| CourseNotes

Ch. 50 : Introduction to Ecology Flashcards

Peter Minchin, Fall 2011 SIUe

255845082	What is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments?	Ecology	0
255845083	What is the goal of ecology?	To explain the distribution and abundance of organisms.	1
255845084	What are the different levels that ecologists study systems at?	- Organisms. - Populations. - Communities. - Ecosystems.	2
255845085	What do organismal ecologists study?	The morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations that allow individual organisms to live successfully in a particular area.	3
255845086	What is a population?	A group of individuals of the same species that lives in the same area at the same time.	4
255845087	What do population ecologists study?	How the numbers of individuals in a population change over time and the factors that determine this.	5
255845088	What is a community?	Something that consists of all the different species that interact with one another within a particular area.	6
255845089	What do community ecologists study?	The nature and consequences of the interactions between species. ** Also might concentrate on predation, parasitism, mutualism or competition, or explore how groups of species respond to fires, floods, droughts and other disturbances.	7
255845090	What is an ecosystem?	Something which consists of all the organisms in a particular region along with nonliving components.	8
255845091	Biotic Components	Living organisms	9
255845092	Abiotic Components	Nonliving organisms	10
255845093	What do ecosystem ecologists study?	How nutrients and energy move among and between organisms and the surrounding physical environment.	11
255845094	What is conservation biology?	The effort to study, preserve, and restore threatened populations, communities, and ecosystems.	12
255845095	What three key physical factors affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in aquatic environments?	- Nutrient Availability - Water Depth - Water Movement	13
255845096	Nutrients tend to be washed away in moving water, and fall to the bottom in still water, and thus are in _____ _______ in many aquatic ecosystems.	Short supply	14
255845097	Why are nutrient levels important in aquatic environments?	They limit growth rates of the photosynthetic organisms that provide food for other species.	15
255845098	What two things affect nutrient availability by bringing nutrients from the bottom up to the surface?	Ocean upwelling and Lake turnover	16
255845099	Ocean Upwelling	The surface water moves away from the coast,and it is steadily replaced by water moving up from the ocean bottom, which is nutrient rich.	17
255845100	Thermocline	A gradient in which the temperature of lakes vary from top to bottom.	18
255845101	In winter, surface water is ______ while the water at the bottom is ______.	Colder; Warmer	19
255845102	In the summer, surface water is ______ while the water at the bottom is _______.	Warmer; Colder	20
255845103	The surface water in winter and summer is _______ rich, while the water at the bottom is ________ rich.	Oxygen; Nutrient	21
255845104	Without the spring and fall turnovers, most nutrients would remain on the bottom and lake ecosystems would be much _____ productive.	Less	22
255845105	What is one key physical factor that shapes the environments in aquatic ecosystems?	The rate of water movement.	23
255845106	Water ______ and _______ light, so the amount and types of wavelengths available to organisms change dramatically as water depth increases.	Absorbs; Scatters	24
255845107	What is productivity in aquatic environments?	The total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per year.	25
255845108	_______ are large enough that the water in them can be mixed by wind and wave action.	Lakes	26
255845109	What are the 5 zones in freshwater environments?	Littoral, Limnetic, Benthic, Photic, Aphotic	27
255845110	The ________ ("seashore") zone consists of the shallow waters along the shore, where plants are rooted.	Littoral	28
255845111	The ________ ("lake") zone is offshore and comprises water that receives enough light to support photosynthesis.	Limnetic	29
255845112	The ________ ("depths") zone is made up of the bottom, or substrate.	Benthic	30
255845113	Regions of the littoral, limnetic, and benthic zones that receive sunlight are part of the _______ zone.	Photic	31
255845114	Portions of the lake or pond that do not receive sunlight make up the _______ zone.	Aphotic	32
255845115	Water movement in lakes and ponds is driven by ______ and changes in temperature.	Wind	33
255845116	Plankton	Cyanobacteria, algae, and other microscopic organisms	34
255845117	Where do plankton live?	The photic zone	35
255845118	What is detritus?	Dead Organic Matter	36
255845119	Where do organisms that consume detritus live?	Benthic Zone	37
255845120	What are shallow-water habitats where the soil is saturated for at least part of the year?	Wetlands	38
255845121	What are plants that only grow in saturated soil?	Indicator Plants	39
255845122	How are wetlands distinct from lakes and ponds?	They have only shallow water, and they have emergent plants that grow above the surface of the water.	40
255845123	What have low or nonexistent water flow, and are stagnant, acidic, and have low productivity?	Bogs	41
255845124	Freshwater _______ and ________ have a slow but steady flow of water and are relatively nutrient rich and highly productive.	Marshes; Swamps	42
255845125	_________ dominated by nonwoody plants.	Marshes	43
255845126	_________ are dominated by trees and shrubs.	Swamps	44
255845127	What moves constantly in one direction?	Streams (Creeks - Small ; Rivers - Large )	45
255845128	What is the structure of a typical stream?	Where it originates, it tends to be cold, narrow, and fast; at the end, it tends to be warmer, wider, and slower.	46
255845129	Streams thus tend to have ______ organism types near their source (mostly animals) and ______ varied types near their end (algae, plants, and animals).	Fewer ; More	47
255845130	What is an estuary?	It forms where a river meets the ocean and freshwater mixes with salt water.	48
255845131	Most estuaries are relatively ________, but water depth may vary dramatically.	Shallow	49
255845132	An estuary includes ______ marshes as well as the body of water that moves in and out of these environments.	Saline	50
