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Ap Lit Figurative Language Flashcards

14904522197	Figurative Language	"Figurative Language" is the opposite of "Literal Language." Literal language is writing that makes complete sense when you take it at face value. "Figurative Language" is the opposite: writing that is not meant to be taken literally.	0
14904522198	Analogy	An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables. When a writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that the relationship between the first pair of variables is the same as the relationship between the second pair of variables. "America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle." Similes and metaphors are sometimes also analogies.	1
14904522199	Hyperbole	Exaggeration. "My mother will kill me if I am late."	2
14904522200	Idiom	A common, often used an expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. "I got chewed out by my coach."	3
14904522201	Metaphor	Making an IMPLIED comparison, not using "like," as," or other such words. "My feet are popsicles." An extended metaphor is when the metaphor is continued later in the written work. If I continued to call my feet "my popsicles" in later paragraphs, that would be an extended metaphor. A particularly elaborate extended metaphor is called using conceit.	4
14904522202	Metonymy	Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept. "Relations between London and Washington have been strained," does not literally mean relations between the two cities, but between the leaders of the United States and England. Metonymy is often used with body parts: "I could not understand his tongue," means his language or his speech.	5
14904522203	Synecdoche	A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa. "The cattle rancher owned 500 head." "Check out my new wheels."	6
14904522204	Simile	Using words such as "like" or "as" to make a direct comparison between two very different things. "My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles."	7
14904522205	Synesthesia	a description involving a "crossing of the senses." Examples: "A purplish scent filled the room." "I was deafened by his brightly-colored clothing."	8
14904522206	Personification	Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human. "The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill."	9

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Ap Terms Flashcards

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12760180363	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words (opposition of polysydeton )	0
12760099939	Allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	1
12760121116	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	2
12760127486	Archetype	a very typical example of a certain person or thing	3
12760220078	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	4
12760238150	foil character	a character's whose main purpose is to highlight the strengths of another character	5
12760249602	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events	6
12760577048	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	7
12760605169	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	8
12761028992	Personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	9
12761080736	Polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural	10
12761610613	Onomatopoeia	the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named	11
12761735613	Similie	a comparison between two unlike things using like or as	12
12761739493	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	13
12761749981	verisimilitude	the appearance of being true or real	14
12761768536	Zeugma	a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses	15

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AP Macro Section 3 Flashcards

