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AP Language and Composition Vocab. Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14927593033AllusionA reference to a famous event, place, person or work ("Don't act like a Romeo in front of her")0
14927593034ArgumentationWriting that takes a side of an issue and presents evidence and reasoning to persuade (when a teenager tells his parents all the logical reasons he should be allowed to use the car)1
14927593035DictionWriter's choice of words used (formal diction)2
14927593036Exposition / Expository writingExplains and interprets information with a discussion (this happened, then this happened, then this,)3
14927593037Figurative languageWriting that isn't meant to be taken literally (simile, metaphor)4
14927593038HyperboleAn exaggeration (a thousand years)5
14927593039ImageryLanguage that can be visually interpreted, and appeals to the 5 senses (The concert was so loud that her ears rang for days afterward)6
14927593040IronyWriting that implies the opposite of what is being said (A marriage counselor files for divorce)7
14927593041Metaphora comparison that doesn't use like or as (her ocean eyes)8
14927593042OxymoronUsing contradictory terms beside each other, a phrase (deafening silence)9
14927593043ParadoxA contradictory statement that could express the truth, a situation (can't get a job without experience, can't get experience without a job)10
14927593047Parallelismthe similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses (They danced, they sang, and they played)11
14927593044Parodyhumorous imitation (not another teen movie)12
14927593045Personificationgiving human qualities to non-human things (the trees were dancing)13
14927593046PerspectiveOne way of looking at an issue (point of view)14
14927593048RhetoricUsing language effectively to persuade (political speeches)15
14927593049SimileComparison using like or as (pretty like a rose)16
14927593050Stylea way of doing something (persuasive style, narrative style)17
14927593051Analogya comparison of two things, used to explain an idea (you are to me like rachel is to monica)18
14927593052Anecdotean amusing, short, real story (once I was walking and saw a dog)19
14927593053Ethosethical appeal, convinces audience of writer's credibility (As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you my diagnostic)20
14927593054Logoslogical appeal, convinces audience using logic and reasoning21
14927593055Pathosemotional appeal, convinces audience with argument drawn from an emotional reaction (cigarrette comercial)22
14927593056Colloquialismthe use of ordinary words, everyday speech ("speech allows for colloquialism and slang")23
14927593057Connotationan idea that a word makes one feel besides its literal meaning ("the word "discipline" has unhappy connotations of punishment and repression")24
14927593058Logical fallacyan error in reasoning that proves initial claim is false25
14927593059Sarcasmuse of irony to make fun of an idea (are you serious? I had no idea!)26
14927593060Satireridiculing someone humorously to critic their ideas, make a point (irony used to point out error)27
14927593061Tonethe attitude of a writer or speaker (serious, sad)28
14927593062Allegorya story with a hidden meaning or message (the 3 little pigs)29
14927593063Anaphorarepeating a phrase at the beginning of clauses for emphasis (I Have a Dream)30
14927593064Thesis/claima main idea meant to be proved (students need less homework to thrive in school)31
14927593065Clichéan overused idea that lacks originality (red roses on valentine's day)32
14927593066Genrea category in which artistic expressions are divided in (drama, poetry)33
14927593067Rhetorical questiona question asked to create dramatic effect instead of answered (is rain wet?)34
14927593068Syntaxthe way words are arranged to create well structured sentences (julius caesar)35
14927593069Alliterationthe same sound or letter repeated closely together at BEGINNING of words (sheep should sleep in a shed)36
14927593070Consonancea sentence sounding pleasant thanks to repetition of certain words/letters, repeated consonant sounds NOT AT BEGINNING of words (Sent and went)37
14927593071Denotationthe literal meaning of a word (yellow - color)38
14927593072Motifa dominant trait or theme in a work (death, darkness)39
14927593073Antithesisopposites expressed with antonym terms (hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins)40
14927593074Deductionreasoning from general to specific idea (All men or mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.)41
14927593075Inductionreasoning from specific to general (I have seen four students at this school leave trash on the floor. The students in this school are disrespectful. Jamie got pizza for lunch.)42
14927593076Dialecta particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group (chapinismo)43
14927593077Didacticinstructive (parables, fables)44
14927593078InferenceA conclusion reached, based on evidence and reasoning (I infer she's a student because of her backpack)45
14927593079Elegya poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead (mourning poem)46
14927593080Jargonspecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand (The 9-to-5 - Business jargon meaning a standard workday)47
14927593081Prosethe ordinary form of written language (not a poem)48
14927593082Symbolismthe use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities (dove-peace color red-love, romance color black- bad, death, evil)49
15200725781Asonancerepeated vowel sounds NOT AT BEGINNING of words (look at the book)50

