| CourseNotes

APES Exam Flashcards

9832127528	crust	composed of volcanic, sedimentary, and granite-type rocks	0
9832133660	mantle	iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon-oxygen compounds	1
9832139130	lithosphere	solid, outer part of earth/brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust/broken into tectonic plates	2
9832147972	core	composed of iron and is so hot the outer core is molten	3
9832151760	basalt	common igneous rock formed by rapid cooling of lava exposed or near the surface	4
9832159301	granite rock	contains mostly mineral quartz and feldspar which solidified from magma that cooled far below earth's surface	5
9832169028	metamorphic rock	type of rock that has been changed by extreme heat and pressure	6
9832177751	sedimentary rock	formed through deposition and the solidification of sediment that was transported by water, ice, or wind	7
9832187098	continental drift theory	proposed by alfred wegner, all present-day continents originally formed one landmass	8
9832195472	subduction zones	two tectonic plates meet and move toward each other, with one sliding underneath the other and moving down into the mantle	9
9832205313	transform boundaries	plates slide past each other, friction and stress buildup cause earthquakes (sna andreas fault)	10
9832221493	divergent boundaries	two plates slide apart from each other, creates fault zones which are areas of frequent oceanic earthquakes	11
9832229827	convergent boundaries	two plates slide towards each other, commonly forming either a subduction zone or orogonic belt, creates an oceanic trench	12
9832243690	tsunami	generated by subducton-zone earthquakes	13
9832250498	solar intensity	affected by earth's rotation, the tilt of earth's axis (23.5 degrees), and atmospheric conditions	14
9832257284	seasons	not caused by earth's distance from the sun, but rather by the angle of sunlight hitting the earth	15
9832267065	soil	holds nutrients and water for plants and animals, filters water, composed of minerals, organic materials from dead plants and animals, and open space to be filled with water or air	16
9832280116	o horizon	surface litter, leaves and partially decomposed organic debris	17
9832285590	a horizon	topsoil, humus, organic matter, living organisms and inorganic minerals	18
9832291065	e horizon	zone of leaching, dissolved and suspended materials move downwards	19
9832295708	b horizon	subsoil, tends to be yellowish in color due to accumulation of iron, aluminum, and clay leached from a and e horizons, rich in nutrients	20
9832304946	c horizon	weathered parent material, partially broken down inorganic materials	21
9832309220	bedrock	lowest layer of soil	22
9832311732	parent material	rock and minerals from which soil derives	23
9832315333	climate	measured by precipitation and temperature, results in partial weathering of the parent material	24
9832323902	sand	sedimentary material coarser than silt	25
9832329081	silt	sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles	26
9832333630	clay	very fine particles, compacts easily, aggregates when wet	27
9833428290	humus	dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays	28
9833433849	soil erosion	movement of weathered rock or soil components from one place to another	29
9833437744	desertification impacts	productive potential of arid or semiarid land falls by at least 10% due to human activity or climate change	30
9833444349	salinization	water that is not absorbed into the soil and evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts in topsoil	31
9833451149	waterlogging	saturation of soil with water resulting in a rise in the water table	32
9833464269	igenous	formed by cooling	33
9833468084	atmosphere	composed of seven primary compounds: nitrogen (78%) oxygen (21%) water vapor (0-4%) carbon dioxide (<1%) methane (<1%) nitrous oxide (<1%) ozone (<1%)	34
9833482225	troposphere	0-7 miles above the surface, 75% of the atmosphere's mass, temperature decreases with altitude, weather occurs in this zone	35
9833491610	stratosphere	temperature increases with altitude due to absorption of UV radiation by ozone, contains ozone layer	36
9833497142	mesosphere	temperature decreases with altitude, coldest layer, ice clouds occur here, meteors burn up in this layer	37
9833502212	thermosphere	temperature increases with altitude, contains gamma rays, x-rays, and UV radiation, aurora borealis	38
9833521840	conduction	involves the transfer of heat through solid substances and results from a difference in temperature between different parts of the substance	39
9833528413	convection	the primary way energy is transferred from hotter to colder regions in earth's atmosphere, primary determinant of weather patterns, movement of warmer molecules in the air	40
9833542583	air mass	a large body of air that has similar temperatures and moisture content	41
9833545605	albedo	reflectivity	42
9833548529	carbon cycle	includes carbonate rock weathering and silicate rock weathering	43
9833555821	fronts	the boundary where two air masses meet	44
9833566924	warm front	boundary between an advancing warm air mass and the cooler one it is replacing	45
9833571878	cold front	leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air	46
9833783326	global air circulation	affected by uneven heating of earth's surface, seasons, the coriolis effect, the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth, convection cells created by warm oceans waters	47
9833791947	low pressure cells	produces cloudy and stormy weather	48
9833793983	high pressure cells	produces fair weather	49
9833796293	trade winds	prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, blow predominantly from the northeast to the northern hemisphere and from the southeast in the southern hemisphere	50
9833808394	coriolis effect	when earth's rotation on its axis causes winds to not travel straight	51
9833811800	hadley air cell	high humidity, high clouds, and heavy rains	52
9833815299	ferrel air cell	betwen 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south latitudes	53
9833821713	polar air cell	icy-cold, dry, dense air that descends from the troposphere to the ground	54
9833825292	polar vortex	a low-pressure zone embedded in a large mass of very cold air that lies atop both poles	55
9833830824	monsoons	strong, often violent winds that change direction with the season	56
9833835693	upwellings	occurs when prevailing winds push warmer, nutrient-poor surface waters away from the coastline, then surface water is replaced by cooler, nutrient-rich deeper waters	57
9833843750	water	filters out harmful UV radiation in aquatic ecosystems	58
9861155170	confined aquifer	aquifer below that land surface that is saturated with water	59
9861164070	recharge zone	surface above the aquifer which supplies it with water	60
9861167602	unconfined aquifer	aquifer whose upper water surface is at an atmospheric pressure	61
9861173732	unsaturated zone	zone immediately below the land surface where the pores contain water and air, not completely saturated with water	62
9861183884	water permeability	the ability of a material to allow the passage of water through rocks	63
9861189223	water table	the level below which the ground is saturated with water	64
9861196494	subsidence	the sinking of land that results from groundwater extraction	65
9861200871	saltwater intrusion	the movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources	66
9861212639	ice shelves	a thick floating platform of ice that forms when a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface	67
9861233404	three types of water withdrawal	agriculture, industrial, and municipal	68
9861236499	africa	most agricultural water withdrawal	69
9861243716	europe	most industrial water withdrawal	70
9861247416	oceania	most municipal water withdrawal	71
9861257719	ecology	branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical environment	72
