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Creative Writing Vocabulary Flashcards

semester one of student life creative writing

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452112596allegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.
452112597alliterationthe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words
452112598allusionsa reference to a place, person, event in history, piece of literature, etc.
452112599assonancethe repetition of vowel sounds
452112600audiencea gathering of spectators or listeners at a (usually public) performance
452112601central idea or themeThe main point of the work, the main focus or the underlying meaning (ex. Life is short, so make the most of every day)
452112602consonancethe repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words
452112603free versepoetry without a regular pattern of meter or rhyme
452112604hyperboleexaggeration
452112605iambic pentametera common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable
452112606litotesunderstatement for emphasis
452112607metaphorscomparison between two unlike things WITHOUT using like or as
452112608meterany of various measuring instruments for measuring a quantity
452112609paradoxa statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth
452112610personificationthe act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc.
452112611purposethe quality of being determined to do or achieve something
452112612scanexamine hastily
452112613sestinahighly structured poem with 39 lines, iambic pentameter, and repetition of six words from first stanza in each of six stanzas
452112614similescomparison using like or as
452112615situation / settingthe time and place in which the vents of a poem, short story, play, or novel occur
452112616sonneta verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme
452112617speakersomeone who expresses in language
452112618symbolan arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance
452112619tonethe quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author
452112620iambicone unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable
452112621trochaica metrical measurement of one stressed syllable and one unstressed, of or consisting of trochees
452112622dactylicof or consisting of dactyls
452112623anapestic(of a metric foot) characterized by two short syllables followed by a long one