255845133	True or False: Salinty Varies	True; it varies with the changes in tides	51
255845134	What are the six zones of water depth in the ocean?	Intertidal, Neritic, Oceanic, Benthic, Photic, and Aphotic	52
255845135	The _________ zone consists of a shoreline that is exposed to the air at low tide but submerged at high tide.	Intertidal	53
255845136	The _______ zone extends from the intertidal zone to depths of about 200 m.	Neritic	54
255845137	What is the outermost edge of the neritic zone?	Continental Shelf	55
255845138	The _______ zone is the "open ocean"—the deepwater region beyond the continental shelf.	Oceanic	56
255845139	The bottom of the ocean is the ______ zone.	Benthic (Ocean)	57
255845140	The intertidal and sunlit regions of the neritic, oceanic, and benthic zones make up a _______ zone.	Photic (Ocean)	58
255845141	Water _________ in the ocean is dominated by different processes at different depths.	Movement	59
255845142	What zones in the ocean are the most productive?	Intertidal and Neritic	60
255845143	What zone has coral reefs which are among the most productive environments on Earth?	Neritic	61
255845144	What are biomes?	Major types of terrestrial ecosystems, defined mainly by the dominant vegetation type.	62
255845145	Each biome is associated with a distinctive set of _______ conditions.	Abiotic	63
255845146	Climate	Prevailing, long-term weather conditions	64
255845147	What determines the type of biome present in a terrestrial region?	Climate	65
255845148	What factors does climate include?	temperature, moisture, sunlight, and wind	66
255845149	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	The total mass of carbon that is fixed by per unit area per year minus the amount used by plants in cellular respiration.	67
255845150	What does the NPP represent?	The organic matter that is available as food for other organisms.	68
255845151	On land, photosynthesis and plant growth are _________ when temperatures are warm and conditions are wet.	Maximized	69
255845152	Photosynthesis cannot occur efficiently at _____ temperatures or under drought stress.	Low	70
255845153	What is biomass?	The total dry mass of living plants per unit area in an ecosystem.	71
255845154	_________ biomass includes shoots only.	Aboveground	72
255845155	_________ biomass includes roots and rhizomes.	Belowground	73
255845156	_____ ________ are found in equatorial regions where temperatures and rainfall are high and annual temperature variation is very low.	Rain Forests or Tropical Wet Forests	74
255845157	Tropical wet forests are renowned for their species _______.	Diversity	75
255845158	What is the uppermost layer of branches in a tree?	Canopy	76
255845159	What are plants that grow entirely on other plants?	Epiphytes	77
255845160	Subtropical _______ are characterized by high average annual temperatures, moderate variation in temperature, and very low precipitation.	Deserts	78
255845161	Because the ______ of water means conditions are rarely favorable enough to support photosynthesis, the productivity of desert communities is very low.	Scarcity	79
255845162	How do desert species adapt to the extreme temperatures and aridity?	- growing at a low rate year-round. - or by breaking dormancy and growing rapidly in response to any major rainfall event.	80
255845163	_________ regions have moderate temperatures relative to the tropics and polar regions. Summers are typically long and warm; winters are short and cold.	Temperate	81
255845164	Temperate grasslands occur in temperate regions with relatively _____ precipitation and a well-defined growing season.	Low	82
255845165	What seasons is plant growth possible in temperate grasslands?	Spring, Summer, Fall	83
255845166	North American temperate grasslands are known as ________.	Praries	84
255845167	________ are the dominant life-form in temperate grasslands because either conditions are too dry to enable tree growth or encroaching trees are burned out by fires.	Grasses	85
255845168	Although the productivity of temperate grasslands is generally lower than that of forest communities, grassland soils are often highly _______.	Fertile	86
255845169	In temperate areas with relatively high precipitation, grasslands give way to temperate _______.	Forests	87
255845170	Temperate forests experience a winter in which mean monthly temperatures fall below ________ and plant growth stops.	Freezing	88
255845171	Compared with temperate grassland climates, forest precipitation is moderately ______ and relatively constant throughout the year.	High	89
255845172	In the _________ hemisphere, these forests are dominated by deciduous trees.	Northern	90
255845173	Evergreen trees dominate in ________ hemisphere temperate forests.	Southern	91
255845174	The _______ _______, or taiga, occurs on subarctic lands just south of the Arctic Circle.	Boreal Forest	92
255845175	The climate of the boreal forest is characterized by very cold winters and short, ____ summers. Temperature variation is extreme.	Cool	93
255845176	Annual precipitation in a boreal forest is low, but temperatures are so cold that _________ is minimal. As a result, moisture is usually abundant enough to support tree growth.	Evaporation	94
255845177	Boreal forests are dominated by highly cold-tolerant ______.	Conifers	95
255845178	The productivity of boreal forests is ______, but aboveground biomass is _____ because slow-growing tree species may be long-lived and gradually accumulate large biomass.	Low; High	96
255845179	Boreal forests also have exceptionally _____ species diversity.	Low	97
255845180	The arctic ________ is found throughout the arctic regions and in high mountains where land is not covered in ice.	Tundra	98
255845181	The growing season of a tundra is __ - __ weeks at most; temperatures are below freezing the rest of the year.	6 - 8	99
255845182	What is permafrost?	Tundra soils which are in a perennially frozen state	100
255845183	Tundra has very low temperatures with high annual temperature ________ and very low annual precipitation.	Variation	101
255845184	The ______ ______ is dominated by small woody shrubs, lichens, and herbaceous plants.	Artic Tundra	102
255845185	Animal diversity in the tundra also tends to be low but _________ numbers can be high in the short summer.	Insect	103

