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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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14694754247Abstract LanguageRefers to things that are hard to define, or that can be defined in more than one way. Abstract ideas can mean one thing to me and another to you. An example of an abstraction is, "That's interesting," which means many things. What does "interesting" mean?0
14694754248Ad homonymLatin for "against the man." When a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instead of their argument or the issue. This fallacy draws attention away from the real issues. Example: Don't vote for William Smith. He has been married three times.1
14694754249Ad populumAn appeal to the prejudices of the masses that asserts if many believe it, then it is so. The assumption here is that if everyone is going to agree with me, then I don't really need to support my claim with any evidence. Just because a lot of people believe something, that doesn't necessarily make it true. Example: Politicians often want whatever the American people want, as if everyone wants/believes the same thing.2
14694754250AllegoryA narrative or description with a secondary or symbolic meaning underlying the literal meaning. Satirists sometimes use allegory because it allows them a way to indirectly attack their satirical target. Swift's Gulliver's Travels is an example.3
14694754251AlliterationThe repetition at close intervals of initial identical constant sounds. Or, vowel sounds in successive words or syllables that repeat.4
14694754252AllusionAn indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is expected to be familiar. Allusions are usually literary, historical, Biblical, or mythological.5
14694754253AmbiguityAn event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner of expression of an event or situation may be ambiguous. Artful language may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness.6
14694754254AnachronismAssignment of something to a time when it was not in existence, e.g. the watch Merlyn wore in The Once and Future King.7
14694754255AnalogyAn analogy is a comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the analogous case.8
14694754256AnaphoraRepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This device is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.9
14694754257AnecdoteA short narrative of an amusing, unusual, revealing or interesting even. Usually, the anecdote is combined with other material such as expository essays or arguments to clarify abstract points or to create a memorable image. Anecdotal: evidence that relies on observations, presented in narrative.10
14694754258AntithesisThe opposite of an idea used to emphasize a point; the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas. Hope is the antithesis of despair.11
14694754259Balanced AntithesisA figure of speech in which sharply contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure, as in To err is human; to forgive, divine.12
14694754260AphorismA concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief. For example, "Early to bed, early to rise make a man healthy, wealthy and wise." - Ben Franklin13
14694754261ApostropheAn address to the dead as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as if present; to the unborn as if alive. Examples: "O Julius Caesar thou are mighty yet; thy spirit walks abroad," or "Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll."14
14694754262Appeal to TraditionThis fallacy is apparent when the arguer suggests a course of action that is correct "because we've always done it this way." Just because something is traditionally true, that does not make it right or effective. Example: We arrange desks in a classroom in orderly rows. Any other way has not been proven effective.15
14694754263ArchetypeA term borrowed by psychologist Carl Jung who described archetypes as "primordial images" formed by repeated experiences in the lives of our ancestors, inherited in the "collective unconscious" of the human race and expressed in myths, religion, dreams, fantasies, and literature. These "images" of character, plot pattern, symbols recur in literature and evoke profound emotional responses in the reader because they resonate with an image already existing in our unconscious mind, e.g. death, rebirth.16
14694754264ArgumentationExploring of a problem by investigating all sides of it; persuasion through reason. One of the four chief forms of discourse, the others being exposition, narration, and description. The purpose of argumentation is to convince by establishing the truth of falsity of a proposition.17
14694754265AssertionThe claim or point the author is making.18
14694754266AsyndetonA series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." or "He was brave, fearless, afraid of nothing." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.19
14694757053Bandwagon AppealTrying to establish that something is true because everyone believes it is true. This fallacy is similar to Ad Populum, but relies on popularity or trendiness. The error in logic is obvious, just because it is popular, it isn't necessarily correct.20
14694768984Begging the questionTo sidestep or evade the real problem. The arguer makes an assertion as if she has already proven it. It lacks evidence. Example: Required courses such as freshman English are a waste of time. They should not be required.21
14694777216BiasA preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgement.22
14694793289Casual Relationship (cause and effect)In casual relationships, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument.23
14694797863ChiasmusArrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. Chiasmus is often short and summarizes a main idea, e.g., "ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."24
14694805911Chronological OrderingArrangement of ideas in the order in which things occur; may move from past to present or in reverse, from present to past.25
14694808286Circular ReasoningA type of faulty reasoning in which the writer attempts to support a statement by simply repeating the statement in different or stronger terms.26
14694814253ClichéA phrase or expression that has been used so often that it has lost its value.27
14694816017Concrete LanguageLanguage that describes specific, observable things, people or places, rather than ideas or qualities. Concrete language refers to real objects that we can sense or measure. Concrete passages are not difficult to imagine or perceive.28
14694822512ColloquialOrdinary language, sometimes slang or regional dialect. For example, depending on where you live in the United States, a sandwich is called a hero, a grinder or a sub.29
14696408996ConnotationRather than the dictionary definition, the associations associated by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning or denotation.30
14696411510ContradictionA direct opposition between things compared; inconsistency.31
14696427210Delayed SentenceA sentence that withholds its main idea until the end. For example: Just as he bent over to tie his shoe, a car hit him.32
14696428710DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word.33
14696433958DictionWord choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. An essay written in academic diction, for example, would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise, than street slang.34
14696437712DidacticA term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model or correct behavior or thinking.35
14696440105DigressionA temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing.36
