APUSH 2013: Terms 162-306 Flashcards
Getting easier as we progress. Mr. Martin's infamous APUSH terms.
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| 673454719 | 1780's depression | Caused by post-war decrease in production/increase in unemployment+ tough interstate trade rules that decreased trade | |
| 673454720 | Annapolis Convention | Precursor to the constitutional convention of 1787. A dozen commissioners of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia met to discuss reform in interstate commerce regulations, to design a US currency standard, and find a way to repay government's debts to war veterans. Little accomplished except suggestion that they hold another convention to discuss changes to the federal government; idea endorsed by Confederation Congress in February, 1778=>called for another convention to be held in May in Philadelphia | |
| 673454721 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Major success of the Articles of Confederation. Allowed orderly surveying and distribution of US land. | |
| 673454722 | Noah Webster | Wrote some of first dictionaries/spellers in the US. Books became standard for US promoted spellings/punctuations over British. | |
| 673454723 | Northwest Ordinance | Major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up framework of government for Northwest territory. Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the territory, and set 60,000 as minimum statehood pop. | |
| 673454724 | Northwest posts | British fur trading posts in the Northwest Territory=>antagonism of US/conflicts | |
| 673454725 | Shay's rebellion | Winter of 1786-1787 under the Articles of Confederation. Poor landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented government from arresting or repossessing property of those in debt. Federal government too weak to help Boston remove rebels=sign of failure for Articles | |
| 673454726 | Antifederalists | Opposed the ratification of the constitution because it gave more power to the federal government than to the state/did not ensure individual rights. Instrumental in having the Bill of Rights passed as a prerequisite of passage of the constitution in many states. After ratification=>regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (Republican) party. | |
| 673454727 | Checks and balances-examples | Each branch of government checks the other. President (executive) can veto laws passed by Congress (legislative), and chooses judges in the Supreme Court (judiciary), Congress can overturn a veto if 2/3 of members vote to do so, Supreme Court can declare laws passed by President/Congress unconstitutional | |
| 673454728 | Fiske, The Critical Period of American History | Called the introduction of the constitution the "Critical period" because it saved the US from doom under the Articles | |
| 673454729 | George Mason, Bill of rights | Opposed the constitution because it didn't protect individual rights=>opposition led to Bill of rights | |
| 673454730 | Great Compromise | At Constitutional Convention: larger states wanted to follow the Virginia plan which based state representation in Congress by population. Smaller states wanted the New Jersey plan which gave every state equal representation. Compromise with the creation of the House and the Senate, and using both separate plans as methods of electing members in each. | |
| 673454731 | Hobbes | English philosopher that believed that people are motivated mainly by greed and fear and that a strong government needs to keep them under control. Did NOT believe in divine right. | |
| 673454732 | James Madison, "Father of the Constitution" | Proposals for an effective government=>Virginia Plan=basis of the Constitution. Responsible for drafting much of the language of the Constitution. | |
| 673454733 | John Locke, Second Treatise of Government | Humans have the right to life, liberty and property and government was to protect those rights. Rejected "Divine Right" and believed in a social contract | |
| 673454734 | Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws | Believed that government should be separated into 3 equal branches, that government should be close to the people, and that government was based on the will of the people | |
| 673454735 | North-South compromises | North was given full protection of trade and commerce. South was given permanent relief from export taxes and a guarantee that slaves would not be halted for at least 20 years, and the national capitol was to be in the South. Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person when determining population=south got more representatives in the House. | |
| 673454736 | Opponents of the Constitution | Known Antifederalists; mostly commoners opposed to the constitution afraid of strong central governments/rights violations. | |
| 673454737 | Patrick Henry | One of the main opponents to the constitution, worked against ratification in Virginia. | |
| 673454738 | Philadelphia Convention | Constitutional Convention May 25, 1787-the constitutional convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention held in Philadelphia. Every state but Rhode Island sent delegates, George Washington was president of the convention. Lasted 16 weeks and produced the Constitution of the US on September 17, 1787, largely drafted by James Madison. | |
