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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13799126903	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13799126904	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13799126905	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13799126906	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13799126907	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13799126908	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13799126909	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13799126910	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13799126911	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13799126912	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13799126913	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13799126914	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13799126915	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13799126916	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13799126917	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13799126918	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13799126919	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13799126920	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13799126921	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13799126922	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13799126923	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13799126924	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13799126925	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13799126926	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13799126927	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13799126928	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13799126929	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13799126930	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13799126931	theory	general idea being tested	28
13799126932	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13799126933	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13799126934	mode	appears the most	31
13799126935	mean	average	32
13799126936	median	middle	33
13799126937	range	highest - lowest	34
13799126938	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13799126939	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13799126940	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13799126941	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13799126942	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13799126943	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13799126944	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13799126945	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13799127157	neuron		43
13799126946	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13799126947	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13799126948	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13799126949	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13799126950	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13799126951	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13799126952	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13799126953	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13799126954	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13799126955	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13799126956	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13799126957	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13799126958	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13799126959	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13799126960	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13799126961	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13799126962	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13799126963	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13799126964	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13799126965	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13799126966	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13799126967	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13799126968	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13799126969	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13799126970	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13799126971	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13799126972	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13799126973	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13799126974	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13799126975	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13799126976	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13799126977	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13799126978	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13799126979	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13799126980	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13799126981	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13799126982	occipital lobe	vision	80
13799126983	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13799126984	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13799126985	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13799126986	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13799126987	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13799126988	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13799126989	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13799126990	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13799126991	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13799126992	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13799126993	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13799126994	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13799126995	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13799126996	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13799126997	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13799126998	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13799126999	rods	night time	97
13799127000	cones	color	98
13799127001	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13799127002	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13799127003	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13799127004	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13799127005	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13799127006	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13799127007	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13799127008	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13799127009	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13799127010	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13799127011	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13799127012	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13799127013	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13799127014	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13799127015	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13799127016	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13799127017	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13799127018	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13799127019	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13799127020	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13799127021	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13799127022	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13799127023	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13799127024	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13799127025	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13799127026	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13799127027	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13799127028	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13799127029	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13799127030	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13799127031	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13799127032	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13799127033	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13799127034	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13799127035	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13799127036	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13799127037	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13799127038	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13799127039	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13799127040	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13799127041	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13799127042	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13799127043	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13799127044	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13799127045	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13799127046	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13799127047	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13799127048	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13799127049	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13799127050	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13799127051	