AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Chapter 28 Business Law - Investor Protection and Corporate Governance Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9633014080Introduction (1)- Federal securities laws are designed to protect investors from deceptive, unfair and manipulative practices when buying or selling securities.0
9633025177Introduction (2)- Securities are instruments such as corporate stock or limited partnership interests that evidence owenership or debt.1
9634823261The Securities and Exchange Commission "Defined"- The securities and Exchange Act of 1934 created the SEC, an independent federal regulatory agency that administers federal securities laws2
9634848116The Securities and Exchange Commission "SEC basic functions" (1)1 - Interprets federal securities laws and investigates securities law violations3
9634859791The Securities and Exchange Commission "SEC basic functions" (2)2 - Issues new rules and amends existing rules4
9634866753The Securities and Exchange Commission "SEC basic functions" (3)3 - Oversees the inspection of securities firms, brokers, investment advisers, and ratings agencies5
9634876414The Securities and Exchange Commission "SEC basic functions" (4)4 - Oversees private regulatory organizations in the securities, accounting, and auditing fields.6
9634885420The Securities and Exchange Commission "SEC basic functions" (5)5 - Coordinates U.S. securities regulation with federal, state, and foreign authorities.7
9634901198The Securities and Exchange Commission "Updating the Regulatory Process"- Use of internet (SEC now requires certain documents to be filed electronically) - SEC now requires companies to make statements on potential climate impact.8
9634928973The Securities and Exchange Commission "The SEC's Expanding Regulatory Powers"- Securities Enforcement Remedies and Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990. - Securities Acts Amendments if 1990. - Market Reform Act of 1990.9
9634945066The Securities Act of 1933 "Defined"- Securities Act of 1933 regulates solicitation, buying and selling of securities: stocks and bonds.10
9634957721The Securities Act of 1933 "What is a Security" (1)1 - Preferred and common stocks, treasury stocks, bonds, debentures, and stock warrants.11
9634964710The Securities Act of 1933 "What is a Security" (2)2 - Stock options, puts, calls, or other types of privilege on a security or on the right to purchase a security or a group of securities in national security exchange.12
9634981901The Securities Act of 1933 "What is a Security" (3)3 - Notes, instruments, or other evidence of indebtedness, including certificates of interest in a profit-sharing agreement and certificates of deposit.13
9634995092The Securities Act of 1933 "What is a Security" (4)4 - Any fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights.14
9635004266The Securities Act of 1933 "What is a Security" (5)5 - Investment contracts, including interests in limited partnerships and other investment schemes.15
9635014392The Securities Act of 1933 "What is a Security" (6) The Howey Test6 - Any transaction in which a parson: 1) invests 2) in a common enterprise 3) reasonably expecting profits 4) derived primarily from others' managerial or entrepreneurial efforts. "SEC v. Howey, (1946)"16
9635045821The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement"- Unless exempt, an offering must be registered before offered to the public. - Issuing corporation must file a registration statement and prospectus with the SEC. - A prospectus is later distributed to investors.17
9635067395The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Contents of Registration Statement (1)1 - The securities being offered for sale, including their relationship to the registrant's other capital securities.18
9635084242The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Contents of Registration Statement (2)2 - The corporation's properties and business (including a financial statement certified by an independent public accounting firm)19
9635126973The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Contents of Registration Statement (3)3 - The management of the corporation, including all benefits, and any interests of directors or officers in any material transactions with the corporation must be disclosed.20
9635136031The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Contents of Registration Statement (4)4 - How the corporation intends to use the proceeds of the sale21
9635140404The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Contents of Registration Statement (5)5 - Any pending lawsuits or special risk factors.22
9635148893The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Registration Process (WAITING PERIOD)- Securities can be offered but not sold. All issuers can distribute a red herring prospectus, advertise with a tombstone ad, and a free-writing prospectus.23
9635190039The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Registration Process (Post-effective Period)- Securities can now be sold24
9635193363The Securities Act of 1933 "Registration Statement" Registration Process (Registration Process Review)25
9635223172The Securities Act of 1933 "Well-Known Seasoned Issuers" (WKSI)- A WKSI has issued $1 Billion in securities during last 3 years, or $700 million outstanding stock in public hands - Can file registration statement the same day they announce.26
9635246381The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Regulation A Offerings (1)- Up to $5 million in any twelve-month period is exempt from registration. - An issuer must file a notice with SEC and Offer circular.27