| 673454739 | Sam Adams | Opposed to the constitution until the Bill of Rights was added. | |
| 673454740 | Slavery and the Constitution; trade and compromises | Southern slave trade guaranteed for at least 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution. Slaves were still 3/5 of a person when determining state population. | |
| 673454741 | Supporters of the Constitution | Known federalists, mostly wealthy and opposed to anarchy. Leaders included Madison, Hamilton, Jay who wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the constitution. | |
| 673454742 | The Federalist Papers, Jay, Hamilton, Madison | Collection of Essays from John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison explaining the importance of a strong central government. Published to convince New York to ratify the constitution. | |
| 673454743 | "The Federalist, #10" | Essay of the Federalist Papers that proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy. (anarchy, rise of factions that disregard public good) | |
| 673454744 | The ratification fights | Massachusetts farmers opposed the constitution because they felt it supported trade more than agriculture-Massachusetts became 6th state to ratify. New York was opposed to the constitution; Federalist Papers published there for support Virginia/New York would not ratify until Bill of Rights added | |
| 673454745 | VA Plan, NJ Plan, Connecticut Compromise | Virginia plan called for a two house Congress with each state's representation based on population New Jersey plan wanted a one house Congress in which each state had equal representation. Connecticut Plan called for a 2 house Congress in which representation of both kinds would be applied=Compromise Plan | |
| 673454746 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Four laws passed by President Adams and Congress in 1798: Naturalization Act increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5-14 years; Alien Act empowered president to arrest/deport dangerous aliens Alien Enemy Act allowed for arrest/deportation of citizens of nations at war with the US Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory officials about the government/officials First three passed after XYZ affair and aimed at French/Irish immigrants Sedition Act aimed at Democratic-Republican opposition even though25 people arrested; 10 convicted Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions=concept of nullification=in response to the Acts | |
| 673454747 | Attorney General Randolph | Edmund Randolph was General Washington's aid-de-camp at outbreak of Revolution; Virginian delegate to Continental Congress and Governor of Virginia 1786-1788. Submitted Virginia plan at Constitutional Convention. 1789-1794 served as US Attorney General and then succeeded Jefferson as Secretary of State. 1795 resigned office after being falsely accused of accepting money from France to influence Washington's administration against Britain, name eventually cleared by French government. | |
| 673454748 | Bank of the US | Part of Hamilton's plan, it would save the government's surplus if needed. | |
| 673454749 | Bill of Rights adopted, 1791 | First ten amendments to the constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights. | |
| 673454750 | Doctrine of nullification | Expressed in Virginia and Kentucky resolutions expressing states right to nullify federal law. | |
| 673454751 | Election of 1800, Jefferson and Burr Tie | 2 democratic republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams for the presidency but had a tie between themselves. Decision to the House of Representatives=>another tie. After a series of long ties in the House-Jefferson elected president. Bur became the vice-president. 12th amendment requiring that the president and the vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. | |
| 673454752 | Excise taxes | Taxes placed on manufactured goods. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise funds for Hamilton's program. | |
| 673454753 | Federalist and Democratic-Republicans Foreign proclivities Party leaders and supporters Philosophies Programs | The first two political parties. Many Democratic-Republicans were former Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party. Federalists supported Britain; Antifederalists-France Federalists: John Adams, Alexander Hamilton Antifederalists: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison Federalists believed in a strong central government, strong army, industry, loose interpretation of the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak central government, state and individual rights, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Federalists supported the Federal Bank and taxes to support industrial growth. Democratic-Republicans opposed these measures opting for state banks and little industry. | |
| 673454754 | Hamilton's program: ideas proposals, reasons | Designed to pay off the U.S. war debts and stabilize the economy, believed that the US should become a leading commercial power. Programs included the National Bank, establishment of the US credit rate, increased tariffs, excise tax on whiskey. Insisted that federal government assume debts of states incurred during the Revolution. | |