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13799127052	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13799127053	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13799127054	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13799127055	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13799127056	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13799127057	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13799127058	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13799127059	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13799127060	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13799127061	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13799127062	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13799127063	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13799127064	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13799127065	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13799127066	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13799127067	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13799127068	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13799127069	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13799127070	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13799127071	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13799127072	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13799127073	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13799127074	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13799127075	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13799127076	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13799127077	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13799127078	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13799127079	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13799127080	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13799127081	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13799127082	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13799127083	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13799127084	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13799127085	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13799127086	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13799127087	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13799127088	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13799127089	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13799127090	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13799127091	encoding	information going in	189
13799127092	storage	keeping information in	190
13799127093	retrieval	taking information out	191
13799127094	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13799127095	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13799127096	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13799127097	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13799127098	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13799127099	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13799127100	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13799127101	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13799127102	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13799127103	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13799127104	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13799127105	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13799127106	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13799127107	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13799127108	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13799127109	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13799127110	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13799127111	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13799127112	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13799127113	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13799127114	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13799127115	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13799127116	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13799127117	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13799127118	context	environment helps with memory	216
13799127119	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13799127120	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13799127121	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13799127122	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13799127123	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13799127124	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13799127125	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13799127126	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13799127127	prototypes	generalize	225
13799127128	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13799127129	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13799127130	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13799127131	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13799127132	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13799127133	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13799127134	grammar is _________	universal	232
13799127135	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13799127136	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards

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14557881398	biological psychology	the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes	0
14557883242	Neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	1
14557885001	Dendrites	Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.	2
14557885645	Axon	the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands	3
14557887166	myelin sheath	covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses	4
14557888679	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	5
14557891150	refractory period	a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired	6
14557892315	Threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	7
14557893343	all-or-none response	a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.	8
14557894295	Synapse	A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.	9
14557896117	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	10
14557897278	Reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	11
14557898219	Endorphins	"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	12
14557899326	Agonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response	13
14557900093	Antagonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response	14
14557902815	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems	15
14557905306	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	16
14557906563	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	17
14557907892	Nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs	18
14557908688	sensory neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord	19
14557912300	motor neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands	20
14557912834	Interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	21
14557913903	Somatic Nervous System	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles	22
14557915384	autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.	23
14557916409	Sympathetic Nervous System	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	24
14557917752	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	25
14557919661	reflex	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response	26
14557920973	Endocrine System	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	27
14557921583	Hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues	28
14557922391	Adrenal Glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.	29
14557922860	pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	30
14557924120	Lesion	tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue	31
14557924595	EEG (electroencephalogram)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	32
14557925163	CT scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body	33
14557926943	PET	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task	34
14557927669	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.	35
14557928204	fMRI (functional MRI)	A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.	36
14557928870	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions	37
14557929339	Medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	38
14557929782	Thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	39
14557931576	reticular formation	a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal	40
14557933134	Cerebellum	A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Balance and coordination	41
14557935788	limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	42
14557936853	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.	43
14557937911	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	44
14557939267	cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	45
14557939632	glial cells	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons	46
14557940603	frontal lobe	associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving	47
14557943635	parietal lobe	receives sensory input for touch and body position	48
14557943998	occipital lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	49