14696441497Double EntendreA phrase or saying that has two meanings, one generally being sexual or provocative in nature.37
14696442439Emotional AppealWhen a writer appeals to readers' emotions (often through pathos) to excite and involve them in the argument. Emotive language can be abusive, if the writer manipulates emotions for false claims or to gain power or control. Emotional appeals are very common in advertising, in political speeches, and in persuasive texts. It's important to recognize emotional appeals and to look at them for what they are instead of being swept up in the "moment."38
14696450840EpigraphA quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of a theme. One found at the beginning of John Kennedy Toole's Confederacy of Dunces: "When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign; that all the dunces are in a confederacy against him."39
15658353507EpitaphA piece of writing in praise of a deceased person.40
15658448625Epitheta term used to characterize a person or thing, such as rosy-fingered in rosy-fingered dawn or the Great in Catherine the Great. Also a term used as a descriptive substitute for the name or title or a person, such as The Great Emancipator for Abraham Lincoln.41
15658464161Ethical AppealWhen a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical appeals, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audiences confidence.42
15658488246EthosA speaker or writer's credibility; his or her character, honesty, commitment to the writing.43
15658506307EulogyA speech or writing in praise of a person or thing: an oration in honor of a deceased person.44
15658523362EuphemismA kinder, gentler, less crude or harsh word or phrase to replace one that seems imprudent or harsh to use in a particular situation; also a word or phrase that dilutes the meaning of or evades responsibility for a more precise word or phrase (such as "assessment" for "test," "casualties" for "deaths").45
15658539363ExplicationThe act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Explication usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.46
15658554223ExpositionBackground information provided by a writer to enhance a readers understanding of the context of a fictional or nonfictional story.47
15658569074False Dilemma FallacyThis is when the arguer assumes that there are only two ways of looking at an issue. Example: America. Love it or leave it.48
15658580514FictionA product of a writers imagination, usually made up of characters, plot, setting, point of view, and theme.49
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AP English Literature Vocabulary (FULL) Flashcards

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12408263682plaintive(adj.) sounding sad and mournful0
12408263683portend(verb.) a sign or warning that something, especially something momentous or calamitous, is likely to happen1
12408263684semblance(n.) the outward appearance or apparent form of something, especially when the reality is different (n.) resemblance; similarity2
12408263685penury(n.) extreme poverty; destitution3
12408263686desolate(adj.) deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness (v.) make bleakly and depressingly empty or bare.4
12408263687ascetic(adj.) characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons (n.) a person who practices severe self-discipline and abstention5
12408263688sullen(adj.) bad-tempered and sulky; gloomy (n.) a sulky or depressed mood6
12408263689peremptory(adj.) (especially of a person's manner or actions) insisting on immediate attention or obedience, especially in a brusquely imperious way (adj.) not open to appeal or challenge; final7
12408263690soporific(adj.) tending to induce drowsiness or sleep (n.) a drug or other agent that induces sleep8
12408263691ludicrous(adj.) so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing; ridiculous.9
12408263692façade(n.) the face of a building, especially the principal front that looks onto a street or open space (n.) an outward appearance that is maintained to conceal a less pleasant or creditable reality10
12408263693approbation(n.) approval or praise11
12408263694interminable(adj.) endless12
12408263695calumny(n.) the making of false and defamatory statements in order to damage someone's reputation; slander13
12408263696acquiesce(v.) accept something reluctantly but without protest14
12408263697propitious(adj.) giving or indicating a good chance of success; favorable (adj.) favorably disposed toward someone15
12408263698venerate(v.) regard with great respect; revere16
12408263699phlegmatic(adj.) having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition17
12408263700enigma(n.) a person or thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand18
12408263701depreciate(v.) diminish in value over a period of time (v.) disparage or belittle19
12408263702noxious(adj.) harmful, poisonous, or very unpleasant20
12408263703assiduous(adj.) showing great care and perseverance21
12408263704solicitous(adj.) characterized by or showing interest or concern (adj.) eager or anxious to do something22
12408263705fastidious(adj.) very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail (adj.) very concerned about matters of cleanliness23
12408263706insipid(adj.) lacking flavor (adj.) lacking vigor or interest24
12408263707inveterate(adj.) having a particular habit, activity, or interest that is long-established and unlikely to change (adj.) long-established and unlikely to change25
12408263708enervate(v.) cause to feel drained of energy or vitality; weaken (adj.) lacking in energy or vitality26
12408263709trepidation/intrepid(n.) a feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen (n) trembling motion / (adj.) fearless; adventurous27
12408263710evince(v.) reveal the presence of (v.) be evidence of; indicate28
12408263711engender(v.) cause or give rise to (a feeling, situation, or condition) (v.) (of a father) beget (offspring)29
12408263712capricious(adj.) given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior30
12408263713countenance(n.) a person's face or facial expression (n.) support (v.) admit as acceptable or possible31
12408263714conjecture(n.) an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information (v.) form an opinion or supposition about (something) on the basis of incomplete information32
12408263715inexorable(adj.) impossible to stop or prevent (adj.) (of a person) impossible to persuade by request or entreaty33
12408263716sardonic(adj.) grimly mocking or cynical.34
12408263717impetuous(adj.) acting or done quickly and without thought or care (adj.) moving forcefully or rapidly35
12408263718equivocal(adj.) open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous (adj.) uncertain or questionable in nature36
12408263719transitory(adj.) not permanent37
12408263720ephemeral(adj.) lasting for a very short time (n.) an ephemeral plant38
12408263721obscure(adj.) not discovered or known about; uncertain (v.) keep from being seen; conceal39
12408263722sanguine(adj.) optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation (adj.) blood-red (n.) a blood-red color40
12408263723prodigal(adj.) spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant (adj.) having or giving something on a lavish scale (n.) a person who spends money in a recklessly extravagant way41
12408263724discern(v.) perceive or recognize (something) (v.) distinguish (someone or something) with difficulty by sight or with the other senses42
12408263725profligate(adj.) recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources (n.) a licentious, dissolute person43