9861265591	clumped population dispersal	dense with organisms, most common type of dispersion	73
9861275655	random population dispersion	little interaction between members of the population	74
9861279931	ecological niches	the particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism and includes the function of that organism within an ecological community	75
9861295350	ecosystem services	provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural	76
9861302383	law of tolerance	the existence, abundance, and distribution of species depends on the tolerance level of each species to both physical and climate factors	77
9861311971	limiting factor	any abiotic factor that limits of prevents the growth of a population	78
9861328313	temporal partitioning	two species eliminate direct competition by utilizing the same resource at different times	79
9861339982	spatial partitioning	competing species use the same resource by occupying different areas or habitats within the range of occurance of resource	80
9861353956	morphological partitioning	two species share the same resource but have evolved slightly different structures to utilize the same resource	81
9861366464	amensalism	one species suffers and the other species is not affected	82
9861373080	commensalism	one organism benefits and one is not affected	83
9861375902	competition	the driving force of evolution, can be for mates, food, or habitat	84
9861384408	mutualism	both species benefit	85
9861388124	parasitism	one species benefits and the other is harmed	86
9861391771	predation	predators hunt and kill prey	87
9861394932	saprotropism	one organism obtains its nutrients from dead or decaying plants and animals through absorption of soluble organic compounds	88
9861408258	keystone species	a species whose very presence contributes to a diversity of life and whose extinction would lead to extinction of other forms of life	89
9861419895	edge effects	how the local environment changes along some type of boundary or edge	90
9861427276	primary producers	plants that convert solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis	91
9861433214	heterotrophs	get their energy by consuming primary producers	92
9861444984	gross primary production	the rate at which plants capture and fix a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time	93
9861451646	net primary production	remaining fixed energy	94
9861470825	antarctic	area surrounding south pole, less than 2 in. rainfall, cold and dry, low biodiversity, seas are extremely productive because phytoplankton grow abundantly during the extended daylight of summer and feed large populations of krill	95
9861505482	marine	highest npp	96
9861508915	abyssal	deep ocean, high pressure, high oxygen, low nutrient	97
9861516853	benthic	below pelagic zone, temperature increases as depth increases because light cannot penetrate deeper water, nutrient rich	98
9861528737	fringing reefs	grows seaward directly from shore	99
9861536065	atoll	when a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level	100
9861545521	barrier reefs	border a shoreline, they are separated from land by an expanse of water	101
9861556716	intertidal	ocean meets land, high biodiversity	102
9861567366	pelagic	open ocean, thermal stratification with a constant mixing of warm and cold ocean currents	103
9861575464	lakes	large natural bodies of standing freshwater formed when precipitation, runoff, or groundwater seepage fills depressions in earth's surface	104
9861587984	processes that form lakes:	tectonic uplift of mountain range, advance and retreat of glaciers, no natural outlet for ocean water, erosion in river valleys, and volcanic craters and calderas that fill up with water more rapidly than they empty	105
9861616646	littoral zone	shallow, close to shore, penetrated by light, rooted and floating plants flourish	106
9861624183	limnetic zone	open surface water, penetrated by light, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and higher animals, produces most of the lake's food and oxygen	107
9861639943	profundal zone	deep, no-light regions, too dark for photosynthesis, low oxygen levels	108
9861647003	benthic zone	bottom of lake, organisms can tolerate low temperature and low oxygen	109
9861652121	oligotrophic	deep, cold, small surface area, nutrient-poor, not very productive, clear water, high oxygen concentration	110
9861666758	mesotrophic	moderate nutrient content, reasonably productive	111
9861673496	eutrophic	shallow, warm, large surface area, nutrient rich, many phytoplankton, murky waters, low oxygen	112
9861690512	wetlands	areas that are covered with water at some point in the year and that support aquatic plants, absorbs excess water, carbon sink, groundwater recharge zone	113
9861737014	anthropogenic activities that can reduce biodiversity	burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial agriculture, overfishing, use of pesticides, GMOs, and water pollution	114
9861760859	ecological succession	the gradual and orderly process of ecosystem development brought about by changes in community composition and the production of a climax community	115
9865908894	carbon	basic building block of life and the fundamental element found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids	116
9865915586	sinks of carbon	plant matter, old growth forests, oceans, and sedimentary deposits (limestone- largest reservoir of carbon)	117
9865938039	carbon is released into the atmosphere	cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration, decay of organic material, burning fossil fuels, weatherization, volcanic eruptions, strip mining, and incineration of wastes	118
9865951171	nitrogen	essential element needed to make amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids	119
9865957802	nitrogen cycle	nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification	120
9865965942	nitrogen fixation	atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia or nitrate ions, done by legumes	121
9865975171	nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrite and nitrate, useful to plants	122
9865980391	assimilation	plants absorb ammonia and nitrate ions through their roots	123
9865986417	ammonification	decomposing bacteria convert dead organisms and wastes to ammonia and ammonium ions	124
9865998759	denitrification	anaerobic bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites, nitrates, nitrogen gas, and nitrous oxide to continue the cycle	125
9866013325	phosphorus	essential for the production of nucleotides, atp, fats in cell membranes, bones, teeth, and shells/primary sink is sedimentary rocks	126
9866024442	phosphorus cycle	released from terrestrial rocks by weathering and action of acidic rain, limiting factor for soil, does not involve a gaseous or atmospheric phase	127
9866042274	water cycle	powered by energy from the sun, in a state of dynamic equilibrium by which the rate of evaporation equals the rate of precipitation/includes evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, infiltration, runoff, and precipitation	128
9877959064	population ecology	studies the dynamics of species' populations and how these populations interact with the environment	129
9877967745	biotic potential	the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimal environmental conditions/rate of reproduction and the size of each litter are the primary determining factors/restricted by environmental resistence	130
9877983219	carrying capacity	the number of individuals that can be supported in a given area sustainably/decreases as environment degrades	131
9877996255	j-curve	population density increases rapidly then stops abruptly as environmental resistance suddenly becomes effective	132
9878007544	s-curve	the population density of an organism increases slowly, then increases rapidly, then declines in a negative acceleration phase until reaching zero growth rate	133