14557944589	Temporal Lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.	50
14557945503	Motor Cortex	controls voluntary movements	51
14557945978	Sensory Cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	52
14557946648	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	53
14557947722	Plascity	ability of one part of the brain to take over the function of another in case of injury	54
14557948133	neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons	55
14557948919	corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	56
14557950647	Split Brain	a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them	57
14557951985	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	58
14557952591	cognitive neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)	59
14557953798	Dual Processing	the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	60
14557954440	Behavior Genetics	How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences	61
14557956391	Environment	The sum of your surroundings	62
14557957355	Chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	63
14557958631	DNA	A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.	64
14557959064	Genes	DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.	65
14557959531	Genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes	66
14557960215	Identical Twins	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms	67
14557961355	Fraternal Twins	twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.	68
14557961842	Molecular Genetics	the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes	69
14557962484	Heritability	The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.	70
14557963113	Interaction	the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)	71
14557964269	Epigenetics	the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change	72
14557964773	evolutionary psychology	the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection	73
14557965722	natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	74
14557966088	Mutation	A change in a gene or chromosome.	75

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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14534087820	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
14534087821	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
14534087822	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
14534087823	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
14534087824	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
14534087825	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
14534087826	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
14534087827	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
14534087828	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
14534087829	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
14534087830	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
14534087831	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
14534087832	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
14534087833	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
14534087834	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
14534087835	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
14534087836	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
14534087837	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
14534087838	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
14534087839	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
14534087840	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
14534087841	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
14534087842	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
14534087843	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
14534087844	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
14534087845	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
14534087846	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
14534087847	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
14534087848	theory	general idea being tested	28
14534087849	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
14534087850	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
14534087851	mode	appears the most	31
14534087852	mean	average	32
14534087853	median	middle	33
14534087854	range	highest - lowest	34
14534087855	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
14534087856	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
14534087857	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
14534087858	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
14534087859	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
14534087860	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
14534087861	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
14534087862	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
14534088054	neuron		43
14534087863	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
14534087864	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
14534087865	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
14534087866	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
14534087867	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
14534087868	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
14534087869	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
14534087870	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
14534087871	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
14534087872	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
14534087873	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
14534087874	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
14534087875	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
14534087876	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
14534087877	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
14534087878	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
14534087879	master gland	pituitary gland	60
14534087880	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
14534087881	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
14534087882	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
14534087883	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
14534087884	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
14534087885	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
14534087886	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
14534087887	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
14534087888	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
14534087889	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
14534087890	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
14534087891	hippocampus	process new memory	72
14534087892	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
14534087893	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
14534087894	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
14534087895	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
14534087896	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
14534087897	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
14534087898	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
14534087899	occipital lobe	vision	80
14534087900	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
14534087901	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
14534087902	Broca's area	speaking words	83
14534087903	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
14534087904	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
14534087905	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
14534087906	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
14534087907	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
14534087908	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
14534087909	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
14534087910	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
14534087911	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
14534087912	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
14534087913	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
14534087914	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
14534087915	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
14534087916	rods	night time	97
14534087917	cones	color	98
14534087918	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
14534087919	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
14534087920	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
14534087921	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
14534087922	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
14534087923	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
14534087924	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
14534087925	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
14534087926	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
14534087927	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
14534087928	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
14534087929	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
14534087930	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
14534087931	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
14534087932	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
14534087933	perception =	mood + motivation	114
14534087934	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
