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AP US History Court Cases Flashcards

Major US court cases on AP US History test.

14024556607	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review	0
14024556609	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	1
14024556612	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)	Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.	2
14024556613	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	3
14024556614	Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Marshall)	Established tribal autonomy within their boundaries, i.e. the tribes were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive."	4
14024556617	Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney)	Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	5
14024556620	Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	6
14024556621	Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Co. v. Minnesota (1890)	Found that Granger law regulations were violations of the 5th Amendment right to property.	7
14024556623	U. S. v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)	Due to a narrow interpretation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the Court undermined the authority of the federal government to act against monopolies.	8
14024556624	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	9
14024556625	"Insular Cases" / Downes v. Bidwell (1901)	Confirmed the right of the federal government to place tariffs on good entering the U. S. From U. S. Territories on the grounds that "the Constitution does not follow the flag."	10
14024556627	Lochner v. New York (1905)	Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.	11
14024556628	Muller v. Oregon (1908)	First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.	12
14024556630	Schenck v. U. S. (1919)	Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."	13
14024556633	Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)	The court upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during World War 2.	14
14024556635	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring "separate but equal" unconstitutional.	15
14024556636	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.	16
14024556638	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.	17
14024556639	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.	18
14024556640	U. S. v. Richard Nixon (1974)	The court rejected Richard Nixon's claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.	19

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AP LITERATURE TERMS Flashcards

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8846185823	DICTION	A SPEAKER OR WRITERS CHOICE OF WORDS	0
8846185824	SYNTAX	Syntax is a set of rules in a language. It dictates how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought.	1
8846185825	TONE	The attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience, revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization	2
8846185826	IMAGERY	the use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, a thing, a place, or an experience.	3
8846188457	FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE	Words which are inaccurate if interpreted literally, but are used to describe. Similes and metaphors are common forms.	4
8846188458	POINT OF VIEW	the vantage point from which the writer tells the story.	5
8846188501	DETAIL	Details are items or parts that make up a larger picture or story. Chaucer's "Prologue" to The Canterbury Tales is celebrated for its use of a few details to bring the characters to life. The miller, for example, is described as being brawny and big-boned, able to win.	6
8846190963	PACING	In literature, pace, or pacing is the speed at which a story is told. The pace is determined by the length of the scenes, how fast the action moves, and how quickly the reader is provided with information. It is also sometimes determined by the genre of the story.	7
8846190964	SHIFT	A rhetorical shift occurs when speakers or writers alter their style or tone in a piece. It is often accompanied by a shift in focus. These shifts may happen between rhetorical modes -- a term representing in what manner or to what purpose language is used -- or simply from one frame of reference to another.	8
8846190965	CONNOTATION	The implications of a word or phrase, as opposed to its exact meaning (denotation). Both China and Cathay denote a region in Asia, but to a modern reader, the associations of the two words are different.	9
8846192734	DENOTATION	The dictionary meaning of a word, as opposed to connotation.	10
8846192735	THEME	The main thought expressed by a work. Essay questions may ask for discussion of the theme or themes of a work or may use the words "meaning" or "meanings." The open question frequently asks you to relate a discussion on one subject to a "meaning of the work as a whole." When preparing the novels and plays you might use on the open question, be sure to consider what theme or themes you would write about if you are asked to talk about a "meaning of the work." The question is much harder to answer for some works than others. I'm not sure what I would say is the meaning of Hamlet, Wuthering Heights, or Waiting for Godot. But I have much less trouble defining a theme in works like Brave New World or Animal Farm.	11
8846319786	ALLEGORY	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	12
8846319787	ALLUSION	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	13
8846322111	ALLITERATION	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.	14
8846322112	ANALOGY	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification.	15
8846324938	EPIPHANY	Epiphany is the point in a work of literature where a character has a sudden insight or realization that changes his or her understanding.	16
8846324939	FOIL	a character who contrasts with another character —usually the protagonist— to highlight particular qualities of the other character.	17
8846324940	HYPERBOLE	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	18
8846327354	JUXTAPOSITION	the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.	19
8846327355	IRONY	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	20
8846327356	LITOTES	ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary	21
8846328729	METAPHORE	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	22
8846330520	OXYMORON	a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction	23
8846330521	PARODY	an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.	24
8846332391	PERSONIFICATION	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	25
8846334161	SIMILE	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid using "like" or "as"	26
8846334162	SYMBOL	a mark or character used as a conventional representation of an object, function, or process, e.g., the letter or letters standing for a chemical element or a character in musical notation.	27