9878030623	r-strategists	high reproductive rates	134
9878033613	K-strategists	reproduce later in life with fewer offspring	135
9878046556	decline of living conditions	overproduction of young, inability of resources to keep up, irresponsibility of lower classes	136
9878058673	survivorship curves	show age distribution characteristics of species, reproductive strategies, and life history	137
9878063050	type I	humans	138
9878066742	type II	birds	139
9878066744	type III	oysters	140
9878079014	replacement level fertility	the level of fertility at which a couple has only enough children to replace themselves	141
9878083228	crude birth rate	number of live births per 1,000 members of population per year	142
9878090925	crude death rate	number of deaths per 1,000 members of population each year	143
9878099648	population change	(crude birth rate + immigration) - (crude death rate + emigration)	144
9878105290	actual growth rate	birth rate - death rate/10	145
9878110242	doubling time	use rule of 70, the amount of time it takes for a given quantity to double in size or value at a constant growth rate/dt(change in time)= 70/r(growth rate)	146
9878122898	pre-industrial	living conditions are severe, medical care is poor, food supply is limited, little population growth	147
9878133241	transitional	standards of hygiene, advances in medical care, cleaned water supply, higher levels of education, rapid increase in population	148
9878147078	industrial	educational and work opportunities for women decrease birth rates, death rate closes	149
9878154719	post-industrial	birth rate equals death rate, zero population growth, standard of living is much higher	150
9878170073	age pyramid	determined by birth rate, generation time, death rate, and sex ratios	151
9878184970	strategies for population sustainability	economic incentives for having fewer children, more job opportunities for women, government family-planning services, improve prenatal and infant health care	152
9878275226	alley cropping	planting crops in strips with rows of trees or shrubs on each side/increases biodiversity, reduces surface water runoff and erosion	153
9878286455	conservation tillage	slows water movement and reduces the amount of soil erosion	154
9878291277	contour farming	farming with row patterns that run nearly level around the hill/slows water runoff and erosion	155
9878298217	crop rotation	planting a field with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion/adds nitrogen to the soil	156
9878306735	intercropping	to grow more than one crop in the same field	157
9878309682	interplanting	growing two different crops in an area at the same time	158
9878315720	no till	inject seeds into slits or holes in the soil by a machine to minimize soil distribution/reduce soil erosion, energy consumption, and water loss	159
9878330985	polyculture	different crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems and avoids monoculture	160
9878344702	terracing	graduated terrace steps are commonly used to farm on hilly or mountainous terrain	161
9878350993	tillage	exposes the land to water and wind erosion	162
9878357654	inorganic fertilizer	mined from mineral deposits or synthetic compounds/nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium	163
9878365175	GMOs	genetically modified crops, extend shelf life of fruits and vegetables, can alleviate chronic malnutrition, can withstand extreme weather conditions	164
9878383615	GMO pros	less water and fertilizer, higher crop yields, less spoilage, faster growth, more resistant to disease and pests, may grow in saltier soils, ad less exposure to pesticides and herbicides	165
9878386713	GMO cons	unknown ecological effects, less biodiversity, may harm beneficial insects, may pose an allergen risk, unknown mutations, may cause pesticide resistant strains, plants produce sterile seeds requiring farmers to buy new ones each year	166
9878429424	sustainable agriculture practices	use water and nutrients efficiently, keep soil covered throughout year, reduce or eliminate tillage, diversify farms, rotate crops, protect water quality	167
9878879391	biological controls	living organisms used to control pest/sterile insect technique	168
9878885108	carbamates	affects the nervous system of pests	169
9878899227	chlorinated hydrocarbons and other persistent organic compounds	includes DDT, synthetic organic compounds that belong to a group of chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants	170
9878908983	POPs	organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes	171
9878919319	fumigants	used to sterilize soil and prevent pest infestation	172
9878922669	inorganic controls	broad-based pesticides that are highly toxic and accumulate in the environment	173
9878930944	organic or natural	natural poisons derived from plants such as tobacco or chrysanthemum	174
9878939576	organophosphates	extremely toxic but remain in the environment for only a brief time	175
9878949144	integrated pest management	ecological pest control strategy that uses a combination of biological, chemical, and physical methods together or in succession and requires an understanding of the ecology and life cycle of pests	176
9878967998	mitigation	alleviate in force or intensity	177
9878967999	remediation	act or process of correcting a fault or deficiency	178
9878974509	restoration	returning something to its former good condition	179
9878979482	old-growth forests	forests that have not been seriously impacted by human activities for hundreds of years/older and mixed age trees, minimal signs of human activity, healthy soil profiles	180
9878998058	ecological impacts of wildlife	loss of habitat, more available sunlight is able to reach the ground which can result in higher ground temperatures, significantly less vegetation and associated root systems that help to hold soil together and absorb precipitation	181
9879022041	four factors that control the severity of forest fires	weather, abundance of fuel, lack of moisture, terrain characteristics	182
9879027865	crown fires	occur in forests that have not had surface fires for a long time	183
9879033578	ground fires	fires that occur underground, burn partially decayed leaves, and are common in peat bogs	184
9879042036	surface fires	burn undergrowth and kill leaf litter	185
9879053826	role and ecological importance of fire	some plants cannot reproduce without fire, initiates critical natural processes by breaking down organic matter into soil nutrients while rain then moves these nutrients back into the soil, also destroys invasive plant species that compete for limited resources	186
9879071119	deforestation	results in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity and reduced ecological services	187
9879076599	clear-cutting	all of the trees in an area are cut at the same time	188
9879080970	high-grading	cutting and removing only the largest and best trees	189
9879086077	seed-cutting trees	the majority of trees are removed except for scattered seed producing trees	190
9879094819	shelterwood cutting	removing all mature trees in an area	191
9879098769	strip cutting	clear-cutting a strip of trees that follows the land contour	192
9879106836	purpose of federal rangelands	a habitat for game species, habitat for diverse native plant species, source of high quality drinking water and clean air, fully renewable food production systems for the cattle industry	193
9879120863	desertification	the conversion of marginal rangeland or cropland to a more desert-like land type, caused by overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought or climate change as well as overuse of nutrients and water	194
9879146130	urbanization pros	uses less land, better education, mass transit systems decrease reliance on fossil fuels, better sanitation, better recycling, high tax revenues, attract industry, more pollution comes from point sources allowing for more direct remediation	195