14534087935	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
14534087936	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
14534087937	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
14534087938	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
14534087939	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
14534087940	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
14534087941	insomnia	can't sleep	122
14534087942	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
14534087943	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
14534087944	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
14534087945	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
14534087946	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
14534087947	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
14534087948	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
14534087949	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
14534087950	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
14534087951	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
14534087952	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
14534087953	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
14534087954	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
14534087955	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
14534087956	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
14534087957	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
14534087958	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
14534087959	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
14534087960	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
14534087961	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
14534087962	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
14534087963	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
14534087964	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
14534087965	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
14534087966	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
14534087967	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
14534087968	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
14534087969	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
14534087970	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
14534087971	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
14534087972	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
14534087973	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
14534087974	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
14534087975	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
14534087976	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
14534087977	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
14534087978	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
14534087979	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
14534087980	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
14534087981	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
14534087982	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
14534087983	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
14534087984	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
14534087985	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
14534087986	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
14534087987	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
14534087988	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
14534087989	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
14534087990	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
14534087991	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
14534087992	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
14534087993	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
14534087994	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
14534087995	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
14534087996	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
14534087997	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
14534087998	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
14534087999	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
14534088000	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
14534088001	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
14534088002	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
14534088003	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
14534088004	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
14534088005	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
14534088006	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
14534088007	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
14534088008	encoding	information going in	189
14534088009	storage	keeping information in	190
14534088010	retrieval	taking information out	191
14534088011	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
14534088012	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
14534088013	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
14534088014	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
14534088015	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
14534088016	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
14534088017	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
14534088018	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
14534088019	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
14534088020	implicit memory	naturally do	201
14534088021	explicit memory	need to explain	202
14534088022	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
14534088023	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
14534088024	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
14534088025	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
14534088026	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
14534088027	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
14534088028	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
14534088029	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
14534088030	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
14534088031	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
14534088032	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
14534088033	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
14534088034	priming	association (setting you up)	215
14534088035	context	environment helps with memory	216
14534088036	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
14534088037	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
14534088038	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
14534088039	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
14534088040	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
14534088041	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
14534088042	children can't remember before age __	3	223
14534088043	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
14534088044	prototypes	generalize	225
14534088045	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
14534088046	against problem-solving	fixation	227
14534088047	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
14534088048	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
14534088049	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
14534088050	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
14534088051	grammar is _________	universal	232
14534088052	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
14534088053	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Language Summer Study Vocabulary Flashcards

Students in Ms. Wielenga's and Mrs. Wright's AP Language & Composition classes need to study these words over the summer and be prepared for a test the first day of school. Spelling and definition will both count!

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10492935578	Analyze	To examine carefully by separating into parts and studying how they relate	0
10492935579	Annotate	to supply with critical or explanatory notes; to add notes or comments to	1
10492935580	Appeal	In writing, the way an author uses language to persuade an audience. The three major types are ethos, pathos, and logos.	2
10492935581	Assert	To state with assurance and confidence; to argue a point	3
10492935582	Assumption	A belief or idea taken for granted	4
10492935583	Bias	a particular tendency, trend, inclination, feeling, or opinion, especially one that is preconceived or lacks reasoning.	5
10492935584	Characteristic	A feature, trait, or quality that can be used to describe or identify something	6
10492935585	Cite	To mention, refer to, or quote from; when using outside sources, citing your sources also means giving the sources credit	7
10492935586	Claim	A main point or idea in an argument	8
10492935587	Classify	To arrange or order in groups or categories	9
10492935588	Commentary	In essay writing, the writer's ideas and insights which connect the proof or text references to their argument.	10
10492935589	Concede	To acknowledge as true, especially an opponent's points in an argument	11
10492935590	Contend	To argue a point	12
10492935591	Construct	To create or build	13
10492935592	Contradiction	A statement that opposes another; denial	14
10492935593	Convey	To communicate; to make known	15
10492935594	Determine	To conclude or decide after examination, reasoning, etc.	16