12408263726languid(adj.) displaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed (adj.) weak or faint from illness or fatigue44
12408263727sententious(adj.) given to moralizing in a pompous or affected manner45
12408263728disposition(n.) a person's inherent qualities of mind and character (n.) the way in which something is placed or arranged, especially in relation to other things46
12408263729apoplexy(n.) unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral hemorrhage or stroke (n.) incapacity or speechlessness caused by extreme anger47
12408263730insuperable(adj.) impossible to overcome48
12408263731indefatigable(adj.) persisting tirelessly49
12408263732capacious(adj.) having a lot of space inside; roomy50
12408263733fervent(adj.) having or displaying a passionate intensity; enthusiastic; ((ardent))51
12408263734ascertain(v.) find (something) out for certain; make sure of; to verify52
12408263735innocuous(adj.) not harmful or offensive, harmless53
12408263736dauntless(adj.) showing fearlessness and determination; brave54
12408263737picayune(adj.) petty; worthless; measly; of little value; worthless55
12408263738querulous(adj.) complaining in a petulant or whining manner; grouchy; hard-to-please56
12408263739puerile(adj.) childishly silly and trivial; immature; juvenile; ((callow))57
12408263740indemnity(n.) a sum of money paid as compensation, especially a sum exacted by a victor in was as one condition of peace58
12408263741effluence(n.) a substance that flows out from something; outflow; emission; wordiness; ((verbosity))59
12408263742irascible(adj.) having or showing a tendency to be easily angered; irritable; easily angered; grouchy; ((bilious; petulant; querulous))60
12408263743imbibe(v.) drink; consume; swallow; ingest; absorb61
12408263744dross(n.) something regarded as worthless; rubbish; trash; dregs; refuse62
12408263745physiognomy(n.) a person's facial features or expression, especially when regarded as indicative of character or ethnicity or origin; outward appearance; ((countenance; façade))63
12408263746confabulation(n.) conversation; discussion; ((palaver))64
12408263747noisome(adj.) having an extremely offensive smell; disgusting65
12408263748conciliate(v.) stop (someone) from being angry or discontented; placate; pacify; to calm; to satisfy66
12408263749automaton(n.) a moving mechanical device made in imitation of a human being; a robot; a gadget67
12408263750misconstrue(v.) interpret wrongly; to misjudge68
12408263751propinquity(n.) the state of being close to someone or something; proximity; kinship (nearness of relation)69
12408263752asperity(n.) harshness of tone or manner; bitterness; irritability; meanness70
12408263753tyro(n.) a beginner or novice; newcomer71
12408263754panegyric(n.) a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something; a eulogy72
12408263755assuage(v.) make less intense; to ease; to lessen73
12408263756invidious(adj.) likely to arouse or incur resentment or anger in others; offensive; hateful; full of enmity74
12408263757effrontery(n.) insolent or impertinent behavior; shameless boldness; audacity; ((impudence))75
12408263758disquieting(adj.) inducing feelings of anxiety or worry; unsettling; disturbing76
12408263759rapt(adj.) completely fascinated by what one is seeing or hearing; wholly absorbed; captivated; immersed77
12408263760sapient(adj.) wise, or attempting to appear wise; intellegent78
12408263761mien(n.) a person's look or manner, especially one of a particular kind indicating their character or mood; personality; ((disposition))79
12408263762capitulate(v.) cease to resist an opponent or an unwelcome demand; surrender80
12408263763preclude(v.) prevent from happening; make impossible; impede81
12408263764disputatious(adj.) fond of or causing heated arguments; argumentative82
12408263765salient(adj.) most noticeable or important; significant; remarkable; obvious83
12408263766facileeasily achieved; effortless; deft; hasty84
12408263767maladroit(adj.) ineffective or bungling; clumsy; unskillful85
12408263768fait accompli(n.) a thing that has already happened or been decided before those affected hear about it, leaving them with no option but to accept; an accomplished and presumably irreversible deed86
12408263769pedantry(n.) excessive concern with minor details and rules; slavish attention to rules; meticulousness; extreme exactness87
12408263770ineffable(adj.) too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words; inexpressible; indescribable88
12408263771salubrious(adj.) health-giving; healthy; wholesome; hygienic89
12408263772misanthropy(n.) a dislike of humankind90
12408263773eclectic(adj.) deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources; assorted; ((multifarious))91
12408263774cursory(adj.) hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed; superficial; careless; haphazard92
12408263775dissimulate(v.) conceal or disguise (one's thoughts, feelings, or character); to pretend; to deceive; to feign93
12408263776immutable(adj.) unchanging over time or unable to be changed; eternal94
12408263777ameliorate(v.) make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better; to improve95
12408263778palliate(v.) make (a disease or its symptoms) less severe or unpleasant without removing the cause; soothe; ((mitigate))96
12408263779fetter(v.) restrain with chains or manacles, typically around the ankles; to curb; hinder; ((trammel))97
12408263780arrogate(v.) take or claim (something) without justification; to confiscate98
12408263781predilection(n.) a preference or special liking for something; a bias in favor of something; a passion; a fondness; a proclivity99
12408263782choleric(adj.) bad-tempered or irritable100
12408263783ambivalent(adj.) having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone; indecisive; undecided; ((irresolute))101
12408263784contumelious(adj.) (of behavior) scornful and insulting; insolent; rude102
12408263785prurient(adj.) having or encouraging an excessive interest in sexual matters; lewd; obscene; lustful; ((lascivious))103
12408263786machinations(n.) a plot or scheme104
12408263787ignominious(adj.) deserving or causing public disgrace or shame105
12408263788pedantic(adj.) unimaginative; academic; didactic106
12408263789imperious(adj.) assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering107
12408263790rankle(v.) cause annoyance or resentment that persists; to irritate; to irk108
12408263791exculpate(v.) show or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing; to pardon; to forgive109
12408263792lassitude(n.) a state or physical or mental weariness; lack of energy; exhaustion; ((languor))110
12408263793abstruse(adj.) difficult to understand; obscure; complex; confusing111
12408263794sobriquet(n.) a person's nickname112
12408263795abject(adj.) (of something bad) experienced or present to the maximum degree; miserable; hopeless; ((insuperable))113
12408263796diffident(adj.) modest or shy because of a lack of self-confidence; shy; timid; reserved; ((reticent))114
12408263797sanguinary(adj.) involving or causing much bloodshed; murderous115
12408263798sedulous(adj.) (of a person or action) showing dedication and diligence; hardworking; industrious; ((assiduous))116
12408263799dirge(n.) a mournful song, piece of music, or poem117
12408263800petulant(adj.) childish sulky or bad tempered; moody; irritable; peevish; ((irascible; bilious))118
12408263801ostensible(adj.) stated or appearing to be true, but not necessarily so119
12408263802equanimity(n.) mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation120