| 673454755 | Implied powers, elastic, necessary, and proper clause | Section 8 Article I of the constitution contains a long list of powers specifically granted to Congress, and ends that Congress shall also have the power to ""to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers." Unspecified powers are known as "implied" powers. Debate over how much this "elastic" clause can "stretched" to include almost any other power that Congress might try to assert. | |
| 673454756 | Judiciary Act, 1789 | Created the federal court system allowing the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges. | |
| 673454757 | Location of the capitol: logrolling DC | South was angry that the entire country was assuming state's debts incurred mainly in the North, and that slaves were and that slaves weren't being counted as full persons when assigning # representatives to the House. As part of the compromise plan adopted at the Constitution Convention, agreed that nation's capitol would be in the South. | |
| 673454758 | Loose, strict interpretation of the constitution | Loose interpretation allows the government to do anything that the constitution doesn't explicitly forbid it from doing. Strict interpretation forbids the government from doing anything except what the constitution explicitly empowers it to do. | |
| 673454759 | National debt, state debt, foreign debt | US national debt included state debts owed to soldiers and others who had not been paid for Revolutionary War services, plus foreign debts to countries that had helped the US. Government also assumed state's debts from the war. Debts paid off by Hamilton's program | |
| 673454760 | President George Washington | Established many presidential traditions including limiting a president's tenure to 2 terms. Against political parties and strove for political balance in the government by appointing political adversaries to government positions. | |
| 673454761 | Residence Act | Set the length of time immigrants had to stay in the U.S. to become legal citizens. | |
| 673454762 | Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government form Federalist to Democratic-Republican so it was deemed a revolution. | |
| 673454763 | Second Great Awakening | Series of religious revivals starting in 1801 based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | |
| 673454764 | Secretary of State Jefferson | A leading Democratic-Republican; he opposed Hamilton's ideas. Washington tended to side with Hamilton, so Jefferson resigned. | |
| 673454765 | Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton | A leading Federalist who supported a strong central government and industry. Created the National Bank and paid off the US's early debts through tariffs and an excise tax on whiskey. | |
| 673454766 | Secretary of War Knox | A revolutionary war hero, Henry Knox served as Secretary of War under the Articles of Confederation, and stayed in that capacity under Washington's administration. | |
| 673454767 | Tariff of 1789 | Designed to raise funds for the federal government and resulted in a federal surplus. | |
| 673454768 | Twelfth Amendment | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie and stated that the presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before then all candidates ran against each other with the winner becoming president and the runner up, the vice president. | |
| 673454769 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, declaring that a state could nullify federal laws that states considered unconstitutional. | |
| 673454770 | Washington's Farewell Address | In this address, he warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances. | |
| 673454771 | Whiskey Rebellion | 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in riots caused by attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. October, 1794-Washignton led an army to put down the insurrection. Incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could act swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the impotent Articles of Confederation government during Shay's rebellion. | |
| 673454772 | Barbary pirates | Name given to renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. 1795-1801 the US paid the Barbary states for protection against pirates. Jefferson stopped paying tribute and the US fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against Tripoli and Algeria. Inconclusive results=back to tribute system. | |
| 673454773 | British seizure of American ships | France blockaded English ports in the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s; England blocked French ports. British seized neutral American ships that tried to trade at French ports. | |
| 673454774 | Convention of 1800 | A conference between the US and France which ended naval hostilities. | |
| 673454775 | French Alliance of 1778 | Colonies needed help in their war against Britain. France was Britain's rival and hoped to weaken Britain by causing her to lose colonies. French convinced to ally with colonists after victory at Battle of Saratoga. | |
| 673454776 | French Revolution | Second great democratic revolution. Took place in 1790s after success of the American revolution. US did nothing to aid either side. The French overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. | |