10492935595	Devise	To think out, plan, create	17
10492935596	Distinguish	To recognize as different; to identify what sets something apart	18
10492935597	Emphasize	To give special attention to something; to lay stress upon; to underscore	19
10492935598	Evaluate	To examine and judge the value, worth, or quality of	20
10492935599	Evidence	Proof; something which proves or disproves an idea. In writing, can be events, facts, expert opinions, etc.	21
10492935600	Factor	An element contributing to a particular result or situation;	22
10492935601	Formulate	To state in a precise way; to state definitively or systematically	23
10492935602	Function	In written or verbal language, the intent or purpose of a particular technique, sentence, paragraph, etc.	24
10492935603	Imply	To suggest; to express indirectly	25
10492935604	Infer	To conclude or deduce through reasoning rather than being directly told	26
10492935605	Interpret	To explain the meaning of something; to understand the meaning of something in a particular way	27
10492935606	Justify	To provide a good reason for something; to prove something as right or valid	28
10492935607	Observation	The act or quality of noticing and perceiving	29
10492935608	Paraphrase	A restatement of a text or passage; putting something into one's own words while retaining the meaning of the original	30
10492935609	Pertain	To refer or relate to (another thing)	31
10492935610	Plagiarism	an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author; the representation of that author's work as one's own	32
10492935611	Prioritize	To arrange items in order of importance; to rank	33
10492935612	Propose	To offer or suggest (an idea, a plan, etc.) for consideration or approval	34
10492935613	Rationale	The fundamental reason or reasons serving to account for something	35
10492935614	Refutation	The act of disproving a counterargument as false or erroneous	36
10492935615	Rhetoric	The art and study of writing and speaking effectively	37
10492935616	Significance	Importance	38
10492935617	Specify	To identify clearly and definitely, as by name; to state in detail	39
10492935618	Speculate	To form a theory or idea about a subject; to predict or guess	40
10492935619	Statistic	A numerical fact or piece of data, often computed from studies or research	41
10492935620	Synthesis	The combining of the constituent elements of separate pieces into a single or unified whole. In writing, we do this through research and using other writers' ideas to inform our own ideas and essays.	42
10492935621	Thesis	In writing, the main idea that is being proven in an essay.	43
10492935622	Validity	The quality of being logically or factually sound	44

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Language AP Flashcards

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9052787912	Accent		0
9052787913	Creole Language	A language that develops from a pidgin language and is taught as a first language.	1
9052787914	dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	2
9052787915	extinct language	A language that was once used by people in daily life's but is no longer used.	3
9052787916	indigenous languages		4
9052787917	Isogloss	A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.	5
9052787918	Language Family	Group of related languages that have all developed from one earlier language	6
9052787919	bandwagon effect		7

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AP EL Flashcards

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14648351873	approbation	(n.) the expression of approval or favorable opinion, praise; official approval	0
14648351874	assuage	(v.) to make easier or milder, relieve; to quiet, calm; to put an end to, appease, satisfy, quench	1
14648351875	coalition	a combination, union, or merger for some specific purpose	2
14648351876	decadence	(n.) decline, decay, or deterioration; a condition or period of decline or decay; excessive self-indulgence	3
14648351877	elicit	(v.) to draw forth, bring out from some source (such as another person)	4
14648351878	expostulate	to attempt to dissuade someone from some course or decision by earnest reasoning	5
14648351879	hackneyed	used so often as to lack freshness or originality	6
14648351880	hiatus	(n.) a gap, opening, break (in the sense of having an element missing)	7
14648351881	innuendo	(n.) a hint, indirect suggestion, or reference (often in a derogatory sense)	8
14648351882	intercede	(v.) to plead on behalf of someone else; to serve as a third party or go-between in a disagreement	9
14648351883	jaded	(adj.) wearied, worn-out, dulled (in the sense of being satiated by excessive indulgence)	10
14648351884	lurid	(adj.) causing shock, horror, or revulsion; sensational; pale or sallow in color; terrible or passionate in intensity or lack of restraint	11
14648351885	meritorious	worthy, deserving recognition and praise	12
14648351886	petulant	peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset	13
14648351887	prerogative	a special right or privilege; a special quality showing excellence	14
14648351888	provincial	(adj.) pertaining to an outlying area; local; narrow in mind or outlook, countrified in the sense of being limited and backward; of a simple, plain design that originated in the countryside; (n.) a person with a narrow point of view; a person from an outlying area; a soldier from a province or colony	15
14648351889	simulate	to make a pretense of, imitate; to show the outer signs of	16
14648351890	transcend	to rise above or beyond, exceed	17
14648351891	umbrage	(n.) Shade cast by trees; foliage giving shade; an overshadowing influence or power; offense, resentment; a vague suspicion	18
14648351892	unctuous	(adj.) Excessively smooth or smug; trying too hard to give an impression of earnestness, sincerity, or piety; fatty, oily; pliable	19

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Flashcards

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AP Government - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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10357432930	Government	The institutions through which public policies are made for a society.	0
10357432931	Politics	The process determining the leaders we select and the policies they pursue.	1
10357432952	The Policymaking System	Process by which policy comes into being and evolves.	2
10357432932	Linkage Institutions	Political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. (political parties, elections, interest groups, the media, etc.)	3
10357432933	Policy Agenda	Several issues that capture the serious attention of political officials and other figures in politics at a given time.	4
10357432934	Collective Goods	Goods and services, such as clean water, that by nature cannot be denied to anyone.	5
10357432935	The 5 Basic Duties Each Government Should Perform	1. Maintain a national defense. 2. Provide public goods and services. 3. Preserve order. 4. Socialize the young. 5. Collect taxes.	6
10357432936	Political Culture	An overall set of values widely shared within a society	7
10357432937	Single-Issue Groups	Groups that have a narrow interest on which their members tend to take an uncompromising stance.	8
10357432938	Democracy	A system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences.	9
10357432939	Traditional Democratic Theory	1. Equality in voting. 2. Effective participation 3. Enlightened. understanding. 4. Citizen control of the agenda. 5. Inclusion	10
10357432940	Pluralism	Democratic theory that states that the government is comprised of several different groups that compete to reach compromise, no one group dominating another.	11
10357432941	Elitism	Democratic theory that states that society is divided by class lines, with the upper class elite in power (Policies benefit those with money/power)	12
10357432942	Hyperpluralism	Democratic theory that states that the government is comprised of several groups, all of which are too strong, which leads to muddled policy and gridlock --- the government suffers because of so many different groups.	13
10357432943	Challenges to Democracy	Increased complexity of issues, limited participation in government, escalating campaign costs, and diverse political interests.	14
10357432944	5 Elements of American Political Culture	1. Liberty 2. Egalitarianism 3. Individualism 4. Laissez-faire 5. Populism	15
10357432945	Political Participation	All the activities by which citizens attempt to influence the selection of political leaders and the policies they pursue.	16
10357432946	Political Issue	an issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it.	17
10357432947	Policymaking institutions	The branches of Government charged with taking action on political issues. (congress, the presidency, and the courts according to the U.S. Constitution)	18
10357432948	Public Policy	A choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A course of action taken with regard to a problem.	19
10357432949	Policy Impacts	The effects a policy has on people and problems.	20
10357432950	Policy Gridlock	A condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong to form a policy, so nothing gets done.	21
10357432951	GDP Gross Domestic Product	The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a year in a nation.	22
10399100364	Majority Rule	A fundamental principle of traditional democratic theory, in a democracy, choosing among alternative requires that the majority's desire be respected.	23