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Special Ed. Collaboration/Inclusion Flashcards

Vocabulary words for Inclusion & Collaboration graduate class

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118654766	Collaboration	A style for direct interaction between at least two co-equal parties voluntarily engaged in shared decision making as they work toward a common goal.	0
118654767	Communication Skills	The basic building blocks of collaborative interactions.	1
118654768	Context	The overall environment in which collaboration occurs.	2
118654769	Co-Teaching	A service delivery option for providing special education services to students while they remain in their general education classes.	3
118654770	Paraeducators	Individuals who provide instructional and other services to students and who are supervised by licensed professionals who are responsible for student outcomes.	4

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1599298380	Alliteration	the repetition of initial consonant letters (or sounds)in two or more different words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrase. Ex: Busy as a bee	0
1599298381	Allusion	a reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize. Ex: "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi.	1
1599298382	Analogy	a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way. Ex: She was quiet as a mouse.	2
1599298383	Anaphora	repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. (Richard D. Bury: "In books I find the dead as if they were alice; in books I foresee things to come;in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace.") Ex: I remember a piece of old wood with termites running around all over it the termite men found under our front porch. I remember when one year in Tulsa by some freak of nature we were invaded by millions of grasshoppers for about three or four days. I remember, downtown, whole sidewalk areas of solid grasshoppers. I remember a shoe store with a big brown x-ray machine that showed up the bones in your feet bright green. - I Remember by Joe Brainard	3
1599298384	Anecdote	a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event. Ex: At the beginning of a speech about fire safety, the speaker tells a short cautionary tale about a serious injury that occurred as a result of not following protocol.	4
1599298385	Antimetabole	the words in one phrase or clause are replicated, exactly or closely, in reverse grammatical order in the next phrase or clause. Ex: "ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country." (J F Kennedy)	5
1599298386	Antithesis	a statement in which two opposing ideas are balanced. Ex: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." - Neil Armstrong	6
1599298387	Aphorism	a concise statement that expresses succinctly a general truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance. Ex: A bad penny always turns up.	7
1599298388	Assonance	repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words. Ex: The sergeant asked him to bomb the lawn with hotspots.	8
1599298389	Asyndeton	a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions. ("They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking,understanding.") Ex: Speed up the film, Montag, quick. Click, Pic, Look, Eye, Now, Flick, Here, There, Swift, Pace, Up, Down, In, Out, Why, How, Who, What, Where, Eh? Uh! Bang! Smack! Wallop, Bing, Bong, Boom! - Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury	9
1599298390	Chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed. ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.") Ex: One should eat to live, not live to eat. - Cicero	10
1599298391	Dialect	a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region. Ex: "Y'all" = Southern dialect	11
1599298392	Diction	the word choices made by a writer. (can be described as: formal, semi-formal, ornate, informal, technical, etc.) Ex: An agreeable ethos matches the audience's expectations for the leader's tone, appearance and manners.	12
1599298393	Didactic Statement	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing. Ex: "I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors." Barack Obama	13
1599298394	Ellipsis	the omission of a word of phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context. Ex: "Some people prefer cats; others, dogs."	14
1599298395	Epistrophe	repetition of the same word or phrase at the ends of successive clauses. Ex: If you had known the virtue of the ring, Or half her worthiness that gave the ring, Or your own honour to contain the ring, You would not then have parted with the ring. The Merchant of Venice - William Shakespeare	15
1599298396	Ethos	the persuasive appeal of one's character, or credibility. Ex: "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."	16
1599298397	Euphemism	an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant. Ex: "she passed away," instead of "she died."	17
1599298398	Figurative Language	language employing one or more figures of speech. (personification, hyperbole, metaphor, alliteration, simile, onomatopoeia,idiom) Ex: Her eyes were as blue as the ocean.	18
1599298399	Hyperbole	intentional exaggeration to create an effect. Ex: I have a million things to do.	19
1599298400	Imagery	the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses Ex: On a starry winter night in Portugal Where the ocean kissed the southern shore There a dream I never thought would come to pass Came and went like time spent through an hourglass -Teena Marie, "Portuguese Love"	20
1599298401	Inference	a conclusion one draws (infers) based on premises or evidence. Ex: John hears a smoke alarm and smells burnt bacon. John can infer that his neighbor burnt her breakfast.	21
1599298402	Inverted Syntax	a sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject. Ex: In the woods I am walking.	22
1599298403	Irony	the use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs. (situational, verbal, dramatic) Ex: An ambulance driver goes to a nighttime bike accident scene and runs over the accident victim because the victim has crawled to the center of the road with their bike.	23
1599298404	Jargon	the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession. Ex: SCOTUS - Supreme Court of the United States	24
1599298405	Juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast. Ex: Beauty and ugliness	25
1599298406	Litotes	a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite. (describing a particularly horrific scene by saying, "It was not a pretty picture.") Ex: The ice cream was not too bad.	26
1599298407	Logos	appeal to reason or logic. Ex:"In 25 years of driving the same route, I haven't seen a single deer."	27
1599298408	Maxim	a concise statement, often offering advice; an adage. Ex: Never trust a man who says, "Trust me."	28
1599298409	Metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it. ("The pen [writing] is mightier than the sword [war/fighting].) Ex: Crown - in place of a royal person	29
1599298410	Mood	the emotional atmosphere of a work. Ex: Cheerful: This light-hearted happy mood is shown with descriptions of laughter, upbeat music, delicious smells, and bright colors.	30
1599298411	Non Sequitur	an inference that does not follow logically from the premises. (literally, "does not follow") Ex: She's wearing red shoes. Her favorite color must be red.	31
1599298412	Paradox	an apparently contradictory statement that actually contains some truth. ("Whoever loses his life, shall find it.") Ex: A rich man is no richer than a poor man.	32
1599298413	Parallel Structure	using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Ex: Joe likes singing, walking and diving. This is correct and uses parallel structure. An incorrect version of this sentence would read: Joe likes singing, walking and to dive.	33
1599298414	Parody	a humorous imitation of a serious work. Ex: Weird AL Yankovich's songs, and the Scary Movie	34
1599298415	Pathos	the quality in a work that prompts the reader to feel pity. Ex: "If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"	35
1599298416	Personification	endowing non-human objects or creatures with human qualities or characteristics. Ex: The stars 'danced' playfully in the moonlit sky.	36
1599298417	Polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural. Ex: He ran and jumped and laughed for joy.	37
1599298418	Rhetoric	the art of presenting ideas in a clear, effective, and persuasive manner. Ex: Upon approaching a cashier at the grocery store she asks, "Will you help starving children today by adding $3 to your grocery bill?"	38
1599298419	Rhetorical Devices	literary techniques used to heighten the effectiveness of expression Ex: Alliteration - the recurrence of initial consonant sounds - rubber baby buggy bumpers	39
1599298420	Rhetorical Question	a question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer. Ex: Do cats meow?	40
1599298421	Satire	the use of humor to emphasize human weakness or imperfections in social institutions. (Jonathan swift's Gulliver's Travels, The Simpsons, etc.) Ex: Franklin's cartoon depicts a snake, cut into pieces, with each piece representing one of the colonies.	41
1599298422	Sibilance	having, containing, or producing the sound of or a sound resembling that of the s or the h in sash. Ex: "As the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain."	42
1599298423	Style	the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work. ( when analyzing style, one may consider dictions, figurative language, sentence structure, etc.) Ex: Edgar Allan Poe- Gothic, detective, speculative, a bit on the grotesque.	43
1599298424	Synecdoche	using one part of an object to represent the entire object. (for example, referring to a car simply as "wheels") Ex: It may use an entire whole thing to represent a part of it.	44
1599298425	Syntax	the manner in which words are arranged into sentences Ex: Happy about her upcoming promotion, Sammie sang all the way home.	45
1599298426	Tautology	needless repetition which adds no meaning or understanding. ("Widow woman", "free gift") Ex: I went there personally.	46
1599298427	Tone	the attitude of a writer, usually implied, toward the subject or audience. (hyperbole, metaphor, and personification are some examples of tropes) Ex: The way I look at it, someone needs to start doing something about disease. What's the big deal? People are dying. But the average person doesn't think twice about it until it affects them. Or someone they know.	47
1599298428	Trope	an artful deviation from the ordinary or principal signification of a word. Ex: He's been here hundreds of times.	48
1599298429	Vernacular	the everyday speech of a particular country or region, often involving nonstandard usage. Ex: "Hey! What's up?"	49