12408263803dastardly(adj.) wicked and cruel; cowardly; ((pusillanimous))121
12408263804amalgamate(v.) combine or unite to form one organization or structure122
12408263805palpable(adj.) so intense as to seem almost tangible; concrete; real; touchable123
12408263806censure(v) express severe disapproval of (someone or something), typically in a formal statement; ((remonstrate)) (n.) the expression of formal disapproval; condemnation; ((remonstration))124
12408263807temporize(v.) avoid making a decision or committing oneself in order to gain time; procrastination; to delay125
12408263808hidebound(adj.) unwilling or unable to change because of tradition or convention; narrow-minded; intolerable; ((dogmatic))126
12408263809bibulous(adj.) excessively fond of drinking alcohol127
12408263810obstreperous(adj.) noisy and difficult to control; rowdy; unruly; boisterous128
12408263811sundry(adj.) of various kinds; several129
12408263812circuitous(adj.) longer than the most direct way130
12408263813garish(adj.) obtrusively bright and showy; lurid; gaudy; flashy131
12408263814clamorous(adj.) making a loud and confused noise; ((cacophonous))132
12408263815compunction(n.) a feeling of guilt or moral scruple that prevents or follows the doing of something bad; remorse; regret133
12408263816erudite(adj.) having or showing great knowledge or learning; scholarly134
12408263817indigent(adj.) poor; needy; ((destitute; penury))135
12408263818nebulous(adj.) unclear, vague, or ill-defined136
12408263819refractory(adj.) stubborn or unmanageable137
12408263820coquette(n.) a woman who flirts; ((coquettish; flirtatious))138
12408263821castigate(v.) reprimand (someone) severely139
12408263822desultory(adj.) going constantly from one subject to another in a halfhearted way; unfocused; off-the-subject140
12408263823lugubrious(adj.) looking or sounding sad and dismal; mournful; gloomy; ((saturnine))141
12408263824malingerer(n.) one who feigns an illness (pretends to be sick)142
12408263825copious(adj.) abundant in supply or quantity; plentiful; ample; ((replete))143
12408263826profusion(n.) an abundance or large quantity of something; overabundance; ((plethora)); ((surfeit)); plenitude;144
12408263827bowdlerize(v.) remove material that is considered improper or offensive from (a text or account), especially with the result that it becomes weaker or less effective; to purge; to censor; to remove bad or offensive parts145
12408263828rapacity(n.) aggressive greed; inordinate greed; ((cupidity: greed for money))146
12408263829obfuscate(v.) render ((obscure)), unclear, or unintelligible; to darken or confuse147
12408263830cozen(v.) trick or deceive148
12408263831sere(adj.) withered; dried-up; ((arid))149
12408263832temperate(adj.) showing moderation or self-restraint; calm; even-tempered; mild150
12408263833celerity(n.) swiftness of movement151
12408263834illimitable(adj.) without limits or an end152
12408263835steadfast(adj.) ((resolute))ly or dutifully firm and unwavering; loyal; unswerving153
12408263836mellifluous(adj.) musical; harmonious; ((euphonious))154
12408263837vacuous(adj.) having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; mindless; inane; ((asinine))155
12408263838debauch(v.) destroy or debase the moral purity of; corrupt; seduce156
12408263839moribund(adj.) at the point of death; on the verge of extinction157
12408263840ribald(adj.) referring to sexual matters in an amusingly rude or irreverent way; vulgar; indecent; ((scurrilous))158
12408263841fortuitous(adj.) happening by accident or chance rather than by design; lucky159
12408263842proselyte(n.) a person who has converted from one opinion, religion, or party to another, especially recently160
12408263843hoi polloi(n.) the masses; the common people161
12408263844melee(n) a confused fight, skirmish, or scuffle, a free-for-all162
12408263845risible(adj.) such as to provoke laughter; laughable; amusing; comical163
12408263846caterwaul(v) (of a cat) make a shrill howling or wailing noise (n) a shrill howling or wailing noise164
12408263847solecism(n) a grammatical mistake in speech or writing; a breech of etiquette; a faux pas165
12408263848pecuniary(adj.) relating to or consisting of money; financial166
12408263849brazen(adj.) bold and without shame; sassy; cheeky; impudent167
12408263850pundit(n.) an expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called on to give opinions about it to the public; an expert168
12408263851tautology(n.) the saying of the same thing twice in different words, generally considered to be a fault of style; needless repetition; redundancy169
12408263852deference(n.) humble submission and respect; courtesy170
12408263853avuncular(adj.) relating to an uncle; friendly; helpful171
12408263854aesthetic(adj.) concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty172
12408263855blithe(adj.) happy or joyous; cheerful; ((jocund))173
12408263856anitpathy(n.) a deep-seated feeling of dislike; aversion174
12408263857onus(n.) used to refer to something that is one's duty or responsibility175
12408263858pungent(adj.) having a sharply strong taste or smell; ((acrid))176
12408263859buffoon(n.) a ridiculous but amusing person; a clown; ((buffoonery; foolishness; silliness))177
12408263860denizen(n.) an inhabitant or occupant of a particular place178
12408263861truncate(v.) shorten (something) by cutting off the top or the end; to lop; to trim179
12408263862insouciant(adj.) showing a casual lack of concern; indifferent; happy-go-lucky180
12408263863panache(n.) flamboyant confidence of style or manner; dash181
12408263864chicanery(n.) the use of trickery to achieve a political, financial, or legal purpose; ((sophistry))182
12408263865euphonious(adj.) (of sound, usually speech) pleasing to the ear; harmonious; ((mellifluous))183
12408263866cocophonous(adj.) involving or producing a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds; noisy; ((clamorous))184
12408263867gauche(adj.) lacking ease or grace; unsophisticated and socially awkward185
12408263868cogent(adj.) clear, logical, and convincing; to the point186
12408263869indubitable(adj.) impossible to doubt; unquestionable; undeniable; ((incontrovertible))187
12408263870gadfly(n.) a fly that bites livestock, especially a horsefly, warble fly, or botfly an annoying person, especially one who provokes others into action by criticism188
12408263871pernicious(adj.) having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way189
12408263872impious(adj.) not showing respect or reverence, especially for a god; sinful; unethical; irreligious190
12408263873jocund(adj.) cheerful and lighthearted; jolly; ((blithe; jovial))191
12408263874lucid(adj.) expressed clearly; easy to understand; ((limpid))192
12408263875hirsute(adj.) hairy193
12408263876tepid(adj.) only slightly warm; lukewarm; half-hearted194
12408263877curmudgeon(n.) a bad-tempered or surly person; a grouch; a crank; a churl195
12408263878florid(adj.) elaborately or excessively intricate or complicated; ornate having a red or flushed complextion196
12408263879eleemosynary(adj.) relating to or dependent on charity; charitable; ((beneficent))197
12408263880disparate(adj.) essentially different in kind; not allowing comparison; divergent; entirely dissimilar198
12408263881excoriate(v.) censure or criticize severely; to denounce; to drub199
12408263882intimate(v.) imply or hint; to suggest200
12408263883fractious(adj.) irritable and quarrelsome; cross; ((querulous; bilious; petulant; irascible))201
12408263884myopic(adj.) nearsighted lacking imagination, foresight, or intellectual insight; narrow-minded202
