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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13873424694	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13873424695	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13873424696	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13873424697	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13873424698	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13873424699	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13873424700	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13873424701	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13873424702	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13873424703	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13873424704	why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13873424705	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13873424706	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13873424707	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13873424708	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13873424709	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13873424710	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13873424711	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13873424712	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13873424713	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13873424714	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13873424715	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13873424716	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13873424717	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13873424718	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13873424719	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13873424720	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13873424721	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13873424722	theory	general idea being tested	28
13873424723	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13873424724	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13873424725	mode	appears the most	31
13873424726	mean	average	32
13873424727	median	middle	33
13873424728	range	highest - lowest	34
13873424729	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13873424730	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13873424731	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13873424732	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13873424733	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13873424734	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13873424735	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13873424736	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13873424929	neuron		43
13873424737	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13873424738	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13873424739	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13873424740	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13873424741	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13873424742	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13873424743	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13873424744	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13873424745	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13873424746	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13873424747	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13873424748	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13873424749	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13873424750	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13873424751	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13873424752	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13873424753	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13873424754	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13873424755	reticular formation (stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13873424756	reticular formation (damaged)	coma	63
13873424757	brainstem (severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13873424758	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13873424759	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13873424760	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13873424761	cerebellum (damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13873424762	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13873424763	amygdala (lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13873424764	amygdala (stimulated)	aggressive	71
13873424765	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13873424766	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13873424767	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13873424768	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13873424769	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13873424770	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13873424771	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13873424772	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13873424773	occipital lobe	vision	80
13873424774	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13873424775	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13873424776	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13873424777	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13873424778	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13873424779	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13873424780	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13873424781	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13873424782	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13873424783	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13873424784	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13873424785	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13873424786	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13873424787	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13873424788	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13873424789	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13873424790	rods	night time	97
13873424791	cones	color	98
13873424792	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13873424793	Trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13873424794	Opponent-process theory (Hering)	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13873424796	frequency we hear most	human voice	102
13873424797	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	103
13873424798	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	104
13873424799	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	105
13873424800	Skin feels	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	106
13873424801	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	107
13873424802	memory of pain	peaks and ends	108
13873424803	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	109
13873424804	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	110
13873424805	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	111
13873424806	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	112
13873424807	perception	mood + motivation	113
13873424808	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	114
13873424809	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	115
13873424810	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	116
13873424811	Artificial light	Affects circadian rhythm	117
13873424812	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	118
13873424813	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	119
13873424814	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	120
13873424815	insomnia	can't sleep	121
13873424816	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	122
13873424817	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	123
13873424818	night terrors	prevalent in children	124
13873424819	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	125
13873424820	dreaming	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	126
13873424821	purpose of dreaming	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	127
13873424823	depressants	slows neural pathways	128
13873424824	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	129
13873424826	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	130
13873424827	stimulants	hypes neural processing	131
13873424829	caffeine	((stimulant))	132
13873424832	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	133
13873424833	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	134
13873424836	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	135
13873424837	types of learning	classical operant observational	136
13873424838	classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	137
13873424839	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	138
13873424840	observational psychologists	Bandura	139
13873424841	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	140
13873424842	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	141
13873424843	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	142
13873424844	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	143
13873424845	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	144
13873424846	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	145
13873424847	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	146
13873424848	operant conditioning	control by organism	147
13873424849	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	148
13873424850	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	149
13873424851	reinforcement	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	150
13873424852	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	151
13873424853	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	152
13873424854	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	153
13873424855	organism must do these	fixed ratio and variable ratio	154
13873424856	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	155
13873424857	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	156
13873424858	these things happen regardless	fixed interval and variable interval	157
13873424859	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	158
13873424860	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	159
13873424861	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	160
13873424862	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	161
13873424864	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	162
13873424865	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	163
13873424866	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	164
13873424867	Bobo doll study	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	165
13873424868	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	166
13873424869	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	167
13873424870	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	168
13873424871	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	169
13873424872	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	170
13873424873	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	171
13873424874	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	172
13873424875	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	173
13873424876	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	174
13873424877	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	175
13873424878	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	176
13873424879	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	177
13873424880	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	178
13873424881	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	179
13873424882	encoding	information going in	180
13873424883	storage	keeping information in	181
13873424884	retrieval	taking information out	182
13873424885	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	183
13873424886	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	184
13873424887	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7+/-2	185
13873424888	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	186
13873424889	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	187
13873424890	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	188
13873424891	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	189
13873424892	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	190
13873424893	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	191
13873424894	implicit memory	naturally do	192
13873424895	explicit memory	need to explain	193
13873424896	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	194
13873424897	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	195
13873424898	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	196
13873424899	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	197
13873424900	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	198
13873424901	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	199
13873424902	effortful processing	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	200
13873424903	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	201
13873424904	if we can't remember a memory	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	202
13873424905	misinformation effect	not correct information	203
13873424906	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	204
13873424907	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	205
13873424908	priming	association (setting you up)	206
13873424909	context	environment helps with memory	207
13873424910	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	208
13873424911	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	209
13873424912	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	210
13873424913	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	211
13873424914	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	212
13873424915	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	213
13873424916	children can't remember before age	3	214
13873424917	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	215
13873424918	prototypes	generalize	216
13873424919	problem solving	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	217
13873424920	against problem solving	fixation	218
13873424921	mental set	what has worked in the past	219
13873424922	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	220
13873424923	Chomsky (nature or nurture)	"born with language" (nature)	221
13873424924	Skinner (nature or nurture)	language is learned (nurture)	222
13873424925	grammar is _________	universal	223
13873424926	phonemes	smallest sound unit	224
13873424927	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	225