| 673454777 | James Wilkinson | Officer of the Continental army who would later serve as a member of the board of war and clothier general for the army. One of the commissioners appointed to receive the Louisiana Purchase from France. Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. Informed Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, primary of witness against Burr at his trial for treason even though he was implicated in the plot. | |
| 673454778 | Jay's Treaty | 1794-signed in settling growing conflicts between the US and Britain. Dealt with Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi river. Unpopular for failing to punish Britain for attacks on neutral American ships. Especially unpopular against France, because US also accepted British restriction on trade. | |
| 673454779 | "Mad" Anthony Wayne, Fallen Timbers | Wayne was one of the leading generals of the Continental Army and played a crucial role in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Early 1790's, British held trading posts in the Ohio Valley and encouraged local Indians to attack Americans. Wayne led Americans to defeat Miami Indians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794=paved way for American settlement of the Ohio Valley. | |
| 673454780 | Neutrality Proclamation | Washington's proclamation that the US would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off war between France and coalition of England, Austria, Prussia. Proclamation technically in violation of the Franco-American treaty of 1778. | |
| 673454781 | Northwest posts | British fur-trading posts in the Northwest territory. Presence in the U.S. led to continued British-American conflicts. | |
| 673454782 | Pickney's Treaty | 1795-Treaty between US and Spain that gave the US rights to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods at Spanish owned port of New Orleans. | |
| 673454783 | "Rule of 1756" | British proclamation that neutral countries could not trade with both of 2 warring nations; they had to choose sides and trade with only 1 nation. Justified Britain's seizure of neutral American ships during the war between Britain/France in early 1800s | |
| 673454784 | Treaty of Greenville, 1795 | After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, The 12 local Indian tribes gave Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation/$10,000 | |
| 673454785 | Undeclared naval war with France | Late 1790s-beginning in 1794 the French began to seize US vessels in response to Jay's Treaty, Congress responded by ordering navy to attack any French ships along the coast=XYZ affair=more violent=>1800 peace convention with Napoleon ended conflict | |
| 673454786 | XYZ affair, Talleyrand | 1798 commission sent to France in 1797 to discuss disputes that had arisen out of US refusal to honor Franco-American treaty of 1778. President Adams had criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the US. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand to work things out. Talleyrand's three agents told Americans that they could only meet with him with a hefty bribe. Americans didn't pay the bribe and 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting X, Y, and Z for names of 3 agents in report to Congress. | |
| 673454787 | Bayard vs. Singleston | 1787-first court decision in which a law was deemed unconstitutional based on a written constitution. | |
| 673454788 | Chisholm v. Georgia | The heirs of Alexander Chisholm (citizen of South Carolina) sued the State of Georgia. Supreme court upheld the right citizens of one state to sue another state and decided against Georgia. | |
| 673454789 | Rutgers vs. Waddington | 1784, in 1783 the New York Legislature passed the Trespass Act, that allowed landowners who's property had been occupied by the British to sue for damage. Rutgers sued in the Mayor's Court over seizure of her brewery, and the Mayor, James Duane declared the Act void because it conflicted with a provision of the Treaty of Paris. First time US court had declared law unconstitutional and set a precedent for the Supreme Court in Marbury vs. Madison. | |
| 673454790 | Ware v. Hylton | Treaty between Britain/US required all debts to Britain to be paid in full. Virginia statute said that American debts to Britain could be paid in depreciated currency. Supreme Court upheld the treaty proving that federal laws>state laws. | |
| 673454791 | Causes of War of 1812 | Causes for the war included British Impressment of sailors, seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons of the War Hawks (British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the Americans to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada. | |
| 673454792 | Chesapeake-Leopard Affair | 1807 The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. The Leopard then fired on the Chesapeake=>US expelled all British ships form US waters until British issued an apology. | |
| 673454793 | Embargo of 1807, opposition | This act issued by Jefferson forbade trading ships from leaving the U.S. Meant to force Britain and France to change policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. Difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else who's livelihood depended upon international trade. It hurt the national economy=>replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | |
