Flashcards
AP World History: Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 15777526873 | Sui dynasty | Short dynasty between Han and Tang. Built Grand Canal, strengthened government, and introduced Buddhism to China. |  | 0 |
| 15777526874 | Tang dynasty | China expands to Vietnam, Imperial examination perfected. New technologies (paper money, gunpowder, junks, etc...) through silk road. (618 - 907 C.E.) |  | 1 |
| 15777526875 | Song dynasty | Million people there. Foot binding, magnetic compass, navy, and traded with India and Persia. (960 - 1279 C.E.) |  | 2 |
| 15777526876 | Hangzhou | Capitol of later Song Dynasty | 3 | |
| 15777526877 | gunpowder | an explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. | 4 | |
| 15777526878 | economic revolution | Rapid population growth, economic speculation, increase in industrial production and innovations (Song dynasty). Made China the richest, most skilled, and most populous country on Earth. | 5 | |
| 15777526879 | foot binding | practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet to make them smaller. |  | 6 |
| 15777526880 | tribute system | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people that assumed subordination of all non-chinese authorities. | 7 | |
| 15777526881 | Xiongnu | major nomadic confederation that was established in 200 BCE and eventually reached from Manchuria to Central Asia. |  | 8 |
| 15777526882 | Khitan | a nomadic people from Northeast Asia who from the 4th century inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East. | 9 | |
| 15777526883 | Jurchen | a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until around 1630, at which point they were reformed and combined with their neighbors as the Manchu. | 10 | |
| 15777526884 | Silla dynasty | First ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to Korean Peninsula. Allowed China to bring unity to the Korean peninsula | 11 | |
| 15777526885 | hangul | phonetic alphabet in Korea |  | 12 |
| 15777526886 | chu nom | a logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language. | 13 | |
| 15777526887 | Shotoku Taishi | Japanese statesman who launched the drive to make Japan into centralized bureaucratic state modeled on China. |  | 14 |
| 15777526888 | bushido | "way of the warrior" | 15 | |
| 15777526889 | Izumi Shikibu | Mid Heian period Japanese poet. Wrote about political posturing and love affairs of aristocratic men and women. | 16 | |
| 15777526890 | Chinese Buddhism | Entered China through cultural accommodations. Useful to helping nomadic rulers govern northern China. | 17 | |
| 15777526891 | Emperor Wendi | Sui Emperor who patronized Buddhism. Built monasteries at the base of China's 5 sacred mountains. |  | 18 |
Flashcards
AP World History Chapter 16 Flashcards
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| 15564261351 | Forgiveness of past sins, and indulgence, might be given for any of the following reasons except | becoming a monk | 0 | |
| 15564261352 | Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through | faith in Jesus Christ | 1 | |
| 15564261353 | The movement that began with the rejection of the pope's authority was the | Protestant Reformation | 2 | |
| 15564261354 | To promote his ideas, Luther used | the printing press | 3 | |
| 15564261355 | John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by | predestination | 4 | |
| 15564261356 | Calvinism went further that Lutheranism in | simplifying religious rituals | 5 | |
| 15564261357 | In the light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, man reforms were enacted, such as | reforming the education of the clergy | 6 | |
| 15564261358 | Ignatius of Loyola founded the | Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) | 7 | |
| 15564261359 | The Protestant challenge to the church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in | bitter "wars of religion" | 8 | |
| 15564261360 | Europeans viewed the natural world through two belief systems | folklore, including magic, and Christian and Judaic teachings | 9 | |
| 15564261361 | Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was | supernatural forces | 10 | |
| 15564261362 | Women, especially widows, were often accused of being witches because it was believed that | women who lied without male authority were susceptible to evil | 11 | |
| 15564261363 | The Scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by | natural causes | 12 | |
| 15564261364 | The astronomer who discovered spots on the sun and the mountains on the moon was | Galileo Galilei | 13 | |
| 15564261365 | The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was | Isaac Newton | 14 | |
| 15564261366 | Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the | condemnation | 15 | |
| 15564261367 | Bourgeoisie means | wealthy urban class | 16 | |
| 15564261368 | The Dutch East and West Indies Company gained financial supremacy in all Europe by | doing al of these | 17 | |
| 15564261369 | Like merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied on | family and ethnic networks | 18 | |
| 15564261370 | One of the painters who exemplified the Renaissance in northern Europe was | Bruegel | 19 | |
| 15564261371 | Although European peasants were free during the early modern era, | their standards of living many have declined between 1500 and 1750 | 20 | |
| 15564261372 | The Enlightenment in Europe was | a blending of intellectual schools of thought from many diverse areas with the idea of improving the human condition | 21 | |
| 15564261373 | What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation | potatoes and corn | 22 | |