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ap 5 language Flashcards

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11886849192	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.	0
11886849193	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	1
11886849194	Exctinct language	A language that was once use by people in daily activities but is no longer used.	2
11886849195	Isogloss	A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.	3
11886849196	Isolated language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	4
11886849197	Language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.	5
11886849198	Language branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.	6
11886849199	Language family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	7
11886849200	Language group	A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	8
11886849201	Lingua franca	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.	9
11886849202	Literary tradition	A language that is written as well as spoken.	10
11886849203	Official language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	11
11886849204	Pidgin language	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	12
11886849205	Standard language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	13
11886849207	Developing language	A language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed.	14
11886849211	Logogram	A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.	15
11886849214	Subdialect	A subdivision of a dialect.	16
11886849216	Vulgar Latin	A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.	17
11887351647	mutual intelligibility	The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking	18
11887351648	sound shift	slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin	19
11887351649	backward reconstruction	The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language	20
11887351650	language divergence	A process whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages.	21
11887351651	language convergence	the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages :opposite of language divergence	22
11887351652	monolingual states	countries in which only one language is spoken	23
11887351653	multilingual states	countries in which more than one language is spoken	24

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Flashcards

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AP Language: Week 8 Flashcards

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8778269447	Flummox	to bewilder/confuse	0
8778276518	Pretentious	people who act or pretend to be more important or knowledgeable than they are	1
8778309770	Quagmire	awkward, complex, or hazardous situation	2
8778370676	Myriad	great in number	3
8778431998	Innocuous	not harmful	4
8778470729	Arduous	requiring great effort	5
8778476203	Mitigate	to make less severe	6
8778501715	Ambivalent	unable to choose, not feeling strongly	7
8778523513	Venerate	to regard with great respect	8
8778530645	Nebulous	indistinct, vague	9

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AP Biology - Chapter 3 Flashcards

Water and Life

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11028589598	polar covalent bond	when electrons of the covalent bond spend more time closer to the more electronegative molecule	0
11028589611	polar molecule	molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end	1
11028589612	cohesion	the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds	2
11028589613	adhesion	attraction between molecules of different substances	3
11028589614	surface tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	4
11028589599	heat	the total kinetic energy dud to motion of its molecules	5
11028589600	temperature	the average kinetic energy of the molecules	6
11028589615	calorie	unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure	7
11028589601	kilocalorie	the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg by 1 degree celcius	8
11028589616	joule	SI unit of energy, used to measure work	9
11028589617	specific heat	the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade	10
11028589618	heat of vaporization	the amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas	11
11028589619	evaporative cooling	the property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.	12
11028589602	solution	a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances	13
11028589603	solvent	the dissolving agent of a solution	14
11028589604	solute	the substance that is dissolved	15
11028589605	aqueous solution	solution where water is the solvent	16
11028589620	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	17
11028589606	hydrophilic	any substance that has an affinity for water	18
11028589607	hydrophobic	any substance that repels water	19
11028589608	capillary action	the tendency of a liquid in a capillary tube or absorbent material to rise or fall as a result of surface tension	20
11028589621	colloid	a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid	21
11028589622	molecular mass	the sum of the masses of all atoms in a molecule	22
11028589623	mole	an amount of substance that is equal to the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12	23
11028589624	molarity	concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solvent	24
11028589625	hydronium ion	H3O+	25
11028589626	hydroxide ion	OH-	26
11028589627	hydrogen ion	H+	27
11028589609	acid	substance that increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	28
11028589610	base	a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	29
11028589628	buffer	an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH	30
11028589629	pH	a value that indicated the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0-14, based on the proportion of H+ ions.	31
11028589630	ocean acidification	decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels	32
11028589631	acid precipitation	rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water	33

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AP Language Recommended Vocabulary Flashcards