AP vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
15081801750Allegorya story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.0
15081801751AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds1
15081801752AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event2
15081801753AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
15081801754AnalogyA comparison of two different things that are similar in some way4
15081801755AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.5
15081801756Antithesisthe direct opposite, a sharp contrast6
15081801757AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.7
15081801758Apostrophe (not the punctuation mark)a form of personification and direct address in which the absent or dead are spoken to as if present, and the inanimate as if animate (ex: god or death8
15081801759atmosphere/moodthe mood/ feeling of the literary work created for the reader by the writer.9

AP Psych Chapter 2 Flashcards

Neuroscience and Behavior

Terms : Hide Images
10884659527biological psychologybranch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior0
10884659528neurona nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system1
10884659529dendritebushy, branching extensions of a neuron that retrieve messages & conduct impulses toward the cell body2
10884659530axonextension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands3
10884659531myelin sheathlayer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables faster transmission speed of neural impulses4
10884659532action potentiala neuro impulse; the movement of positively charge atoms in and out of axon channels generates a brief electrical charge5
10884659533synapsejunction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron6
10884659534neurotransmitterschemical messengers that travel across the synaptic gap between and bind to receptor sites to possibly generate neuro impulses7
10884659535thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse8
10884659537endorphinsnatural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure "morphine within"9
10884659538nervous systemthe body's speedy, electromechanical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells10
10884659539Central Nervous System (CNS)the brain and spinal cord11
10884659540Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body12
10884659541nervesneural "cables" containing bundles of axons. They connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs in the PNS13
10884659542motor (efferent) neuronsneurons that carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands14
10884659543sensory (afferent) neuronsneurons carry incoming informations from the sense receptors to the CNS15
10884659544interneuronsCNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs16
10884659545Somatic Nervous Systemthe division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles aka the skeletal nervous system17
10884659546autonomic nervous systemthe division of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs18
10884659547sympathetic nervous systemdivision of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations19
10884659548parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy20
10884659549reflexa simple automatic inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response21
10884659550endocrine systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream22
10884659551hormoneschemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another23
10884659552adrenal glandspair of endocrine glands above kidneys; secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine to arouse the body in times of stress24
10884659553pituitary glandendocrine system's most influential gland. With the influence of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls endocrine glands25
10884659554lesiontissue destruction; naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue26
10884659555EEG (Electroencephalogram)amplified recording of electrical activity waves that sweep across the brain's surface; waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp27
10884659556PET scan (positron emission topography)visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while a brain performs a given task28
10884659557MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)uses magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer generated images of types of soft tissue; allows us to see brain structures29
10884659558fMRI (functional MRI)technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans30
10884659559brainstemoldest part and central core of brain, beginning where the spinal core swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions31
10884659560medullathe base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing32
10884659561reticular formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal33
10884659562thalamusbrain's sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the cortex, cerebellum, and medulla34
10884659563cerebellum"little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance35
10884659564limbic systemdoughnut shaped system between brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; controls basic emotions and drives (food and sex)36
10884659565amygdalatwo lima bean-sized neutral clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotions37
10884659566hypothalamusneuro structure below the thalamus; directs maintenance activities (eating, temperature), the endocrine system, and some emotion38
10884659567cerebral cortexintricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; ultimate control and information processing center39
10884659568glial cells (glia)cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons40
10884659569frontal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans/judgements41
10884659570occipital lobesportion of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive information from the opposite visual field42
10884659571temporal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex above the ears; includes auditory areas each of which receives information from the opposite field43
10884659572parietal lobethe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position44
10884659573motor cortexan area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements45
10884659574sensory cortexthe area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations46
10884659575association areasareas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, or speaking47
10884659578plasticitybrain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on brain development48
10884659579corpus callosumthe large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them49
10884659580split braincondition where the 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mostly the corpus callosum) between them50
10884813127neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons51
10884817791environmentevery nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us52
10884824276behavior geneticsthe study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior53
10884828342chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes54
10884834427DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.55
10884839696genesDNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.56
10884839698identical twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms57
10884844335fraternal twinstwins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.58
10884847672interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)59
10884851554Epigeneticsthe study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change60
10884855421evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection61
10884858690natural selectionA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.62
10884862675mutationA change in a gene or chromosome.63