"Building an Enriched Vocabulary" lessons 1-13 Flashcards

Midterms - Koch 2012 - Words+Definitions only

Terms : Hide Images
302665326dilapidatedFallen into disrepair or partial ruin, usually through neglect
302665327dilatoryinclined to put things off
302665328diligentHardworking
302665329diredreadful or disastrous Urgent
302665330DiscomfitTo defeat or frustrate completely
302665331discoursean oral exchange of ideas or conversations to total about or discuss at length
302665332discriminateto distinguish between two or more things often by percieving minute differences
302665333disparageto speak slightly of or undervalue
302665334disparitydifference or in equality as of age character or quality
302665335distraughtDeeply depressed or agitated
302665336divulgeto make know
302665337docileeasy to manage, teach, train, or discipline
302665338dormantinactive, as if in sleep
302665339drasticviolently forceful and swift
302665340duplicitydeliberate deception in speech or conduct
302665341dapperneatly and stylishly dressed
302665342defecta flaw or shortcoming; to desert one country, cause, or the like for another
302665343deferto put off or postpone; to yield courteously to the wishes or judgments of someone else
302665344dejectedin very low spirits
302665345deleteto strike out or remove
302665346delineateto make an accurate line drawing or diagram of, to portray or describe in detail
302665347delinquentneglectful of a duty or obligation, seriously overdue; a person who fails to perform a duty, a offender
302665348deludeto mislead or deceive
302665349demuremodest and reserved in dress, manner, or behavior
302665350denouementthe point at which the plot of a novel or drama is finally resolved, the outcome or solution of a complex sequence of events
302665351desultoryshifting from one thing to another without reason or purpose, haphazard or random
302665352deviateto move away from, especially what is considered normal, right, or acceptable; a person who differs markedly in behavior, belief, or attitude from what is accepted as normal or proper
302665353devoidempty, lacking in
302665354devoutdeeply religious, earnest, or sincere
302665355dexterousskillful in using one's hands or mind, clever
302665356connoisseurSomeone with informed and discriminating judgment, especially in matters of art, literature or taste.
302665357consensusCollective uniformity of opinion; general agreement in feeling or belief.
302665358construeTo analyze, explain, interpret, or understand.
302665359consummatea. (adj) Complete or perfect in the highest degree. b. (v) To bring to completion or perfection.
302665360copiousLarge in number or quantity; full.
302665361corpulentFat and bulky.
302665362corroborateTo confirm the truth or accuracy of.
302665363counsela. (n) Advice secured through consultation. b. (n) An adviser, especially a legal adviser. c. (v) To advise or recommend as a course of action.
302665364credibilityThe ability to inspire belief or trust.
302665365criterionA standard or principle on which to base a judgment or decision.
302665366crucialAt a point that will determine the final outcome; of supreme importance.
302665367culpableAt fault; blameworthy.
302665368cursoryHasty and superficial.
302665369curtailTo shorten or reduce.
302665370cynicalInclined to doubt or deny the virtuousness or honesty of human motives; sneeringly bitter or negative.
302665371coerceTo force someone to do something against his or her will by using undue pressure, threats, intimidation, or physical violence.
302665372cogentForceful and convincing; to the point.
302665373cohereTo hold or stick together; to fit together into an orderly, logical, and unified whole.
302665374collaboratea. To work together on some kind of joint project. (In this sense the tone of the word is neutral.) b. To cooperate with the enemy in some kind of treasonable activity (In this sense the tone of the word is definitely pejorative.)
302665375compatiblea. Capable of use with some other brand or model. b. Capable of living or getting along together.
302665376complacentOverly self-satisfied; smug.
302665377conciseSaying a lot in a few words.
302665378condoneTo overlook or disregard an offense, thereby implying forgiveness, acceptance, or possibly approval of it.
302665379confrontationA face-to-face encounter, usually (but not always) suggesting a hostile or defiant attitude.
302665380conjecturea. (n) A conclusion based on inadequate evidence; a guess. b. (v) To conclude from inadequate evidence; to guess.
302665381causticAble to dissolve or eat away by chemical action; sharp and biting
302665382censorAnyone who acts as an arbiter of morals or viewing matter; to examine for and remove objectionable material
302665383censureOpen and strong criticism or disapproval; to criticize severely; to disapprove strongly
302665384chagrinIrritation, embarrassment, or humiliation caused by disappointment or frustration; to cause such a feeling
302665385charlatanAnyone who claims to have skills or knowledge that he or she doesn't possess
302665386chronicContinuing over a long period of time or recurring often
302665387circuitousIndirect or roundabout; long-winded
302665388circumspectCautious or prudent, especially in regard to the consequences of actions or statements; tactful
302665389circumventTo get around or avoid, especially by trickery or deception
302665390clandestineConcealed from view so as to hide one's purpose
302665391bungleTo mismanage or make a mess of.
302665392bureaucracyA complicated system of administrative agencies and officials; the officials themselves.
302665393buttressa. (n) A support or reinforcement. b. (v) To support or reinforce.
302665394cajoleTo persuade or obtain flattery or deceit.
302665395callousUnfeeling or insensitive.
302665396calumnyA false statement deliberately made up to injure a person.
302665397candida. Fair and impartial. b. Frank or outspoken. c. Informal or unposed.
302665398cantankerousFoul-tempered and quarrelsome.
302665399captiousa. Quick to find petty faults or raise trifling objections; overly demanding or fussy. b. Intended to trap, confuse, or show up.
302665400catholica. Broad or widely inclusive. b. General or universal; worldwide.
302665401bleaka. Desolate, windswept, and bare. b. Cold and gloomy; unpromising.
302665402blighta. (v) To check or destroy the growth of. b. (n) Something that impairs growth or causes ruin.
302665403blithea. Merry and carefree. b. Overly unconcerned reckless.
302665404boisterousNoisy and rowdy.
302665405bombasticPompous or inflated in language.
302665406boorishRude or unrefined.
302665407boycotta. (v) To refuse to buy, use, or deal with as a way to protest (or force acceptance of) some form of behavior. b. (n) An instance of such treatment.
302665408brashOverly bold, hasty, and thoughtless.
302665409bravadoA boastful or swaggering show of false bravery; false courage in general.
302665410brusqueOverly short or abrupt.
302665411avariceAn excessive desire to acquire and possess wealth; a combination of greed and stinginess.
302665412avidExtremely eager, anxious, or enthusiastic.
302665413badgerTo tease; to annoy with a constant string of petty torments.
302665414bafflea. To puzzle completely. b. To prevent from achieving a goal.
302665415banalMade stale by constant use or repetition.
302665416belligerenta. (adj) Warring, actually engaged in war; warlike or hostile. b. (n) A party (for example, a nation or organization) engaged in a war.
302665417benigna. Gentle and kindly. b. Wholesome or favorable.
302665418bickerTo engage in petty quarreling.
302665419bizarreWeird or fantastic.
302665420blanda. Mild or gentle. (Wen used in this sense, the word is usually neutral in tone.) b. Lacking interest or liveliness; flat. (When used in this sense, the word is distinctly pejorative.)
302665421astuteKeen of mind and judgment, especially in practical manners; cunning.
302665422asyluma. An institution that shelters and cares for mentally unbalanced, aged, or homeless persons. b. Any place offering protection or security. c. Protection against a legal or social penalty.
302665423atoneTo make up for or repent.
302665424atrocityA savagely cruel, brutal, or inhuman deed; a monstrosity.
302665425atrophya. (n) A failure to develop normally; a progressive wasting away or decline. b. (v) To waste away.
302665426attritiona. A gradual wearing down or weakening of resistance resulting from constant friction, pressure, or harassment. b. A gradual, often natural decrease in size, strength, or number as a result of resignation, retirement, death, or the like.
302665427augmentTo make greater; to become greater.
302665428augera. (n) Someone who can forecast the future by spotting various signs or indications of what is to come. b. (v) To predict or foretell through signs; to point to or be an omen of.
302665429austereRigidly severe; severely simple or bare.
302665430authenticGenuine, trustworthy.
302665431alienatearouse hostility or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness
302665432allegeto assert without proof or confirmation
302665433alludeto refer to indirectly
302665434ambienceThe surrounding or pervading atmosphere; the tone and spirit of an enviroment
302665435ambivalentWavering or uncertain because of an inablitity to make a choice between two contradtictory feelings of viewpoints in regard to a person, a thing, or a course of action
302665436amnestya general pardon for an offense against a government; in general, any act of forgiveness or absolution
302665437anachronismsomething located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred
302665438anarchyabsence of governing body; state of disorder
302665439anathemaA. A curse or strong denunciation B. The person or thing cursed; more generally, any object of intense dislike.
302665440anecdoteshort account of an incident (especially a biographical one)
302665441anomalya deviation from what is normal or expected
302665442apathya lack of feeling, emotion, or interest
302665443appallto fill with intense horror, fear, or dismay
302665444apprehendto seize, arrest, take into custody; to understand; become aware of
302665445arbitrarysubject to or determined by one's judgement, random; arrived at by an excercise of the wall, personal preference, or whim, as opposed to being based on reason or justice; given to willful decisions of demands; tyrannical or dictatorial
302665446arbitrateto act as an impartial judge in a dispute; to settle
302665447arrayto line up; to dress up; an imposing group; rich and beautiful attire
302665448articulate(v.) To pronounce distinctly; to express well in words; to fit together into a system; (adj.) able to use language effectively; expressed clearly and forcefully
302665449askewtwisted to one side, crooked; disapprovingly
302665450assimilateto absorb fully or make one's own; to adopt as one's own; to adapt fully
302665451abdicateto give up formally, as an office, duty, power, or claim
302665452abetto encourage or assist, especially in wrongdoing
302665453abhorto regard with horror or loathing; to hate intensely
302665454abjectwretched, miserable, degrading, humiliating; mean-spirited; complete and unrelieved
302665455absolveto clear of guilt or blame
302665456abstainto refrain completely and voluntarily
302665457academicpertaining to a college or other institution or learning; scholarly; theoretical rather than practical; unrealistic
302665458accedeto yield to; to agree to; to enter upon an office or dignity
302665459acclimateto get used to
302665460addictiona habit- forming practice or pursuit, usually one that is bad for a person's health or morally objectionable; habitual use of, or devotion to, something
302665461adjournto close formally; to put off to another time; to move to another place
302665462adversehostile in purpose or effect; unfavorable
302665463advocateto speak or argue in favor of, to give active public support to; a person who pleads in the interest of a cause or individual
302665464aestheticpertaining to a sense of beauty; artistic
302665465affablecourteous and agreeable in manner; easy to talk to or approach
302665466affectationa pretentious display of manners or sentiments that are not genuine; a peculiar habit of dress or behavior that has been adopted to impress others
302665467affluentprosperous, wealthy
302665468agendaa list or program of thins to be done or acted upon
302665469aggregatethe total amount or sum total of the individual parts; to gather or merge into a single whole; to amount to
302665470agileswift and light in action, movement, or thought