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Psychology: Themes and Variations chapter 7 vocab Flashcards

Human Memory
on pages 258 to 297

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1138273836	Encoding	Forming a memory code.	0
1138273837	Storage	Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.	1
1138273838	Retrieval	Recovering information from memory stores.	2
1138273839	Attention	Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.	3
1138273840	Levels-of-processing theory	Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.	4
1138273841	Elaboration	Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.	5
1138273842	Dual-coding theory	Memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either lead to recall.	6
1138273843	Self-referent encoding	Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.	7
1138273844	Sensory memory	Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of second.	8
1138273845	Short-term memory (STM)	A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.	9
1138273846	Rehearsal	The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information.	10
1138273847	Chunk	A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.	11
1138273848	Long-term memory (LTM)	An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.	12
1138273849	Flashbulb memories	Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.	13
1138273850	Conceptual hierarchy	A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.	14
1138273851	Schema	An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted fro previous experience with the object or event.	15
1138273852	Semantic network	Nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.	16
1138273853	Connectionist models	Cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.	17
1138273854	Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models	Cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.	18
1138273855	Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon	The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it's just out of reach.	19
1138273856	Misinformation effect	Participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information.	20
1138273857	Source monitoring	Making attributions about the origins of memories.	21
1138273858	Source-monitoring error	A memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.	22
1138273859	Reality monitoring	The process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations).	23
1138273860	Nonsense syllables	Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words.	24
1138273861	Forgetting curve	Graphs retention and forgetting over time.	25
1138273862	Retention	The proportion of material retained (remembered).	26
1138273863	Recall	A measure of retention that requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any clues.	27
1138273864	Recognition	A measure of retention that requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.	28
1138273865	Relearning	A measure of retention that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having it learned it before.	29
1138273866	Decay theory	Forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.	30
1138273867	Interference theory	People forget information because of competition from other material.	31
1138273868	Retroactive interference	When new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.	32
1138273869	Proactive interference	When previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.	33
1138273870	Encoding specificity principle	The value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.	34
1138273871	Transfer-appropriate processing	When the initial processing of information in similar to the type of processing required by subsequent measure of retention.	35
1138273872	Repression	Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.	36
1138273873	Long-term potentiation (LTP)	A long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway.	37
1138273874	Retrograde amnesia	The loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.	38
1138273875	Anterograde amnesia	The loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.	39
1138273876	Consolidation	A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.	40
1138273877	Declarative memory system	Handles factual information.	41
1138273878	Non-declarative memory system	Houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses.	42
1138273879	Episodic memory system	Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experience.	43
1138273880	Semantic memory system	General knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.	44
1138273881	Prospective memory	Remembering to perform actions in the future.	45
1138273882	Retrospective memory	Remembering events from the past or previously learned information.	46
1138273883	Mnemonic devices	Strategies for enhancing memory.	47
1138273884	Overlearning	Continued rehearsal of material after you have mastered it.	48
1138273885	Serial-position effect	When subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than in the middle.	49
1138273886	Link method	Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them all together.	50
1138273887	Method of loci	Taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations.	51
1138273888	Hindsight bias	The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.	52

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Chapter 2 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology (40 terms)
pages 36-71;
Transcribed by alexwyllie