9635278695The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Regulation A Offerings (2)- Companies can "test the waters" without actually selling securities. - Can sell online.28
9635292001The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Regulation D Offerings (Rule 504)- Rule 504: up to $1 million during 12 months to accredited investors only.29
9635309299The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Regulation A Offerings (Rule 505)- Rule 505: up to $5 million during 12 months to both accredited and unaccredited investors.30
9635315636The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Regulation A Offerings (Rule 506)- Rule 506: Unlimited if no general solicitation and notice to SEC. Max of 35 unaccredited investors.31
9635338221The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Resales and Safe Harbor Rules- Generally, most securities can be resold without registration.32
9635325667The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Resales and Safe Harbor Rules (Rule 144)- Rule 144: Exempts restricted securities if certain conditions are met.33
9635328287The Securities Act of 1933 "Exempt Securities & Transactions" Resales and Safe Harbor Rules (Rule 144A)- Rule 144A: Allows sale only to a qualified institutional buyer34
9635532972The Securities Act of 1933 "Violations of the 1933 Act" (A)- Intentional or negligent defrauding of investors by misrepresenting or omitting material information in the registration statement or prospectus.35
9635546289The Securities Act of 1933 "Violations of the 1933 Act" (B)- Criminal Penalties - Civil Sanctions - Defenses.36
9635569015The Securities Act of 1933 "Violations of the 1933 Act" Defenses (1)1 - Statement or omission was not material.37
9635571033The Securities Act of 1933 "Violations of the 1933 Act" Defenses (2)2 - Plaintiff knew about misrepresentation at sale.38
9635580019The Securities Act of 1933 "Violations of the 1933 Act" Defenses (3)3 - Defendant exercised due diligence and believe statements were true.39
9635586198The Securities Act of 1933 "Violations of the 1933 Act" Defenses Case- Case 28.1 Litwin V. Blackstone Group, LP (2011). What information had Blackstone negligently omitted from the registration statement.40
9635605721The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 "Defined"- Provides for registration of securities exchanges, brokers, dealers, and national securities exchanges and associations. - Applies to companies with $10 million in assets and 500 or more shareholders.41
9635620212The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (Section 10b)- Prohibits use of any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in violation of SEC rules and regulations.42
9635644957The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (SEC Rule 10b-5)- Prohibits fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of any security. - Applicability of SEC Rule 10b-5: all cases concerning securities trading.43
9635669298The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (Insider Trading)- Goal of the 10b and 10b-5 is to prevent purchases or sale of securities on basis of information that is not available to the public.44
9635682033The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (Disclosure Under SEC Rule 10b-5)- Any material omission or misrepresentation in connection with the sale or purchase of security may violate Section 10b or SEC Rule 10b-5.45
9635689318The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (Disclosure Under SEC Rule 10b-5) Examples 1- Examples of materials facts in disclosure. - Fraudulent trading by broker, Dividend Change, Contract for sale of corporate assets.46
9635706029The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (Disclosure Under SEC Rule 10b-5) Examples 2- Examples of materials facts in disclosure - The new discovery, process, or product, Significant change in firms financial condition, Potential litigation against the company.47
9635729449The Securities Act of 1934 "Section 10 b, SEC Rule 10b-5 and Insider Trading" (Outsiders and SEC Rule 10b-5)- Tipper/Tippee Theory: insider's fiduciary duty must be breached. - Misappropriation Theory: One wrongfully obtains inside info and trades on it.48
9635751616The Securities Act of 1934 "Insider Reporting and Trading-Section 16b"- Requires recapture of all short-swing profits by insiders (those owning 10% of equities) to corporation. - Applies to stocks, warrants, options, and securities.49
9635784597The Securities Act of 1934 "Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995"- "Safe harbor" for publicly held companies that make forward-looking statements, such as financial forecasts. - "Meaningful Cautionary Statements" protect against securities fraud.50
9635803235The Securities Act of 1934 "Regulation of Proxy Statements, Section 14a"- Whoever solicits a proxy must fully disclose all of the facts and which shareholders must vote.51
9635808161The Securities Act of 1934 "Regulation of Proxy Statements"- Section 14 (1) of the 1934 Act regulates the sale of proxies from shareholders of section 12 companies. - Remedies for violations include injunctions to damages.52
9643939542The Securities Act of 1934 "Violations of the 1934 Act" (1)- Scienter is required to prove civil or criminal penalties under 10b and Rule 10b-5.53
9643969293The Securities Act of 1934 "Violations of the 1934 Act" (2) Criminal Penalties- Scienter not Required for Section 16b Violations. - Criminal Penalties: 10b and rule 10b-5, a person faces $5 million and 20 years in prison, $25 million for partnership or corporation.54
9644002905The Securities Act of 1934 "Violations of the 1934 Act" (3) Criminal Penalties- Sarbanes-Oxley provides for 25 years in prison if willful.55