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13839282933	Cogent	convincing; reasonable	0
13839283816	Didactic	intended to instruct	1
13839284908	Lucid	easy to understand, clear; rational, sane	2
13839286493	Arbiter	a judge who decides a disputed issue	3
13839287764	Exculpate	to free from blame	4
13839289113	Incontrovertible	indisputable; not open to question	5
13839292248	Substantiated	supported with proof or evidence; verified	6
13839293122	Despotic	exercising absolute power; tyrannical	7
13839293123	Haughty	arrogant; vainly proud	8
13839295454	Imperious	arrogantly domineering or overbearing	9
13839299013	Convoluted	intricate and complicated	10
13839299014	Futile	useless; hopeless	11
13839300466	Impede	to slow the progress of	12
13839301718	Indolent	lazy	13
13839302935	Impinge	hinder; interfere with	14
13839302936	Servile	submissive; slavish	15
13839305116	Opulent	wealthy, luxurious; ample; grandiose	16
13839310597	Ostentatious	showy	17
13839311612	Poignant	emotionally moving	18
13839313370	Ebullience	intense enthusiasm	19
13839316914	Effusive	emotionally excessive; overly demonstrative	20
13839332951	Egregious	outstandingly bad	21
13839335220	Flagrant	extremely or deliberately shocking or noticeable	22
13839336642	Frenetic	wildly excited or active	23
13839338216	Gratuitous	freely given; not called for by circumstances, unwarranted	24
13839343474	Superfluous	exceeding what is sufficient or required, excess	25
13839344639	Auspicious	conducive to success; favorable	26
13839346570	Benevolent	well meaning and kindly	27
13839349244	Mollify	to calm or make less severe	28
13839350039	Dubious	hesitating or doubting	29
13839350040	Spurious	not genuine, not true, not valid	30
13839350850	Astute	shrewd; clever	31
13839351974	Stratagem	a clever trick used to deceive or outwit	32
13839354381	Surreptitiously	done by secretive means	33
13839357814	Ambiguous	open to more than one interpretation	34
13839358434	Ambivalent	having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone	35
13839360435	Arbitrary	based on one's wishes or whims without regard for reason or fairness	36
13839363577	Capricious	impulsive and unpredictable	37
13839366745	Tenuous	having little substance or strength	38
13839366746	Assiduous	hard-working	39
13839367659	Intrepid	courageous; fearless	40
13839367660	Obdurate	stubborn; unyielding	41
13839368786	Proliferate	to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly	42
13839381388	inherent	firmly established by nature or habit	43
13839382169	Inverterate	firmly established, long-standing; habitual	44
13839385254	Omnipotent	all-powerful	45
13839388609	Amenable	responsive; agreeable	46
13839389541	Facetious	playfully humorous	47
13839389542	Dilettante	someone with an amateurish and superficial understanding of a field of knowledge	48
13839393140	Propriety	appropriateness of behavior	49
13839395835	Staid	unemotional; serious	50
13839396401	Pejorative	Words or phrases that belittle or speak negative of someone	51
13839399069	Brusque	rudely short, abrupt, dismissive	52
13839400033	Caustic	bitingly sarcastic or witty	53
13839400704	Fractious	quarrelsome; unruly; rebellious	54
13839401423	Fastidious	possessing careful attention to detail; difficult to please	55
13839404290	Incorrigible	unable to be reformed	56
13839405768	Pugnacious	quarrelsome, fond of fighting	57
13839405782	Deleterious	harmful	58
13839406523	Transitory	short-lived or temporary	59
13839407790	Affable	easy-going; friendly	60
13839409152	Rancorous	hateful	61
13839409921	Hackneyed	used so often as to lack freshness or originality	62
13839410741	Austere	severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance	63
13839412831	Malfeasance	misconduct or wrongdoing, especially by a public official	64
13839412832	Prosaic	unimaginative; dull	65
13839415338	Harbringer	something indicating the approach of what's to come	66
13839416504	Timorous	fearful, timid	67
13839417396	Nascent	coming into existence; emerging	68
13839418523	Sonorous	producing a deep or full sound	69
13839419366	Copious	abundant; plentiful	70
13839419367	Permeated	spread or flowing throughout	71
13839420006	Prodigious	enormous	72
13839420974	Replete	abundantly supplied; filled to capacity	73
13839421957	Laudatory	giving praise	74
13839421958	Venerated	highly respected	75

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AP Language - Unit 12 - Vocabulary Flashcards

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8302279851	Sedition	Act or practice aimed at undermining authority; rebellion	0
8302279852	Ambiance	Environment surrounding; atmosphere	1
8302279853	Circuitous	Roundabout or lengthy	2
8302279854	Transitory	Short-lived or temporary	3
8302279855	Accede	To agree, often at the urging of another	4
8302279856	Antecedent	One that precedes another	5
8302279857	Precedent	Tradition; an act or decision that is used as a model for future acts or decisions	6
8302279858	Contravene	To violate or go against	7
8302279859	Adventitious	Artificial; required	8
8302279860	Parvenu	Someone newly wealthy	9