9879167537	urbanization cons	impact on land is more concentrated and more prolonged, overcrowded schools, infrastructure cannot keep up with growth, solid-waste build up, strains on social services, pollution levels are high	196
9879186440	smart growth	an urban planning and transportation plan designed to slow urban sprawl and concentrate growth in compact, walkable "urban villages"	197
9879203774	impacts of federal highway system on environment	fewer pollutants, reduction in greenhouse gases, improved fuel economy, improved economy, and improved quality of life	198
9879219713	four steps of mining	site development, extraction, processing, and reclamation	199
9879224570	site development	economic decisions are made to determine whether a site will be profitable	200
9879231790	extraction	includes surface mining, underground mining, and in situ leaching	201
9879239398	surface mining	soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed, four main forms: strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, and dredging	202
9879249984	strip mining	mining a seam of mineral by first removing a long strip of overburden	203
9879968360	in situ leaching	small holes are drilled into the site	204
9879971548	processing	intensive chemical processes during smelting	205
9879974740	reclamation	surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977, primary federal law that regulates the environmental effect of surface mining	206
9879991823	bottom trawling	uses a funnel-shaped net to drag the ocean bottom for shrimp, cod, flounder, and scallops	207
9880000760	bycatch	species that are not wanted	208
9880003713	drift net	long expanses of nets that hang down in water and also trap turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals	209
9880011963	longline	placing very long lines with thousands of baited hooks for swordfish, tuna, sharks, halibut, and cod	210
9880019788	purse seine	involves surrounding large schools of tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, spotted by aircraft using sonar with a large net drawn tight	211
9880042902	methods to manage fisheries in a sustainable manner:	regulating locations and pollution output, encouraging production of herbivorous fish, setting catch limits far below sustainable yields, increasing marine sanctuaries, controlling invasive species, and protecting coastal wetlands and estuaries	212
9880063184	aquaculture	the commercial growing of aquatic organisms for food, 80% mollusks, 40% shrimp, 75% kelp	213
9880075681	world bank	a source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world	214
9880088083	examples of tragedy of the commons	uncontrolled human population growth, air pollution, overextraction of groundwater, logging old-growth forests, slash and burn practices, burning fossil fuels, habitat destruction, and overfishing	215
9880110429	energy	the ability to do work	216
9880110430	joule	unit of energy	217
9880113879	power	work/time	218
9880113880	watt	unit of power	219
9880154798	btu	british thermal unit, amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1 degree F	220
9880166735	1st law of thermodynamics	energy cannot be created or destroyed	221
9880171015	2nd law of thermodynamics	when energy is converted from one form to another a less useful form results	222
9880181813	coal and oil	world's primary sources of energy	223
9880229425	nonrenewable resource	a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption	224
9880235021	coal	produced by the decomposition of ancient organic matter under high temperature and pressure	225
9880240962	lignite	lowest heat content	226
9880240963	bituminous	high sulfur content and constitutes 50% of the US coal reserves	227
9880247366	anthracite	high heat content and low sulfur content	228
9880250863	baghouse filters	fabric filter that can be used to reduce particulates	229
9880257404	coal gasification	turns coal and other carbon-based fuels into gas known as syngas	230
9880265346	cyclone separator	removing particulates through rotational effects and gravity	231
9880270701	electrostatic precipitators	a filtration device that removes fine particles	232
9880278900	scrubbers	systems that inject chemicals into dirty exhaust stream to wash out acidic gases	233
9880290355	clean coal	a term for technology that mitigates emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that arise from the burning of coal for electrical power	234
9880302484	pros of coal	world reserves will last 300 years at the current rate of consumption, relatively high-net energy yield, US subsidies keep prices low	235
9880310373	cons of coal	most extraction is done through strip mining, burning of coal releases sulfur and radioactive particles into the air, expensive to process and transport, contributes to global warming	236
9880328502	oil	a fossil fuel produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic material under high temperature and pressure for millions of years	237
9880337081	pros of oil	easily transported, high net-energy yield, ample supply, large US subsidies, and versatile	238
9880343450	cons of oil	world oil reserves are limited and declining, produces water pollution, creates air pollution when burned, land disturbances, oil spills	239
9880358323	natural gas	a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years	240
9880363194	pros of natural gas	easily transported, inexpensive, high world reserves, high net-energy yield, must safer extraction	241
9880373255	cons of natural gas	burning releases CO2, releases sulfur, leakage increases global warming, causes environmental disruptions	242
9880388334	fracking	chemicals are mixed with large quantities of water and sand are injected into wells at an extremely high pressure to create fractures in rock that allow oil and natural gas to escape and flow out of the well	243
9880415325	nuclear fission	an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei along with by-product particles and the heat that is produced is used to produce steam that turns off generators that then produce electricity	244
9880431834	decline in nuclear energy	cost overruns, higher-than-expected operating costs, safety issues, disposal of nuclear wastes, and its perception of being a risky investment	245
9880443282	nuclear core	contains fuel rods with fuel pellets	246
9880446247	nuclear fuel	enriched U-235	247
9880449765	control rods	move in and out of the core to absorb neutrons and slow down the reaction	248
9880455993	moderator	reduces the speed of fast neutrons allowing a sustainable chain reaction	249
9880460026	coolant	removes heat and produces steam to generate electricity	250
9880463463	pros of nuclear energy	produces 62% of US emission free energy, releases 1/6 CO2 that fossil fuels do, water pollution is low, low disruption of land	251
9880479021	cons of nuclear energy	thermal pollution, storage of nuclear waste, low net-energy yield, uranium is nonrenewable	252
9880495745	oil shale	organic-rich, fine-grained, sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts of an organic compound known as kerogen	253
9880524930	tar sands	contains bitumen (semi-solid form of oil that does not flow)	254
9880546027	biogas	a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce methane gas which can be burned to produce energy	255
9880569688	biomass	a biological material derived from living or recently living organisms that can be burned in large incinerators to create steam that is used for electricity	256
9880615047	geothermal	heat contained in underground rock and fluids from molten rock which produces pockets of underground dry steam used for fuel	257
9888604836	solar energy	collecting and harnessing radiant energy from the sun to provide heat or electricity	258