Terms : Hide Images

870952418	Hypothesis	A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.	0
870952443	Variables	Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.	1
870952441	Theory	A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations.	2
870952425	Operational definition	A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.	3
870952426	Participants	The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study.	4
870952439	Subjects	The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study.	5
870952410	Data collection techniques	Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements.	6
870952421	Journal	A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.	7
870952431	Research methods	Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies.	8
870952414	Experiment	A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.	9
870952419	Independent variable	In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.	10
870952411	Dependent variable	In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.	11
870952415	Experimental group	The subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.	12
870952407	Control group	Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.	13
870952417	Extraneous variables	Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study.	14
870952406	Confounding of variables	A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects.	15
870952429	Random assignment	The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.	16
870952405	Case study	An in-depth investigation of an individual subject.	17
870952440	Survey	A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior.	18
870952438	Statistics	The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.	19
870952412	Descriptive statistics	Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data.	20
870952423	Median	The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.	21
870952422	Mean	The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution.	22
870952424	Mode	The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution.	23
870952442	Variability	The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean.	24
870952436	Standard deviation	An index in the amount of variability in a set of data.	25
870952408	Correlation	The extent to which two variables are related to each other.	26
870952409	Correlation coefficient	A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.	27
870952420	Inferential statistics.	Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.	28
870952437	Statistical significance	The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.	29
870952430	Replication	The repetition of a study to see if the earlier results were duplicated.	30
870952433	Sample	The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.	31
870952428	Population	The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about.	32
870952434	Sampling bias	A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.	33
870952427	Placebo effects	The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience changes even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.	34
870952435	Social desirability bias	A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.	35
870952432	Response set	A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions.	36
870952416	Experimenter bias	A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.	37
870952413	Double-blind procedure	A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.	38
870952404	Anecdotal evidence	Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences.	39

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Psychology: Themes and Variations Ch. 6 Flashcards

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1746664325	Learning	any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. Environment causes change in behavior	0
1746664326	Conditioning	Learning associations between events that occur in a organism's environment	1
1746664327	Types of Learning	-Classical Conditioning -Operant Conditioning -Observational Learning	2
1746664328	Classical Conditioning	A stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus -Ivan Pavlov -Passive Learning	3
1746664329	Psychic Reflex	What Pavlov called it when dogs salivated when they did not have the sight or smell of food	4
1746664330	Neutral Stimulus (NS)	No response (bell)	5
1746664331	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (meat)	6
1746664332	Unconditioned Response (UR)	an unlearned reaction to unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (salivate)	7
1746664333	Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	A previously neutral stimulus that has, throughout conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response (bell)	8
1746664334	Conditioned Response (CR)	a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of pervious conditioning (salivate)	9
1746664335	Trial	consists of any presentation of a stimulus of a stimulus or pair of stimulus	10
1746664336	Acquisition	Refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency -increase of CR after pairing NS+US	11
1746664337	Extinction (Classical)	The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency -CS no longer predicts anything	12
1746664338	Spontaneous Recovery	the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus	13
1746664339	Little Albert	-John Watson -NS/CS white rat -US loud gong -UR/CR Fear	14
1746664340	Stimulus Generalization	When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus	15
1746664341	Stimulus Discrimination	occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus	16
1746664342	Taste Aversion	-Unusual example of classical conditioning -Increased time between NS(CS) and US -Can develop with only one trial	17
1746664343	Preparedness	involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others -to develop fearful associations with some stimuli more than others	18
1746664344	Phobia	You don't have to have a direct experience to fear something	19
1746664345	Operant Conditioning	a form of learning in which voluntary response come to be controlled by their consequences -Active Learning	20
1746664346	E.L. Thorndike	Law of Effect -Good consequences=Increase in Behavior -Bad Consequences=Decease in Behavior	21
1746664347	B.F. Skinner	-Named and pioneered operant conditioning -Behavior and it's consequences	22
1746664348	Skinner Box	small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while that consequences of the response are controlled	23
1746664349	Cumulative Recorder	creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time	24
1746664350	Shaping	The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response	25
1746664351	Extinction (Operant)	the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement	26
1746664352	Positive	Add something	27
1746664353	Negative	Take something away	28
1746664354	Reinforcement	behavior will increase	29
1746664355	Punishment	The behavior will decrease	30
1746664356	Positive Reinforcement	When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus	31
1746664357	Negative Reinforcement	When a response is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus	32
1746664358	Escape Learning	an organism acquires a response that deceases or ends some aversive stimulation	33
1746664359	Avoidance Learning	an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring	34
1746664360	Positive Punishment	When a response is weakened by the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus	35
1746664361	Negative Punishment	When a response is weakened by the removal of a pleasant stimulus	36
1746664362	Schedule of Reinforcement	a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcements over time	37
1746664363	Continuous Reinforcement	occurs every instance of a designated response is reinforced	38
1746664364	Intermittent Reinforcement	occurs when a designed response is reinforced only some of the time	39
1746664365	Ratio Schedule	based on what we do	40
1746664366	Fixed Ratio	predictable ex) every 4 cars you sell, you get a bonus	41
1746664367	Variable Ratio	You don't know when the reinforcement is coming ex) gambling	42
1746664368	Interval Schedules	Based on time	43
1746664369	Fixed Interval	reinforcement comes at a certain time	44
1746664370	Variable Interval	Don't know what time the reinforcement is coming	45
1746664371	Observational Learning	occurs when an organism's response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models -Albert Bandura	46
1746664372	Basic Processes in Observable Learning	Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation	47

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APUSH- Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