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15267947777	household	a person or group of people living in the same residence	0
15267947778	firm	an organization that uses resources to produce a product, which it then sells	1
15267950647	product markets	where goods and services are bought and sold	2
15267950648	factor markets	where resources, especially capital and labor, are bought and sold	3
15267954007	consumer spending	household spending on goods and services	4
15267954008	stock	a share of ownership in a company	5
15267961711	bond	an IOU issued by a company, municipality, or the federal government in exchange for a loan from an investor that will be repaid with a set rate of return	6
15267965129	government transfers	payments that the government makes to individuals without expecting a good or service in return	7
15267967699	disposable income	income remaining for a person to spend or save after all taxes have been paid	8
15267970347	private savings	equal to disposable income minus consumer spending, is disposable income that is not spent on consumption	9
15267974969	government borrowing	the total amount of funds borrowed by federal, state, and local governments in the financial markets	10
15267978282	government purchases of goods and services	total expenditures on goods and services by federal, state, and local governments	11
15267978283	exports	goods produced domestically and sold abroad	12
15267978284	imports	goods produced abroad and sold domestically	13
15267980820	inventories	stocks of goods and raw materials held to facilitate business operations	14
15267984137	investment spending	spending on new productive physical capital, such as machinery and structures, and on changes in inventories	15
15267984139	final goods and services	goods and services sold to the final, or end, user	16
15267990190	intermediate goods and services	goods and services bought from one firm by another firm to be used as inputs into the production of final goods and services	17
15267990191	Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	- the sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation - C + I + G + (X-M)	18
15268006439	value added approach	survey firms and add up their contributions to the value of final goods and services	19
15268009169	expenditure approach	a method of computing GDP that measures the total amount spent on all final goods and services during a given period	20
15268012630	aggregate spending	the sum of consumer spending, investment spending, government purchases of goods and services, and exports minus imports, is the total spending on domestically produced final goods and services in the economy	21
15268016093	income approach	a method of computing GDP that measures the income-wages, rents, interest, and profits-received by all factors of production in producing final goods and services	22
15268016094	value added	the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy	23
15268018904	net exports	exports minus imports	24
15268023380	circular flow diagram	a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms	25
15268031208	aggregate output	the economy's total production of goods and services for a given time period	26
15268031209	real GDP	- GDP adjusted for inflation - calculated using base year prices	27
15268036769	nominal GDP	the value of final goods and services evaluated at current-year prices	28
15268040039	GDP per capita	gross domestic product divided by the number of people in the population	29
15268048200	employed	- 16 or older - working 1+ hour/week	30
15268052176	unemployed	- 16 or older - actively seeking work over the last 4 weeks	31
15268057283	labor force	employed + unemployed	32
15268060787	labor force participation rate	- the percentage of the population aged 16 or older that is in the labor force - (civilian labor force/civilian non-institutionalized population) x 100	33
15268069713	unemployment rate	- the percentage of the nation's labor force that is unemployed - (unemployed/civilian labor force) x 100	34
15268075793	discouraged workers	individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job	35
15268079105	marginally attached workers	would like to be employed and have looked for a job in the recent past but are not currently looking for work	36
15268079106	underemployment	workers are overqualified for their jobs or work fewer hours than they would prefer	37
15268081913	institutionalized	- members of the armed forces - under 16 - incarcerated - physically or mentally incapable of working	38
15268096985	not in civilian labor force	- over 16 - not working or actively seeking work - ex. retirees, stay at home parents, full time students, discouraged/marginally attached workers	39
15268120228	frictional unemployment	- unemployment that occurs when people take time to find a job - SOLUTION: anything that connects a potential worker to a potential employer (ex. job search services, career fairs)	40
15268123086	structural unemployment	- unemployment resulting from industrial reorganization, typically due to technological change, fluctuations in supply or demand, or outsourcing - SOLUTION: retraining and educational opportunities that give marketable job skills	41
15268131736	efficiency wages	wages that employers set above the equilibrium wage rate as an incentive for better employee performance	42
15268136487	natural rate of unemployment	the unemployment rate that arises from the effects of frictional plus structural unemployment	43
15268136488	cyclical unemployment	- unemployment caused by a business cycle recession - SOLUTION: increase GDP	44
15268142592	real wage	the wage measured in dollars of constant purchasing power; the wage measured in terms of the quantity of goods and services it will buy	45
15268146310	inflation rate	- the percentage increase in the price level from one year to the next - ((year 2 CPI - year 1 CPI)/year 1 CPI) x 100	46
15268159444	shoe-leather costs	the increased costs of transactions caused by inflation	47
15268161660	menu costs	the real costs of changing listed prices	48
15268164482	unit-of-account costs	arise from the way inflation makes money a less reliable unit of measurement	49
15268164659	nominal interest rate	- the interest rate actually paid for a loan - real interest rate + expected rate of inflation	50
15268173668	real interest rate	- actual cost of a loan - nominal interest rate - inflation rate	51
15268179623	disinflation	- the process of bringing the inflation rate down - causes higher rates of unemployment	52
15268185894	deflation	a decrease in the general level of prices	53
15268191250	aggregate price level	a measure of the overall level of prices in the economy	54
15268194850	market basket	a hypothetical set of consumer purchases of goods and services	55
15268199126	consumer price index (CPI)	a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer	56
15268201970	producer price index (PPI)	a measure of the price of goods and services purchased by producers	57
15268209895	GDP deflator	- a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100 - (nominal GDP/real GDP) x 100	58
15268281564	purchasing power	the real goods and services that money can buy; determines the value of money	59
15268281565	hyperinflation	a very rapid rise in the price level; an extremely high rate of inflation	60

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AP language terms 2 Flashcards