10399106031	Minority Rights	A principle of traditional democratic theory that guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities.	24
10399110132	Laissez-Faire	Promotes free markets and limited government. (French: "allow to do"), policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.	25

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AP English Language Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary for AP English Language

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15020996987	Allegory	Fictional work in which the characters represent ideas or concepts(Purpose: Convey difficult idea through an in-depth metaphorical narrative)	0
15020996988	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words	1
15020996989	Allusion	A reference, usually oblique or faint, to another thing, idea, or person(Ex: Aslan in "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe" represents Christ)	2
15020996990	Ambiguity	Uncertain or indefinite; subject to more than one interpretation(Ex: I rode a black horse in red pajamas.)	3
15020996991	Analogy	The correspondence or resemblance between two things that are essentially different(Ex: medicine : illness :: law : anarchy)	4
15020997031	Anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row(Ex: "This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings [. . .]This land of such dear souls, this dear dear land,") from Act 2 Scene 1 of "Richard II"	5
15020996992	Antecedent	Every pronoun refers back to a previous noun or pronoun(Ex: The weather is great today; let's make the most of it by going to the beach.)	6
15020997032	Antimetabole	Half of expression is balanced, other half is backwards.(Ex: "Eat to live, not live to eat." - Socrates)	7
15020996993	Antithesis	An opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses(Ex: Man proposes, God disposes.)	8
15020996994	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is addressed by a speaker(Ex: "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star")	9
15020996995	Appositive	A word or phrase that follow a noun or pronoun for emphasis or clarity(Purpose(s): Provide essential or non-essential information, Gives meanings to sentences in different texts, etc)	10
15020997033	Archaic Diction	the use of words that are old-fashioned or no longer commonly used(Ex: "steed" instead of "horse" or "stallion")	11
15020997034	Asyndeton/ Polysyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.(Ex: "Without looking, without making a sound, without talking" from Sophecles' "Oedipus at Colonus")	12
15020997035	Atmosphere	The emotional feeling -or mood- of a place, scene, or event(Purpose: Create emotional effects)	13
15020997036	Caricature	A grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things( Purpose: Portray important political or artistic ideas)	14
15020997037	Clause	A structural element of a sentence, consisting of a grammatical subject and a predicate(Ex: Ghost stories are a lot of fun, if you tell them late at night with the lights off.)	15
15020997038	Chiasmus	Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main idea(Ex: "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.")	16
15020996996	Colloquial Language	Slang or common language that is informal(Ex: "That totally grossed me out.")	17
15020997039	Conceit	A witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language(Ex: "Love is like an oil change.")	18
15020996997	Connotative	The interpretive level of a word based on associated images rather than the literal meaning(Ex: "Wall Street" = wealth and power)	19
15020997040	Denotation	the literal or dictionary meaning of a word(Ex: Dog suggests an ugly face.)	20
15020996998	Diction	An author's choice of words(Purpose: Create & convey a typical mood, tone and atmosphere)	21
15020996999	Didactic	Writing which has the purpose of teaching or instructing(Ex: Religious texts(teach us about the reality of God))	22
15020997000	Euphemism	A mild or pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate, or simply less pleasant idea(Ex: Correctional facility instead of jail)	23
15020997041	Exigence	An issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak(Ex: PSAs about particular health issues)	24
15020997042	Extended Metaphor	A series of comparisons between two unlike objects(Ex: Bobby Holloway says my imagination is a three-hundred-ring circus. Currently I was in ring two hundred and ninety-nine, with elephants dancing and clowns cart wheeling and tigers leaping through rings of fire. The time had come to step back, leave the main tent, go buy some popcorn and a Coke, bliss out, cool down." (Dean Koontz, Seize the Night. Bantam, 1999))	25
15020997001	Figurative Language	All uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison(Ex: Personification)	26
15020997043	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language(Ex: Metaphor)	27
15020997044	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama(Ex: Non-fiction)	28
15020997045	Homily	Includes any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice(Purpose: Convey moral lesson, mainly a religious one)	29
15020997002	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis(Ex: Your suitcase weighs a ton!)	30
15020997003	Imagery	A mental picture that is conjured by specific words and associations(Purpose: Generate a vibrant presentation of a scene that appeals to as many of the reader's senses as possible)	31
15020997046	Inference	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented(Ex: Norman sees cookie crumbs on the floor and chocolate around his son's mouth. Norman infers that his son must have eaten some cookies from the cookie jar.)	32
15020997047	Inversion	reversal of the usual or natural order of words; anastrophe(Ex: Where in the world were you?)	33
15020997048	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language(Ex: Chicken for coward)	34
15020997004	Irony	When a situation produces and outcome that is the opposite of what is expected(Ex: The name of Britain's biggest dog was "Tiny".)	35
15020997005	Juxtaposition	When two contrasting things are placed next to each other for comparison(Ex: Milton's "Paradise Lost" - God(good) and Satan(bad))	36
15020997049	Litotes	A form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity(Ex: New York is not an ordinary city.)	37
15020997050	Non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses(Ex: I went to the movies yesterday, bought candy, and shopped at the mall.)	38
15020997006	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly(Ex: My brother was boiling mad.)	39
15020997007	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it(Ex: Let me give you a hand; hand means help)	40
15020997008	Mood	The prevailing or dominant feeling of a work, scene, or event(Purpose: Evoke various emotional responses in readers and ensure their emotional attachment as they read the book)	41
15020997051	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events(Purpose: Gain a deep insight of culture and develop some sort of understanding towards it)	42
15020997009	Onomatopoeia	An effect created by words that have sounds that reinforce their meaning(Ex: Moo!)	43
15020997010	Oxymoron	Two contradictory words in one expression(Ex: jumbo shrimp)	44
15020997011	Paradox	A seeming contradiction that in fact reveals some truth(Ex: "I can resist anything but temptation" - Oscar Wilde)	45
15020997012	Parallelism	A literary technique that relies on the use of the same syntactical structures(Ex: John likes to play tennis, bake cake, and read books.)	46
15020997013	Parody	An effort to ridicule or make fun of a literary work or an author by writing a comic imitation of the work(Ex: SNL)	47
15020997052	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish(Purpose: Teach something in a complicated manner)	48
15020997014	Periodic Sentence	Presents the main clause at the end of the sentence, for emphasis(Ex: Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie.)	49
15020997015	Persona	The character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of a text(Purpose: Express ideas due to some restrictions, such as no talking)	50
15020997016	Personification	A figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities(Ex: The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.)	51
15020997017	Point of View	The particular perspective from which a story is told(Ex: 1st person - " I tell myself to focus while I am reading a book.")	52
15020997053	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre; refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech(Ex: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." 1984 - George Orwell)	53
15020997018	Repetition	The reiteration of a word or phrase for emphasis(Ex: "Because I do not hope to turn again Because I do not hope Because I do not hope to turn..." - "Ash Wednesday")	54
15020997019	Rhetoric	The art and logic of a written or spoken argument to persuade, to analyze, or to expose(Ex: Ethos, Logos, Pathos)	55
15020997054	Ethos	Form, Manner(Purpose: Musician starring in a dog commercial)	56
15020997055	Pathos	Force, Emotion(Ex: Empathizing with a friend who lost a family member)	57
15020997056	Logos	Idea, Message(Ex:Facts, Charts, Tables used to support that abortion rates correlates with crime rates)	58
15020997057	Rhetorical Modes(exposition, argumentation, description, narration)	The flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing(Ex: Journal entry = description)	59
15020997020	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked for the sake of argument(Ex: " Why not?")	60