9644014420The Securities Act of 1934 "Violations of the 1934 Act" Civil Sanctions- Both SEC and private parties can bring actions against violators under Insider Trading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act - Private parties may bring action for violations of 10b and Rule 10b-5.56
9644044944State Securities Laws "State securities laws are called "blue sky" laws" Requirements- Issuers must comply with federal and state securities laws. - Not all states allow the same exemptions as federal government.57
9644062181State Securities Laws "State securities laws are called "blue sky" laws" Concurrent Regulation- Uniform Securities Act has been adopted in part by many states.58
9644068720Corporate Governance- Relationship between a corporation and its shareholders. - Attempts at Alignment between Officers and Shareholders. - Stock Options59
9644092213Corporate Governance "Goal is to Promote Accountability"1 - The audited reporting of financial conditions to evaluate managers. 2 - Legal protections for shareholders so that violators can be punished and victims can recover losses.60
9644504745Corporate Governance "Goal is to Promote Accountability" Governance and Corporate Law (Board of Directors)- Responsible to ensure all corporate officers are operating in best interests of shareholders.61
9644532515Corporate Governance "Goal is to Promote Accountability" Compensation Committee- Assess performance and design fair compensation systems.62
9644542264Corporate Governance "Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002" (1)- Attempts to increase corporate accountability by imposing strict disclosure requirements and harsh penalties for securities violations. - Applies to all public companies63
9644554447Corporate Governance "Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002" (2)- Requires CEO's to take responsibility for accuracy of financial statements filed with SEC - Requires independent auditor report except for smaller companies of less than $75 Million.64
9644567008Corporate Governance "Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002" (3)- Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regulates public accounting firms.65
9644579012Corporate Governance "Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002" Internal Controls and Accountability- Direct federal corporate governance requirements. High-level managers must maintain internal controls and disclosures.66
9644588758Online Securities Fraud- the SEC is aggressively prosecuting internet fraud using traditional laws. - Investment Scams - Online Investment Newsletters and Forums.67
9644619440Online Securities Fraud "Ponzi Schemes"- Offshore Fraud - Risk-Free Fraud68
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10190773835AlliterationThe repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables0
10190787068AllusionAn indirect reference, often to another text or historical event1
10190798004AnalogyAn extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things2
10191284821AnaphoraThe repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses3
10191287512AnecdoteA short account of an interesting event4
10191290343AntecedentThe noun to which a later pronoun refers5
10191291839AntimetaboleThe repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast6
10191309357AntithesisParallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas7
10191313315AphorismA short, astute statement of a general truth8
10191325587AppositiveA word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun9
10191348988Archaic dictionThe use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language10
10191360760AssertionAn emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument11
10191383038AssumptionA belief or statement taken for granted without proof12
10191386606AsyndetonLeaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses13
10191390890AttitudeThe speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone14
10191397939AudienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed15
10191401994AuthorityA reliable, respected source-someone with knowledge16
10191405405BiasPrejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue17
10191412473CiteIdentifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source18
10191414277ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence19
10191432734Close readingA careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, & other literary & structural elements of a text20
10191443293ColloquialismAn informal or conversational use of language21
10191445285Complex SentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause22
10191456325ConcessionA reluctant acknowledgement or yielding23
10191459223ConnotationThat which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning24
10192318349ContextWords, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning25
10192322053CoordinationGrammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but26
10192323937CounterargumentA challenge to a position; an opposing argument27
10192332547Cumulative sentenceAn independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail28
10192336575Declarative sentenceA sentence that makes a statement29
10192344884DeductionReasoning from general to specific30
10192348054DenotationThe literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition31
10192353665DictionWord choice32
10192354191DocumentationBibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing33
10192355922ElegiacMournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone34
10208617330EpigramA brief witty statement35
10208619914EthosA Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals36