8846336090	SATIRE	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	28

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13763321420	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13763321421	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13763321422	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13763321423	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13763321424	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13763321425	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13763321426	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13763321427	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13763321428	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13763321429	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13763321430	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13763321431	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13763321432	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13763321433	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13763321434	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13763321435	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13763321436	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13763321437	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13763321438	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13763321439	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13763321440	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13763321441	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13763321442	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13763321443	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13763321444	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13763321445	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13763321446	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13763321447	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13763321448	theory	general idea being tested	28
13763321449	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13763321450	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13763321451	mode	appears the most	31
13763321452	mean	average	32
13763321453	median	middle	33
13763321454	range	highest - lowest	34
13763321455	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13763321456	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13763321457	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13763321458	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13763321459	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13763321460	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13763321461	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13763321462	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13763321654	neuron		43
13763321463	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13763321464	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13763321465	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13763321466	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13763321467	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13763321468	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13763321469	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13763321470	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13763321471	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13763321472	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13763321473	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13763321474	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13763321475	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13763321476	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13763321477	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13763321478	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13763321479	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13763321480	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13763321481	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13763321482	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13763321483	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13763321484	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13763321485	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13763321486	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13763321487	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13763321488	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13763321489	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13763321490	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13763321491	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13763321492	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13763321493	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13763321494	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13763321495	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13763321496	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13763321497	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13763321498	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13763321499	occipital lobe	vision	80
13763321500	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13763321501	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13763321502	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13763321503	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13763321504	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13763321505	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13763321506	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13763321507	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13763321508	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13763321509	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13763321510	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13763321511	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13763321512	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13763321513	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13763321514	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13763321515	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13763321516	rods	night time	97
13763321517	cones	color	98