| 673454794 | Federalist control of courts with midnight judges | On the last day of his office, Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges in the federal courts to maintain Federalist control of the government. (Federalists lost presidency/much of Congress to Republicans). Called midnight judges. | |
| 673454795 | Federalist opposition to Louisiana Purchase | Federalists opposed it because they thought that Jefferson overstepped constitutional powers by making the purchase. | |
| 673454796 | Federalist opposition to War of 1812 | The Federalist party was mainly composed of New England merchants, who wanted good relations with Britain/free trade. New England merchants met at the Hartford Convention in protest of the war and the US government's trade restrictions. | |
| 673454797 | Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key | Francis Scott Key saw Fort McHenry hold out against a British attack. Wrote the poem "Star Spangled Banner" about the experience seeing the US flag fly above the fort in the morning=>poem set to tune of old English bar song. | |
| 673454798 | Hamilton-Burr duel | After his presidential defeat, Burr switched to the federalist party and tried to run for governor of New York. He lost, and blamed Hamilton for making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him on July 11, 1804. | |
| 673454799 | Hartford Convention, resolutions | December 1814-convention of New England merchants who opposed the embargo and other trade restrictions, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to fully nullify federal laws. Also discussed the idea of ceding from the US if desires were ignored. Turned public sentiment against federalists=>demise of the party | |
| 673454800 | Impressments | British seamen often deserted to join American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve deserters and often seized any sailor that couldn't prove that he was an American and not a British citizen. | |
| 673454801 | Jackson's victory at New Orleans | January 1815-A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson was given detailed plans of the invasion by French Pirate Jean Lafitte. 2500 British killed/captured and only 8 men on the American side were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war 2 weeks ago. Inspired nationalism. | |
| 673454802 | Justice Samuel Chase | A federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court. Chase had been a Revolutionary war hero and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson disagreed with his views and had him impeached for publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration to the Maryland grand jury. Chase was acquitted by the Senate and the impeachment failed. (only attempt to impeach a supreme court justice in US history) | |
| 673454803 | Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, Major Long, observations | 1804-1806 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific. Zebulon Pike explored (1805-1807) Minnesota and the Southwest, mapped the region, and spied on the Spanish whenever his exploration took him into their territory. (He was eventually captured by the Spanish, but the U.S. arranged for his release.) Major Long explored the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) and concluded that it was a worthless "Great American Desert." | |
| 673454804 | Louisiana Purchase: reason, loose construction, Jefferson | Jefferson loose construction of 1803-the US purchased form Napoleon land from Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it gave the US the Mississippi river and New Orleans (valuable for trade/shipping) and room to expand. Napoleon needed money and was soured to expansion to the New World with a rebellion in Haiti. Constitution did not give federal government power to purchase land=Jefferson used loose construction to justify purchase. | |
| 673454805 | Naval engagements in the War of 1812 | US navy won some important victories but failed to break British blockade. | |
| 673454806 | Neutral rights issues end with the defeat of Napoleon | Napoleon's defeat ended the Brit/French war=end to trade restrictions | |
| 673454807 | New England's merchants, critics of the war | New England merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Britain. Critics of the war were mainly federalists who represented New England. | |
| 673454808 | Essex Junto | Group of extreme federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated the secession of New England. | |
| 673454809 | Non-intercourse Act | 1809-Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo which forbade American trade with other nations, only forbade trade with Britain and France. Did not succeed in changing British/French policy towards neutral ships so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2 | |
| 673454810 | Orders-in-council | British laws that led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. | |
| 673454811 | Tecumseh (1763-1813) | Shawnee chief who with brother Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as the Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. League of tribes defeated by American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh killed fighting for the British in the War of 1812 at the Battle of Thames in 1813. | |
| 673454812 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | 1803-led a slave rebellion that took control of Haiti, most important of French colonial possessions. Soured Napoleon to new world=encouraged Louisiana Purchase. | |