12408263885galling(adj.) annoying; humiliating; vexing203
12408263886laudatory(adj.) expressing praise and commendation204
12408263887resolute(adj.) admirably purposeful, determined, and unwavering; ((steadfast))205
12408263888derring-do(n.) action displaying heroic courage; valor206
12408263889tendentious(adj.) expressing or intending to promote a particular cause or point of view, especially a controversial one; prejudiced; partisan207
12408263890obloquy(n.) strong public criticism or verbal abuse; insult; disgrace; ((animadversion))208
12408263891saccharine(adj.) excessively sweet or sentimental; cloying; ingratiating209
12408263892convivial(adj.) friendly, lively, and enjoyable210
12408263893quietus(n.) death or something that causes death, regarded as a release from life211
12408263894persiflage(n.) light and slightly contemptuous mockery or banter; ((repartee))212
12408263895bilious(adj.) affected by or associated with nausea or vomiting; irritable; peevish; sickeningly unpleasant ((fractious; petulant; querulous; irascible))213
12408263896germane(adj.) relevant to a subject under consideration; appropriate214
12408263897quell(v.) put an end to; to stop; to crush; to conquer215
12408263898halcyon(adj.) denoting a period of time in the past that was idyllically happy and peaceful; calm216
12408263899clement(adj.) fair; balmy; moderate217
12408263900recondite(adj.) little known; abstruse; hard-to-understand; profound; ((esoteric))218
12408263901filch(v.) pilfer or steal in a casual way; to take without permission219
12408263902surreptitious(adj.) kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of; stealthy; sneaky220
12408263903pontificate(v.) express one's opinions in a way considered annoyingly pompous and dogmatic; to preach; to lecture221
12408263904mercurital(adj.) subject to sudden or unpredictable changes of mood or mind; fluctuating; ((capricious))222
12408263905expectorate(v.) cough or spit out from the throat or lungs223
12408263906abstemious(adj.) not self-indulgent, especially when eating and drinking; abstinent; ((ascetic))224
12408263907apocryphal(adj.) of doubtful authenticity, although widely circulated as being true; fictitious; mystical225
12408263908acquisitive(adj.) excessively interested in acquiring money or material things; desirous; greedy226
12408263909potpourri(n.) a mixture of dried petals and spices placed in a bowl or small sack to perfume clothing or a room227
12408263910pithy(adj.) concise and forcefully expressive; using words sparingly succinct; ((laconic))228
12408263911garrulous(adj.) excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters; ((prolix))229
12408263912refute(v.) prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove; ((to abnegate))230
12408263913virile(adj.) (of a man) having strength, energy, and a strong sex drive; macho231
12408263914saturnine(adj.) slow and gloomy; depressed; ((lugubrious; sullen))232
12408263915savoir faire(n.) the ability to act or speak appropriately in social situations; diplomacy; savvy233
12408263916missive(n.) a letter, especially a long or official one234
12408263917guise(n.) an external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, typically concealing the true nature of something; a pretense235
12408263918propound(v.) put forward (an idea, theory, or point of view) for consideration by others; to suggest; to assert236
12408263919exacerbate(v.) make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse; to intensify; to aggravate237
12408263920propriety(n.) the state or quality of conforming to the conventionally accepted standards of behavior or morals; properness; legitimacy238
12408263921allay(v.) diminish or put at rest (fear, suspicion, or worry); to pacify; ((assuage; conciliate))239
12408263922jettison(v.) to throw or drop (something) from an aircraft or ship; to cast overboard; to discard240
12408263923raiment(n.) clothing241
12408263924undulate(v.) move with a smooth wavelike motion; to ripple; to billow242
12408263925feckless(adj.) lacking initiative or strength of character; irresponsible; ineffective; weak; careless243
12408263926decry(v.) publicly denounce; to criticize; to belittle; to condemn; ((discommend; depreciate))244
12408263927piquant(adj.) having a pleasantly sharp taste or appetizing flavor; zesty; tangy; flavorful245
12408263928contumacious(adj.) (especially of a defendant's behavior) stubbornly or willfully disobedient to authority; pig-headed; rebellious246
12408263929slake(v.) quench or satisfy (one's thirst); to allay; ((mitigate))247
12408263930officious(adj.) assertive of authority in an annoyingly domineering way, especially with regard to petty or trivial matters; meddlesome; pushy; obtrusive248
12408263931frivolity(n.) lack of seriousness; lightheartedness; fun; ((frippery))249
12408263932gambol(v.) run or jump about playfully; frolic; play; prance about250
12408263933userpation(n.) taking someone's power or property by force; abduction; seizure251
12408263934vindication(n.) the action of clearing someone of blame or suspicion; the justification of some act of belief; substantiation252
12408263935postulate(v.) suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of (something) as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief; maintain or assert; hypothesize; ((aver))253
12408263936eschew(v.) deliberately avoid using; abstain from; avoid; forgo; give up; ((abjure))254
12408263937glean(v.) extract (information) from various sources; learn; gather; harvest255
12408263938interstice(n.) an intervening space, especially a very small one; interval; gap256
12408263939cynosure(n.) a person or thing that is the center of attention or admiration; centerpiece; main attraction257
12408263940factitious(adj.) artificially created or developed; not from natural resources258
12408263941effluvium(n.) an unpleasant or harmful odor, secretion, or discharge; exhaust fumes259
12408263942captious(adj.) tending to find fault or raise petty objections; nit-picky; overcritical260
12408263943redolent(adj.) fragrant or sweet-smelling261
12408263944fetid(adj.) smelling extremely unpleasant ((fusty))262
12408263945beguile(v.) charm or enchant (someone), sometimes in a deceptive way; to attract; to enamor263
12408263946perfidious(adj.) deceitful and untrustworthy264
12408263947hoary(adj.) showing characteristics of age, especially having gray or white hair265
12408263948exigency(n.) an urgent need or demand; an emergency266
12408263949dishabille(n.) the state of being only partly or scantily clothed; undress or negligent attire; nakedness267
12408263950gaunt(adj.) lean and haggard, especially because of suffering, hunger, or age268
12408263951raillery(n.) good-humored teasing; ((badinage))269
12408263952inveigh(v.) speak or write about (something) with great hostility; condemn; berate; ((castigate))270
12408263953stymie(v.) prevent or hinder the progress of; to obstruct; to mysitfy271
12408263954kowtow(v.) act in an excessively subservient manner; to give in to; to cave in; to go along with272
12408263955imbroglio(n.) an extremely confused, complicated, or embarrassing situation; a dilemma; an entanglement; ((quagmire))273
12408263956vainglorious(adj.) excessively proud of oneself or one's achievements; overly vain; haughty; conceited; stuck-up274
12408263957discomfit(v.) make (someone) feel uneasy or embarrassed; to confuse; to frustrate; to perplex275
12408263958amok(adj.) Berserk; psycho; haywire276
12408263959transcendent(adj.) beyond or above the range of normal or merely physical human experience; extraordinary; fantastic; ultimate277
12408263960milieu(n.) a person's social environment: atmosphere278