13763321518	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13763321519	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13763321520	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13763321521	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13763321522	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13763321523	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13763321524	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13763321525	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13763321526	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13763321527	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13763321528	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13763321529	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13763321530	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13763321531	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13763321532	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13763321533	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13763321534	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13763321535	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13763321536	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13763321537	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13763321538	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13763321539	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13763321540	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13763321541	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13763321542	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13763321543	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13763321544	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13763321545	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13763321546	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13763321547	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13763321548	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13763321549	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13763321550	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13763321551	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13763321552	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13763321553	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13763321554	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13763321555	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13763321556	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13763321557	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13763321558	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13763321559	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13763321560	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13763321561	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13763321562	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13763321563	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13763321564	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13763321565	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13763321566	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13763321567	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13763321568	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13763321569	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13763321570	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13763321571	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13763321572	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13763321573	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13763321574	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13763321575	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13763321576	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13763321577	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13763321578	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13763321579	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13763321580	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13763321581	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13763321582	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13763321583	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13763321584	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13763321585	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13763321586	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13763321587	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13763321588	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13763321589	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13763321590	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13763321591	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13763321592	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13763321593	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13763321594	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13763321595	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13763321596	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13763321597	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13763321598	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13763321599	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13763321600	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13763321601	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13763321602	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13763321603	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13763321604	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13763321605	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13763321606	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13763321607	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13763321608	encoding	information going in	189
13763321609	storage	keeping information in	190
13763321610	retrieval	taking information out	191
13763321611	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13763321612	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13763321613	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13763321614	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13763321615	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13763321616	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13763321617	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13763321618	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13763321619	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13763321620	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13763321621	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13763321622	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13763321623	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13763321624	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13763321625	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13763321626	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13763321627	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13763321628	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13763321629	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13763321630	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13763321631	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13763321632	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13763321633	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13763321634	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13763321635	context	environment helps with memory	216
