| 517731515 | City-State | Self-governing city surrounded by its territory. | |
| 517731516 | Archaeology | The study of cultures through their material remains. | |
| 517731517 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals. | |
| 517731518 | Bronze Age | Era when cities began to form (instead of small villages). Tools were being made of metal. | |
| 517731519 | monotheism | belief in a single God | |
| 517731520 | polytheism | belief in many gods | |
| 517731521 | Tigris and Euphrates River | Rivers in Mesopotamia; earilest known cities appeared from this river, in modern-day Iraq. | |
| 517731522 | Mesopotamia | First civilization located between theTigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; Sumerian culture. | |
| 517731523 | Sumer | World's 1st civilization, Mesopotamia 3,000 years. Sumerians invented irrigation, cuneiform, and religious concepts. | |
| 517731524 | The Fertile Crescent | "Land between the rivers" where agricultural villages were formed & Mesopotamia was located | |
| 517731525 | Gift of the Nile | The Tigris and Euphrates which provide water, irrigation and fertilizer for the dry desert | |
| 517731526 | Sargon of Akkad | Leader of the Akkadians, overran the sumerian city-states and set up the first empire-united city states | |
| 517731527 | cuneiform | Sumerian writing that represented whole words with 1 symbol | |
| 517731528 | Ziggurats | rectangular tiered temple constructed by ancient Mesopotamians. | |
| 517731529 | Amenhotep | Pharoah of Egypt who adopted a new monotheistic religion | |
| 517731530 | Amon-re | The most popular and influential religious figure/god through out Egyptians history | |
| 517731531 | Andes Mountains | Home to the early Incan Civilization | |
| 517731532 | Aryans | Nomadic people who spread to Ganges Valley & became successors of the Harappan civilization of India. | |
| 517731533 | Citadels | A strong building to protect from attacks. | |
| 517731534 | Ideogram | A character in a writing system that represents the idea of a thing rather than its name. | |
| 517731535 | Mohenjo-daro | One of the largest cities of the indus valley civilization of ancient India | |
| 517731536 | Nomes | The administrative units of upper Egypt | |
| 517731537 | Osiris and Horus | Two of the most important gods in Eqyptian Civilizations. | |
| 517731538 | The Book of the Dead | A compilation of many ancient Egyptian texts about the security of eternal happiness after death. | |
| 517731539 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | A series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh. | |
| 517731540 | Hammurabi | Babylonian ruler (1750 BCE) Wrote the first laws (The Code of Hammurabi) on stone which connected Sumer and Akkad | |
| 517731541 | Code of Hammurabi | The collection of laws organized by Hammurabi for the people of Babylon to follow. Earliest set of laws. | |
| 517731542 | Epic of Gilgamesh | A series of Sumerian tales that show Sumerian values and beliefs | |
| 517731543 | pictograms | A writing system where a symbol represents an object or concept. | |
| 517731544 | Harappa | One of the largest urban settlements in the Indus Valley. | |
| 517731545 | Nile River | River in Egypt that provided nutrient rich land to support civilization. | |
| 517731546 | Yellow River (Huang He) | River in China. | |
| 517731547 | Niger River | River flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. First urbanized by the nomadic Bantu people | |
| 517731548 | Hieroglyphs | Egypt's writing system | |
| 517731549 | New Kingdom of Egypt | Egypt 1550 to 1050 BCE Irrigation improved and kings became known as Pharaohs | |
| 517731550 | Middle Kingdom of Egypt | Egypt 2040-1640 BCE Trade, art and literature flourished, better state organization, ended when the Hyskos invaded | |
| 517731551 | Old Kingdom of Egypt | Egypt 2700 to 2200 BCE Big architecture projects. Nomarchs, famine and death. fell due to political disintegration | |
| 517731552 | ma'at | Justice and order. The Pharaoh's duty in Egypt | |
| 517731553 | Pharaoh | Ruler of Egyptian people. Thought of as a God. | |
| 517731554 | King Akhenaten | Started monotheism with Aten, the Sun God. Was a Pharoah. Built a new capital-Ahkenaten. People destroyed it after his death and went back to old ways | |
| 517731555 | Rosetta Stone | Language stone that helped decipher Egyptian writing. Three kinds of writing-hieroglyphics, demotic and Greek | |
| 517731556 | Menes/Narmer | Unified Upper and lower Egypt into a single kingdom | |
| 517731557 | Indus River Valley | The earliest Indian civilization(2500 BCE) Little known of political, social, religious and economic state. Strong government, irrigation system, and developed cities. | |
| 517731558 | Mesoamerica | Latin America. Not a major river body, instead lakes and small rivers. | |