Terms and Names from Mr. Tucker's class

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25963134	mercantilism	a country's power is derived from its wealth, increasing wealth requires vigorous trade, and colonies are essential to that growth. AKA the idea of unending growth. Favorable balance of trade: gold enters and goods exit.	0
25963135	Navigation Acts	(1651) First Navigation Act- made by parliament to hurt Dutch economy, required English crops to be sent only to England or English colonies on ships that were England/English Colony made, had ½ English crew and master. 1660- Second Navigation Act- made by restoration government, same only ship crews had to be ¾ English, and enumerated commodities had restrictions.	1
25963136	Enumerated Commodities	(late 1600s) sugar, tobacco and other products which could be shipped only to England or other English colonies, with the purpose of England having a monopoly on English colony produced tobacco and sugar, the highest fetching products.	2
25963137	Staple Act of 1663	Parliament regulates the goods going to the colonies, often everything had to come through England from foreign countries before going to the colonies.	3
25963138	Lords of Trade	English government officials sent to America to enforce Navigation Acts.	4
25963139	Demographic Differences w/in Colonies	(1600s) colonies that were farthest apart were the most different, most pronounced differences: life expectancy, sex ration & family structure.	5
25963140	Praying Towns	series of seven towns along the coast which housed Indian survivors of disease in 1670s, created by John Eliot of Roxbury Church, they were converted to Christianity.	6
25963141	King Philip's (Metacom's) War	1675) War begun between Plymouth and Wampanogs but which escalates to include Massachusetts and Connecticut as well as the Nargasett tribe. Really bad, massacres on both sides, Indians better shots. Completed with a load of massacres by the Mohawks and some religious babble by the Europeans.	7
25963142	Iroqsuois Nations	five nations of North Eastern Indian tribes forming the Iroquois League which vowed not to wage war on one another. They had a friendly relationship with New York governor, Edmund Andrus	8
25963143	The Covenant Chain	a peace agreement between the five Iroquois Nations and the colonial New York.	9
25963144	Mourning Wars	wars between tribes or within tribes initiated by the widow, bereaved mother or sister of a deceased loved one who insisted her male relatives repair the loss. A raid was then launched on the assailants and captives were taken.	10
25963145	Susquehannocks	strong, Iroguoian-speaking people with firearms, involved in Virigian Indian War after mistakenly attacked as Doegs.	11
25967347	William Berkely	Virginian governor who governed during war with the Doegs and Sushquehannocks.	12
25967348	Bacon's Rebellion	Nathaniel Bacon leads a group of frontiersmen to find the Susquehannocks and finds a friendly tribe of Occaneechees, who offer to attack S's. They do, take captives, then Bacon kills them.	13
25967349	James II	(1685-1688) Duke of York, succeeds Charles II, is deposed in the Glorious Revolution by Protestant opposition and replaced by William and Mary, imposed crack down on American, making more imperial	14
25967350	Whigs and Tories	Whigs are pro-country, opposition to the king, opposed standing army, wanted reform of parliament, largely protestant, organized by Lord Shaftsbury. Tories are pro-court, advocate increase in war making capabilities, a standing army, sided with James II, supported Lords of Trade, wanted the legitimate succession.	15
25967351	Popish Plot	belief by the Whigs that the papacy was conspiring with James II and Tories for Catholics to take over the world, by gaining advantage in powerful positions over protestants.	16
25967352	Glorious Revolution	1688) deposition of James II by Whig majority in parliament replaced by William and Mary.	17
25967353	William and Mary	(1609-1702) Dutch regents who were put on the English throne after Glorious Revolution, protestant, signed the English Bill of Rights.	18
25967354	Dominion of New England	(1686) James II trying to control whole of New England. Dominion includes Massachusettes, New Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Conneticutt, New York and East and West Jerseys. Edmund Andros (autocratic governor of NY) used appointive council and moving court to govern, imposed religious tolerance- puritans tolerate Anglicans- enforced Navigation Acts and land taxes.	19
25967355	Salem Witch Trials	(1692-93) Daughters of prominent Salem officials, including governor, Paris, accused old era opponents of new government of witchcraft. Largely resulted from chaos of Metacom's War.	20
25967356	Mixed and Balanced Constitution	kings, lords, commons- reflects society, had a sort of limit of power. In the colonies, king=crown-appointed governor, lords=appointed assembly, and commons=elected assembly.	21
25967357	Imperial Federalism	Central government with more localized governments doing smaller things, the crown wants more control. Used system of kings, lords, and commons.	22
25967358	Edmund Andros	(1674-89) autocratic governor of New York, in 1686, governor of Dominion of New England	23
25967359	Jacob Leisler	1689 led rebellion which captured Fort James and renamed it Fort William, Protestant.	24
25967360	Sir Robert Walpole	(1721-42) leader of Whig party opposed by conservative Whigs and Tories.	25
25967361	Taos Pueblo Revolt	prolonged drought and outside attacks from Indians made Pueblo Indians return to non-christian religion, rebelled against Spanish repressors, led by Pope, medicine man, (1675), were fairly victorious, but failed to stop droughts/attacks so were again conquered in 90s.	26
25967362	New France and the Middle Ground	1600s France dealings with Indians. They were much more accommodating of Indian traditions, methods, which made Indians trust them more, using Algonquin shield against the Iroquois.	27
25967363	La Salle	1682 French dude? Rene-Robert Cavelier traveled down Mississippi and claims Louisiana.	28
25967364	Louisianna	claimed in 1682 by La Salle, French.	29
25967365	Primogeniture	common law right of first born son to inherit majority, reverted to in America after increasing populations forced Americans to anglicanize	30
25967366	King William's War	(1689-97) Sir William Phips (Mass) forced Acadia to surrender, went to attack Quebec, but failed. Basically France v. England.	31
25967367	Queen Anne's War	(1702-13) French and Indians destroy Deerfield, Mass, capture; many women converted and stayed with French, French v English.	32
25967368	gang labor	tobacco plantation method of organizing slaves into groups, supervising closely, and keeping in fields all day.	33
25967369	Task system	used with rice plantations, in the south, slaves have certain chores every day, then free time their own.	34
25967370	Charleston	founded (1663) by Lords Proprietor, eight friends of Charles II, in South Carolina.	35