13763321636	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13763321637	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13763321638	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13763321639	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13763321640	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13763321641	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13763321642	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13763321643	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13763321644	prototypes	generalize	225
13763321645	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13763321646	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13763321647	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13763321648	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13763321649	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13763321650	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13763321651	grammar is _________	universal	232
13763321652	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13763321653	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP US History Chapter 28 :) Flashcards

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12969469435	Statistics of Americans	- 1/7 foreign-born in 1900 - 1900-1914 - 13 million immigrants	0
12969469436	Progressives	crusaders who waged war on monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social justice	1
12969469437	Cause/origin of new reformist wave	Greenback Labor party and the Populists because industrialists made fewer and fewer have power	2
12969469438	Progressive theorists believed	Society could no longer afford the luxury of laissez-faire policy. The people, through government, must substitute mastery for drift	3
12969469439	Henry Demarest Lloyd	(1894) "Wealth Against Commonwealth: - wrote against Standard Oil Company	4
12969469440	Thorstein Vablen	- (1899) "The Theory of the Leisure Class" - attack on the new rich. Viewed the leisure class engaged in making money for money's sake instead of making goods to satisfy real needs - Argued that the social leadership should go from the useless rich to those who are useful	5
12969469441	Jacob A. Riis	- (1890) "How the Other Half Lives" - spoke about the horrors of the NY slums - Influenced future NYC police commissioner, TR	6
12969469442	Theodore Dreiser	Pounded promoters and profiteers in "The Financier" (1912) and "The Titan" (1914)	7
12969469443	Socialism in America	Many advocates for this were European immigrants inspired by the strong movement for socialism in Europe -> began to get more strength at the ballot box	8
12969469444	Types of reformers	Social gospel, university-based economists, feminists, muckrakers, temperance, labor rights, and many more	9
12969469445	Social gospel	Used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor	10
12969469446	University-based economists	Advocated for new reforms modeled on European examples	11
12969469447	Feminists (suffrage)	Jane Addams in Chicago and Lillian Wald in NY - made women enter the fight to improve the lot of families living and working in the festering cities	12
12969469448	10¢ and 15¢ magazines	McClure's Cosmopolitan, Collier's, and Everybody's. Extensive research for finding things bad about business that the public loved	13
12969469449	Muckrakers	Bright young reporters at the turn of the 20th century, term coined by TR, but boosted circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society (business manipulation of government, white slaves, child labor, and illegal deeds of trusts). Also helped spur passage of reform legislation	14
12969469450	Popular Muckrakers	- Lincoln Steffens: The Shame of the Cities - Ida M. Tarbell: exposé of the Standard Oil Company - Upton Sinclair: The Jungle - David G. Phillips: The Treason of the Senate	15
12969469451	Social evils in the Progressive Era and books about them	- "White slave" traffic for women, slums, and industrial accidents - Stannard Baker's "Following the Color Line" (1908) - 9 million blacks, 90% of the South, and 1/3 illiterate - John Spargo's "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906) - abuses of child labor	16
12969469452	Habit-forming drugs	Often sold for money, induced with alcohol. In Collier's, they exposed the medicine and were reinforced by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley	17
12969469453	Significance of the muckrakers	- Symbolized much of the nature of the progressive reform movements - Long on lamentation but stopped short of revolutionary methods - Counted on publicity and aroused public conscience (not drastic political change) to right social wrongs - Sought to not overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it (Puritans vs Pilgrims anyone??) - Believed more democracy was the answer to solve issues	18
12969469454	Most progressive reformers were	middle-class men and women	19
12969469455	How progressives sought to modernize American institutions	- Use the state to curb monopoly power - Limit socialist threat by improving the common person's conditions of life and labor	20
12969469456	Progressivism can be best described as	a broadly dispersed majority mood, not a movement	21
12969469457	Objectives of Progressives	- Regain the power that had slipped from the hands of the people into those of the "interests" - Getting rid of graft (bribery, corrupt practices, etc.) - Direction election of US Senators - often heeded to the voice of business instead of the people (even referred to as the "Millionaires' Club)	22
12969469458	How Progressives attempted to get power into the hands of the people	Direct election of US senators, initiative, referendum, and recall	23
12969469459	Initiative	A Progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot	24
12969469460	Referendum	Progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval even after being passed by the legislature	25
12969469461	Recall	Enabled the voters to remove corrupted elected officials	26
12969469462	Significance of initiative, referendum, and recall	Brought democracy to the people and helped foster a shift towards interest-group politics and away from old political machines	27
12969469463	How Progressives aimed to get rid of graft	- Limited the amount of money a candidate could spend on their election campaign - Australian ballot	28
12969469464	Australian ballot	A system developed in Australia in 1850 that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Counteracted boss rule (can't bribe if they don't know who they're voting for)	29
12969469465	17th Amendment	Direct election of senators. Many Senators liked existing methods, and local legislatures found it wise to give the vote to the people	30
12969469466	Women suffrage support	- Political reformers believed the women's vote would elevate the political tone - Anti-Saloons felt they could rely on support of enfranchised females	31
12969469467	Women's suffrage gradually began especially in:	Western states	32