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Vocabulary 6 - AP Lang Flashcards

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11454594508	Ascetic	Living without any physical pleasures or comforts, especially for religious reasons	0
11454605202	Brevity	The quality of expressing something in very few words	1
11454621293	Degradation	An experience or situation that makes you feel ashamed and angry	2
11454629454	Dogmatic	Someone who is completely certain of their beliefs and expects other people to accept them without arguing	3
11454648868	Duplicity	Dishonest behavior that is intended to deceive someone	4
11454663426	Fallacious	Containing or based on false	5
11454669556	Fastidious	Very careful about small details in your appearance, work, etc.	6
11454681491	Garrulous	Always talking a lot	7
11454688527	Gratuitous	Said or done without a good reason, in a way that offends someone	8
11454699244	Reprehensible	Very bad behavior that deserves criticism	9
11454707544	Repudiate	To refuse to accept or continue with something	10
11454718052	Pacifist	Someone who believes that wars are wrong and who refuses to use violence	11
11454728872	Proliferation	A sudden increase in the amount or number of something	12
11454737375	Levity	Lack of respect or seriousness when you are dealing with something serious	13
11454749938	Incorrigible	Someone who is bad in a way that cannot be changed or improved, often used humorously	14

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AP Flashcards

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12558841482	During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons	built their railroads with government assistance	0
12558844119	The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing the railroad corporations with.	land grants	1
12558846954	One by-product of the development of the railroads was	The movement of people to cities	2
12558849198	The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was	the railroad network	3
12558851046	The United States changed to standard time zones when	The major rail lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks	4
12558855047	Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by	State Legislature	5
12558862434	The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the	Interstate Commerce Commission.	6
12558863792	One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was	increased competition.	7
12558867531	The first major product of the oil industry was	kerosene	8
12558871322	The oil industry became a huge business	With the invention of the internal combustion engine	9
12559328737	Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor.	corporations	10
12559335929	______________Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by state governments	14	11
12559348094	The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was primarily used to curb the power of	manufacturing	12
12559373546	During the age of industrialization, the South	remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.	13
12559502383	The South's major attraction for potential investors was	cheap labor	14
12559512514	One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of the workers was	the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.	15
12559846464	A work place where you must be a member of the labor union to work was known as	the availability of industrial jobs .	16
12559967674	The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880	culturally different from previous immigrants	17
12559975168	Birds of Passage' were..	people who came to America to work for a short period of time and then returned to Europe .	18
12559993117	Most New Immigrants	Tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.	19
12575512566	Carrie Chapman Catt argued that women should be granted the right to vote because	Suffrage was the logical extension of a woman's traditional role in caring for her family.	20
12575546210	By 1900, congressional legislation barred ___________ from immigrating to America.	chinese and contract laborers	21
12575553258	The New Immigrants to America after 1880	-tended to settle in northeastern cities	22
12575643698	The subject of the Eighteenth Amendment was	Prohibition	23
12575649430	One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the	Stresses of urban life.	24
12575662582	The Comstock Law was intended to advance the cause of	Woman suffrage.	25
12575676802	American novel-writing turned from romantic sentimentality to rugged realism as a result of the	Materialism of industrial society.	26
12575685587	In a country hungry for news, American newspapers	became sensationalist	27
12575688314	During the industrial revolution, life expectancy	increased	28
12575699770	In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women		29
12575716517	Black leader Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois	Demanded complete equality for African-Americans.	30
12575725555	The Morrill Act of 1862	Granted public lands to states to support higher education.	31
12575734073	That a "talented tenth" of American blacks should lead the race to full social and political equality with whites was the view of	W. E. B. Du Bois.	32
12575746074	Booker T. Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African-Americans was		33

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AP Language and Composition Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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7281698818	Alliteration	Repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence	0
7281698819	Allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art	1
7281698820	Anaphora	Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines	2
7281698821	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order	3
7281698822	Antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel contstruction	4
7281698823	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	5
7281698824	Asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words	6
7281698825	Cumulative Sentence	Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then builds and adds on	7
7281698826	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action	8
7281698827	Imperative Sentence	Sentence used to command, enjoin, implore, or entreat	9
7281698828	Inversion	Inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject- verb-object order)	10
7281698829	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	11
7281698830	Metaphor	Figure of speech that says one thing is another in order to explain by comparison	12
7281698831	Oxymoron	Paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another	13
7281698832	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair of series of related words, phrases, or clauses	14
7281698833	Periodic Sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	15
7281698834	Personification	Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea	16
7281698835	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer	17
7281698836	synecdoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole	18
7281698837	Zeugma	Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way to producing different, often incongruous, meanings	19

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