| 517731559 | Olmec Culture | Mesoamerica. 1,500 BCE Strong religion, art, hieroglyphs not yet deciphered. Before Maya and Aztec | |
| 517731560 | Zapotec Culture | Meso- america in Oaxaca valley. 1,150 BCE Temples, pyramids and tombs. 50,000 people. | |
| 517731561 | Teotichuacan | Mesoamerica. 200 BCE-700 CE Beginning of urbanization, 100.000 people, job specialization, religious rituals. | |
| 517731562 | Maya | Mesoamerica. 300-600 CE developed cities, monumental architecture and numerous amounts of sacrifice | |
| 517731563 | Tikal | Large/elaborate Mayan city with 5 temple pyramids. Religious, political and economic hub. | |
| 517731564 | Jenne-jeno | 1st indigenous city in sub saharan Africa. People lived in neighboring independent clusters not a single urban center | |
| 517731565 | Bantu | Iron smelting, were nomadic and traveled across Africa. Covered most of South Africa. | |
| 517731566 | Warring states period | High levels of social class divisions. The first cities that were religious centers with kings with govt. army & religious control. | |
| 517731567 | Xia Dynasty | 1st. 1st Dynasty in China (bronze age). Clans, shaman, flood control with large work gangs, bronze weapons, art with carved jade and ceramics. | |
| 517731568 | Shang Dynasty | 2nd. 1st cities in China. Ruler in the capital city, blood relatives ruled, oracle bones, 40,000 sq mi.s Conflict on the borders. | |
| 517731569 | Zhou Dynasty | 3rd. 1st written records and improved religion and administration in China. Literary book of poetry, cavalry. | |
| 517731570 | Mandate of Heaven | Justifies the kings power as long as he remains good to the people . | |
| 517731571 | Oracle Bones | The earliest writing in China often on turtle shells. Used by Shang dynasty priests to predict the future of their dynasty. | |
| 517731572 | Amenhotep | Pharoah of Egypt who adopted a new monotheistic religion | |
| 517731573 | Amon-re | The most popular and influential religious figure/god through out Egyptians history | |
| 517731574 | Archaeology | The study of cultures through their material remains. | |
| 517731575 | Aryans | A group of nomadic and pastoral people who spread to south Asia. They reached the Ganges Valley in 1000 BCE and became the successors of the Harappan civilization of India. | |
| 517731576 | Bantu | Early language of Africa | |
| 517731577 | Citadels | A strong building to protect form attacks. | |
| 517731578 | Cosmo-magical City | A city deemed to be sacred or has a mythological association.
Uruck of Mesopotamia is said to have been ruled by the great her/king Gilgamesh. | |
| 517731579 | Cuneiform | The first written language characterized by its slim, triangular elements. | |
| 517731580 | Fertile Crescent | Geographical area of fertile land stretching from the Nile to the Tigris/Euphrates | |
| 517731581 | Giza | Home of the most famous pyramids and tombs including the Sphinx which looks like a lion but is said to depict King Kafre. Located near the modern city of Ciaro. | |
| 517731582 | Hammurabi | King who connected Sumer and Akkad into one large superpower under the Code of Hammurabi. | |
| 517731583 | Harappa | One of the largest urban settlements in the Indus Valley. | |
| 517731584 | Hieroglyphs | A system of writing derived from pictograms and ideograms which is responsible for giving archaeologists insight to the culture of the Egyptians. | |
| 517731585 | Historiography | The study of history and the writing of history. | |
| 517731586 | Ideogram | A character in a writing system that represents the idea of a thing rather than its name. | |
| 517731587 | Indus River | One of the 7 first sites of primary urbanization located in West India. | |
| 517731588 | Jenne Jeno | The first well known indigenous city in sub saharan Africa where inhabitants lived in neighboring independent clusters rather than a single urban center | |
| 517731589 | Jericho | An ancient city of Palestine, north of the dead sea | |
| 517731590 | Longshan Culture | A more sophisticated modern improvement of the neolithic culture | |
| 517731591 | Maya | A meso-American civilization characterized by its developed cities, monumental architecture and numerous amounts of sacrifice | |
| 517731592 | Mesopotamia | A civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The oldest of seven locations that innovated primary urbanization | |
| 517731593 | Mohenjo-daro | One of the largest cities of the indus valley civilization of ancient India | |
| 517731594 | Niger River | First urbanized by the nomadic Bantu people | |
| 517731595 | Nile River | Provided natural irrigation and fertile land to the early Egyptians | |
| 517731596 | Nomes | The administrative units of upper Egypt | |
| 517731597 | Old Kingdom | Period from 2700 to 2200 BCE that fell due to weakened central government. | |