12969469468	Urban Progressive reforms	- Frustrated by inefficiency and corruption of city government — looked to Galveston, TX as an example (expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs) - Often favored efficiency over democracy - City-manager systems	33
12969469469	City-manager systems	take politics out of municipal administration	34
12969469470	Urban reformers	- Attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution in red-light districts - Looked to English and German cities	35
12969469471	Robert M. La Follette	Most militant of progressive Republican leaders. Became the governor of WI in 1901. - Tackled RR and lumber "interests" - Regulated public utilities and inspired other states to follow - Gave the power from the business -> people	36
12969469472	Hiram W. Johnson	Republican governor in 1910, broke the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics and set up a political machine of his own	37
12969469473	Charles Evans Hughes	Republican governor of NY; investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and the coal trust	38
12969469474	Settlement houses — significance	Offered door to public life - showed issues of America's cities and gave women skills/confidence to attack them	39
12969469475	Literary clubs	Educated women met to improve literary knowledge -> went to social issues instead of literature	40
12969469476	"Separate spheres"	- Women's place was in the home, Republican Motherhood - Women viewed being involved in issues was an extension of their motherly role (protecting children from labor issues, health problems, etc.)	41
12969469477	The most successful reform of the Progressive Era was	child labor reform	42
12969469478	Florence Kelley	Illinois' first chief factory inspector, one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions. Also took control of the National Consumers League	43
12969469479	National Consumers League	Mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace	44
12969469480	Muller v. Oregon	(1908) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the SC to accept the constitutionality of the laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies; restricted women to 10-hour work day	45
12969469481	At the time, protecting ___________ rather than __________ was more common and similar to __________	women and children —— granting benefits to everyone —— Western Europe	46
12969469482	Lochner v. New York	(1905) Semi-setback for reformers, the SC invalidated a NY law establishing a 10-hour work day for bakers	47
12969469483	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)	Locked doors and fire code violations made the factory a death trap. 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, incinerated or leapt to their death from 8 or 9 stories	48
12969469484	Results of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire	- NY had much stronger laws regulating hours and conditions - 30 other states by 1917 put workers' compensation in the books (insurance) - Progressively changed from dog-eat-dog world to employer's responsibility	49
12969469485	Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)	Founded by Frances E. Willard, largest organization of women in the world	50
12969469486	"Dry" laws	Controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol	51
12969469487	Major centers for alcohol products and why	Big cities. Large immigrant vote; Old World had free-flowing alcohol	52
12969469488	The temperance movements resulted in tensions between:	Nativists and immigrants	53
12969469489	"Square Deal" and TR's three C's	- Control of corporations - Consumer protection - Conservation of natural resources	54
12969469490	Anthracite Coal Mines in PA	- 140k workers demanded 20% increase in pay and 9-hour workday - Unsympathetic mine owners, George F. Baer also unsympathetic - Coal supplies dwindled -> factories, schools, and hospitals had to shut down because of the lack of heat -- - TR brandished the Big Stick -> threatened to seize the mines and use federal troops - Owners arbitrated -> 10% pay boost and working day of 9 hours	55
12969469491	Department of Commerce and Labor	Settle disputes between owners and workers	56
12969469492	Bureau of Corporations	Probe business engaged in interstate commerce; useful in breaking stranglehold of monopoly and allowing "trust-busting"	57
12969469493	Elkins Act	(1903) Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on RRs that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. Strengthened the ICA of 1887	58
12969469494	Hepburn Act	(1906) Restricted free passes and also strengthened the ICC (now included express, sleeping-car, and pipeline companies)	59
12969469495	TR's actions against trusts	- Believed there were good and bad trusts - Didn't want to completely destroy all big business	60
12969469496	Northern Securities Company	- Railroad holding by JP Morgan and James Hill, wanted a monopoly of NW RRs - 1904 - Company appealed to SC, ordered it to be dissolved -> Upset Wall street and big business but gave TR reputation as a trust-smasher	61
12969469497	Beef Trust Cases	SC declared beef trust illegal, monopolists controlling sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key products suffered	62
12969469498	Roosevelt's real purpose of in getting rid of big business	To prove conclusively that the government, not private business, ruled the country. Believed in regulating, not fragmenting, the big business	63
12969469499	Big business at the end of TR's reign	"healthier" but more "tame" — even gave JP Morgan blessing with US Steel to absorb TN Coal and Iron Company	64
12969469500	Meat companies in Europe	shut out because of unsanitary meat sold	65
12969469501	Upton Sinclair and The Jungle (1906)	Described the grotesqueness of Chicago's slaughterhouses. Moved readers and even TR to appoint an investigating commission	66
12969469502	Meat Inspection Act	(1906) The preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection, regardless of packaging. Larger companies saw it as a way to put smaller competitors out of business	67
12969469503	Pure Food and Drug Act	(1906) Designed to prevent the mislabeling of food and pharmaceuticals	68
12969469504	Desert Land Act	(1877) Fed govt sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years	69
12969469505	Forest Reserve Act	(1891) Authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves	70
12969469506	Carey Act	(1894) Distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled	71
12969469507	Newlands Act	(1902) Fed govt was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and then use the funds for the development of irrigation projects	72
12969469508	Roosevelt Dam	Arizona Salt River, dedicated to TR in 1911. Resulted in more dams in all major western rivers in upcoming decades	73
12969469509	TR's nature conservation	Set aside 125 million acres for federal reserves. Designated millions of acres of coal deposits and water resources for irrigation and power	74