| 15564261374 | As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused | deforestation | 23 | |
| 15564261375 | Unlike in other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe reflected | a freer choice of one's marriage partner instead of an arranged marriage | 24 | |
| 15564261376 | The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the | Habsburgs | 25 | |
| 15564261377 | In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose | Catholicism or Lutheranism | 26 | |
| 15564261378 | Charles V failed to unify all of Europe, but Spain, France, and England successfully unified their states by | limiting the power of the church and the nobility | 27 | |
| 15564261379 | To ensure that his subjects did not resist royal authority, King Philip II of Spain | used the Spanish Inquisition to suppress opposition | 28 | |
| 15564261380 | The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV, eliminating | religious freedom for French Protestants | 29 | |
| 15564261381 | King Henry VIII of England severed his bond with the Catholic Church when | the pope refused to grant him a papal annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon | 30 | |
| 15564261382 | At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by | Oliver Cromwell | 31 | |
| 15564261383 | The Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War both started when | the monarch refused to share power with the Parliament | 32 | |
| 15564261384 | How was the Versailles palace a sort of "theme park" of royal absolutism? | The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the rights of the nobility | 33 | |
| 15564261385 | English political philosopher John Locke asserted that if the monarch | abused his or her power, the people had a duty to rebel | 34 | |
| 15564261386 | The wars and devastation of the early modern era in Europe resulted in | better European armies, weapons, and maneuvers | 35 | |
| 15564261387 | How did European rulers pay their large war expenses? | By making alliances with the rising commercial elites and protecting markets overseas | 36 | |
| 15564261388 | The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of | the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy | 37 | |
| 15564261389 | Which of the following religious groups was not seen as "rebelling" against the absolutist authority of the monarch? | Dominicans in France | 38 |
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Photosynthesis - AP Flashcards
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| 15938894935 | autotrophs | organisms that make their own food -ultimate source of organic compounds -producers | 0 | |
| 15938905133 | heterotrophs | live on compounds produced by other organisms -dependent on the process of photosynthesis (from autotrophs) for both food and oxygen -consumers | 1 | |
| 15938917341 | stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids |  | 2 |
| 15938921558 | thylakoids | network of interconnected sacs |  | 3 |
| 15938927065 | thylakoid space | space inside thylakoid |  | 4 |
| 15938935351 | Chlorophyll | located in the thylakoid membranes light absorbing pigment that drives photosynthesis gives plants green color | 5 | |
| 15938945122 | transpiration | the movement of water molecules up the very thin xylem tubes and their EVAPORATION from the stomata in plants -cling to each other by cohesions, and the walls of the xylem by adhesion | 6 | |
| 15938958426 | light reactions location | thylakoid membrane | 7 | |
| 15938961263 | light reactions (products) | 1. light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, which drives the transfer of electrons from water to NADP+, forming NADPH 2.Water is split and O2 is released 3.ATP is generated, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP | 8 | |
| 15938983284 | type of phosphorylation in light reactions | photophosphorylation | 9 | |
| 15939040789 | two components of a photosystem | light harvesting complex (lots of pigments) reaction center (two chlorophyll a and a primary electron acceptor) | 10 | |
| 15939055641 | primary electron acceptor | in chloroplasts, an acceptor of electrons lost from chlorophyll a; found in the thylakoid membrane | 11 | |
| 15939067529 | general overview of light reactions | 1. PS2 absorbs light energy, electron is donated to P.E.A from chlorophyll a ( reaction center now oxidized) 2. water molecule is split and electrons are given to the chlorophyll a molecules in PS2, O2 is released into atmosphere 3. the excited electron passes from PEA in PS2 thru an ETC 4. this energy from the electron passing is used to pump protons, creating a gradient, which will be used to generate ATP 5. PS1 is activated, its PEA accepts an electron 6. excited electrons are passed along another ETC which is used to generate NADPH | 12 | |
| 15939133574 | an ETC uses the flow of _______ to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma into the thylakoid space | electrons | 13 | |
| 15939145645 | sources of hydrogen ions in the light reactions | 1. spitting of water 2. pumping from ETC 3. removal of one from the stroma when NADP+ is reduced to NADPH | 14 | |
| 15939159437 | use of chemiosmosis in cellular respiration | mitochondria use chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP | 15 | |
| 15939165475 | use of chemiosmosis in photosynthesis | chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy in ATP | 16 | |
| 15939199639 | Carbon Cycle goal | reducing CO2 into a sugar | 17 | |
| 15939203162 | Carbon cycle steps | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP | 18 | |
| 15939231597 | carbon fixation | 3 CO2 combine with 3 RuBP resulting 6 carbon molecule splits to form six 3 carbon molecules -catalyzed by enzyme rubisco | 19 | |