15020997058	Sarcasm	Use of bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device(Ex: " Friends, countrymen, lend me your ears." - Julius Caesar)	61
15020997021	Satire	To ridicule or mock ideas, persons, events, or doctrines(Ex: The Daily Show)	62
15020997059	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies that meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another(Ex: A water pill at first glance could be a pill with water in it; but, it is understood to be a diuretic that causes a person to lose water from his body.)	63
15020997060	Periodic Sentence	Sentence with main clause or predicate at the end(Ex: In opening minds, instilling values, and creating opportunities, education has no equal.)	64
15020997061	Cumulative Sentence	Sentence with an independent clause elaborated by modifying clauses or phrases(Ex: "I write this at a wide desk in a pine shed as I always do these recent years, in this life I pray will last, while the summer sun closes the sky to Orion and to all the other winter stars over my roof." (Annie Dillard, An American Childhood, 1987))	65
15020997062	Hortative Sentence	Sentence urging to some conduct or course of action(Ex: Before Tom Daley is about to dive into the pool, his coach may say, "All of your training and hard work will pay off; you will be great.")	66
15020997063	Imperative Sentence	Sentence that also functions as a direct command (Ex: Clear this desk by tomorrow!)	67
15020997022	Simile	A commonly used figure of speech that compares one thing with another using the words "like" or "as"(Ex: Jake is as slow as a turtle.)	68
15020997064	Style	An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices(Purpose: Create a certain impact on the readers based on one's style)	69
15020997065	Subject Complement(predicate nominative and predicate adjective)	The word that follows a linking verb and completes the subject by renaming or describing it(Ex: Brandon is a great player.)	70
15020997066	Subordinate Clause	Like all clauses, it contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning(Ex: After John played tennis)	71
15020997023	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning in which pieces of evidence are used to create a new conclusion(Ex: "All dogs are canine. Tommy is a dog. Therefore, Tommy is a canine.")	72
15020997024	Symbol	Something that stands for something else(Ex: Dove = peace)	73
15020997067	Synedoche	a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole(Ex: "gray beard" = old man)	74
15020997068	Synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color," "a sweet sound")	75
15020997025	Syntax	The way words are arranged in a sentence(Ex: "I cannot go out." vs. "Go out I cannot.")	76
15020997026	Theme	The central idea(Ex: love and friendship in "Pride and Prejudice")	77
15020997069	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition(Purpose: To inform audience about main idea)	78
15020997070	Trope vs Schemes	The use of a word, phrase, or image in a way not intended by its normal signification; A change in standard word order or pattern(Ex(scheme): "I have a Dream" speech)	79
15020997027	Tone	Attitude(Purpose: Decide how readers should read a literary piece and how they should feel while reading it)	80
15020997028	Understatement	When an author assigns less significance to an event or thing than it deserves(Ex: " He is not too thin" when describing an obese person)	81
15020997071	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. Usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement(Ex: "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a young man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." - Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen)	82
15020997029	Zeugma	When a word is used with two adjacent words in the same construction, but only makes literal sense with one of them(Ex: "The farmers in the valley grew potatoes, peanuts, and bored." - Wunderland)	83

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13760085073	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13760085074	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13760085075	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13760085076	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13760085077	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13760085078	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13760085079	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13760085080	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13760085081	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13760085082	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13760085083	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13760085084	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13760085085	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13760085086	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13760085087	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13760085088	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13760085089	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13760085090	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13760085091	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13760085092	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13760085093	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13760085094	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13760085095	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13760085096	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13760085097	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13760085098	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13760085099	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13760085100	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13760085101	theory	general idea being tested	28
13760085102	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13760085103	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13760085104	mode	appears the most	31
13760085105	mean	average	32
13760085106	median	middle	33
13760085107	range	highest - lowest	34
13760085108	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13760085109	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13760085110	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13760085111	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13760085112	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13760085113	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13760085114	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13760085115	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13760085310	neuron		43
13760085116	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13760085117	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13760085118	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13760085119	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13760085120	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13760085121	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13760085122	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13760085123	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13760085124	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13760085125	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13760085126	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13760085127	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13760085128	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13760085129	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13760085130	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13760085131	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13760085132	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13760085133	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13760085134	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13760085135	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13760085136	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13760085137	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13760085138	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13760085139	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13760085140	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13760085141	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13760085142	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13760085143	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13760085144	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13760085145	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13760085146	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13760085147	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13760085148	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13760085149	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13760085150	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13760085151	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13760085152	occipital lobe	vision	80