12408263961pusillanimous(adj.) showing a lack of courage or determination; timid; cowardly; fearful279
12408263962pulchritudinous(adj.) beautiful; dazzling; charming280
12408263963knackered(adj.) exhausted; very tired281
12408263964minatory(adj.) expressing or conveying a threat; menacing; ((portentous))282
12408263965floriferous(adj.) producing many flowers; blooming; flowering283
12408263966chide(v.) scold or rebuke; to criticize sharply; to censure284
12408263967truculent(adj.) eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant; cruel; brutal; ((contumacious))285
12408263968modicum(n.) a small quantity of a particular thing, especially something considered desirable or valuable; an iota; a crumb286
12408263969circumspect(adj.) wary and unwilling to take risks; cautious; safe; discreet287
12408263970enmity(n.) the state or feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or something; ill-will; hatred288
12408263971disabuse(v.) persuade (someone) that an idea or belief is mistaken289
12408263972qrandiloquent(adj.) pompous or extravagant in language, style, or manner, especially in a way that is intended to impress; bombastic; overblown290
12408263973invective(n.) insulting, abusive, or highly critical language; harsh accusation; ((obloquy))291
12408263974mendacious(adj.) not telling the truth; lying; ((mendacity))292
12408263975obdurate(adj.) stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action; ((refractory))293
12408263976paucity(n.) the presence of something only in small or insufficient quantities or amounts; scarcity; lack; dearth294
12408263977probity(n.) the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency; justice; rightness295
12408263978quibble(v.) argue or raise objections about a trivial matter296
12408263979welter(v.) move in a turbulent fashion; to wallow in turmoil (n.) a large number of items in no order; a confused mass; jumble297
12408263980ineluctable(adj.) unable to be resisted or avoided; inescapable298
12408263981folderol(n.) trivial or nonsensical fuss; gibberish299
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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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13911849869Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
13911849870Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
13911849871AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
13911849872AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
13911849873Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
13911849874Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
13911849875Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
13911849876Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
13911849877Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.). Known as the Golden Age of India with many achievements.8
13911849878Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years. A Golden Age of China.9
13911849879Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
13911849880HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
13911849881Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.12
13911849882Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. This is the empire of Ashoka and the spread of Buddhism in India.13
13911849883PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.14
13911849884Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.15
13911849885Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.16
13911849886PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.17
13911849887Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.18
13911849888PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.19
13911849889Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.20
13911849890Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.21
13911849891Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. Used Legalism, standardized currency and weights and built the Terra cotta army.22
13911849892WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.23
13911849893XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.24
13911849894AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.25
13911849895Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.26
13911849896BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.27
13911849897BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.28
13911849898BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama in India.29
13911849899ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.30
13911849900ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.31
13911849901ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.32
13911849902DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.33
13911849903Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.34
13911849904Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.35
13911849905HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.36
13911849906HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.37
13911849907Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).38
13911849908YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.39
13911849909KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action in the prior existence.40
13911849910LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.41
13911849911LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous harsh punishments.42
13911849912MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman. The ultimate goal of Hindus and freedom from the cycle of rebirth.43
13911849913Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.44
13911849914SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).45
13911849915UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.46
13911849916VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.47
13911849917Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.48
13911849918Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.49
13911849919ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.50
13911849920Caste SystemThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.51
13911849921DharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.52
13911849922KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.53
13911849923LatifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire54
13911849924PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age of Democracy.55
13911849925SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers56
13911849926the "three submissions"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.57
13911849927UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.58
13911849928VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.59
13911849929Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.60
13911849930SyncretismAttempted union or reconciliation of diverse or opposite tenets or practices, especially in philosophy or religion. (ex. Hellenistism)61
13911849931Ancestor VenerationThe custom of worshiping deceased ancestors who are considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living. Practiced in Classical China.62
13911849932Codificationthe action or process of arranging laws, rules or religious beliefs according to a system or plan.63
13911849933Jewish Diasporathe dispersion of Israelites, Judahites and later Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe64
13911849934Monasticisma religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work; typically in a house of worship (ex. Christrianity and Buddhism)65
13911849935ReincarnationThe rebirth of the soul in a new body. A belief of both Hinduism and Buddhism.66