12969469510	Cause of TR's conservation	- His outdoorsman persona - Upwelling national mood of concern about the disappearance of the frontier - Jack London's Call of the Wild (1903) and other books of nature made the Boy Scouts of America the country's largest youth organization	75
12969469511	Roosevelt's most enduring achievement was:	preserving or conserving land (IMPORTANT!!)	76
12969469512	Ways people conserved nature	- Middle-class club-women raised money for nature preserves and organized the Massachusetts Audubon Society (save birds by banning the use of plumes to hats) - Sierra Club - preserve wilderness of western landscape	77
12969469513	Hetch Hetchy Valley	Government allowed San Fran to build a dam here in 1913. Blow to the preservationists, who wished to project the Yosemite National Park, location of the dam	78
12969469514	Opponents and proponents of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Dam	Opponents: "temple" of nature that should be preserved. Proponents: Should use nature's resources wisely (TR and Gifford Pinchot)	79
12969469515	"Multiple-use resource management"	Combined recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land	80
12969469516	Business influence/characteristics in the West	- Large companies found ways to work with the federal conservation programs - Individuals and single-person enterprises had minimal influence and were set aside in favor of efficiency	81
12969469517	Roosevelt in the 1904 election	- Easily elected president in 1904, yet Republican bosses found him unpredictable - Blunder: announced he would never run a third term - Platform was stronger regulation of corporations, taxing incomes, and protecting workers	82
12969469518	"Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 / Panic of 1907	- Financial world blamed TR for causing it, TR lashed back - Paved way for fiscal reforms - Aldrich-Vreeland Act	83
12969469519	Fiscal reforms in the panic of 1907	- Banks unable to increase volume of money in circulation - Those with ample reserves reluctant to lend to their competitors	84
12969469520	Aldrich-Vreeland Act	Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral. Paved way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In theory, more people could have $, spend it, and help out the economy	85
12969469521	Election of 1908	- Boring. - Roosevelt hand-picks for Taft - 421k votes for Eugene V. Debs (Socialism)	86
12969469522	TR's presidency charas	- Political lightning rod to protect capitalists against popular resentment and socialism - Middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism	87
12969469523	Lasting achievements of TR's presidency	- Most lasting achievement: Conservation crusade (conservationists of wilderness and resource predators) - Enlarged power and prestige of presidential office - Helped shape the progressive movement and reform campaigns later in the century - Square Deal - grandfather of the New Deal - Opened the eyes of Americans to the fact that they shared the world with other nations	88
12969469524	T/F: Roosevelt busted more trusts than Taft	False, Taft busted almost two times as many trusts	89
12969469525	William Howard Taft, the other bull-necked president	- Reputation as lawyer and judge, regarded as hostile to labor unions, trusted administrator under TR - Suffered from political handicaps: didn't have the charisma of TR, passive towards Congress, and poor judge of public opinion - Cabinet didn't contain any of the insurgent wing on fire for current issues (tariff)	90
12969469526	Dollar diplomacy	Name applied by Taft's critics to the policy of supporting US investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of the railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua -- In other words: Wall Street bankers encouraged to invest in areas of strategic concern to the US. Helped other countries while made $$ for the US	91
12969469527	The government often encouraged bankers to:	invest their money in foreign places -> strengthened American defenses and foreign policies	92
12969469528	Manchuria	- Object of Taft's effort to inject the dollar into the Far East - Japan and Russia controlled the RRs here - Saw Chinese economic interests and a slamming of the Open Door in the faces of US merchants	93
12969469529	Philander C. Knox	- Proposed that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the Manchurian RRs and turn them over to China under a self-liquidating arrangement - Japan and Russia rejected -> Taft ridiculed	94
12969469530	Caribbean involvement	Washington encouraged Wall Street bankers to pump money into Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds. Couldn't allow other countries to invade under the Monroe Doctrine	95
12969469531	American forces in the Caribbean	Disorders in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic made marines be deployed there	96
12969469532	Taft the Trustbuster	- Brought more suits against trusts than TR did - 1911 - SC demanded the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company (violated Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890) -> rule of reason - Taft decided to press an antitrust suit against US Steel Corporation -> upset Roosevelt	97
12969469533	"Rule of reason"	Only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal	98
12969469534	Bureau of Mines	Controlled the mineral resources, attempt at conservation by Taft	99
12969469535	Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger	- Opened public lands in WY, MT, and AK to corporate development - Criticized by Gifford Pinchot	100
12969469536	New Nationalism	Speech by Roosevelt in NY, urged the national government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses	101
12969469537	Election of 1912	Republicans lost the election because of internal divisions, and Victor L. Berger elected (socialist)	102
12969469538	National Progressive Republican League	Senator La Follette as the candidate — separate branch of the Republican party	103
12969469539	Taft's actions that upset Roosevelt	- Taft went after "good trusts" and fired Pinchot (TR's Chief of Agriculture Department)	104
12969469540	Taft-Roosevelt explosion	Roosevelt said he'd run now and is willing to accept Republican nomination -- - Republican convention — Rooseveltites about 100 short of winning the nomination, most contests settled in favor of Taft - Roosevelt adherents refused to vote, Taft triumphed	105
12969469541	Result of the 1912 election for Roosevelt	Roosevelt refused to quit. Now on fire to lead a third party...	106
12969469542	Taft's dollar diplomacy ultimately failed to change American foreign policy because	disorder and revolt led to US military intervention in Latin America despite massive financial aid	107

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AP US History - Period 3 (Timeline) Flashcards

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11591801505	1754	Beginning of French and Indian War	0
