformed the human environment, dazzled Europeans, and led them to believe that their material progress meant _____ _____
776694798	Mass Society	The new urban and industrial world created by the rapid economic changes of the 19th century led to the emergence of a _____ _____ by the late 19th century
776694799	Steel	In industrial development after 1870, it began to replace iron
776694800	Electricity	This major new form of energy proved to be of great value since it could be easily converted into other forms of energy, such as heat, light, and motion, and moved relatively effortlessly through space over wires
776694801	Swan	British inventor of the light bulb, which opened homes and cities to illumination by electric lights
776694802	Marconi	Building on the insights of Tesla, this Italian sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901
776694803	Subways	The first electric railway was installed in Berlin in 1879; by the 1880s, streetcars and _____ had appeared in major European cities and had begun to replace horse-drawn buses
776694804	Interchangeable parts	It was facilitated by precision tool making and undergirded the evolution of the assembly line
776694805	Scientific Management	Popularized by the American Frederick Winslow Taylor ("Taylorism"), these were principles that sought to maximize worker inefficiency (or alienation as Marx would say)
776694806	Automobile	Besides the airplane industry, the other industry that emerged after the development of the internal combustion engine
776694807	Daimler	His development of the light engine in 1886 was key to the development of the automobile
776694808	United states	The worldwide leader in steel production by the end of the 19th century (output surpassed both the British and Germans)
776694809	Factories	The development of conveyor belts, cranes, machines, and machine tools all powered by electricity were specific ways electricity transformed ____________
776694810	Zeppelin	In 1900, air transportation began with this airship
776694811	Wright Brothers	Famous Daytonians who made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane powered by a gasoline engine in 1903
776694812	Ford	American who revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of the Model T
776694813	Free Trade	Increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand in the latter 19th century led to a reaction against __________
776694814	La Belle Epoque	Period from roughly 1895 to the beginning of the Great War in 1914 that many viewed as an economic boom and an age of increasing prosperity
776694815	Kulturkampf	Unpopular series of measures Bismarck took against the Roman Catholic Church as he distrusted their loyalty to the new German state
776694816	Woman Question	The term used to refer to the debate over the role of women in 19th century Europe (as in previous centuries, women largely remained legally inferior, economically dependent, and primarily defined by family and household roles)
776694817	Public Health Act	This 1875 law mandated that newly constructed buildings have running water and an internal drainage system
776694818	William Gladstone	Liberal PM whose sponsorship of the Reform Act of 1884 gave the vote to all men who paid regular rents or taxes
776694819	Department Store	Where the vast array of new consumer products were brought together in a single place
776694820	Mass marketing	A new technique employed by businesses (who relied on social psychologists) to help sell the consumer goods made possible by the development of the steel and electrical industries
776694821	Cartel	A combination of independent commercial enterprises that work together to control prices and fix production quotas, thereby restraining the competition that led to reduced prices; a modern example is OPEC

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Ap Euro Exam Key Ideas Flashcards