| 15939267719 | reduction phase of calvin cycle | ATP is used to phosphorylate the 3 carbon molecule, which is reduced by NADPH -produces G3P | 20 | |
| 15939289107 | regeneration of RuBP | remaining G3P produced by reduction will not be used to produce food, and their carbons are rearranged to produce 3 RuBP | 21 | |
| 15939314441 | requirements for calvin cycle | Carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) | 22 | |
| 15939328193 | How many G3P from a turn in the cycle are actually used to produce sugars etc? | ONE | 23 | |
| 15971102202 | CO2 enters leaf through | stomata | 24 | |
| 15971137435 | colors of light absorbed by plants for energy | red and blue | 25 | |
| 15971145277 | colors of light reflected in photosynthesis by plants | green | 26 | |
| 15971157923 | processes involved in transport of water from roots to leaves | osmosis (water potential) cohesion | 27 | |
| 15971161970 | where is water potential highest in a plant | roots | 28 | |
| 15971165250 | where is water potential lowest in a plant | leaves | 29 | |
| 15971172766 | How do we get water from the SOIL to the roots? | the roots have a lower concentration of water than soil -actively transports minerals from soil so osmosis can occur | 30 | |
| 15971183669 | phloem | The vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants | 31 | |
| 15971186444 | xylem | vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant | 32 | |
| 15971207902 | problem with C3 plants | stomata may close to conserve water loss (hot/dry days) -too little CO2 avaliable, build up of O2 -Photorespiration | 33 | |
| 15971219473 | photo respiration | rubisco adds O2 to Calvin Cycle instead of CO2, breaks down RuBP -no ATP, NADPH, or sugar produced -wasteful, loss of energy -O2 acting as competitive inhibitor | 34 | |
| 15971256701 | C4 plants structural strategy for reducing photorespiration | the two stages of photosynthesis are separated spatially into different cells -one cell specializes in light reaction and other specializes in calvin cycle -O2 and rubisco not in close proximity -CO2 binds with a four carbon compounds that ends up being transferred to a bundle sheath cell where it is released and enters calvin cycle | 35 | |
| 15971343725 | CAM plants strategy for reducing photorespiration | keep stomata closed during the day to prevent excessive water loss -stomata open at night and CO2 is fixed in organic acids and stored in vacuoles and incoporated into a variety of organic acids -plant cells release stored CO2 in the morning when stomata close and proceed with photosynthesis | 36 | |
| 15971388579 | Things G3P can convert into | glucose (food) starch (storage) cellulose (structure) | 37 | |
| 15971392883 | How can G3P be turned into amino acids? | by taking nitrogen from soil, nitrogen fixation | 38 | |
| 15971398341 | things plants need phosphate for | ATP phospholipids nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) | 39 | |
| 15971423582 | chlorophyll a | participates directly in the light reactions -absorbs blue-violet and red light -reflects green light -grassy green appearance | 40 | |
| 15971431308 | chlorophyll b | -absorbs blue and orange light -reflects yellow/green -broadens the range of light a plant can use by conveying absorbed energy into chlorophyll a | 41 | |
| 15971441591 | calvin cycle location | stroma | 42 | |
| 15971449311 | chemiosmosis in cellular respiration | "oxidative phosphorylation" -electrons come from oxidation of food molecules -mitochondria transfers chemical energy from food to ATP -final electron acceptor: 02 -electrons end at a low energy level in water | 43 | |
| 15971455028 | chemiosmosis in photosynthesis | "photophosphorylation" -light energy is used to drive electrons to top of ETC -chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of ATP -final electron acceptor: NADP+ -electrons stored at high state of potential energy in NADPH | 44 | |
| 15971495241 | similarities between photosynthesis + cellular respiration (chemiosmosis) | -An ETC in a membrane transports protons across a membrane -ATP synthase in membrane couples diffusion of protons with phosphorylation of ADP -ATP synthase and electron carriers (cytochromes) are very similar in both | 45 | |
| 15973016442 | H2O is ________ in the light reactions | oxidized | 46 | |
| 15973020166 | CO2 is __________ in the calvin cycle | reduced | 47 | |
| 15973205882 | In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. | cytoplasm | 48 | |
| 15973220092 | C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. | transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs | 49 | |
| 15973300584 | The pH within the thylakoid is ______ than that of the stroma. | lower (more H+ more acidic) | 50 | |
| 15973863735 | oxygen in earths atmosphere almost comes entirely from..... | the splitting of water in photosynthesis | 51 | |
| 15973867594 | waters role in photosynthesis | -reactant -enzyme splits water into 2e-, 2p+, and a molecule of O -e- are supplied to the chlorophyll molecules in the reaction system of PS2 -water is ultimate e- donor | 52 | |
| 15973874987 | waters role in cellular respiration | -product -e- at end of ETC combine with oxygen and H+ to form water -oxygen is ultimate e- acceptor | 53 | |
| 15975566183 | open stomata | -more H20, more solutes (low water potential in guard cells) -vacuoles filled w water -CO2 comes in -O2 exits | 54 | |
| 15975582623 | closed stomata | -less water -limit gas exchange - night time trigger release of K+ and guard cells close | 55 |
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