Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 676057672 | classical conditioning | Pavlov (Pavlov's dog), Watson | |
| 676057673 | operant conditioning | Skinner | |
| 676057674 | observational/social learning | Bandura | |
| 676057675 | learning | a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience | |
| 676057676 | associative learning | linking two events occurring close together in time | |
| 676057677 | conditioning | process of learning associations between events and behavioral responses i.e. stimulus 1: seeing lightning, stimulus 2: hearing thunder | |
| 676057678 | classical conditioning | type of learning where we associate two stimuli and anticipate events i.e. after repetition - stimulus: seeing lightning, response: covering ears to avoid the sound | |
| 676057679 | operant conditioning | associating a behavior and its consequence learning to repeat behaviors followed by desirable results learning to avoid behaviors followed by undesirable results | |
| 676057680 | behaviorism | psychology should be an objective science, studies behaviors without taking mental processes into consideration | |
| 676057681 | Ivan Pavlov | accidentally discovered classical conditioning through his study on salivation and dogs | |
| 676057682 | Pavlov's Dog/Conditioning | (NS, US, UR, CS, CR) 1. Before conditioning: Neutral Stimulus → No Response 2. Before conditioning: Unconditioned Stimulus → Unconditioned Response: dog salivates 3. During conditioning: Neutral Stimulus + Unconditioned Stimulus → Unconditioned Response: Dog salivates 4. After Conditioning: Conditioned Stimulus → Conditioned Response: Dog salivates | |
| 676057683 | applications of learning theories | - behavior modification - advertising - therapy (desensitization, avoidance, training, biofeedback) - state-dependent learning - token economics | |
| 676057684 | behavior modification | analyze behavior, create a plan, try it out! | |
| 676057685 | acquisition | initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship NS & US paired more often, CR ↑ | |
| 676057686 | extinction | diminished CR when US no longer follows CS | |
| 676057687 | spontaneous recovery | reappearance of a weakened CR after a brief pause | |
| 676057688 | generalization | once response is conditioned, tendency to respond in a similar way to stimuli similar to the CS i.e. dog conditioned to salivate for the dinner bell may also salivate to the sound of a doorbell | |
| 676057689 | discrimination | learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other similar stimuli not signaling a US i.e. infants' ability to pick out their mother's voice in a sea of other women | |
| 676057690 | Little Albert Experiment/John Watson | 1. Before conditioning: NS Rat → Baby No fear 2. US: Steel bar hit with hammer → natural reflex: fear 3. During conditioning: NS Rat + US Steel bar hit with hammer → Natural reflex: Baby fear 4. After conditioning: NS Rat → Conditioned reflex: Baby fear | |
| 676057691 | classical conditioning | - associations between stimuli (CS and US) - involves automatic reactions to stimuli (respondent behavior) - stimulus follows the response and enforces it | |
| 676057692 | operant conditioning | - associations of behavior with consequences - stimulus follows response, strengthens it - actions followd by reinforcers increase - actions followed by punishers decrease | |
| 676057693 | reinforcement | strengthens the behavior you want | |
| 676057694 | punishment | stops the behavior you don't want | |
| 676057695 | classical conditioning | organism learns associations between events that it does not control | |
| 676057696 | operant conditioning | organism learns associations between its behavior and the result events | |
| 676057697 | Thorndike and the Law of Effect | cats in a puzzle box w/ a food reward outside of the box; recorded the amount of time it took them to escape and obtain the reward | |
| 676057698 | law of effect | rewarded behavior likely to recur | |
| 676057699 | operant chamber/Skinner box | bar/lever, trigger, food/water dispenser, reward, speaker, recording device | |
| 676057700 | shaping behavior | rewarding behavior until it results in a desired behavior shaping it little by little until you get what you want | |
| 676057701 | reinforcer | events increasing the likelihood of a repeated behavior | |
| 676057702 | positive reinforcement | rewarded stimulus after a response | |
| 676057703 | negative reinforcement | removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response | |
| 676057704 | primary reinforcers | naturally reinforcing i.e. taking medication to stop pain | |
| 676057705 | secondary reinforcers | i.e. reinforcing via money etc. | |
| 676057706 | fixed-ratio schedules | reinforcing behavior after a set number of responses i.e. buy 10 boba drinks, get the 11th drink free on us! results in high rates of response | |
| 676057707 | variable-ratio schedules | reinforcing behavior after an unpredictable number of responses i.e. slot machines results in high rates of response | |
| 676057708 | variable-interval schedules | reinforcing first response after varying time intervals i.e. checking for email results in slow, steady responses | |
| 676057709 | positive punishment | administering an aversive stimulus i.e. receiving a parking ticket, spanking | |
| 676057710 | negative punishment | withdrawing a desirable stimulus i.e. a revoked driver's license, time outs | |
| 676057711 | punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior | ... | |
| 676057712 | stimulus presented | positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior positive punishment decreases the likelihood of behavior | |
| 676057713 | stimulus is removed | negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of behavior negative punishment decreases the likelihood of behavior | |
| 676057714 | classical conditioning | definition: organism learns associations between events that it does not control response: reflexive, involuntary behaviors basis of learning: associating two stimuli (CS + US) extinction process: CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone | |
| 676057715 | operant conditioning | definition: organism learns associations between its behavior and resulting events response: nonreflexive, voluntary behaviors basis of learning: associating a response and consequence extinction process: responding decreases when reinforcement stops | |
| 676057716 | observational learning | learning by observing others, imitating models, without direct experience | |
| 676057717 | modeling | observing and imitating specific behaviors | |
| 676057718 | mirror neurons | neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when performing certain actions or observing others perform those actions, enabling imitation and empathy, underlie humans' social nature i.e. experiencing pain personally vs. observing a loved one experience pain | |
| 676057719 | Albert Bandura | Bobo Doll experiment, observational learning in children | |
| 676057720 | prosocial influence | organizations use behavior modeling to teach skills, positive behaviors and messages modeled to children | |
| 676057721 | antisocial influence | modeling can be antisocial, abusive parents model aggression to their children thus perpetuating a cycle of violence, media modeling violence as acceptable/"cool" as opposed to being harmful | |
| 676057722 | violence | commited to attractive perpetrators, most unpunished, victims' pain not portrayed, "justified" violence, desensitization - children indifferent to violence |