| 673454813 | Treaty of Ghent, provisions | December 24, 1812, Ended the War of 1812 and restored status quo. Most of territory returned to original owner. Special commission appointed to determine Canada/US border. | |
| 673454814 | Treaty of San Ildefonso | 1800-Spain gave Louisiana back to France who had lost it during the 7 years war | |
| 673454815 | Tripolitan War (1801-1805) | Also called the Barbary Wars=series of naval engagements launched by Jefferson to stop attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. War was inconclusive=>US paid tribute to Barbary States for protection. | |
| 673454816 | War Hawks | Westerners who wanted war with Britain because they wanted northwest posts of Britain, Florida, Canada=>felt British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack US on the frontier. Congress=Henry Clay/John C. Calhoun | |
| 673454817 | Why we fought England instead of France | Britain practiced impressment and was believed to be supplying weapons to Indians on the frontier and encouraging them to attack. Also the US wanted to acquire land held by the British; war with Britain would allow seizure of Florida form Britain's ally, Spain. Although France had seized American ships, it had lifted trade restrictions and the US resumed trade with France. | |
| 673454818 | Robert Fulton, Clermont | Robert Fulton built and designed America's first steamer, the Clermont in 1807. Also built the Nautilus the first practical submarine. | |
| 673454819 | Bonus Bill Veto | March 1817-Madison vetoed John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill which would have used bonus money paid to the government by the Second National Bank to build roads and canals. Madison believed in strict interpretation, and using federal money for internal improvements is not a power granted to the government in the Constitution. | |
| 673454820 | Rush-Bagot Treaty, Great Lakes | 1817-this treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded into an unarmed Canada/US border. | |
| 673454821 | No 253: Clay's American System, ideas | Proposed after the War of 1812, included using federal money for internal improvements, protective tariff for infant industries, and strengthening the national bank. | |
| 673454822 | Convention of 1818 | Set the border between the US and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador. | |
| 673454823 | "Corrupt bargain" | Charge made by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for office as secretary of state. Clay traded votes for office. | |
| 673454824 | Daniel Webster | Great American orator who gave speeches as a lawyer then as a congressman. Major representative of the North in the pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as John C. Calhoun was the South's representative at the time. | |
| 673454825 | Eli Whitney; gin and interchangeable parts | 1798-developed the cotton gin, a machine that could separate cotton from its seeds. Made cotton very profitable for the South=slavery. | |
| 673454826 | Era of good feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was no political party/partisan conflicts. | |
| 673454827 | Erie Canal | 1825, The Erie Canal was opened as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes. The Canal was approved in 1817 with the support of New York Governor Dewitt Clinton. Along with Cumberland Road it helped connect the West and the North. | |
| 673454828 | Federal government's land policy; 1796, 1800, 1804, 1820 | In 1796, land was sold in 640-acre tracts or more for no less than $2 per acre. In 1800, the minimum lot size was reduced to 320 acres. In 1804, the minimum lot size was 160 acres, and the minimum price $1.64 per acre. In 1820, the minimum lot size was 80 acres, and the minimum price $1.25 per acre. | |
| 673454829 | Growth of industry in New England | New England emerged as manufacturing center with many rivers to supply water power, butter system of roads and canals. First major industry was textiles. | |
| 673454830 | Internal improvements | The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution. | |
| 673454831 | John Marshall: decisions | John Marshall was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court who's policies promoted federal power over state power and established Judiciary as a branch equal to the legislative and the executive. In Marbury v. Madison he established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review. Which allows the Supreme court to declare laws unconstitutional. | |
| 673454832 | John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State | He served under President Monroe. In 1819 he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the US Florida in exchange for the US dropping its claims in Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. | |
| 673454833 | Missouri: Tallmadge Amendment, Thomas Amendment, Missouri Compromise | When Missouri applied for statehood, dispute over whether it should be a slave or a free state. Tallmadge Amendment would admit Missouri as a slave state but forbid the introduction of additional slaves and free all slave children at 25. The Thomas Amendment was a bill which would have admitted as a slave state but forbid slavery north of the 36°30" latitude in the Louisiana purchase region. Nether bill put into effect. | |