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778484800	18th Century	1. Most young married European couples lived in nuclear families. Large multigenerational households were not teh norm. 2. Most couples posponed marriage until they were in tehir mid to late 20s 3. young peasent women increasingly left home to work as domestic servants
778484801	The French Revolution	1. Women led teh march to versailles to demand cheap bread and to force the royal family to move to paris 2. women did not gain the right to vote or to hold politcal office 3. olympia de gouges wrote the declaration of rights of women and the female citizen. demanded wmn have same rights as men 4. wollstonecraft wrote vindication of rights of wmn. argued wmn arent naturally inferior to men, only appear to be inferior bc of lack of education 5. napoleans civil code: reasserted old regime' patriarchal system.; granted husbands extensive control over wives; divorce and property rights were taken away
778484802	The 19th Century	1. john stuart mill wrote the subjection of wmn. argued social and legal and inequalities were a relic frm the past 2. henrik ibsen's a doll house criticized conventional marriage roles 3. ideal middle class wmn expected 2b angel in house; most * role=2b devoted mother and family moral guardian 4. ppl marry at younger age bc of rise in standards of living but at same time rising cost of child rearing causes decline in zie of mid class families 5. few married wmn worked outside the home; most owrkin wmn were single 6. oppurtinities for well educated wmn=lmtd to taeching, nursing, and social work 7. law codes in most euro countries gave wmn few legal rights. catholic countries didnt allow divorce 8. 19th century wmn rights advocates worked for teh right of wmn to control their own property 9. by end of 19th century, educated mid class new wmn enjoyed more indpnt lifestyles 10. as mass culture developed, fashion magazines made mid class and wokrin class wmm more aware of style; fictional romancs are sold
778484803	Women's Suffrage	1. 1900=no country in europe allowed wmn right to vote 2. br wmn waged agrresive campaign 4 wmns suffrage led by pankhurst 3. wwi: millions of wmn replace men in factories, etc. 4. 1918, parliament grants suffrage to wmn over 30
778484804	Women in the Soviet Union	1.Marxists argue tht capitalism and mid class husbands exploited wmn 2. bol's proclaim complete equality of rights 4 wmn
778484805	Machiavelli (1469-1527)	wrote the prince; ppl=ungreatful and untrustworthy; urged rulers to study war, avoid unnecessary kindness, and always base policy upon the priniciple tht the end justitfies the means; gave advice to rulers
778484806	Erasmus (1466-1536)	wrote praise of folly; lays egg luther hatches, wrote in latin, wanted to reform church NOT destroy
778484807	Luther (1483-1546)	protestant reformer whose criticsm of indulgences helped spark ref.; advocated salvation by faith &authroity of bible&priesthood of all believers; believed christn wmn shd strive to bcum models of wifely obediene and chrstn charity; relied on state churches
778484808	Calvin (1509-1564)	the elect; protestant reformer who wrote the institutes of the chrstn religion; believed in the absolute omnipotence of god, the weakness of humanity, and the doctrine of predestination; established geneva as a mdoel chrstn commty; theocracy; influenced followers who were known as huguenots in fr, presbyterians in scotland, and puritans in eng; advocated tht each local congregation have a ruling body composed of ministers and laymen who carefully supervised the moral conduct of the faithful
778484809	Montaigne (1533-1592)	fr ren writer who developed the essay; knwn for skeptical attitude and willingness to lok at all sides of an issue
778484810	Copernicus (1473-1543)	astronomer; wrote On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres; helped launch scientific rev. by chllnging widespread belief in geocentric thry tht earth=center of universe; offered new heliocentric universe which earth and otra planetas revolve around the sun
778484811	Kepler (1571-1630)	began career as assistant to danish astronomer to Brahe; formulated 3 laws of planetary motion; proved planetary orbits are ELLIPTICAL rather than circular
778484812	Galilei (1564-1642)	it scientist who contributed to sci method by conducting controlled experiments; used telescope, formulated laws of motion, popularize new sci ideas; condemned by inquisition fo radvocating helio thry
778484813	Newton (1642-1727)	eng scientist and mathmatician who wrote the principia; viewed universe as vast machine governed by the universal laws of gravity adn inertia; mechanistic view of universe (strongly influenced by deism (god =watchmaker)
778484814	Bacon (1561-1626)	eng politican and writer; formalized empirical method into general thry of inductive reasoning (based on observation)