| 517731598 | New Kingdom | Period from 1550 to 1050 BCE when irrigation improved and kings became known as Pharohs | |
| 517731599 | Olmecs | A southern Mexican civilization that was the predecessor of Maya and Aztec | |
| 517731600 | Oracle Bones | Pieces of animal bones used by Shang dynasty priests to predict the future of their dynasty. | |
| 517731601 | Osiris and Horus | Two of the most important god in Eqyptian Civilizations. | |
| 517731602 | Patriarchy | A system of society where the male is the head of the family. | |
| 517731603 | Pictogram | A pictoral representation of an object or thought. | |
| 517731604 | Popul Vah | Mayan collection of creation myths. | |
| 517731605 | Rosetta Stone | A rock that is covered in inscriptions of hieroglyphs, Egyptian Demotic and Greek. | |
| 517731606 | Semites | Arabs, Armenians, Jews and Ethiopians | |
| 517731607 | Shang Dynasty | This Dynasty came after the Xia Dynasty and before the Zhou Dynasty. Oracle bones were used during this dynasty. | |
| 517731608 | Occupation specialization | Devoting oneself to a particular occupation. | |
| 517731609 | Sumerians | Lived in modern day Iran and Iraq. | |
| 517731610 | Teotihuacan | One of the first areas of urbanization in the new world. | |
| 517731611 | The Book of the Dead | A compilation of many ancient Egyptian texts about the security of eternal happiness after death. | |
| 517731612 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | A series of tales about the hero Gilgamesh. | |
| 517731613 | The Great Pyramids of Khufu | A monument in Egypt showing that the Pharoah was seen as a god | |
| 517731614 | Tikal | ONe of the largest, most elaborate Mayan cities. It was a religious and political city. | |
| 517731615 | Xia Dynasty | Dynasty during CHina's bronze age from 2700 BC to 2600 | |
| 517731616 | Zhou dynasty | Dynasty with many advancements in religion and administration from 1122 to 480. | |
| 517731617 | Ziggurats | rectangular tiered temple constructed by ancient mesopotamians. | |
| 517731618 | Zimbabewes | Local rulers lived in these for protection in modern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. | |
| 517731619 | Beginning 35,000 years ago... | discoveries of human cultural achievements (sophisticated toolkits, cave paintings and small sculptures, long distance migrations by land and sea)
*added to our appreciation of the accomplishments of our ancestors | |
| 517731620 | Questions about the earliest human beings are hard to answer because... | left no written records or obvious oral traditions | |
| 517731621 | Myth and history share common purpose... | trying to explain how the world came to be as it is | |
| 517731622 | Myth's affect... | people's values and behaviors | |
| 517731623 | Creation | ~an explanation for people about their place in the world and their relationship with the god's ~provide guidance on how people should understand and live their lives
Until late 18th century, these= only accounts on origins of humans | |
| 517731624 | Enuma Elish epic | one of the earliest known stories
>AKKAD people (in Mesopotamia)
>(2000 B.C.E)
*Goddess Tiamat and consort Kingu revolt against existing gods of Mesopotamia
*gods call upon Marduk (young god)
*Marduk defeats
>humans made out of blood of defeated leader of rebels= humans were to devote selves to service of victors (gods)
This epic gave meaning/direction to human life and affirmed the authority of priest | |
| 517731625 | Rigveda epic | (1000 B.C.E) India (hindu religious traditions)
*emphasizes the mystical, unknowable qualities of life and it's origins | |
| 517731626 | Purusha-sakata | (1000 B.C.E)-- famous hymn of Rigveda epic
*describes the creation of the world by the god's sacrifice and dismemberment of the giant man, Purusha
>humans part of nature, subject to the laws of the universe, but not equal among selves (justifies caste system) | |
| 517731627 | Book of Genesis | Hebrew Bible
*5 days God created the earth
*6th day God created larger animals and reptiles, and humans "in his own image"
>humans have unique and privileged position as the crown and master of creation | |
| 517731628 | paleoanthropology | the study of the earliest humans and their environments | |
| 517731629 | myth | an interpretive story of the past that cannot be verified historically but may have a deep moral message
*many historians and anthropologist now accept myths as important aids in understanding how different societies have interpreted the origins of the human world
*myths can have a powerful effect on people's values and behavior | |
| 517731630 | caste | a hierarchical ordering of people into groups, fixed from birth, based on their inherited ritual status and determining [for example] whom they many marry and with whom they may eat | |