13911849936NirvanaThe goal of the Buddhist path. It is the ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism and marks the release from rebirths.67
13911849937Mahayana Buddihismone of the two major traditions of Buddhism, now practiced in a variety of forms especially in China, Tibet, Japan, and Korea. Became more a religion and Buddha became viewed as a god.68
13911849938Theravada BuddhismOne of the two major traditions of Buddhism. It is more similar to the Buddha's origional philosophy and Buddha is seen as a teacher rather than a god. It is practiced mainly in Southeast Asia in places such as Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.69
139118499395 Key RelationshipsRuler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, elder to younger and friend to friend. Confucius believed that if society follows these then it will lead to social harmony and order.70
13911849940Influence of Daoism on Chinese cultureMedical theories and practices, poetry, metallurgy, architecture71
13911849941Reasons why Belief Systems SpreadMissionaries, merchants and trade routes72
13911849942AnimismThe ancient religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. All things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems,—considered alive with spiritual presence.73
13911849943PhoeniciansOne of the earliest trading empires in world history that dominated the Mediterranean region; created the world's first known alphabet system that was later adapted by the Greeks.74
13911849944Mayaa Mesoamerican civilization (Mexico) noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system.75
13911849945TeotihuacanLocated in the Basin of Central Mexico, was the largest and most revered city in the history of Mesoamerica, and it flourished in a Golden Age during the Classic Period of the first millennium CE. Dominated by two gigantic pyramids and a huge sacred avenue, the city, its architecture, art, and religion would influence all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures, and it remains today the most visited ancient site in Mexico.76
13911849946Methods of Orginization and Legitimicy of Classical Empires and their Rulersadministrateve institutions (centralized governments, bureaucracies, legal systems), claiming divine rule (ex. Mandate of Heaven), promoted trade, projected military power over other lands using new technologies and techniques (standard currencies, diplomacies), building fortifications, defensive walls, roads, using new groups of military officers and soldiers from the conquered populations77
13911849947Role of Imperial CitiesServed as centers of trade, public performances of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires78
13911849948Merchants in ChinaPlaced at the bottom of the social pyramid in China because they were viewed as greedy and selfish79
13911849949Patriarchya system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it80
13911849950Reasons for the Collapse of Classical EmpiresExcessive mobilization of resources, overexpansion, erosion of political institutions, social class tensions, spread of disease, security issues along borders, invasions81
13911849951Trade Routes of the Classical EraEurasian Silk Roads, Trans-Saharan caravan routes, Inidan Ocean sea lanes, Mediterranean sea lanes82
13911849952New Technologies of the Classical EraYoke, saddal, stirrup83
13911849953Domesticated pack animals used on Classical Trade RoutesHorse, camel, llama84
13911849954Monsoonsa seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (wet), or from the northeast between October and April (dry)85
13911849955Qanat Systeman ancient system of underground tunnels that supply mountain water to dry lower places in the Middle East. First used in the Persian Empire.86
13911849956Missionarya person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity or Buddhism in a foreign land87
13911849957city-statea city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state with its own leader; ex. Greece (polis)88
13911849958Bodhisattva(in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings89
13911849959Classical Era600 BCE to 600 CE; characterized by the emergence of empires such as Persia, Rome, Han, the codification of world belief systems and trade routes of Afro-Eurasia90
13911849960Roman RepublicThe era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates.91
13911849961Universal ReligionsRefers to a religion believing their laws are binding for everyone. A religion that can spread to other lands and cultures and actively seeks converts (i.e. Christianity and Buddhism) Can be directly contrasted to ethnic religions, which are, limited by ethnic or national scope (i.e. Judaism, Zoroastrianism)92
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ap language midterm review Flashcards

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12370117233parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses0
12370117234isocolonparallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length1
12370123013antithesisthe direct opposite (juxtaposition), a sharp contrast2
12370157842anastropheinversion of the natural or usual word order3
12370162494asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words "i came, i saw, i conquered"4
12370179107anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses5
12370198362epistrophethe repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences6
12370201488chiasmusa rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form "it is boring to eat; to sleep is fulfilling"7
12370237816synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa "i have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat"8
12370245535metonymysubstituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it "the pen is mightier than the sword"9
12370259389antanaclasisrepetition of a word in two different senses "if we don't hang together, we'll hang separately"10
12370272092litotesa form of understatement that is deliberate11
12370276432rhetorical questiona question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer12
12370278994metaphora comparison without using like or as13
12370281117similea comparison of two unlike things using like or as14
12370289524assonancerepetition of vowel sounds15
12370291655alliterationthe occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words16
12370300010onomatopoeiathe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named "boom"17
12370311174oxymorona figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction "cruel kindness" ; "visible darkness"18
12370318290paradoxa statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth "whoever loses his life, shall find it"19
12370329440allegorya story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one20
12370336932analogya comparison of two different things that are similar in some way21
12370340982antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers ("it" usually)22
12370351161colloquialcharacteristic of informal spoken language or conversation; slang23
12370360098dictionthe choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing24
12370366970ethoscredibility25
12370370034euphemisma mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing26
12370385243logosan appeal based on logic or reason27
12370388556pathosan appeal to emotion28
12370394271pedantican adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish29
12370430723repetitionthe duplication (exact or approximate) of any element of language30
12370430724satirethe use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues31