25967371	staple crop	aka cash crop used for export, not sustenance, ie tobacco, sugar, rice, wheat.	36
25967372	redemptioners	a new form of indentured service that was attractive to married couples- allowed them to pick their "master". Most in Pennsylvania.	37
25967373	Benjamin Franklin	(1706-90) "the first civilized American." Printing press, enlightenment ideas, called for unification of colonies at Albany Assembly.	38
25967374	James Oglethorpe	(1732) obtains charter for Georgia colony and leads that effort. Retaliates against Spanish during War of Jenkin's Ear to fufill Georgia's obligation to protect South Carolina by invading Florida in 1740.	39
25967375	Great Awakening	(mid-1730s to early 1740s) immense religious revival in protestant world: England, Scotland, Ulster, New England, mid-Atlantic colonies, South Carolina. Emotional calls for spiritual rebirth. Results in increased Baptist and Methodist numbers.	40
25967376	Eliza Lucas Pickney	pioneered indigo industry in South Carolina.	41
25967377	Hanoverian Dynasty	the Georges- George I (1714) and II.	42
25967378	Paper Money (Fiat)	used in place of gold. Loved by debtors, hated by lenders, because often fluctuates, depreciates in value. Implemented in colonial America.	43
25967379	John Peter Zenger	launched New York Weekly Journal in 1733. Acquitted of "seditious libel" for criticizing government officials	44
25967380	Guy Fawkes' Day	November 5th, every year a North End mob and a South End mob bloodied each other for the privilege of burning effigies of the pope, the devil and the Stuart pretender to the British throne.	45
25967381	Scots-Irish	mostly from Ulster, 1720+ left for America to avoid increase in rent, greater trading privileges, first to New England: intro'd linen, then South Delaware valley.	46
25967382	George Whitefield	first in theater, then Anglican minister, gave powerful, emotional speeches, instrumental in Revivals, preached in open fields.	47
25967383	anglicizing of colonial America	(mid 1700s) Because of increasing population, the colonists were forced to revert to British techniques such as the first son inheriting the majority, higher dependence on British imports, gentry, fashion, mansions newspapers.	48
25967384	THE OLD SOUTH	slavery integral to development of a society consisting of wealthy slaveholding planters, a much larger class of small planters, and thousands of slaves.	49
25967385	Growth of Slavery (mid 1700s)	1755 = peak of African slave trade to North America. 90% went to southern colonies.	50
25967386	Pluralism in Pennsylvania	ethnic and religious complexity resulting from the high immigration rates. After 1720, Germans and Irish were most abundant immigrants.	51
25967387	Backcountry	many Scots-Irish and Germans pushed west into the mountains, river valleys of Virginia and Carolinas. Many farmed, hunted or raised cattle. Had very little anglicizing, and was clannish and violent.	52
25967388	Enlightenment in America	rejected vengeful God, exalted man's capacity for knowledge and social improvement. Tilotson influential- morality over dogma. Most Harvard graduated ministers embraced this view, that of no hell or divinity of Jesus.	53
25967389	John Wesley	founder of Holy Club: High Church (into orthodoxy, ritual and liturgy) who did crazy things, ie were methodical in their religious practices, and were referred to as Methodists. Preached in America and Europe, life mission: to convert sinners.	54
25967390	Gilbert Tennent	son of William Tennent, Sr. Set up Log College- trained evangelical preachers. (1740) Sermon: The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry. Firm believer in conversion experience over orthodoxy.	55
25967391	Jonathon Edwards	only remaining Protstant/Non-Anglican member of Yale faculty in 1722. 1734-35 Revival in Connecticut, ended with suicide of follower because of sins' burden. Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737) explained revival as emotional response to God's word bringing sudden conversion.	56
25967392	Country Constitutions	the southern colonies' "politics of harmony" system with mutual flattery between the elected assembly and governor. Resulted in cessation of public controversy. Followed "country" principles of British opposition.	57
25967393	Court Constitutions	the northern colonies' system of political factions, with governors using patronage to reward/discipline to achieve their large vision of public welfare.	58
25967394	Native American Trade	colonists along the frontier traded with Native Americans, often to maintain friendly relations with them. During the mid-1700s, it was more favorable for the Native Americans to trade with the British because their goods were of the same quality but less expensive than those of the French. This, in part, led to the French-Indian War.	59
25967395	Stono Rebellion	(1739) most violent slave revolt in history of 13 colonies, inspired by Spanish Florida offering British colony slaves liberty and Mose. South Carolina.	60
25967396	War of Jenkin's Ear	(1739) Britain v. Spain- nobody really accomplished anything, but British colonies gained some patriotism. Georgia invades Florida.	61
25967397	King George's War	(1744-48) France v. Britain- started with British victory, but gave way to defeat. Ended by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.	62
25967398	Breaking the Covenant Chain	previous alliances between British colonies and Iroquois Nations were not kept up, and intrusions by British on Mohawk land led to "cold shoulder" incident, where talks were completely ceased.	63
25967399	Albany Congress	(1754) intercolonial congress to redress Iroquois grievances.	64
25967400	French and Indian War (Seven Years War)	(1754-63) between France/Indians, England. Result of British conquest west of Mississippi	65
25967401	Role of Native Americans	integral to success of French during French and Indian War, because of superior fighting techniques.	66
25967402	Edward Braddock	British professional commander sent to North America who tried to cross the mountains to attack the French fort on the Ohio River.	67
25967403	Governor Shirly	governor of Massachusetts (1741-56). Commanded the British armed forces in America in the French-Indian War. Led the forced-expulsion of French from Acadia.	68
25967404	Battle of Lake George	(1755) French under Dieskau defeated by British under Johnson.	69
25967405	Battle of Quebec	(1759) British forces under Wolfe successfully repel French forces under Montcalm, though both officers are mortally wounded. European style fighting.	70
25967406	William Pitt	(1757) British war minister, understood colonies, didn't coerce, used consent, worked out rank problems, imposed discipline on Colonists, gave monetary incentive for colonies to help war effort	71
25967407	Peace of Paris	(1763) peace agreement signed to end Seven Years War/ French Indian War. British dominated outside of Europe.	72