10208626317Figurative languageThe use of tropes or figures of speech;going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect37
10208644357Figure of speechAn expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning38
10208649409HyperboleExaggeration for the purpose of emphasis39
10208652433ImageryVivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses(sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing)40
10208658152Imperative sentenceA sentence that requests or demands41
10208661682InductionReasoning from specific to general42
10208670893InversionA sentence in which the verb precedes the subject43
10208674772IronyA contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result44
10208680140JuxtapositionPlacement of two things side by side for emphasis45
10214236214LogosA Greek term that means "Word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals46
10214266436MetaphorA figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison47
10214297444MetonymyUse of an aspect of something to represent the whole48
10214309047OccasionAn aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing49
10216652913OxymoronA figure of speech that combines tow contradictory terms50
10216656280ParadoxA statement that seems contradictory but is actually true51
10216660164ParallelismThe repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns52
10216670233ParodyA piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent feature of another; used for comic effect or ridicule53
10216680681PathosA Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotole's three rhetorical appeals54
10216692937PersonaThe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing55
10216700984PersonificationAssigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects56
10216705042PolemicAn argument against an idea; usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion57
10216710473PolysyndetonThe deliberate use of a series of conjunctions58
10216721742PremiseMajor, minor-Two parts of syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise. For example: Major: All mammals are warm blooded. Minor: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded59
10216746048PropagandaA negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information60
10216752724PurposeOne's intention or objective in speech or piece of writing61
10216757338RefuteTo discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument62
10216766090RhetoricThe study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"63
10216779665Rhetorical modesPatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation64
10216801687Rhetorical questionA question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer65
10216813626Rhetorical triangleA diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker , the subject, and the audience66
10216819505SatireAn ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it67
10216827864SchemeA pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect68
10216836623Sentence patternsThe arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex69
10223348905Sentence VarietyUsing a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect70
10223353235SimileA figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things71
10223360162Simple sentenceA statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause72
10223363969SourceA book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information73
10223369565SpeakerA term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing74
10223378119StyleThe distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech75
10223383976SubjectIn rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing76
10223390301Subordinate clauseCreated by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause77
10223393020SubordinationThe dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence78
10223405390SyllogismA form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise79
10224329994SyntaxSentence structure80
10224336138SynthesizeCombining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex81
10224342841ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience82
10224350711TropeArtful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech83
10224359071UnderstatementLack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect84
10224366375VoiceIn grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing85
10224371904ZeugmaA construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence86
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Spanish Language - Vocabulario 1.4 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
15237492607emanciparseto become independent0
15237492608la poblaciónpopulation1
15237497791la tasarate2
15237497792la cuestiónissue, question3
15237502494cada vez másmore and more4
15237502495la mitadhalf5
15237512603la formaway, shape, form6
15237512604crecientegrowing (adjetivo)7
15237519595ligeramenteslightly, lightly8
15237525519la comodidadcomfort9
15237525520el retochallenge10
15237529849el hogarhome11
15237529850marcharseto leave12
15237533329el sueldosalary13
15237533330aprovecharse deto take advantage of14
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language - Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10634785577Argumentmethod of representing a belief or opinion0
10634802748Ad hominemType of logical fallacy where you attack the person you are arguing with personally; don't want to have in argument1
10634829406Aim/Intention/PurposeWriter's main goal or objective2
10634837987AllusionReference to something outside the source3
10634904029Anadiplosisrepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause4
10648262929AnalogyComparison between something that's familiar with something that is not5