9888613833	pros of solar energy	supply is limitless, very limited pollution, little impact on wildlife habitats	259
9888618526	cons of solar energy	insufficient where sunlight is limited, systems must be replaced, toxic materials are required in manufacturing	260
9888631266	hydrogen fuel cells	operates similar to a battery, has two electrodes- oxygen passes over one and hydrogen passes over the other, reacts and forms new ions which produce water	261
9888655246	primary pollutants	emitted directly into the air	262
9888656940	secondary pollutants	result from the reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere- forming a new pollutant	263
9888659545	point source air pollution	occurs when contamination comes from an obvious source	264
9888665621	non point air pollution	occurs when contamination comes from a source that is not easily identifiable	265
9888670510	carbon monoxide	colorless, odorless, tasteless gas/product of volcanic activity, fires, burning fossil fuels, and photochemical reactions in the troposphere/component of photochemical smog	266
9888681030	lead	used in building construction, batteries, bullets and shot, fishing weights, and shields for radiation/phased out in US/can cause lead poisoning	267
9888693579	nitrogen oxides	produced from the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air/form photochemical smog	268
9888701500	ozone	secondary air pollutant/harms lung function, causes asthma and bronchitis, suppresses immune system	269
9888709041	pans	secondary pollutants, cause respiratory problems, impair immune system, eye irritation, reduce crop yields, and inhibits photosynthesis	270
9888716405	sulfur oxides	colorless gas with penetrating and choking odor, dissolves in water to form an acidic solution	271
9888724370	vocs	organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature/long-term health effects	272
9888753439	industrial smog	sulfur-based, "gray smog"	273
9888754988	photochemical smog	catalyzed by UV radiation, nitrogen-based, "brown smog"	274
9888759238	temperature inversions	occur when air temperature increases with the height above the ground as opposed to the normal decrease in temperature with height/occurs at night when solar heating ceases and the surface cools	275
9888775347	water pollution sources	sewage, farm runoff, air pollutants, industrial wastewater, shipping, offshore oil, and litter	276

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Statistics Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

14263261888	How do you check if there is outliers?	calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier	0
14263261889	If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why?	median; it is resistant to skews and outliers	1
14263261890	If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why?	mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers	2
14263261891	What is in the five number summary?	Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum	3
14263261892	Relationship between variance and standard deviation?	variance=(standard deviation)^2	4
14263261893	variance definition	the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean	5
14263261894	standard deviation	the standard deviation is the square root of the variance	6
14263261895	What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated?	IQR	7
14263261896	What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated?	standard deviation	8
14263261897	What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent?	Q3-Q1; 50%	9
14263261898	How do you calculate standard deviation?	1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it	10
14263262078	What is the formula for standard deviation?		11
14263261899	Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables	Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values	12
14263261900	If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier?	No	13
14263261901	Things to include when describing a distribution	Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range)	14
14263261902	Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable?	Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction.	15
14263261903	What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution?	shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1	16
14263261904	What is a density curve?	a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1	17
14263261905	Inverse Norm	when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation)	18
14263261906	z	(x-mean)/standard deviation	19
14263261907	pth percentile	the value with p percent observations less than is	20
14263261908	cumulative relative frequency graph	can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution	21
14263261909	How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot	STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON	22
14263261910	r	tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers	23
14263261911	r^2	the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line	24
14263261912	residual plot	a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN	25
14263261913	regression line	a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x.	26
14263261914	residual formula	residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y	27
14263261915	What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial?	BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial	28
14263261916	What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric?	BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial	29
14263261917	n	number of trials	30
14263261918	p	probability of success	31
14263261919	k	number of successes	32
14263261920	Binomial Formula for P(X=k)	(n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k)	33
14263261921	Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k)	binompdf(n,p,k)	34
14263261922	Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k)	binomcdf(n,p,k)	35
14263261923	Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k)	1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1)	36
14263261924	mean of a binomial distribution	np	37
14263261925	standard deviation of a binomial distribution	√(np(1-p))	38
14263261926	Geometric Formula for P(X=k)	(1-p)^(k-1) x p	39
14263261927	Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k)	geometpdf(p,k)	40
14263261928	Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k)	geometcdf(p,k)	41
14263261929	Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k)	1-geometcdf(p,k-1)	42
14263261930	Mean of a geometric distribution	1/p=expected number of trials until success	43
14263261931	Standard deviation of a geometric distribution	√((1-p)/(p²))	44
14263261932	What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number?	Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1)	45
14263261933	how do you enter n choose k into the calculator?	type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k"	46
14263261934	μ(x+y)	μx+μy	47
14263261935	μ(x-y)	μx-μy	48
14263261936	σ(x+y)	√(σ²x+σ²y)	49
14263261937	What does adding or subtracting a constant effect?	Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape.	50
14263261938	What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect?	Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b).	51
14263261939	σ(x-y)	√(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance	52
14263261940	calculate μx by hand	X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK)	53
14263261941	calculate var(x) by hand	(X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k))	54
14263261942	Standard deviation	square root of variance	55
14263261943	discrete random variables	a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers)	56
14263261944	continuous random variables	-x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis)	57