12370461322symbola thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract32
12370461323syntaxthe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language33
12370463634themethe subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic34
12370463635thesisthe primary position taken by a writer or speaker35
12370465986toneattitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character36
12370469972zeugmause of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings37
12370475951argument and persuasionessay that formulates an opinion or makes a proposal38
12370475952cause and effecta relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another39
12370483377classification and divisiona pattern of writing or speaking which is characterized by division, which is the process of breaking a whole into parts, and classification, which is the often subsequent process of sorting individual items into categories40
12370486054comparison and contrasta method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things41
12370489416definitionthe meaning of a word42
12370489417descriptiona spoken or written representation or account of a person, object, or event43
12370492180narrationthe telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse44
12370495622process analysisexplains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done45
12370495623soapstonesubject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone46
12370514558didlsdiction, images, details, language, sentence structure47
12370535924anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person48
12370535925argumentationwriting that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation49
12370538787ellipsisthree periods (...) indicating the omission of words in thought or quotation50
12370542569deductionthe process of moving from a general rule to a specific example51
12370548786hyperboleexaggeration52
12370548787imageryvisually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work53
12370552445ironythe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect54
12370554899parablea simple story that illustrates a moral or religious lesson55
12370559922personificationthe attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form56
12370562650pedantryact of showing off learning in a manner that is needless and unimaginative57
12370580957commasa punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence also used to separate items in a list and to mark the place of thousands in a large numeral58
12370584235comma splicetwo sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma (add as, but, such, etc)59
12370592855apostropheshow possession, mark omissions in contractions, or form plurals60
12370606059colona punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an expansion or explanation61
12370608468semicolona punctuation mark (;) indicating a pause, typically between two independent clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicated by a comma62
12370614509hyphena punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text63
12370617286dashesa punctuation mark (—) used to indicate a sudden break in thought, to set off parenthetical material64
12370619477parenthesesused to not interrupt the main sentence (extra information) (in parentheses if it is a sentence make sure inside has its own period)65
12370629948bracketsused to enclose synonyms, alternative wording, or explanatory phrase []66
12370640259quotation markeach of a set of punctuation marks, single (' ') or double (" "), used either to mark the beginning and end of a title or quoted passage or to indicate that a word or phrase is regarded as slang or jargon or is being discussed rather than used within the sentence67
12370643863periodends a sentence that makes a statement68
12370646561question markends a direct question69
12370648844exclamation pointpunctuation used to show excitement or emotion, placed at the end of a sentence70
12370651681prepositionsa word that shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns and some other words in a sentence (after, before, near, back, on, by, with, between, during, beyond, off, at, like, of, for)71
12370669897italicstitle of long works like plays and books when you type72
12370674516underlinetitle of long works like plays and books when you write73
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AP Statistics (Unit 1) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14723401137VariablesCharacteristic of an individual0
14723401138Categorical VariablePlaces individual into a category1
14723401139Quantitative VariableTakes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average2
14723401140Frequency TableTable of counts3
14723401141Relative Frequency TableDisplays percents4
14723401142Bar Graph- Label axes - Title graph - Scale axes appropriately - Each bar should correspond to the appropriate count - Leave room between bars5
14723401143Pie Chart- Include all the categories that make up the whole - Counts will be percentages6
14723401144ShapeSymmetric, skewed7
14723401145Measures of CenterMean, Median8
14723401146Mean- Most common measure of center - Arithmetic average9
14723401147Median- Midpoint of a distribution10
14723401148SpreadRange, IQR11
14723401149IQRThe middle 50%12
14723401150IQR EquationQ3 - Q113
14723401151Outlier EquationLess than Q1 - 1.5IQR Higher than Q3 + 1.5IQR14
14723401152Dotplot- Only need to properly label horizontal axis - Title - Each dot represents a count of 1 - Works well with a small data set15
14723401153Stemplot- Separate each piece of data into a "stem" and a "lead" - Write the stems vertically in increasing order from top to bottom - Write the leaves in increasing order out from the stem - Be very neat and leave the same amount of space between leaves - Title the graph - Include a key identifying what the stem and leaves represent - Works well with a small data set16
14723401154Histogram- Most common graph of a quantitative variable - The x-axis is continuous, no gaps between bars - Title the graph - Divide the range of data into classes of equal width - Label and scale the axes17
14723401155Five-Number SummaryMinimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum18
14723401156Boxplot- Drawn from Q1 to Q3 - Line in the middle marks the median - Lines extend from the box to the smallest and largest observations that aren't outliers19
14723401157Standard Deviation- Find the distance of each observation from the mean - Square each of these distances - Average the distances by dividing their sum by n-1 - Take the square root20
14723401159When describing the overall pattern of a distribution, you must address...- Center - Shape - Spread - Outliers21
14723401166Dotplot22
14723401167Histogram23
14723401168Bar Graph24
14723401169Frequency Table25
14723401170Relative Frequency Table26
14723401171Symmetric27
14723401172Skewed Right28
14723401173Skewed Left29
14723401174Pie Chart30
14723401175Segmented Bar Graph31
14723401176Two-Way Table32
14723401177Back-to-Back Stemplot33
14723401178Boxplot34
14723401160Is the mean sensitive to outliers?The mean is sensitive to outliers.35
14723401161If a distribution is skewed, use this measure of centerMedian36
14723401162Is the median sensitive to outliers?The median is not sensitive to outliers.37
14723401163If a distribution is exactly symmetric, the median and mean will beExactly the same38
14723401164If the distribution is skewed left, the mean willbe less than median39
14723401165If the distribution is skewed right, the mean willbe more than median40
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