| 673454834 | Monroe Doctrine; origins, provisions, impact | 1823-declared that Europe shouldn't interfere in affairs of Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the US. Declared that a New World colony which had gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. Only in England, particularly by George Canning, was there support for the doctrine. Mostly a display of nationalism until late 1800s. | |
| 673454835 | National Road | First federally constructed highway from 1825-1850 from Pennsylvania to Illinois. Major overland shipping route and important connection between North and West. | |
| 673454836 | New states | The government tried to maintain a balance between slave states and free states. The new states admitted were: Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), Missouri (1821, slave), Arkansas (1836, slave), and Michigan (1837, free). | |
| 673454837 | Panama conference | Summoned by Venezuelan revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar to discuss in 1826 commercial treaties, adopt a code of international law, and arrive at a common Latin American policy towards Spain. 2 delegates sent by the US but they were delayed so long that they missed the meeting. Uncomfortable about blacks and whites mixing at the meeting. Showed the good relations between US and South America. | |
| 673454838 | Purchase of Florida | 1819-Adams-Onis Treaty. Spain sold Florida to the US and the US gave up claims to Texas. | |
| 673454839 | Samuel Slater | When he emigrated to the US from England in 1790s=>brought with him plans to an English factory=>first factory in America. | |
| 673454840 | Second bank of US, a reversal of Jefferson's ideas | As a Republican, Jefferson opposed the bank. The Second Bank of the US was established in 1816 was given more authority than the first bank. Loans were used to finance American Industrial Revolution in the period after the war of 1812. | |
| 673454841 | Tariff of 1816 protective | Tariff helped to protect American Industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and higher quality than those produced in the US. | |
| 673454842 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828-Also called the Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. Protected North but harmed the South; South said it was economically discriminatory and a violation of state's rights. It passed because New England wanted high tariffs. | |
| 673454843 | Transcontinental Treaty | Adams-Onis Treaty=Spain gave up Florida to the US and the US/Mexican border was set so that Texas and the American southwest would part with Mexico. | |
| 673454844 | Vice-president Calhoun; SC Exposition and protest, nullification | Vice-President Calhoun anonymously published the essay, South Carolina Exposition, which proposed that each state in the union counter the tyranny of the majority by asserting the right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress. Written in reaction to the Tariff of 1828. South had threatened to secede if the tariff were not revoked=>more peaceful solution | |
| 673454845 | War increased nationalism, economic independence | The U.S.'s success in the War of 1812 gave Americans a feeling of national pride. The War of 1812 had cut off America's access to British manufactured goods and forced the U.S. to develop the means to produce those goods on its own. | |
| 673454846 | West Florida, 1810 | The US wanted this region because its southern bordered the Mississippi. US seized West Florida after uprising by US settlers in region. | |
| 673454847 | Age of the common man | Jackson's presidency was called the age of the common man-felt that democracy should be run by the common people. Democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas from a liberal education/free press=>all white men could vote=Jackson elected | |
| 673454848 | Calhoun resigns as vice-president | 1832-Calhoun, from South Carolina wrote the doctrine of nullification, expressing his views in support of state's rights. His views were so different than that of Jackson's that he resigned as VP and appointed senator of South Carolina to present their case to Congress. | |
| 673454849 | Calhoun splits with Jackson | 1832-Calhoun resigned as vice president when his views on states' rights were disputed by Jackson. Calhoun wanted each section of the country to share federal power equally and wanted independence of the south if they were to be controlled by the majority. | |
| 673454850 | Caucus system, national nominating conventions | In the National Nominating Convention, delegates voted on results of the primary. In the Caucus System, delegates were elected by small secretive party groups and the public had little to say in the process. | |
| 673454851 | Charles River Bridge decision | Decision delivered by Roger B. Taney that modified C.J. Marshall's ruling in the Dartmouth College Case of 1819, which said that a state could not make laws infringing on the charters of private organizations. Taney ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company could not work to disadvantage of the public. Charles River Bridge Company had protested when Warren Bridge Company was authorizing in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. Ruled that Charles company was not granted a monopoly. Began concept that private company's cannot injure the public welfare | |