14263261945	What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y?	(σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent.	58
14263261946	mutually exclusive	no outcomes in common	59
14263261947	addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B)	P(A)+P(B)	60
14263261948	complement rule P(A^C)	1-P(A)	61
14263261949	general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B)	P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B)	62
14263261950	intersection P(A n B)	both A and B will occur	63
14263261951	conditional probability P (A \| B)	P(A n B) / P(B)	64
14263261952	independent events (how to check independence)	P(A) = P(A\|B) P(B)= P(B\|A)	65
14263261953	multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B)	P(A) x P(B)	66
14263261954	general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B)	P(A) x P(B\|A)	67
14263261955	sample space	a list of possible outcomes	68
14263261956	probability model	a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome	69
14263261957	event	any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space)	70
14263261958	What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely?	P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space)	71
14263261959	Complement	probability that an event does not occur	72
14263261960	What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes?	1	73
14263261961	What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events?	P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)	74
14263261962	five basic probability rules	1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B)	75
14263261963	When is a two-way table helpful	displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly	76
14263261964	In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"?	could have either event or both	77
14263261965	When can a Venn Diagram be helpful?	visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events	78
14263261966	What is the general addition rule for two events?	If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B)	79
14263261967	What does the intersection of two or more events mean?	both event A and event B occur	80
14263261968	What does the union of two or more events mean?	either event A or event B (or both) occurs	81
14263261969	What is the law of large numbers?	If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome	82
14263261970	the probability of any outcome...	is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions	83
14263261971	How do you interpret a probability?	We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials	84
14263261972	What are the two myths about randomness?	1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome	85
14263261973	simulation	the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation	86
14263261974	Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation	1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest	87
14263261975	What are some common errors when using a table of random digits?	not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation	88
14263261976	What does the intersection of two or more events mean?	both event A and event B occur	89
14263261977	sample	The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population	90
14263261978	population	In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information	91
14263261979	sample survey	A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample.	92
14263261980	convenience sample	A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias.	93
14263261981	bias	The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes.	94
14263261982	voluntary response sample	People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias.	95
14263261983	random sampling	The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling.	96
14263261984	simple random sample (SRS)	every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected	97
14263261985	strata	Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses.	98
14263261986	stratified random sample	To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample.	99
14263261987	cluster sample	To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample.	100
14263261988	inference	Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand.	101
14263261989	margin of error	Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling.	102
14263261990	sampling frame	The list from which a sample is actually chosen.	103
14263261991	undercoverage	Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error.	104
14263261992	nonresponse	Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error.	105
14263261993	wording of questions	The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters.	106
14263261994	observational study	Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.	107
14263261995	experiment	Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses.	108
14263261996	explanatory variable	A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable.	109
14263261997	response variable	A variable that measures an outcome of a study.	110
14263261998	lurking variable	a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable.	111
14263261999	treatment	A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables.	112
14263262000	experimental unit	the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied.	113
14263262001	subjects	Experimental units that are human beings.	114
14263262002	factors	the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this	115
14263262003	random assignment	An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups.	116
14263262004	replication	An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups.	117
14263262005	double-blind	An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received.	118
14263262006	single-blind	An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received.	119
14263262007	placebo	an inactive (fake) treatment	120
14263262008	placebo effect	Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one	121
14263262009	block	A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments.	122
14263262010	inference about the population	Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest.	123
14263262011	inference about cause and effect	Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units.	124
14263262012	lack of realism	When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest.	125
14263262013	institutional review board	A basic principle of data ethics. All planned studies must be approved in advance and monitored by _____________ charged with protecting the safety and well-being of the participants.	126
14263262014	informed consent	A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing.	127
14263262015	simulation	a model of random events	128
14263262016	census	a sample that includes the entire population	129
14263262017	population parameter	a number that measures a characteristic of a population	130
14263262018	systematic sample	every fifth individual, for example, is chosen	131
14263262019	multistage sample	a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined	132
14263262020	sampling variability	the naturally occurring variability found in samples	133
14263262021	levels	the values that the experimenter used for a factor	134
14263262022	the four principles of experimental design	control, randomization, replication, and blocking	135
14263262023	completely randomized design	a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment	136
14263262024	interpreting p value	if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value).	137
14263262025	p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread	center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)	138
14263262026	probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1)	plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability	139