778484815	Descartes (1596-1650)	fr philosopher and mathmatician; used DEductive reasoning from self evident principles to reach sci laws
778484816	Hobbes (1588-1679)	eng philosopher who wrote leviathon; viewed human beings as naturally self centered adn prone to violence; feared dangers of arachy more than dangers of tyranny; argued tht monarchs have absolute and unlmtd political authority; u give up ur rites for safety; agreemtn btwn ppl and govt = social contract
778484817	Locke (1632-1704)	humans=rational beings who learned from experience; tabula rasa=blank slate; thry of natural rights, ppl are born with basic rights to life liberty and property; govts r formed to protect natura rights; right to rebel
778484818	Voltaire (1694-1778)	"crush the infamous thing"(the catholic church); against organized religion
778484819	Rousseau (1712-1778)	wrote social contract and emile; popular sovereignty; law is expression of general will; stressed emotions
785238830	Adam Smith (1723-1790)	scottish econmoist who wrote an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nation; opposed mercantilist policies; advocated free trade and the invisble hand of competition
785238831	Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-17970	british writer, philosopher, and feminist who wrote a vindication of the rights of woman; argued that women are not naturally inferior to men; maintained that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men
785238832	Edmund Burke (1729-1797)	english conservative leader who wrote reflections on the revolution in france; denounced the radicalism and violence of the french revolution; favored gradual and orderly change
785238833	John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)	english utilitarian (what is best for most people) and essayist best known for writing on liberty and teh subjection of women; advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage
785238834	Karl Marx (1818-1883)	scientific socialist who coauthored the communist manifesto; believed that teh history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis (hegel ideas); contended that a class struggle btwn the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat" which in turn would be a transitional phase leading to a classless society
785238835	Darwin (1809-1882)	br biologist who wrote the origin of species; challeneged the idea of special cration by proposoing a revolutionary theory of biological evolution; concluded that every living planet and animal takes part in a constant struggle for existence in which on the fittest survive; argued that the fittest are determined by a process of natural selection
785238836	Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)	austrian psychologist who formulated groundbreaking theories of human personality; theorized that the human psyche contains three distinct parts; a) the id, which is the center of unconscious sexual and aggresive drives b) the superego which is the center of moral values and c0 the ego which is the center of pragmatic reason; argued that human behavior is often irrational (impulses)
785238837	Einstein (1879-1955)	german physicist whose theory of special relativity undermined newtonian physics; challenged traditional concepts of time space and motion; contribbuted to the view that humans live in a universe with uncertainties; added to the feeling fo uncertainty in the postwar world
785238838	Nietzche 91844-1900)	german philosopher whose writings influenced existentialism; expressed contempt for middle class morality saying it led to a false and shallow existence; rejected reason and embraced the irrational; believed that the will to power of a few heroic supermen could successfully reorder the world
785238839	Albrt Camus (1913-1960) and jean-paul sartre (1905-1980)	french existentialist philosophers and writers; questioned the efficacy of reason and sceince to understand the human situation; believed that god, reason, and progress and myths and that human live in a hostile world alone and isolated
785238840	the peace of augsburg 1555	ended the religious civil war btwn roman catholics and lutherans in the german states; gave each german prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either roman catholic or lutheran; failed to provide for the recognition of calvinists or other religious groups
785238841	the council of trent 1545-1563	reformed catholic church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine; preserved the papacy as the center of christianity; confirmed all seven existing sacraments; reaffirmed latin as teh language of worship; forbade clerical marriage
785238842	the edict of nantes 1598	issued by henry iv of france; granted religious toleration to french protestants; marked teh first formal recognition by a european national monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country; revoked by louis xiv in 16855
785238843	the peace of westphalia, 1648	...