10648317379AntimetaboleRepetition of words in consecutive clauses, but in reverse order6
10648333313AntithesisOpposite of words or phrases that are used in parallel structure7
10648343214AppealStrategies of Argument8
10648350982AnecdoteShort story or personal event that's used to grab attention of the audience or to support an opinion9
10648442425Aristotelian TriangleRhetor - Topic/Subject - Audience10
10648486378ArrangementStructure of argument and placement of rhetorical devices11
10648493843AsyndetonPhrases without conjections12
10648526800Attitude/StanceA writer's belief towards audience and subject matter13
10648538433AudienceIntended reader or listener of an argument14
10648550375Begging of the questionA situation based on a writer/speaker's assumption that the audience rejects15
10648572335Causal relationshipCause and effect/if-then relationship; good way to persuade logically16
10648592241Claim/Generalization/ThesisMain point of argument17
10648594829ClimaxArrangement of words in order of increasing importance18
10648611326Climbing the ladderCombo of climax and anadiplosis19
10659013199Logosan appeal to logic and reason20
10659015526EthosTrying to establish credibility and reliability21
10659018766PathosBringing emotions into it22
Powered by Quizlet.com

Company Law - Corporate Governance Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13626501429What is the agency problem?The divorce between shareholders and directors presents the problem that shareholder don't know whether the company is being run to create shareholder value0
13626506424What can occur as a result of the agency problem?Conflict of interests1
13626509981Which 4 cases provide the history of Corporate Governance?1. Maxwell (1991) 2. Cadbury (1992) 3. Enron Worldcom (2001) 4. Sarbanes-Oxley (2002)2
13626517404What are the factors of "Comply or Explain"?1. Transparency 2. Less onerous 3. Specific to each company 4. Less expensive 5. Accountable to members not authorities 6. Difficult to supervise 7. Tick/cross box mentality 8. Flexible3
13626522415What Corporate Governance system is adopted in most EU countries?Comply or Explain4
13626526723What are the 3 primary code recommendations?1. More Non-Executive Directors in the board room 2. Chairman and CEO should be separate people 3. There should be specific committees (e.g. Nomination Committee)5
13626534951What are the 5 main sections of Code Structure?1. Leadership 2. Effectiveness 3. Accountability 4. Remuneration 5. Relations with shareholders6
13626539934What are the 7 responsibilities of the Stewardship code?1. Manage conflicts of interest 2. Monitor 3. Report 4. Voting 5. Act collectively 6. Escalation 7. Disclosure7
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
11300738080Vestryan elective body in an Episcopal parish composed of the rector and a group of elected parishioners administering the temporal affairs of the parish0
11300749231Sophisticationcultured; knowledgeable1
11300757252depositiontestimony taken down in writing under oath2
11300760804imperceptibleextremely slight, gradual, or subtle3
11300765738befuddledmuddled, stupefied, confused4
11300770315effronteryshameless boldness5
11300773520immaculatespotlessly clean6
11300778035qualmmisgiving; a feeling of uneasiness about a point especially of conscience or propriety7
11300781336probityhonesty; integrity; adherence to the highest principles and ideals8
11300785089callouslyin a way that shows no concern if other people are hurt or upset9
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14705384876What are the four macromolecules?carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids0
14705396649What are the four main atoms in organic molecules?carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen1
14705408395What are four ways carbon skeletons can vary?1. length of chain 2. branch or unbranched 3. positioning of double bonds 4. presence of ring structure2
14705409379hydrocarbonsCompounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen3
14705421515isomersTwo different molecules that have the same chemical formula4
14705423279what are the three types of isomers?structural, cis-trans, enantiomers5
14705424806structural isomersdiffer in the covalent arrangements of their atoms6
14705426622cis-trans isomershave the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements7
14705441482trans isomerthe two x's are on opposite sides8
14705446548enantiomersisomers that are mirror images of each other9
14705458910what are the seven chemical groups essential to life?hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl10
14705463168hydroxyl groupA chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.11
14705464567carbonyl groupa chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom12
14705465865carboxyl groupA -COOH group, found in organic acids.13
14705467645amino groupa chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms14
14705469601sulfhydryl groupA chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.15
14705471535phosphate groupA functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms16
14705476074methyl groupA chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.17
14705479218functional groupsthe components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions18
14705483201Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy19
14705487691Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP20
14705493822polymerslarge compound formed from combinations of many monomers21
14705495469monomersbuilding blocks of polymers22
14705496774enzymesCatalysts for chemical reactions in living things23
14705497725dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water24