AP Biology Campbell 8th edition- Chap. 13 Meiosis Flashcards

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606996459Hereditythe transmission of traits from one generation to the next is called inheritance (hint: heir)
606996460Variationnonidentical similarities
606996461Geneticsthe scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
606996462Genescoded information in the form of hereditary units
606996463the genetic program is written in the language of _______ (3 letters)(the polymer of four different nucleotides) aka DNA
606996464gametesreproductive cells that transmit genes from one generation to the next.
606996465asexual reproductiona single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring
606996466clonea group of genetically identical individuals
606996467sexual reproductiontwo parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
606996468the generation to generation sequence in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to the production of its own offspring is the ________ (2 words)life cycle
606996469what is this: chromosomes in pairs with the longest chromosomes first.karyotype
606996470somatic cellsany cell other than the sex chromosomes (has 46 chromosomes)
606996471homologous chromosomes2 chromosomes composing a pair that have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
606996472homologous pair (female)(XX)
606996473homologous pair (male)(XY)
606996474sex chromosomesthe x and y chromosomes that determine an individual's sex
606996475autosomeschromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual
6069964762 chromosomes sets (2n)diploid cell
606996477haploidsingle chromosome set
606996478fertilizationthe fusion of sperm and egg, culminating in fusion of their nuclei, producing a zygote
606996479zygotefertilized egg
606996480germ cellsA special type of diploid cell that will divide by mitosis to produce replacements but also divide by meiosis to produce gametes.
606996482meiosisthe type of cell division reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from 2 to one in the gametes.
606996483alternation of generationsplants and some algae experience this second type of life cycle., (the alternation of two or more different forms in the life cycle of a plant or animal)
606996484sporophytethe spore-producing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations
606996485sporeshaploid reproductive cell
606996486gametophytea multicellular haploid stage
606996487these 2 divisions result in four daughter cellsMeiosis 1 and Meiosis 2
606996488sister chromatid cohesion2 copies of ONE chromosome associated all along their lengths
606996489allelesdifferent forms of a gene
606996490synapsisthe side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis
606996491crossing overthe interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis
606996492chiasmathe X shaped region, the cross because sister chromatid cohesion that holds the sister chromatids together.
606996493is also called the reductional divison phaseMeiosis 1
606996494equational divisonmeiosis 2
606996495independant assortmentindependant segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
606996496recombinant chromsomesindividual chromosomes that carry genes derived by the 2 parents
606996497a human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a. an egg b. a somatic cell of a male c. spermc. sperm
606996498which life stage is found in plants but not in animals? a. unicellular diploid b. multicellular haploid c. zygoteb. multicellular haploid
606996499homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during...? a. bianary fission b.meiosis 2 c. meiosis 1 d. fertilizationc. meiosis 1
606996500meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis in that...? a. sister chromatids separate during anaphase b. Dna replicates before the division c. the daughter cells are diploid d. the chromosome number is reduceda. sister chromatids separate during anaphase
606996501how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8? (hint: 2n=8) a. 32 b.8 c. 9 d.16d. 16
606996502Name the stages of meiosisprophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase1, telophase 1, cytokinesis. prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis
606996503how many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?4
606996504True or False: A karyotype is a pictoral display of an individual's chromosomestrue
606996505what are autosomes?ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
606996506a synaptonemal complex would be formed during...? a. prophase of meiosis 1 b. prophase of mitosis c. fertilization of syngamy of gametesa. prophase of meiosis 1
606996508what phase in meiosis would not be considered a haploid cell?cell in prophase 1

AP Biology, Ch 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Campbell 7e Flashcards

29 key terms for Campbell 7e Chapter 13

Terms : Hide Images
558598641alternation of generationsA life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.
558598642asexual (reproduction)A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.
558598643autosomeA chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, as opposed to a sex chromosome.
558598644chiasmaThe X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis. (plural, chiasmata)
558598645cloneA lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (1)
558598646crossing overThe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.
558598647diploid (cell)A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
558598648fertilizationThe union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.
558598649gametophyteIn organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.
558598650geneA discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
558598651geneticsThe scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation.
558598652haploid (cell)A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
558598653heredityThe transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
558598654homologous (chromosomes)Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
558598655karyotypeA display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
558598656life cycleThe generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.
558598657locusA specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located. (plural, loci)
558598658meiosisA two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
558598659meiosis IThe first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
558598660meiosis IIThe second division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
558598661recombinant (chromosome)A chromosome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromosome.
558598662sex chromosomeOne of the pair of chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of an individual.
558598663sexual (reproduction)A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.
558598664sporeIn the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
558598665sporophyteIn organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.
558598666synapsisThe pairing of replicated homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.
558598667tetradA paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Tetrads form during prophase I of meiosis.
558598668variationDifferences between members of the same species.
558598669zygoteThe diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg.