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AP Euro: Name that Period Flashcards

For each description, name the period that best applies

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784055536	Reformation	Sola Scriptura, Council of Trent, Zwingli, Jesuits, Indulgences
784055537	Russian Revolution	Cheka, war communism, Lenin, Bolsheviks, Red Army
784055538	French Revolution	Assembly of Notables, the Convention, guillotine, Robespierre, Declaration of the Rights of Man
784055539	Scientific Revolution	"Like cures like," Newton, Principia, Brahe, French Royal Academy
784055540	Age of Religious Warfare	William the Silent, the Defenestration of Prague, the Dutch Revolt, the Edict of Nantes, the Schmalkaldic League
784055541	Witchcraft Trials	Malleus Maleficarum, shift to individualism, Montaigne and religious skepticism, scapegoating, the test of reason
784055542	Renaissance	Medici, Il Divino, Duomo, La Joconde, secularism
784055543	Old Imperialism	Pizarro, 3Gs, Columbian Exchange, Eurocentrism, Commercial Revolution
784055544	New Imperialism	White Man's Burden, Rhodes, "open door" policy, Boxer Rebellion, modernizers, Meiji Restoration
784055545	Great War	War Guilt Clause, Princip, Schlieffen Plan, two-power rule, propaganda and censorship on the home front, "blank check"
784055546	Interwar Europe	"Spirit" of Locarno, Gleichschaltung, Squadristi, Enabling Act, Great Depression, Spanish Civil War
784055547	World War II	"Diplomatic Revolution," Anschluss, the Battle of Kursk, Churchill, Operation Overlord
784055548	Age of Ideologies	Burke, Karlsbad Decrees, Anti-Corn Law League, Latin American revolts, Concert of Europe
784055549	First Industrial Revolution	Turnip Townshend, factory system, urbanization, Great Exhibition, steam power, Factory Acts, iron
784055550	Second Industrial Revolution	Steel, Daimler, electricity, cartels, interchangeable parts, assembly line, Taylorism, Swan, radio
784383809	Renaissance	Patronage, humanism, Mirandola, Valla, The School of Athens
784383810	Age of Religious Warfare	"Paris is worth a Mass," Guise, Catherine de Medici, War of the Three Henries, politiques
784383811	Old Imperialism	Axial rudder, magnetic compass, Hudson, Treaty of Tordesillas, History of the Indies
784383812	Absolutism & Constitutionalism	Junkers, "L'etat, c'est moi," Hobbes, Peter the Great, Janissaries
784383813	Age of Ideologies	Metropolitan Police Act, 1848--year of revolt, Romanticism, Greek Revolt, Poor Law of 1834, Frankfurt Assembly
784383814	Scientific Revolution	Paracelsus, Kepler, elliptical orbits, Cavendish, Uraniborg Castle
784383815	Modernity	"New physics," Cubism, paradigm shift, eternal recurrence, "talking cure"
784383816	Interwar Europe	NSDAP, World Cup, Guernica, Kristallnacht, NEP
784383817	World War II	Blitzkrieg tactics, Axis Powers, Miracle at Dunkirk, Manhattan Project, VE Day
784383818	Cold War	"Iron Curtain," containment, Marshall Plan, Secret Speech, denazification, Berlin Airlift
784383819	Contemporary Europe	Velvet Revolution, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Maastricht Treaty, "Iron Lady," Dayton Peace Accords, IRA
784383820	European Union	Schuman Plan, Treaty of Rome, Jean Monnet, euro, Copenhagen Criteria, sovereign debt issues
785822420	Enlightenment	"Dare to know," philosophes, salons, Calas Affair, Voltaire, Joseph II
785822421	Cold War	Kennan, Berlin Blockade, Suez Crisis, Prague Spring, martial law in Poland
785822422	Renaissance	Petrarch, ad fontes, Christian humanism, Erasmus, portraiture
785822423	Old Imperialism	Immunity, Price Revolution, Atahualpa, Dona Marina, encomienda
785822424	Great War	"Over the top," Kiel Mutiny, Battle of Verdun, Article 231, Fourteen Points, Remarque
785822425	Enlightenment	Frederick the Great, Rousseau, "invisible hand," salonnieres, elite movement, Wollstonecraft, Encyclopedia
785822426	Absolutism & Constitutionalism	Dutch Republic, Oliver Cromwell, Jacobites, English Bill of Rights, Exclusion Bill, Petition of Right, boyars, "Westernization," Great Northern War, Peace of Utrecht

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Amsco AP US History Chapter 3 Flashcards

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501699336	english cultural domination	the great majority of the population were english in origin, language, and tradition
501699337	self-government	the government of each colony had a representative assembly that was elected by eligible voters. the governer was appointed by the people, the crown, or by a proprietor
501699338	religious toleration	all of the colonies permitted the practice of different religions, but with varying degrees of freedom .
501699339	hereditary aristocracy	the social extremes of europe were missing. a narrower class system was developed
501699340	social mobility	everybody in colonial society had an opportunity to improve their standard of living and social status by hard work, except the african americans
501699342	subsistence farming	provides just enough food for the farm family
501699343	establish church	church of england (anglican church) in virginia, and the congregational church in massachusetts bay and connecticut`
501699344	great awakening	movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people
501699349	cotton mather	massachusetts minister-wrote religious tracts that were widely read
501699350	benjamin franklin	pioneering work with electricity and more practical developments of bifocal eyeglasses brought this man international fame
501699351	poor richard's almanak	franklin's witty aphorisms and advice-a best selling book
501699354	secretarian	colleges that existed to promote the doctrines of a particular religious sect
501699356	john peter zenger	new york editor and publisher; brought to trail on a charge of libelously criticizing new york's royal governor
501699357	andrew hamilton	zenger's lawyer who argued that his client had printed the truth about the governor
501699358	colonial governors	appointed by king (NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC, GA), appointed by proprietors (MD, PA, DE), elected by popular vote (CT, RI)
501699359	colonial legislatures	consisted of 2 houses
501699362	limited democracy	a sizable majority barred from voting, common people deferred to "betters" to depend upon the few privileged few to make decisions for them

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