| 673454852 | Cherokee Indian removal | Minority of the Cherokee, despite protest of the majority, surrendered Georgia land in 1835 Treaty of New Echota. During the winter of 1838-1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their homes in Georgia and moved them to the Oklahoma Indian Country. Many died on the trail="Trail of Tears" | |
| 673454853 | Clay, Bank Recharter Bill, Nicholas Biddle | Bank of the US chartered by Congress in 1791: helped government funds and also commercial. Wasn't re-chartered in 1811 but a second bank was chartered in 1816 (1/5 government owned) Jackson opposed it saying that it drove other banks out of business and favored the rich, but Clay favored it. Nicholas Biddle became president, making the loan policy stricter, and testified that despite the bank's enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. Bank went out of business in 1836 over controversy about whether the bank was constitutional and should be re-chartered. | |
| 673454854 | Clay: Compromise Tariff of 1833, Force Bill | Clay devised the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which gradually reduced the rates levied by the Tariff of 1828 and 1832. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance of nullifying the tariffs of 1828, 1832. Protectionists/anti-protectionists accepted the bill. | |
| 673454855 | Election of 1840 | William H. Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrats). | |
| 673454856 | Foote Resolution, Webster-Hayne Debate | Webster Hayne debate of 1830 was over a bill by Samuel A. Foote (1830) to limit the sale of public lands in the west to new settlers. Daniel Webster spoke of the dangers of state's rights, claimed it would lead to civil war. State's rights (south) vs. nationalism (North) | |
| 673454857 | Franchise extended, spoils system | Franchise extended-more people were given the right to vote, even men who owned land. | |
| 673454858 | Jacksonian Democracy: characteristics | Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, rise of the Abolition movement. Jackson was portrayed as a common man in his election and his opponent JQ Adams was attacked for aristocratic principles. Electors in the electoral college were chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism. National Nominating Conventions. | |
| 673454859 | Jacksonian Revolution of 1828 | When Jackson was elected president from humble beginnings, people thought he could make the American dream come true. Jackson appointed common people to government positions. Jefferson's emphasis on farmer welfare gave way to Jackson's appeal to city workers, small businessmen, and farmers. Jackson was the first non-aristocrat to be elected president. Jackson's election was the revolution of the common man. | |
| 673454860 | Kitchen cabinet | Small group of Jackson's friends who were especially influential in presidential policy in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like it. Also called the "Lower Cabinet" | |
| 673454861 | Martin Van Buren, Albany Regency | Albany Regency was one of the first political machines, set in NY. Martin Van Buren was the leading figure. | |
| 673454862 | National Republicans | After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radical policies; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's. | |
| 673454863 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | |
| 673454864 | Pre-emption act, 1841 | This was to help settlers who occupied land and improved it before surveys were done. Without it, settlers could be outbid for the land. Some speculators used "floaters" to pre-empt land for them. | |
| 673454865 | Rise of the second party system | Since the 1840's, two major political parties have managed to eliminate all competition. Democrats and Republicans have controlled nearly all government systems since the 1840's. | |
| 673454866 | South opposes protective tariffs | The North wanted tariffs that protected new industries, but the agricultural Southern states depended on cheap imports of manufactured goods and only wanted tariffs for revenue. The South strongly opposed protective tariffs like the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, and protested by asserting that enforcement of the tariffs could be prohibited by individual states, and by refusing to collect tariff duties. | |
| 673454867 | Specie Circular, 1836 | 1836 - The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. | |
| 673454868 | Spoils system | The victor of an election may do whatever he wants with the staff. Jackson made more staff changes than any other president. | |
| 673454869 | Tariff of 1842 | A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost. | |
| 673454870 | Veto message | 1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners. | |
| 673454871 | Whigs: origins, policies | Whigs were conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Among the Whigs were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. | |
| 673454872 | Worcester v. Georgia | 1832 - Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries. President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. | |
| 673454873 | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia | 1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had broad powers over tribes but a responsibility for their welfare. |