Psychology Chapter 2 & 3 Flashcards

Psychology Chapter 2 & 3

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97406588medullaThe base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
97406589biological psychologyA branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology & behavior.
97451101LesionDestruction of tissue; it can be naturally or experiementally causted destruction of brain tissue.
97451102Endocrine SystemThe body's "slow" chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete homones into the bloodstream.
97451103Split BrainA condition in which 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them.
97451104AxonThe extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messges pass to other neurons or to muscle glands.
97451105Pituitary GlandThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth & controls other endocrine glands.
97451106SynapseThe junction between teh axon tip of the sending neuron & the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
97451107Myelin SheathA layer of fatty tissue segmentally encassing the fibers of many neurons. It enables vastly greather transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from 1 node to the next.
97451108HormonesChemical messangers, mostly manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue & affect another
97451109PlasticityThe brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in kids) & in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
97451110Broca's AreaControls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usally in the left hemisphere, that directs muscle movements involved in speech
97451111Wernicke's AreaControls language reception: a brain area involved in language comprehension & expression, usally in the left temporal lobe
97451112Adrenal GlandsA pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline), & norepinephrine (noradrenaline)which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
97451113Temporal LobesThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears, includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear
97451114Corpus CallosumThe large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
97451115DendriteThe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages & conduct impulses toward the cell body.
97451116CerebellumThe "Little Brain" attached to rear of the brainstem; it helps to coordinate voluntary movement & balance
97451117Neural NetworksInterconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogus learning.
97451118Limbic Systema doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem & cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear & aggression & drives such as those for food & sex Includes: hippocampus, amygdala & hypothalamus
97451119ThresholdThe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
97451120Hypothalamusa neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperative) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituatiary gland, & is linked to emotion & sexual behavior.
97451121NeurotransmittersChemical messangers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neurons, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse & bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural imulse.
97451122Cerebral CortexThe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control & information processing center
97451123PET ScanA visual display of the brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
97451124AmygdalaInfluences agression & fear. 2 almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system & are linked to emotion
97451125MRIA technique that uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
97451126Glial CellsCells in the nervous system that support, nourish, & protect neurons.
97451127AphasiaImpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's Area (impair speaking) or to the Weirnick's Area (impairs understanding).
97451128Parietal LobesThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head & toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex
97451129NervesNeural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous systm, connect the central nervous system which muscles, glands & sense organs.
97451130EEG( Electroencephalogram)An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
97451131CT Scan (Computed Tomography)A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles & combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.
97451132Frontal LobesThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking & muscle movements, & in making plans & judgements.
97451133Nervous SystemThe body's speedy, electro chemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the periperal & central nervous system
97451134Endorphins"morphine within" natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control & to pleasure.
97451135Sensory CortexThe area of the fron of the parietal lobes that registers & processes body sensations.
97451136InterneuronsCentral nervous system neurons that internally communicate & intervene between the sensory inputs & motor outputs.
97451137ReflexA simple, automatic, in-born response to a sensory stimulus, such as a knee jerk response.
97451138BrainstemThe oldest part & central part of the brain, beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions.
97451139Motor CortexAn area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement.
97451140Occipital LobesThe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information fromt eh opposite visual field.
97451141AcetylcholineA neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction. It is the best understood neurotransmitter messenger at every juncture.
97451142NeuronA nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
97451143Automatic Nervous SystemThe part of the peripheral nervous system that controls glands & the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
97451144Somatic Nervous SystemThe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles Also known as: Skeletal Nervous System
97451145Peripheral Nervous SystemThe sensory & motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
97451146Thalamusthe brain's sensory switchboard, located at the top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the corterx & transmits replies to the cerebellum & medulla.
97451147Association AreasAreas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, & speaking.
97451148Sympathetic Nervous SystemThe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
97451149Sensory NeutronsNeurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
97451150Central Nervous SystemThe brain and spinal chord.
97451151Parasympathetic Nervous SystemThe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
97451152Action PotentialA neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of (+) charged atoms in & out of channels in the axon's membrane
97451153Reticular FormationA nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
97451154Motor NeuronsNeurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous systm to the muscles & glands.
97482777Gender Schema TheoryThe theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male & female & that they adjust their behavior accordingly
97482778Social Learning TheoryThe theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitatin & by being rewarded or punished
97482779DNAA complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. It has 2 strands "forming a double helix" held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides
97482780CultureThe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes & traditions shared by a large group of people (transmitted from 1 generation to the next)
97482781Gender TypingThe Acquistion of a traditional role (either masculine or feminine)
97482782Gender Identityone's sense of being male or female
97482783RoleA set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining, how those in the position should behave.
97482784TestosteroneThe most important male sex hormone. Both male & females have it. In men it stimulates growth of sex organs in the fetus & the development of sexual characteristics in puberty.
97482785Y-ChromosomeThe sex chromosome only found in males. When paired with an X from the mother a boy child is created
97482786X-ChromosomeThe sex chromosome found in both men & women. Females have 2. Males have 1.
97493749Gender RoleA set of expected behaviors for males & females.
97493750MemesSelf-replicating things such as: ideas, fashions, & innovations that are passed from person to person (cultural mutations).
97493751Personal SpaceThe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
97493752NormAn understood rule for accepted & expected behavior "Proper Behavior."
97493753Molecular GeneticsThe subfield of biology that studies molecular structure & function of genes.
97493754InteracitonThe dependence of the effect of 1 factor (ie. environment) on another (ie. heredity)
97493755HeritabilityThe portion of variation among individuals that we can contribute to genes. The trait may vary, depends on the range of populatiosn & environments studied.
97493756TemperamentA person's characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity
97493757Identical TwinTwins develop from: 1 fertilized egg that splits in 1/2 and then creates 2 genetically identical organisims.
97493758Fraternal TwinsTwins develop from: 2 separate eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers & sisters, just shared fetal environment.
97493759EnvironmentEvery non-genetic inflluence; from prenatal nutrition to the people & things around us.
97493760Behavior GeneticsThe study of the relative power & limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior.
97493761GenderIn psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define female or male.
97493762Evolutionary PsychologyThe stydy of the evolution of behavior & the mind, using principles of natural selection. Natual selection has favored genes that designed both behavioral tendencies & information processing systems that solved adaptive problems faced by ancestors = survival & spread of genes.
97493763MutationA random error in gene replication that leads to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity.
97493764Natural SelectionThe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction & survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
97493765GenomeThe complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes. Has 3 million weakly bonded pairs of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA.
97493766GenesThe biochemical units of heridity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
97493767ChromosomesThreadlike structures made of DNA molecules tha contain the genes.