11591801506	1763	Treaty of Paris ends French and Indian War, Proclamation Act	1
11591801507	1764	March of the Paxton Boys, Sugar Act, First Committee of Correspondence established in Boston	2
11591801508	1765	Stamp Act, Stamp Act Congress	3
11591801509	1766	Declaratory Act	4
11591801510	1767	Townshend Acts	5
11591801511	1770	Boston Massacre	6
11591801512	1772	Gaspee Affair	7
11591801513	1773	Tea Act, Boston Tea Party	8
11591801514	1774	Intolerable Acts, First Continental Congress	9
11591801515	1775	Fighting at Lexington and Concord, Second Continental Congress	10
11591801516	1776	Common Sense published, Declaration of Independence	11
11591801517	1777	Articles of Confederation	12
11591801518	1778	Battle of Saratoga, France enters the war on the side of the colonists	13
11591801519	1781	Articles of Confederation ratified by states	14
11591801520	1783	Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolution	15
11591801521	1784	First Land Ordinance, Treaty of Fort Stanwix	16
11591801522	1785	Second Land Ordinance	17
11591801523	1786	Shay's Rebellion, Annapolis meeting to revise A.O.C	18
11591801524	1787	Northwest Ordinance, Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia	19
11591801525	1788	Publication of The Federalist, Ratification of the Constitution, First federal elections	20
11591801526	1789	Inauguration of GW, Judiciary Act, Beginning of French Revolution, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano	21
11591801527	1791	Ratification of the Bill of Rights, Alexander Hamilton issues "Report on Manufacturers", Bank of United States approved	22
11591801528	1793	Great Britain vs France, Washington Neutrality Proclamation	23
11591801529	1794	Whiskey Rebellion, Jay's Treaty	24
11591801530	1795	Pinckney's Treaty	25
11591801531	1796	GW Farewell Address	26
11591801532	1798	XYZ Affair, "Quasi-War" with France, Alien and Sedition Acts, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	27
11591801533	1800	Election of Thomas Jefferson	28

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AP US History Period 5 Flashcards

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12128320567	Popular Sovereignty	The notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery.	0
12128320568	Fugitive Slave Law	Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways.	1
12128320569	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery.	2
12128320570	New York Draft Riots	Uprisings during the Civil War (1863), mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.	3
12128320571	Emancipation Proclamation	1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States.	4
12128320572	Sherman's March to the Sea	1864-1865. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate War effort.	5
12128320573	Freedmans' Bureau	1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.	6
12128320574	Black Codes	1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks.	7
12128320575	KKK (Ku Klux Klan)	An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War.	8
12128320576	Sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop.	9
12128320577	Hayes-Tilden Election	The South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency because he agreed to pull out the troops.	10
12128320578	Compromise of 1850	Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.	11
12128320579	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.	12
12128320580	Homestead Act	1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers.	13
12128320581	Gettysburg Address	1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.	14
12128320582	Appomattox Court House	Site (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".	15
12128320583	10% Reconstruction Plan	1863. Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation of slaves.	16
12128320584	13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments)	13th: Abolished slavery except for criminal punishment. 14th: Gave equal rights and government protection to all men. 15th: Secured suffrage for men.	17
12128320585	Radical Republicans	Most liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War.	18
12128320586	Election of Lincoln	Angered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election.	19
12128320587	Abolitionist Movement	The movement to end the practice of slavery within the entirety of the United States.	20
12128320588	Anaconda Plan	Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south.	21
12128320617	The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)	(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.	22
12128320618	Wilmot Proviso	(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.	23
12128320619	Free-Soil Party	(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories.	24
12128320620	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.	25
12128320621	Gadsden Purchase	(1853) Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	26
12128320622	Ostend Manifesto	(1854) A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	27
12128320623	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	28
12128320624	Dred Scott v. Sanford	(1857) Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.	29
12128320625	John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry	(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.	30
12128320626	Election of 1860	(1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.	31
12128320627	Civil Rights Act of 1867	(1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation.	32
12128320589	Thirteenth Amendment	(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	33
12128320628	Fourteenth Amendment	(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.	34
12128320629	Fifteenth Amendment	(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	35
12128320630	Compromise of 1877	(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.	36
12128320631	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	37
12128320632	Texas Annexation	1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.	38
12128320633	"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"	The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory. Polk's campaign used the phrase as a rallying cry for the United States to obtain all of Oregon Territory, including land claimed by the English, up through Northern Canada.	39
12128320634	Oregon Trail	2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.	40
12128320635	California Gold Rush	1849. Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	41
12128320636	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.	42
12128320637	Republican Party	1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	43
12128320638	Stephen A. Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and was a leading voice in the debates over slavery and its expansion before the Civil War. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.	44