14705500728hydrolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water25
14705510400carbohydratessugars and polymers of sugars26
14705512963monosaccharidessimple sugars27
14705514475disaccharidesCarbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides28
14705518908glucosethe form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.29
14705527607cellular respirationProcess that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen30
14705532325glycosidic linkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.31
14705534665sucroseglucose + fructose; disaccharide32
14705537424polysaccharidesCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides33
14705539557starchA storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.34
14705542256amylosesimplest form of starch35
14705544175glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.36
14705547296celluloseA substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms37
14705552704microfibrilsA threadlike component of the cell wall, composed of cellulose molecules38
14705556621chitinA structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.39
14705575246lipidsEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.40
14705576807truetrue or false: lipids are generally hydrophobic41
14705577717fatA large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called *glycerol* and *three fatty acids*; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.42
14705583296glycerola three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon43
14705584562fatty acidhydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid44
14705588152ester linkageThe linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids in a fat is the ester linkage. This bond is formed through dehydration synthesis.45
14705589555triaclyglycerolconsists of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule46
14705591064saturated fatfat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms47
14705592355unsaturated fatA lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.48
14705596500saturated fats are _______ at room temperaturesolid49
14705598064unsaturated fats are ________ at room temperatureliquid50
14705600854trans fatsmade when manufacturers add hydrogen to the fat molecules in vegetable oils51
14705604121phospholipida lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes52
14705609471steroidslipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings53
14705825683cholesterolA lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.54
14705829119proteinspolypeptides that are twisted together and each polypeptide determines the shape of the polypeptide55
14705830898catalystsChemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.56
14705836116how many amino acids are there?2057
14705836117peptide bondThe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid58
14705841298what groups are involved in the making of an amino acid?carboxyl, amino, R group, hydrogen atom59
14705845712polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.60
14705851182carboxyl group makes the amino acid what?negative and acidic61
14705852614amino group makes the amino acid what?positive and basic62
14705858743polypeptide backboneThe chain of atoms containing repeating peptide bonds that runs through a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached.63
14705871694truetrue or false a protein's structure determines its function64
14705876323truetrue or false there are four levels of protein structure known as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary65
14705883403primary structureThe first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.66
14705884762secondary structureEither an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.67
14705886691tertiary structureThe third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.68
14705887908quaternary structureThe fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.69
14705891582sickle-cell diseaseGenetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.70
14705898020what does protein structure depend on?pH, salt concentration, temperature, bonds, and environment71
14705903357denaturizationdestruction of the normal shape of the protein, no longer matches shape of the substrate; caused by changes in pH and high temperature72
14705911433x-ray crystallographyA technique that depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule to study the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.73
14705916348geneA segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait74
14705917600nucleic acidsnucleotides75
14705919459what are the two types of nucleic acids?deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)76
14705925265what is the flow of genetic information?DNA -> RNA -> Protein77
14705926381ribosomessite of protein synthesis78
14705928136polynucleotidesA polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA.79
14705931410what are the components of a nucleotide?sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base80
14705933741nucleosidebase + sugar81
14705938431what are the two types of nitrogenous bases?purines and pyrimidines82
14705938432purinesdouble ring structure; Adenine and Guanine83
14705939982pyrimidinescytosine, thymine, uracil84
14705945235What sugar is found in DNA?deoxyribose85
14705946108what sugar is found in RNA?ribose86
14705948985phosphodiester linkageThe connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides.87
14705955027double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.88
14705956948antiparallelThe opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.89
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!