Biology_Lipids, Membranes, and Compartments (5) Flashcards

Concepts and vocab; intro to Biology (college course) review from topics in Biology: How Life Works, Chapter 5

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466688099Cytoplasmentire inside of cell (except nucleus)
466688100Cytosolinside of cell but outside organelles
466688101Cytoskeletonnetwork of protein scaffolding that serves as a cell's internal framework
466688102MitochondriaHarness energy/ produce ATP ("energy currency of cell")
466688103Plasma membraneouter layer made up of phospholipids, proteins; regulates things coming in and out of cell
466688104Endoplasmic reticuluminvolved in synthesizing proteins ands lipids
466688105Lysosomesbreak down macromolecules
466688106Golgi apparatusmodifies/sorts proteins to final destination in or out of cell
466688107Cell wallplant cell's rigid barrier; made of polysaccharides
466688108Vacuolesfilled with water; contribute to rigidity in plant structure (keeps turgor pressure)
466688109Organellesmembrane-bound specialized compartments in a cell
466688110Vesiclessmall membrane-bound sacs that transport things (by budding and fusing)
466688111Endomembrane systemmembranes in cell; nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes
466856786Location of protein synthesisin cytoplasm and ER
466856787Endocytosisvesicles buds off plasma membrane bringing outside material into cell
466856788Exocytosisvesicles fuse with plasma membrane to empty contents outside cell or to membrane
466856789Nuclear envelopetwo layer (inner/outer) lipid membrane around nucleus
466856790Nuclear poresprotein openings on nucleus
466856791lumeninside of ER
466856792Rough ERproteins synthesized on ribosomes dotting the ER
466856793Smooth ERlacks ribosomes but is the main place to make lipids
466938240amphipathicmolecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
466938241cholesterolamphipathic lipid that is a major component of animal cell membranes

Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society Flashcards

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605948544Industrial Revolutionbegun about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.
605948545agricultural revolutionThe transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)
605948546cotton industrya system of textile manufacturing; spinners and weavers often worked at home; used raw materials supplied by capitalist entrepreneurs
605948547Richard Arkwright's water framepowered by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels. invented in response to the invention of the flying shuttle, which sped up the process of weaving on a loom.
605948548James Hargreave's spinning jenny1768-- cotton invention that enabled spinners to produce yarn in larger quantities
605948549Samuel Crompton's mulea new machine that combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny. New machines such as this one made it more efficient to bring workers to factories instead of haveing them spread out in their cottages, which led to new towns rapidly springing up aroung factories.
605948550hand-loom weavers and the cottage systemmore efficient to have workers assembled in a factory than scattered everywhere in their own cottages working on hand-looms
605948551James Watt and the rotary engine1760s, Scottish engineer who was asked to repair the Newcomen engine. Instead he created a steam engine, in which power was derived not from air pressure but from steam, and could pump three times as quickly as the Newcomen engine. 1782, developed rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery.
605948552Richard TrevithickThis man pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales. It pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 mph. better locomotives soon followed.
605948553George Stephenson's Rocket..., This was the name for the steam-powered locomotive created by George Stephenson that pulled carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land.
607485973Great Exhibition of 1851In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world.
607485974the Crystal PalaceA giant structure of cast iron and glass where over 100,000 exhibits were housed during The Great Exhibition.
609210083tariffstaxes imposed by a government on imported or exported goods
609210084joint-stock investment banksBanks which mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into industry
609210085steamboatsStimulated western and southern agricultural economy by opening markets, and by allowing eastern manufactures to send their goods west
610709763India's cotton cloth productionOne of the world's greatest exporters of cotton cloth in the 18th century, thousands of hand spinners and weavers became unemployed when British control brought inexpensive British factory-produced textiles. An example of the policy pursued by industrialized European states to prevent the growth of industry in their colonies.
610709764Ireland and the potatoLived in absolute poverty, they depended on the potato to survive. Nutritious + produced 3 times as much food per acre. Made them able to double their population, until the blight famine came. 1 million died, 2 million emigrated.
610709765the Great FamineThis event decimated the Irish population between 1845 and 1851. It was a result of blight due to fungus that struck the potato crop in Ireland during the summer of 1845. Irish migrated to avoid disease caused by malnutrition.
610709766suburbsresidential areas that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation
616417325Britain's Poor Law CommissionProduced detailed reports on the conditions of industrial cities. Found out the physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life on the poor. Men of working class short, prostitution. Crime and sexual immorality present.
616417326Edwin Chadwickreformer-one of the most famous-one of the commissioners charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834-convinced that disease and death caused poverty-believed that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment-publicized hard facts about filth of cities and living environments-report became basis for Britain's first public health law
616417327choleraa treatable infectious disease that can be fatal and is caused by a lack of adequate sanitation and a clean water supply
616417328bourgeoisieIn early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
616417329purpose and example of unionsPurpose of unions were to save workers' own positions and gain employer advantages. A union example was Robert Owen's Grand National Trades Union which was a strike for the eight-hour working day.
618205621Robert Owen(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
618205622the Grand National Consolidated Trades UnionFormed in February 1834, its purpose was to coordinate a general strike for the 8 hour working day. The lack of working-class support led to its collapse
618205623the Amalgamated Society of EngineersThe largest and most successful trade union in England, formed in 1850; secured generous unemployment benefits for a small weekly payment.
618205624LudditesAny of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.
618205625Ten Hours Act of 1847limited workday for women and young people to 10 hours per day
618205626Coal Mines Act of 1842this legislation eliminated the employment of boys under 10 and women in mines.