14263262027	Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula	(p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2))	140
14263262028	When do you use t and z test/intervals?	t for mean z for proportions	141
14263262079	Significance test for difference in proportions		142
14263262029	What is a null hypothesis?	What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho.	143
14263262030	What is an alternative hypothesis?	the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha	144
14263262031	When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided?	Ha less than or greater than	145
14263262032	When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided?	Ha is not equal to	146
14263262033	What is a significance level?	fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant".	147
14263262034	What is the default significance level?	α=.05	148
14263262035	Interpreting the p-value	if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value).	149
14263262036	p value ≤ α	We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true.	150
14263262037	p value ≥ α	We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true.	151
14263262038	reject Ho when it is actually true	Type I Error	152
14263262039	fail to reject Ho when it is actually false	Type II Error	153
14263262040	Power definition	probability of rejecting Ho when it is false	154
14263262041	probability of Type I Error	α	155
14263262042	probability of Type II Error	1-power	156
14263262043	two ways to increase power	increase sample size/significance level α	157
14263262044	5 step process: z/t test	State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho	158
14263262080	Formula for test statistic (μ)		159
14263262045	Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null)	(p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n)	160
14263262046	probability of a Type II Error?	overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf	161
14263262047	when do you use z tests?	for proportions	162
14263262048	when do you use t tests?	for mean (population standard deviation unknown)	163
14263262049	finding p value for t tests	tcdf(min, max, df)	164
14263262050	Sample paired t test	state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion	165
14263262051	What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem?	The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance	166
14263262052	When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do?	check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2)	167
14263262053	How to interpret a C% Confidence Level	In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context).	168
14263262054	How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval	We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context).	169
14263262055	What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval?	random, normal, independent	170
14263262056	C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process	State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z, then p hat +/- z Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context).	171
14263262081	What's the z interval standard error formula?		172
14263262057	How do you find z*?	InvNorm(#)	173
14263262058	How do you find the point estimate of a sample?	subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends)	174
14263262059	How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval?	Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends	175
14263262060	Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to:	use p hat=.5	176
14263262061	Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is known	x bar +/- z*(σ/√n)	177
14263262062	Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known)	starts normal or CLT	178
14263262063	Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is unknown (which is almost always true)	x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n)	179
14263262064	degrees of freedom	n-1	180
14263262065	How do you find t*?	InvT(area to the left, df)	181
14263262066	What is the standard error?	same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating)	182
14263262067	a point estimator is a statistic that...	provides an estimate of a population parameter.	183
14263262068	Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller.	Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases	184
14263262069	Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter?	NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter	185
14263262070	Sx and σx: which is which?	Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population	186
14263262071	How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval?	you are not given the population standard deviation	187
14263262072	Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown)	Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers)	188
14263262073	How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15	plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution)	189
14263262074	t* confidence interval, 5 step process	State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t, then do x bar +/- t(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context).	190
14263262075	margin of error formula	z* or t* (standard error)	191
14263262076	When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data?	x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given	192
14263262077	What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value?	z/t* interval	193

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP English Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9832391502	foreshadowing	to hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand	0
9832391503	enjambment	the continuation of a sentence from one line of a poem to the next	1
9832391504	pastoral	a work that describes the simple life of country folk who live in a timeless, painless life in a world full of beauty, music and love; bucolic, idyll	2
9832391505	ode	a lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style and sometimes uses elaborate stanza structure, which is often patterned in sets of three	3
9832391506	antithesis	the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas; each words opposite is used to convey a deeper meaning:"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind	4
9832391507	apostrophe	an address or invocation to something that is inanimate	5
9832391508	denotation	a direct and specific meaning, often reffered to as the dictionary definition of a word	6
9832391509	blank verse	the verse form consisting of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter	7
9832391510	caesura	pause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than due to specific metrical patterns - for dramatic effect	8
9832391511	antagonist	any force that is in opposition to the main character	9
9832391512	colloquial	ordinary language, the vernacular	10
9832391513	theme	a generalized, abstract paraphrase of the dominant idea or concern of a work	11
9832391514	couplet	two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connection	12
9832391515	dialect	the language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people	13
9832391516	synechdoche	when a part is used to signify a whole, as in "All hands on deck!"-hands= sailors	14
9832391517	diction	the specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect	15
9832391518	syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences	16
9832391519	flashback	retrospection, where an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narrative	17
9832391520	elegy	a poetic (eulogy is a speech) lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation	18
9832391521	epic	a poem that celebrates, in a continuou narrative, the achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture	19