| 517731631 | teleology | the philosophical study of final causes or purposes. Teleology refers especially to any system that interprets nature or the universe as having a design or purpose. It had been used to provide evidence for the existence of God | |
| 517731632 | hominid | any of a family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals, which includes humans and human like species | |
| 517731633 | Homo sapiens | Homo, "human", is the genus in which modern humans are placed; sapiens meaning wise | |
| 517731634 | Homo erectus | the most widespread of all prehistoric hominids, and the most similar to humans. Evolved about two million years ago and became extinct 100,000 years ago. | |
| 517731635 | B.P. | Before the present. Archaeologist often use this notation, especially for dates older than about 20,000 B.C.E. | |
| 517731636 | Homo sapiens sapiens | The first human being of the modern type | |
| 517731637 | shaman | in the religious beliefs of some ASIAN and AMERICAN tribal societies, a person capable of entering into trances and believed to be endowed with supernatural powers, with the ability to cure the sick, find lost or stolen property, predict the future, and protect the community from evil spirits. A shaman may act as a judge or ruler, and, as a priest, the shaman directs communal sacrifices and escorts the souls of the dead to the next world | |
| 517731638 | bipedal | walking upright on two legs | |
| 517731639 | Fertile Crescent | Area in Middle East where earliest agricultural villages were formed. Located between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. | |
| 517731640 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals. | |
| 517731641 | Mesopotamia | First civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture. | |
| 517731642 | Tigris River | a river running through Sumer, Mespotamia, provided resources for the Mespotamians. | |
| 517731643 | Euphrates River | River in Mesopotamia; earilest known cities appeared from this river, in modern-day Iraq. | |
| 517731644 | Nile River | River in Egypt that provided nutrient rich land to support civilization. | |
| 517731645 | Indus River | The earliest Indian civilization, dating back to 2500 BCE, began in the valley of this river in the northwestern part of the subcontinent of south Asia | |
| 517731646 | Huang He River | The Yellow River in China. | |
| 517731647 | Niger River | River flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea | |
| 517731648 | Bronze Age | Era when cities began to form (instead of small villages). Tools were being made of metal. | |
| 517731649 | Sumerians | Created cuneiform writing. | |
| 517731650 | Sargon of Akkad | Conquered Mesopotamia & united the city-states | |
| 517731651 | ziggurat | A huge mud-brick temple built by the ancient Sumerians in Mesopotamia. | |
| 517731652 | pictograms | A writing system where a symbol represents an object or concept. | |
| 517731653 | cuneiform | Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets | |
| 517731654 | ideograms | The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English. | |
| 517731655 | Epic of Gilgamesh | A series of Sumerian tales that show Sumerian values and beliefs | |
| 517731656 | Code of Hammurabi | The collection of laws organized by Hammurabi for the people of Babylon to follow. Earliest set of laws. | |
| 517731657 | polis | A Greek city-state. | |
| 517731658 | Scientific method | the direct observation of nature, the recording and analysis of observation, and the discussion and debate of findings throughout an international community of scholars. | |
| 517731659 | Natural Selection | Darwin's idea of "survival of the fittest". | |
| 517731660 | Homo habilis | called "handy person" because of the stone tools used | |
| 517731661 | Thomas Kuhn and scientific revolution | wrote "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" | |
| 517731662 | 7 Creative Behaviors of Homo sapiens sapiens | 1. We are the lone survivors among all hominids of the last 6 million years.
2. We continued to spread to all parts of the globe (migrate).
3. We built small, temporary settlements.
4. We continued to craft more sophisticated tools.
5. We elaborated language.
6. We began painting and sculpting art around 25,000 b.c.e.
7. We began the domestication of plants and animals around 10,000-15,000 b.c.e. | |
| 517731663 | Sally Slocum | An anthropologist who in 1971, published on of the first feminist critiques of the current understand of hominid evolution. | |
| 517731664 | Venus figurines | carved female figurines which pay scant attention to facial or personal features, but rather emphasize a shapely woman's figure. | |
| 517731665 | Chauvet Paintings | A cave in France which contains 300-plus Paleolithic wall paintings of horses, buffalo, and lions. Earliest examples known anywhere in the world | |