Week 20 - European States, International Wars, and Social Change Flashcards

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

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597011133"enlightened despots"monarchs who ruled by philosophes advice where the biggest of which were Frederick II of Prussia, Catherina the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria
597011134Louis XVlazy and weak king of France who let ministers and mistresses influence his rule
597011135Madame de Pompadourmistress of King Louis XV of France who made important political decisions
597011136Louis XIVFrench king who lacked the ability to deal with French affairs
597011137Marie Antoinettewife of King Louis XIV of France whose nickname was "Madame Deficit"
597011138Walpoleprime minister of Britain who pursued a peaceful foriegn policy to avoid land taxes
597011139William Pitt the Elderprime minister of England who acquired Canada and India
597011140Wilkesoutspoken journalist who criticized the kings ministers and whose name became associated with liberty in England
597011141William Pitt the Youngerprime minister under George III of England who was supported by merchants and the industrial class
597011142PatriotsDutch burghers who wanted democratic reforms
597011143Frederick William Iking of Prussia who established the Great Directory
597011144Great Directorychief administrative unit of the central government in Prussia that surpervised military, police, economic, and financial affairs
597011145Frederick the Great (Frederick II)considered himself the "first servant of the state"
597011146Marie Theresamade Austria more centralized and bureaucratic
597011147Joseph IIking of Prussia who issued a reform program based on ideals of the Enlightenment
597011148Catherine the Great (Catherine II)ruler of Russia who expanded lands westward and southward, surpressed the serfs, and was supported by the nobility
597011149Instructionwritten by Catherine the Great, this advocated equality of all people
597011150Charter of Nobility (1785)formalized the new rights of the gentry that consisted of special legal privileges such as right to trial by peer and exemption from personal taxation
597011151Cossacksindependent tribes of fierce warriors who at times fought for the Russians against the Turks, but resisted the attmpt of government to absorb them into the empire
597011152PugachevCossack who led a peasant rebellion in Russia
597011153Treaty of Kuchuk-KainarjiRussians were given land, the privivelege of protecting Greek Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman empire, and the right to sail in Turkish waters
597011154Philip Vking of Spain who made the king of Spain the king of Castile
597011155Charles IIISpanish king who banished the Jesuits and brought the church under control
597011156Pombalchief minister in Portugal who curtailed the nobility and Catholic church
597011157Gustavus IIIking of Sweden who reasserted the power of the monarchy and is considered one of the "most enlightened monarchs of his age"
597011158Leopold Ienlightened reformer and ruler of Tuscany
597011159War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)war between European powers to gain territory in Prussia after Maria Theresa came to the throne
597011160Pragmatic SanctionEuropean powers agreed to recognize Maria Theresa as legal heir to the Austrian throne
597011161Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelleended the War of Austrian Succession and returned all occupied territories to their original owners except for Silesia, which Prussia kept
597011162diplomatic revolutionFrance switched allies from Prussia to Austria, Britain switched allies from Austria to Prussia, and Russia allied with France and Austria
597011163Seven Years' Warwar between France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia over Silisia, American land, and India
597011164Peace of Hubertusburgended the Seven Years' War and recognized Prussian control of Silesia
597011165Great War for Empirea part of the Seven Years' War that was fought in India and North America between the British and the French
597011166Treaty of Paris (1763)India, lands east of the Mississippi in North America, and Canada were given to the British
597011167French and Indian Warname of the Seven Years' War fought in North America over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence River and the Ohio River Valley between France and Britain
597011168Tullused a hoe to help palnts grow better as well as a drill to plant seeds in rows
597011169Bank of Englandrecieved deposits and echanged forigen currency like other banks, but also made loans
597011170"putting-out" systemmerchant-capitalist entrepreneurs bought the raw materials and gave them rural workers who spun the raw material into yarn, wove it into cloth, then the entrepreneurs would seel the finished product
597011171"cottage industry"spinners and weavers who did their work in their own rural cottages
597011172Arkwrightinvented the water frame which was powered by a horse or water and turned out yarn much faster than spinning wheels
597011173asientothe privilege given to Britain to transport slaves into Spanish Latin America
597011174"sugar factoriessugar plantations in the Caribbean
597011175triangluar tradeBritish manufactured goods were carried to Africa and exchanged for slaves which were shipped to North America and traded for tobacco which would go back to Britain
597011176PalladioVenetian architect who specialized in the design of country villas
597011177Grand toursons of aristocrats completed their education by making a tour of Europe's major cities

European History Ch 17 The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment Flashcards

*warning, my grammar here is really bad, and i'm too lazy to go back and change it*

Intellectual time inspired by Newton and Locke whose idea combined to emphasize reason and the scientific Method. philosophes were very passionate about tolerance, reason, freedom and thought and what not, but often worked under pseudonyms because of censorship. The religious part was expemplified by Voltaire, who called to crush the infamous thing- religious intolerance. He also believed in Diesm, as did most philosophes. Women during that time were still handicapped by man's supposed discovery that men were physically superior, but diderot and Voltaire, the latter especially, believed that men and women werent that different. Mary Astell's "Serious Proposal to the Ladies" argued that women need to be better educated, and "reflections upon marriage" said the sexes should be equal in marriage. Education during the time was elitist, and many philosophes didnt want to merge the classes, but have education keep them seperate. In Germany, Realschule was one of the first to be focused on practical education for little boys. Entertainmetn during the time was focused on taverns and alcohol. Also, literacy increased during the time with the help of Hannah More, who educated the poor. Jews were also persecuted during the time as the despised minority, enlightened thinkers including Joseph II of Austria, but there were still pogroms. That's about it, sorry its so long but hey, its better than reading the whole chapter.