13760085153	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13760085154	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13760085155	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13760085156	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13760085157	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13760085158	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13760085159	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13760085160	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13760085161	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13760085162	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13760085163	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13760085164	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13760085165	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13760085166	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13760085167	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13760085168	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13760085169	rods	night time	97
13760085170	cones	color	98
13760085171	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13760085172	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13760085173	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13760085174	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13760085175	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13760085176	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13760085177	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13760085178	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13760085179	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13760085180	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13760085181	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13760085182	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13760085183	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13760085184	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13760085185	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13760085186	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13760085187	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13760085188	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13760085189	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13760085190	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13760085191	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13760085192	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13760085193	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13760085194	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13760085195	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13760085196	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13760085197	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13760085198	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13760085199	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13760085200	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13760085201	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13760085202	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13760085203	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13760085204	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13760085205	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13760085206	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13760085207	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13760085208	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13760085209	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13760085210	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13760085211	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13760085212	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13760085213	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13760085214	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13760085215	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13760085216	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13760085217	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13760085218	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13760085219	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13760085220	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13760085221	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13760085222	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13760085223	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13760085224	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13760085225	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13760085226	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13760085227	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13760085228	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13760085229	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13760085230	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13760085231	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13760085232	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13760085233	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13760085234	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13760085235	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13760085236	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13760085237	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13760085238	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13760085239	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13760085240	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13760085241	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13760085242	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13760085243	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13760085244	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13760085245	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13760085246	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13760085247	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13760085248	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13760085249	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13760085250	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13760085251	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13760085252	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13760085253	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13760085254	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13760085255	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13760085256	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13760085257	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13760085258	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13760085259	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13760085260	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13760085261	encoding	information going in	189
13760085262	storage	keeping information in	190
13760085263	retrieval	taking information out	191
13760085264	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13760085265	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13760085266	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13760085267	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13760085268	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13760085269	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13760085270	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13760085271	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13760085272	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13760085273	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13760085274	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13760085275	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13760085276	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13760085277	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13760085278	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13760085279	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13760085280	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13760085281	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13760085282	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13760085283	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13760085284	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13760085285	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13760085286	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13760085287	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13760085288	context	environment helps with memory	216
13760085289	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13760085290	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13760085291	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13760085292	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13760085293	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13760085294	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13760085295	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13760085296	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13760085297	prototypes	generalize	225
13760085298	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13760085299	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13760085300	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13760085301	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13760085302	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13760085303	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13760085304	grammar is _________	universal	232
13760085305	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13760085306	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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