12128320639	Freeport Doctrine	Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be accomplished by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually contributed to his loss in the 1860 presidential election as Democrats believed he had walked back the gains made with the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision.	45
12128320640	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	46
12128320641	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	47
12128320590	habeas corpus	Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.	48
12128320642	sectionalism	Term used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.	49
12128320643	Robert E. Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.	50
12128320644	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.	51
12128320645	Battle of Antietam	A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. Prevented an Confederate invasion of Maryland.	52
12128320646	Battle of Gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army.	53
12128320647	Ulysses S. Grant	An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	54
12128320648	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics.	55
12128320649	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.	56
12128320650	martial law	Rule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act)	57
12128320651	Radical Reconstruction	Name given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.	58
12128320652	Military Reconstruction Act	1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	59
12128320653	Freedmen's Bureau	1865. Organization (turned government agency) run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, sometimes including settling them on confiscated confederate lands.	60
12128320654	Election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.	61
12128320655	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).	62
12128320656	scalawag	A derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.	63
12128320591	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	64
12128320592	James K. Polk	Democratic president after John Tyler who was best known for policies that promoted Manifest Destiny and expansionism.	65
12128320593	John C. Fremont	An American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States (1856), and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.	66
12128320594	Bear Flag Revolt	(1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican-American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation.	67
12128320595	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.	68
12128320596	John C. Calhoun	Senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	69
12128320597	William H. Seward	Congressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.	70
12128320598	Henry Clay	Known as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.	71
12128320599	Underground Railroad	Secret system of safe houses along a route that led many slaves to freedom in the North and eventually Canada.	72
12128320600	"Fire Eaters"	Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.	73
12128320601	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.	74
12128320602	Jefferson Davis	President of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.	75
12128320603	self-determination	The ability of a people/government to determine their own course or future using their own free will.	76
12128320604	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state (and was a factor in spurring violence there).	77
12128320605	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.	78
12128320606	Border States	Southern states that never chose secession and joined the Confederacy during the Civil War (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Deleware).	79
12128320607	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.	80
12128320608	George B. McClellan	First commander of the Army of the Potomac; well-known for being a master at training an army; was replaced several times by President Lincoln during the Civil War because of his timidness and sometimes outright refusal to send his army into battle.	81
12128320609	Copperheads	Nickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy.	82
12128320610	First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)	(July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence.	83
12128320611	Thaddeus Stevens	Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction and for the social equality of African Americans.	84
12128320612	Wade-Davis Bill	Bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.	85
12128320613	Civil Rights Act (1866)	A Reconstruction bill which gave which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the poliferation of Black Codes in the South.	86
12128320614	Redeemers	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	87
12128320615	Ku Klux Klan	The "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks or their supporters to "keep them in their place".	88
12128320616	"Seward's Folly"	Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States.	89

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14545720877	Gunpowder	Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century.	0
14545720878	Manchus	Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.	1
14545720879	Mughal Empire	Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.	2
14545720880	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	3
14545720881	Safavid Empire	Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.	4
14545720882	Songhai	a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591	5
14545720883	monumental architecture	architectural constructions of a greater-than-human scale, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs	6
14545720884	Tax farming	A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)	7
14545720885	Devshirme	'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.	8
14545720886	Samuri	a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos.	9
14545720887	Divine Right	Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.	10
14545720888	Temple of Cuzco	Incan sun temple and example of monumental architecture.	11
14545720889	Taj Mahal	A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.	12
14545720890	Versailles	A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette	13
14545720891	Zamindar	a local official in Mogul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government	14
14545720892	Protestant Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	15
14545720893	Catholic Reformation	a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation	16
14545720894	Sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	17
14545720895	Shia	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	18
14545720896	Sikhism	the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam	19
14545720897	Ming Dynasty	A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia	20
14545720898	Sycretic	A religion that combines several traditions	21

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