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14974294802	Colloquialism	words and phrases used by groups that is familiar to its members	0
14974362746	Connotation	the implied or associative meaning of a word	1
14974388161	context	the situation of time and place	2
14974403737	deductive reasoning	general to specific	3
14974609156	Denotation	the literal meaning of a word (dictionary def.)	4
14974618736	Dictition	writers choice of words	5
14974767079	didactic	instructive	6
14974775842	Discursive Structure	arrangement where writer rambles/not prepared	7
14974830946	Enthymeme	Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated	8
14974833893	Epistrophe	the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences	9
14974840580	Epithet	A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something	10
14974848861	Euphemism	nicer way in saying something	11
14974857582	evidence example	facts and reasons to support a claim	12
14974864293	hyperbole/overstatement	a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth	13
14974868946	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	14
14974876727	inductive reasoning	listing specific examples that lead to generalization	15
14974889777	Inference	conclusions made by a guess	16
14974900042	Irony	surprising or contradicting results	17
14974910867	Jargon	vocabulary distinctive to a particular group of people	18
14974914312	Juxtaposition	the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.	19

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AP Language and Composition Terms Flashcards

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14781589514	analogy	explaining something complex by comparing it to something simple	0
14781590974	argument	combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position	1
14781593202	aristotelian appeals	three different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them--ethos, logos, and pathos	2
14781599718	attitude	the writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand	3
14781601811	audience	who the author is directing his or her message towards	4
14781604138	compare and contrast	discussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose	5
14781608554	connotation	the implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations	6
14781611328	context	the extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered.	7
14781620027	counterargument	the argument(s) against the author's position	8
14781622066	deductive reasoning	a form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case	9
14781624585	denotation	the literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word	10
14781626596	diction	the style of language used; generally tailored to be approprate to the audience and situation	11
14781628840	ethos	setting up a source as credible and trustworthy	12
14781631046	evidence	the information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position	13
14781634580	figurative language	the use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc.	14
14781638370	genre	the specific type of work being presented	15
14781641008	imagery	any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language	16
14781643223	implication	when something is suggested without being concretely stated	17
14781644581	inductive reasoning	making a generalization based on specific evidence at hand	18
14781646872	irony	at the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended	19
14795015252	juxtaposition	placing two very different things together for effect	20
14795016881	logos	appealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic	21
14795016882	occasion	the reason or moment for writing or speaking	22
14795020584	organization	how the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech	23
14795023279	pathos	an aristotelian appeal. involves appealing to someone's emotions	24
14795024936	purpose	the author's persuasive intention	25
14795026020	repetition	reusing a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis	26
14795027555	rhetoric	the use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience	27
14795033936	rhetorical triangle	the relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context	28
14795036247	speaker	the persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author	29
14795038725	style	the author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice	30
14795043115	symbolism	using a symbol to refer to an idea or concept	31
14795208063	syntax	the way sentences are grammatically structured	32
14795209695	synthesis	combining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point	33
14795211358	themes	overarching ideas or driving premises of a work	34
14795212999	tone	the use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject	35
14795215682	voice	an author's unique sound. similar to style	36
14795218789	anecdote	offering a brief narrative episode. this device can serve many functions in a text-- for example, introducing an issue, serving as evidence, to illustrate a point, and so on	37
14795222697	concession	agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument)	38
14795241305	didactic	a text with an instructive purpose, often moral	39
14795243514	euphemism	referring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly	40
14795245495	exemplification	providing examples in service of a point	41
14795247211	parallelism	repeated structural elements in a sentence	42
14795253917	synechdoche	referring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole	43

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AP Psychology AP Practice Review Flashcards