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347904055Immanuel Kantdeclared the motto of the enlightenment to be "dare to know" and defined the Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity". a professor in East Prussia and the greatest German philosopher of the age, argued in 1784 that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, then enlightenment would follow-suggested that Prussia's Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he permitted freedom of press
347904056Bernard de FontenelleSecretary of the French Royal Academy of science, bridged gap between Scientific Revolution and the philosophes. "Philosophy of Worlds" -intimate conversation between aristocrat and her lover under the stars
347904057Pierre Bayledisplayed the skepticism about religion during the time, seeing it as an enemy of scientific progress. Attacked superstition, religious intolerance, and dogmatism. Individual conscience should determine one's actions. "Historical and Critical Dictionary" or just "Dictionary" which attacked traditional religious practices and heroes and was considered the "bible of the eighteenth century"
347904058John Lockealong with Isaac newton intellectually inspired the Enlightenment. "Essay concerning Human Understanding" denied Descartes' beliefs in innate ideas. tabula rasa. Our knowldge comes from environment, not heredity, and from reason, not faith.
347904059philosophesFrench term for intellectuals of the Enlightenment. Social reformers. Made the Enlightenment an international, cosmopolitan movement, with paris at its capital. Emphasized reason and bettering society, worked in an atmosphere of censorship
347904060Montesquieu"Persian Letters" critisized French Institutions especially Catholic Church and French Monarchy through a conversation of two persians discussing Also wrote "The Spirit of Laws" emphasized checks and balances by seperation of powers and an equal reign of all branches
347904061Voltaire"philosophic letters on the english" critisized France-royal absolutism and lack of religious toleration- by praising England. "treatise on toleration" CRUSH THE INFAMOUS THING (religious fanaticism, intolerance and superstition)
347904062Calas Affairreligious intolerance case in france where a Protestant man murdered his own son to keep him from converting to Catholicism, later it was proved that the son commited sucide but the affair angered Voltaire
347904063Diderot"Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades" attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration as well as a program for social, legal, and political improvements that would lead to a more cosmopolitan, tolerant, humane, reasonable society.
347904064Physiocratsleader: Francois Quesnay, claimed that thye would discover the natural economic laws that goverend human society. Land constitutes the only source of wealth amd the wealth can only be increased by agriculture. Laissez Faire, let the people do as they choose.
347904065Adam Smith"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" or "The Wealth of Nations", strong attack on mercantalism- condemned tariffs. Labor theory of value- labor is the source of wealth for a nation. Govt should not interfere in anything but army, police and public works. Foundation for economic liberalism
347904066RousseauWrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people.
347904067Salonspopular hosts: Marie-Therese de Geoffrin and The Marquise de Deffrand. Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women, that provided a forum for new ideas and an opportunity to establish new intellectual contacts among supporters of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. These informal gatherings gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-dominated universities and afforded an opportunity to test ideas or present unpublished works.
347904068Freemasonssecret society in london, sympathetic ot ideas of philisophes
347904069Rococofanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century. Grace and getnle action, curves and natural objects. Antoine Watteau- lyrical views of aristocratic life used this style
347904070Balthasar Neumanna Rococo artist (mixed slightly with baroque influence) whose two masterpieces were the pilgramage church of the Vierzehnheiligen (The Fourteen Saints) and the Bishop's Palace
347904071NeoclassicismA style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures, Neoclassicism was characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome. Jaques Lois David- "Oath of the Horatii"
347904072BachBorn in 1685 in Germany, studied music all his life, traveled and brought new music ideas to the church, Baroque style: complex and multilayered. Wrote in honor of God
347904073Handel(1685-1759) Baroque musician;stormy international career;wrote a lot of secular music but probably best known for his religious music (Messiah)
347904074Haydn"The Creation" and "The Seasons"---He wrote 104 symphonies and when he visited England, he wrote concerts for the public. "The Creation" and "The Seasons" are both dedicated to the common people.
347904075Mozart"The Marriage of Figaro," "Don Giovanni," and "The Magic Flute" grace, precision and emotion- miserable life due to his inability to find a permanent patron
347904076Cesare Beccaria"on crimes and punishments"; argued that punishment should serve as a deterrent, not an excercise in brutality
347905973Carnivaltime before lent, time of great indulgence- food, maet, delicacies, heavy drinking, intense sexual activity, also agression and violence
347905974PietismThis was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs
347905975John WesleyAnglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community
347911450Diesmreligious idea shared by most philosophes based on the newtonian world machine, god was a mechanic who left the world to operate on its natural laws. God did not interfere because of prayers or anything like that.
347911451Mary Wollenstoncraftfounder of Feminism in "vinditcation of the Rights of women" showed how thinking women were inferior was against enlightened ideals