9832391522	allusion	a reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place	20
9832391523	extended metaphor	a detailed and complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work; also called a conceit	21
9832391524	farce	a play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick and physical humor	22
9832391525	in-medis-res	refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filing in past details by exposition or flashback; literally, "in the midst of things"	23
9832391526	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	24
9832391527	exposition	that part of the structure of a plot that sets the scene, introduces and identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play	25
9832391528	satire	a literary work that holds up human failing to ridicule	26
9832391529	alliteration	the sequential repetition of similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually heard in closely proximate stressed syllables - always at the stressed syllables type of consonance	27
9832391530	style	a distinctive manner of expression expressed through an author's diction, rhythm, imagery, and more	28
9832391531	free verse	poetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming lines	29
9832391532	genre	a type or class of literature such as epic or narrative or poetry	30
9832391533	hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language	31
9832391534	iambic	a metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable	32
9832391535	conceit	a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature; in particular, an extended metaphor within a poem	33
9832391536	motif	a recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event	34
9832391537	dramatic monologue	also, a soliloquy; a monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience	35
9832391538	imagery	broadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work; more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object	36
9832391539	informal diction	language that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech	37
9832391540	irony	a situation or statement characterized by a significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant	38
9832391541	lyric	any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than desciribing a narrative or dramatic situation; a sonnet and ode are two examples	39
9832391542	consonance	the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowels	40
9832391543	mood	a feeling or ambiance of story - influenced by author's tone	41
9832391544	metaphor	one thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between them; an implicit comparison of two unlike things	42
9832391545	villanelle	a verse form consisting of nineteen lines divided into six stanzas- five tercets and one quatrain; the first and third line of the first tercet rhyme, and this rhyme is repeated through each of the next four tercets and in the last two lines of the concluding quatrain - started as ballad like song, so use may be allusion	43
9832391546	allegory	a prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrates multiple levels of meaning and significance; often is a universal symbol or personified abstraction	44
9832391547	tone	the attitude a literary work takes toward its subject and theme	45
9832391548	narrative structure	a textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework	46
9832391549	narrator	the character who tells the story	47
9832391550	connotation	what is suggested by a word, apart from what it explictly describes	48
9832391551	omniscient narrator	also called unlimited focus; a perspective that can be seen from multiple characters	49
9832391552	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements, sometimes resulting in a humorous image or statement - only two words	50
9832391553	parable	a short fiction that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy	51
9832391554	realism	the practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail	52
9832391555	juxtaposition	the location of one thing as being adjacent with another; this placement of two items side by side creates a certain effect, reveals an attitude, or accomplishes some purpose of the writer	53
9832391556	ancedote	a brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature	54
9832391557	structure	the organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work	55
9832391558	parallel structure	the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts; maintains balance and symmetry	56
9832391559	persona	the voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author	57
9832391560	archetype	recurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature	58
9832391561	refrain	a repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song	59
9832391562	quatrain	a poetic stanza of four lines	60
9832391563	rhyme	the repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines	61
9832391564	simile	a direct, explicit comparison of two things, usually using like or as to draw the connection	62
9832391565	solioquy	a monologue in which the character in a play is alone and speaking only to himself or herself	63
9832391566	protagonist	the main character in a work who may or may not be heroic	64
9832391567	assonance	repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually those found in stressed syllables of close proximity	65
9832391568	personification	treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualitites - actually doing something human, not anthropomorphizing (seems like doing something human)	66
9832391569	Shakespearean sonnet	a sonnet form divided into three quatrains and one couplet; also called an English sonnet	67
9832391570	onomatopoeia	a work capturing or approximating the sound of what it describes	68
9832391571	speaker	the person, not necessarily the author, who is the voice of the poem	69
9832391572	symbolism	a person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents something else	70
9832391573	Petrachan sonnet	a sonnet form divided into an octave and a sestet; also called an Italian sonnet - used frequently by wordsworth - so may be allusion to romantic era	71
9832391574	setting	the time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play	72
9832391575	tragedy	a drama in which a character, usually of noble or high rank, is brought to a disastrous end in confrontation with a superior force	73
9832391576	sestina	a highly structured poem consisting of six six-line stanzas (sestets) followed by a tercet; the same set of six words ends the lines of each of the six-line stanzas, but in a different order each time - 39 lines - came from troubadours (poets who wrote about courtly love); each rhyme appears in each of the six stanzas	74
9832391577	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true	75
9832391578	rhythm	the modulation of weak and strong (stressed and unstressed) elements in the flow of speech	76
9832391579	terza rima	a verse form consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next	77
9832391580	panegyric	a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something.	78
9832391581	jeremiad	a long, mournful complaint or lamentation; a list of woes.	79
9832391582	lampoon	publicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm.	80
9832396201	Dramatic irony	When the audience knows something the characters don't - makes audience more involved	81
9832398760	situational irony	An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected	82
9832404181	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	83
9886896295	pathetic fallacy	the attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature. particularly weather	84

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

APES Exam Flashcards

Flashcards

AP Statistics Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

AP English Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org