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AP Human Geography Chapters 7/8 Vocabulary Flashcards

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, 11e
Rubenstein

Terms : Hide Images

1043932389	Apartheid	Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.	0
1043932390	balkanization	A process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.	1
1043932391	balkanized	Descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. (see the Balkans)	2
1043932392	blockbusting	A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.	3
1043932393	centripetal force	An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.	4
1043932394	ethnic cleansing	A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. (see Kosovo)	5
1043932395	ethnicity	Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. (see Hispanic)	6
1043932396	genocide	The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence. (see Holocaust, Doctor Who)	7
1043932397	nationalism	Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.	8
1043932398	nationality	Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.	9
1043932399	race	Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor.	10
1043932400	racism	Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.	11
1043932401	racist	A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.	12
1043932402	sharecropper	A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.	13
1043932403	triangular slave trade	A practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean Islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	14
1043932404	anocracy	A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types. (see warlords in Somalia)	15
1043932405	autocracy	A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the interests of the people. (see Russia's former dictatorship)	16
1043932406	balance of power	A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. (see Star Trek: TOS episode 'Balance of Power' arms race with the Klingons)	17
1043932407	boundary	An invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory. (synonymous with border)	18
1043932408	city-state	A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside. (see Vatican City)	19
1043932409	colonialism	An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. (see 1600's England, Portugal, France, Netherlands)	20
1043932410	colony	A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. (see former North America)	21
1043932411	compact state	A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. (see El Salvador)	22
1044263529	democracy	A country in which citizens elect leaders and can run for office. (see United States)	23
1044263530	elongated state	A state with a long, narrow shape. (see Chile)	24
1044263531	federal state	An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government/An union of partially self-governing states under a central government. (synonymous with federation) (see European Union)	25
1044263532	fragmented state	A state that includes several fragmented pieces of territory. (see US (Alaska))	26
1044263533	frontier	A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.	27
1044263534	gerrymandering	The process of redrawing political boundaries for the purposes of benefiting the party in power. (see gerrymandering in Los Angeles)	28
1044263535	landlocked state	A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. (see Ethiopia, Serbia)	29
1044263536	microstate	A state that encompasses a very small land area. (see Vatican City)	30
1044263537	multiethnic state	A state that contains more than one ethnicity. (see United States)	31
1044263538	multinational state	A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. (see Canada (Quebec, First Nation, etc))	32
1044263539	nation-state	A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.	33
1044263540	perforated state	A state that completely surrounds another one.	34
1044263541	prorupted state	An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.	35
1044263542	self-determination	The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. (see Mongolia's independence from China)	36
1044263543	sovereignity	Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. (see United States)	37
1044263544	state	An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and external affairs. (synonymous with country)	38
1044263545	terrorism	The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands. (see 9/11)	39
1044263546	unitary state	An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials. (see United Kingdom's Parliament)	40
1050251452	prejudice	An idea about group of people that is applied to all members of the group, and unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it.	41
1050251453	discrimination	The unequal treatment of individuals because of their social group.	42
1050251454	institutional discrimination	Discrimination carried out systematically by social institutions, pervasive throughout today's society.	43
1050251455	redlining	When loan companies discriminate in the housing market, creating segregated neighborhoods as a result. (see Philadelphia's ethnic sections)	44
1050251456	white flight	When whites leave a neighborhood or city in anticipation of black migration to that place. (see modern Detroit's migration patterns)	45
1050251457	Jim Crow laws	Laws in the South that advocated the "separate but equal" treatment of black residents. (see Skeeter's booklet in 'The Help')	46
1050251458	Plessy v. Ferguson	An United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".	47
1050251459	Brown v. Board of Education	An United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation.	48
1056475993	stateless nation	cultural group that has no nation (see Hmong)	49
1056475994	nation	culturally defined term: a group with a shared culture/history (synonymous with ethnicity)	50
1056475995	multistate nation	an ethnic group residing in multiple states (see Kurds)	51
1056475996	geometric boundary	boundary drawn using grid systems, often straight lines (see US/Canadian northwestern border)	52
1056475997	physical-political boundary	based on physical features (see Chilean/Argentinian Andes Mtns. eastern border)	53

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America: A Narrative History - 9th Edition Chapter 8 Flashcards

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837383517	Marbury vs Madison p. 331	The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress. The Supreme Court had the power to decide whether a law passed by Congress was constitutional and reject laws it considered unconstitutional, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789.	0
837383518	Chief Justice John Marshall p. 331	Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established judiciary as a branch of government equal to legislative and executive; established judicial review, which allows Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional	1
837383519	Barbary Pirates p. 333	The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.	2
837383520	Corps of Discovery p. 337	Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members, Team of adventurers, lead by Meriwether Lewis and William Clart, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West;s flora fauna, and native populatrions, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west.	3
837383521	Aaron Burr p. 340	Served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. under Jefferson, and was a Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.and fled south	4
837383522	Impressment p. 343	British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812., British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.	5
837383523	Tecumseh p. 348	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	6
837383524	War hawks p. 350	Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain's northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.	7
837383525	Andrew Jacksonp. 350	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.	8
837383526	Francis Scott Key p. 357	United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812	9
837383527	Treaty of Ghent p. 358	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.	10
837383528	Hartford Convention p. 359	Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence and the party eventually collapsed.	11

1490577348	What is a ratio	A ratio is a comparison of two quantities that have a relationship	0
1490577349	Order of terms in a ratio is	Very important and must be respected.	1
1490577350	Order in a ratio question means	When writing your answer, whichever word comes first, its number must come first	2
1490577351	Ways of expressing a ratio	Use the word "to"; use a colon to separate terms, or write the terms in fraction form	3
1490577352	A simplified ratio tells us:	For every first number in the ratio, there is the second number in the ratio	4
1490577353	A ratio and a fraction are the same when	The numerator tells the part and the denominator tells the whole in the group.	5
1490577354	The parts of a ratio represent	The members of the set being compared	6
1490577355	Part-to-Part ratios represent	A relationship between one part of a whole and another part of the whole.	7
1490577356	Part-to-Whole ratios represent	A relationship between a part and its whole.	8
1490577357	Whole-to-Part	A relationship between the whole and a part of the whole.	9

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