Ch. 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science Flashcards

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541337476Who were the natural philosophers?Philosophers who preferred logical analysis to observation
541337477What was the contribution of the Renaissance humanists to the Scientific Revolution?They brought to light contradictions against previously uncontradicted authors and thinkers.
541337478Name the two new instruments that made the Scientific Revolution?the microscope and the telescope
541337479What was the role of the printing press in the Scientific Revolution?It was used to spread innovative ideas
541337480What was Leonardo da Vinci's philosophy in regards to the relationship between math and nature?Because God eternally geometrizes, nature must be mathematical
541337481Who were the four most influential scientists of the Scientific Revolution?Kepler, Galileo, Newton and Copernicus
541337482What was magic during the Renaissance like?Hermetic magic fused with alchemical thought
541337483True or false: The great scientists of the Scientific Revolution doubted HermeticismFalse
541337484What is Ptolemaic (geocentric) conception?The idea that the universe is a series of concentric spheres with a fixed/motionless Earth at the center.
541337485What did scientists believe that heavenly bodies were in respect to the Ptolemaic conception?simple orbs of light
541337486According to Ptolemaic conception, what was Empyrean Heaven and where was it located?The location of God and saved souls, located beyond the final sphere
541337487Which mathematician was the first to publicly oppose Ptolemaic conception?Copernicus
541337488What is heliocentric conception?Copernicus' idea that the sun is at the center of the spheres and the planets revolve around the sun, with the moon revolving around the earth. The sun only appears to move because the earth rotates on its axis.
541337489How did Kepler believe that the universe was constructed?Geometrically; the harmony of the human soul is reflected in the numerical relationships between the planets.
541337490Which mathematician created the laws of planetary motion to support the heliocentric theory?Kepler
541337491What was Kepler's first law of planetary motion?The planets' orbits around the sun are elliptical rather than circular; the sun as not at the direct center, but rather at one point of the ellipse
541337492Who was the first European to observe the heavens with a telescope?Galileo
541337493Which scientist said that the substance of the universe was similar to the substance of the earth, and therefore not ethereal?Galileo
541337494What was the name of Galileo's publication which put him in direct opposition with the Catholic church?The Starry Messenger
541337495Why was the Catholic church so opposed to Galileo's theory?It proved that the heavens were a world of matter, rather than spiritual substance
541337496Which mathematician first demonstrated the law of gravity?Newton
541337497What was Newton's first law of motion?Every object remains in constant state of motion or rest unless acted upon by an outside force.
541337498What was Newton's second law of motion?The rate of change of motion of an object is directly proportional to the force acting upon it.
541337499What was Newton's third law of motion?To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction
541337500Prior to the Scientific Revolution, medicine revolved around the teachings of which ancient Greek physician?Galen
541337501Which physician was the first to look at the individual organs and structure of the human body?Veslius
541337502Which physician said that the heart was the center of the circulatory system?Harvey
541337503Who was the first chemist to conduct controlled experiments?Robert Boyle
541337504What is Boyle's law?The volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.
541337505Who invented the system for naming chemical elements (which is still in use today)?Antoine Lavoisier
541337506Which female scientist criticized the belief that humans were the masters of nature?Margaret Cavendish
541337507Which female German astronomer discovered a new comet?Maria Winkelman
541337508True or false: Science was used to support the traditional view of a "woman's place"?True
541337509Which two skeletal features were used to describe why women were inferior to men?1) wider hips - meant to bear children 2) smaller skulls - inferior minds
541337510Which scientists believed that in order to be sure of anything, we must first set aside all previous knowledge other than the fact of our existence ("I think therefore I am")?Rene Descartes
541337511What is Cartesian dualism?The absolute separation between the mind and matter
541337512Who is known as the father of modern rationalism?Descartes
541337513Who invented the scientific method?Issac Newton
541337514What did Bacon believe that scientific discoveries should be used for?to create devices which would aid industry and agriculture
541337515What were the two main scientific societies in Europe?The French Royal Academy of Sciences and the English Royal Society
541337516Why were elites and merchants attracted to science?It offered them potential for financial gain
541337517What was the only scientific view accepted by the church?The Ptolemaic-Aristotelian view
541337518Who was Pascal?A French scientist that wanted to unite science and religion
541337519Scientific Revolution16th to 18th centuries, intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. Not really a revolution, more like a gradual change. Challenged previous works.
541337520Geocentric Conceptionidea held by ptolemy, aristotle, and their followers. It said that there were four elements, and the earth was at the center of a finite universe surrounded by perfect globes revolving around it in perfect circles. There were ten spheres to this universe and beyond the tenth was heaven. It went with Christianity and therefore was dangerous to challenge.
541337521Nicholas Copernicuswrote "On the Revolution of the Earthly Spheres". Believed the ptolemic universe was too complicated, and believed in a heliocentric conception to simplify it. His conservatism, however, didn't allow him to refute Aristotle's heavenly spheres, so he retained ptolemy's epicycles and his was almost as complicated. Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon thundered at his work.
541337522Heliocentric ConceptionCopernicus' system which said the sun was in the center and there were 8- spheres around
541337523Tycho BraheBuild Elaborate castle with library, observatory, & astronomic instruments. Observed stars & planets for 20 years. Made records of his observations.
541337524Johannes Keplerdevised the three laws of planetary motion, confimring copernicus' heliocentric theory, and eliminating scientific possibilty of chrystaline spheres moving in perfectly circular orbits. Comparing numerical relationships between planets to harmony of the human soul, he described his work as discovering the "music of the spheres"
541337525Galileo GalileiFirst european to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope. wrote "The Starry Messenger", and "Dialogue on the Two Chief Worl Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican", which was written in Italian rather than latin, allowing more people access to it, and basically insulted the ptolemaic view. Discovered inertia
541337526Issac Newton"Principia"- three laws of motion. was actually into alchemy, and thus not the first in an age of reason but the last of the magicians. Universal Law of Gravitation which explained the orbits of planets. his World-Machine also was very widely accepted, concieved to operate absolutely in space, time and motion, and believed that the world was governed by certain laws (like gravity). World-view only changed with Einstein's relativity.
541337527World-machineConceived as operating absolutely in time, space, and motion. Dominated the western world view until 20th century.
541337528Paracelsusrejected aristotle and galen.believed human was a microcosm of the macrocosm of the universe and thus disease was a result of chemical imbalances, not humor problems. "like cures like" some considered him father of modern medicine, others the father of homeopathy
541337529VesaliusWrote On the Fabric of the Human Body. Dissected human bodies to better understand them. He disproved Galen's theory of the Liver being the center of the circulatory system.
541337530William HarveyWrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood. Made lots of discoveries about the circulation of blood including the heart is the center of the circulatory system, and there is only one kind of blood and it passes through the body in a complete circuit
541337531Robert BoyleA 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. Founder of chemistry. Created boyle's law.
541337532Margaret CavendishOne of the most prominent female scientists of the 17th century. She came from an aristocratic family. She wrote a number of books on scientific matters, including Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy. This work was especially critical of the growing belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature. Even so, the fact that she was a women kept her from admission into the Royal Society. Charecterized English and French Female scientists
541337533Querelles de femme"arguments about women". some believed with education, women could be like men, but others used the new science to determine that women had larger pelvic bones and smaller skulls, meaning they were meant to give birth, not think. Male dominated science used to "prove" male social dominance. women lost their midwifery here because it was now considered too important for them
541337534Rene DescartesThis thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method "Discourse on Method"
541337535Cartesian DualismSeparation of mind & matter. Using mind or human reason, the path of certain knowledge, and its best instrument, mathematics, humans can understand the material world because it is pure mechanism, a machine that is governed by its own physical laws because it was created by God.
541337536RationalismRelated to his concept of Cartatesian dualism. It was placed on the papl Index of Forbidden Books & condemned by many Protestant theoligians because it had devesting imlications for traditional religious views of the universe & views of westerners on themselves.
541337537Scientific MethodProper means of examining & understanding the physical realm. Answered how something works. Gave others confidence in using this method. Didnt deal with why. (Religion answered this)
541337538Francis BaconThis scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method. "The Great Instauration" Believed that science should be totally reworked. rejected sopernicus, kepler and galileo. Also wanted science to be used practially to conquer nature
541337539EmpiricismBacon's scientific method
541337540Royal SocietyEnglish/French version of evolved art of informal scientific gatherings. (Called Academy) Royal Socity wasnt given much state support. Worked on improving technology, studying, & astronomy. Contributed to scientific knowledge.
541337541Benedict de Spinoza(1632-1677) Wrote "Ethics Demonstrated in the Geocentric Manner" (1677), rejected the Cartesian Dualism. Pantheism; he believed that religion is not neccessarily opposed to science. Through scientific knowledge can you truly find who God is.
541337542Blaise Pascal"Pensees" Tried to keep religion and science united by converting rationalists by appealing to their reason and then their emotion. Believed that reason could only take you so far and then was the jump to god. failed. Secularization began in earnest. Also worked with probability.

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