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14931002919	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
14931002920	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
14931002921	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
14931002922	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
14931002923	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
14931002924	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
14931002925	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
14931002926	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
14931002927	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
14931002928	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
14931002929	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
14931002930	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
14931002931	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
14931002932	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
14931002933	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
14931002934	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
14931002935	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
14931002936	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
14931002937	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
14931002938	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
14931002939	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
14931002940	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
14931002941	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
14931002942	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
14931002943	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
14931002944	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
14931002945	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
14931002946	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
14931002947	theory	general idea being tested	28
14931002948	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
14931002949	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
14931002950	mode	appears the most	31
14931002951	mean	average	32
14931002952	median	middle	33
14931002953	range	highest - lowest	34
14931002954	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
14931002955	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
14931002956	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
14931002957	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
14931002958	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
14931002959	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
14931002960	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
14931002961	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
14931003153	neuron		43
14931002962	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
14931002963	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
14931002964	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
14931002965	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
14931002966	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
14931002967	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
14931002968	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
14931002969	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
14931002970	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
14931002971	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
14931002972	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
14931002973	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
14931002974	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
14931002975	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
14931002976	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
14931002977	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
14931002978	master gland	pituitary gland	60
14931002979	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
14931002980	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
14931002981	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
14931002982	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
14931002983	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
14931002984	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
14931002985	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
14931002986	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
14931002987	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
14931002988	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
14931002989	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
14931002990	hippocampus	process new memory	72
14931002991	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
14931002992	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
14931002993	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
14931002994	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
14931002995	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
14931002996	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
14931002997	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
14931002998	occipital lobe	vision	80
14931002999	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
14931003000	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
14931003001	Broca's area	speaking words	83
14931003002	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
14931003003	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
14931003004	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
14931003005	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
14931003006	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
14931003007	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
14931003008	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
14931003009	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
14931003010	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
14931003011	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
14931003012	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
14931003013	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
14931003014	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
14931003015	rods	night time	97
14931003016	cones	color	98
14931003017	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
14931003018	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
14931003019	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
14931003020	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
14931003021	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
14931003022	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
14931003023	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
14931003024	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
14931003025	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
14931003026	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
14931003027	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
14931003028	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
14931003029	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
14931003030	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
14931003031	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
14931003032	perception =	mood + motivation	114
14931003033	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
14931003034	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
14931003035	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
14931003036	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
14931003037	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
14931003038	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
14931003039	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
14931003040	insomnia	can't sleep	122
14931003041	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
14931003042	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
14931003043	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
14931003044	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
14931003045	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
14931003046	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
14931003047	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
14931003048	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
14931003049	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
14931003050	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
14931003051	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
14931003052	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
14931003053	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
14931003054	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
14931003055	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
14931003056	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
14931003057	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
14931003058	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
14931003059	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
14931003060	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
14931003061	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
14931003062	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
14931003063	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
14931003064	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
14931003065	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
14931003066	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
14931003067	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
14931003068	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
14931003069	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
14931003070	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
14931003071	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
14931003072	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
14931003073	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
14931003074	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
14931003075	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
14931003076	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
14931003077	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
14931003078	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
14931003079	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
14931003080	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
14931003081	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
14931003082	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
14931003083	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
14931003084	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
14931003085	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
14931003086	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
14931003087	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
14931003088	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
14931003089	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
14931003090	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
14931003091	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
14931003092	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
14931003093	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
14931003094	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
14931003095	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
14931003096	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
14931003097	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
14931003098	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
14931003099	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
14931003100	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
14931003101	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
14931003102	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
14931003103	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
14931003104	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
14931003105	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
14931003106	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
14931003107	encoding	information going in	189
14931003108	storage	keeping information in	190
14931003109	retrieval	taking information out	191
14931003110	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
14931003111	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
14931003112	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
14931003113	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
14931003114	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
14931003115	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
14931003116	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
14931003117	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
14931003118	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
14931003119	implicit memory	naturally do	201
14931003120	explicit memory	need to explain	202
14931003121	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
14931003122	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
14931003123	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
14931003124	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
14931003125	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
14931003126	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
14931003127	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
14931003128	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
14931003129	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
14931003130	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
14931003131	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
14931003132	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
14931003133	priming	association (setting you up)	215
14931003134	context	environment helps with memory	216
14931003135	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
14931003136	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
14931003137	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
14931003138	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
14931003139	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
14931003140	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
14931003141	children can't remember before age __	3	223
14931003142	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
14931003143	prototypes	generalize	225
14931003144	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
14931003145	against problem-solving	fixation	227
14931003146	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
14931003147	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
14931003148	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
14931003149	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
14931003150	grammar is _________	universal	232
14931003151	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
14931003152	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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