AP Vocabulary List #4 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
15324348481abstractAn abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research. (adj.) Dealing with or tending to deal with a subject apart from a particular or specific instance.0
15324353343bibliographyA list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a particular work.1
15324364544coherenceA principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.2
15324364545concrete detailA highly specific, particular, often real, actual, or tangible detail; the opposite of abstract.3
15324381947documentationBibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.4
15324386460explicationThe interpretation or analysis of a text.5
15324395476footnoteA note of reference, explanation, or comment usually placed below the text on a printed page.6
15324395477framea structure that provides premise or setting for a narrative7
15324407603indirect quotationA rendering of a quotation in which actual words are not stated but only approximated or paraphrased.8
15324407604modeThe general form, pattern, and manner of expression of a text.9
15324424171paraphraseA version of a text put into simpler, everyday words or summarized for brevity.10
15324429185personaThe speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.11
15324434104point of viewThe relation in which a narrator or speaker stands to a subject of discourse.12
15324441328proseAny writing that is not poetry13
15324452932rebuttal/refutationThe part of discourse wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and answered.14
15324456546reiterationRepetition of an idea using different words, often for emphasis or other effect.15
15324462860retractionThe withdrawal of a previously stated idea or opinion.16
15324472880rhetorical modesPatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose: they include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, example, classification, division, process analysis, and argumentation. The terms is also used flexibly to describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing.17
15324479660subtextThe implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of an essay or their work.18
15324488168thesisThe main idea of a piece of discourse; the statement or proposition that a speaker or writer wishes to advance, illustrate, prove, or defend.19
15324495857voiceThe real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker. In grammar, it is active when it expresses an action performed by its subject, and it is passive when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action.20
15324505527undertoneattitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece21

AP LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION TERMS Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14718375262AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds0
14718377241AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event1
14718379241Anadiplosisrepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause2
14718385493Anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines3
14718388595AnastropheInversion of the natural or usual word order4
14718393241AntimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order5
14718396160Antithesisthe direct opposite, a sharp contrast6
14718398288Aphorisma concise statement of a truth or principle7
14718401706ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.8
14718407291Appositiona relationship between two or more words or phrases in which the two units are grammatically parallel and have the same referent9
14718418486Assonancetakes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds.10
14718420005Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words11
14718424184circumlocutionan indirect way of expressing something12
14718428551ClimaxMost exciting moment of the story; turning point13
14718432458Consonanceagreement or compatibility between opinions or actions.14
14718438769Denotation and Connotationthe dictionary definition of a word/the associated feelings a word may call to mind15
14718441290Dictionword choice16
14718447295Ellipsisin a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods17
14718452473Epanalepsisrepeats the beginning word of a clause or sentence at the end18
14718456469Epistrophethe repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences19
14718459078Euphemisma mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.20
14718461992extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.21
14718465678Figures of speech/figurative languageword or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and is not meant to be understood on a literal level22
14718472880ForeshadowingA warning or indication of a future event23
14718474729Hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.24
14718476112Imagryvisually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.25
14718477660verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant26
14718482183situational ironyAn outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected27
14718483746dramatic ironywhen a reader is aware of something that a character isn't28
14718495725malapropisma word humorously misused29
14718497746MetaphorA comparison without using like or as30
14718500568Moodthe atmosphere or predominant emotion in a literary work31
14718506838Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior32
14718509426Narrationtelling a story33
14718518703OnomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.34
14718520483OxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.35
14718522607ParadoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.36
14718527482Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses37
14718533171Periphrasissubstitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name38
14718538290Personificationthe giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea39
14718540284PlotSequence of events in a story40
14718540285point of viewthe perspective from which a story is told41
14718542711PolysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions42
14718547505Prosodythe patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry43
14718549693Protagonistthe main character in a literary work44
14718551276PunA play on words45
14718553697RepetitionRepeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis46
14718555332rhetorical questionA question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer47
14718557529Rhymecorrespondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.48
14718560486Sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt49
14718562092Satirethe use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.50
14718564020SettingThe time and place of a story51
14718566924Shift or Turna change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, realization, or insight gained by the speaker, a character, or the reader52
14718569345SimileA comparison using "like" or "as"53
14718572498sound devicesElements of literature that emphasize sound (e.g., assonance, consonance, alliteration, rhyme, onomatopoeia).54
14718574767structurethe arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work55
14718577473Stylethe choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work56
14718579090SuspenseA feeling of uncertainty and curiosity about what will happen next in a story; key element in fiction and drama; "hook" writer uses to keep audience interested57
14718581365Symbolsomething that stands for something else58
14718586524Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa59
14718591988SyntaxThe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.60
14718593540ThemeCentral idea of a work of literature61
14718595032ToneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.62
14718596871Understatementthe opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.63

Vocabulary 1 AP Lang Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
14669723562ambiguousopen to more than one interpretation0
14669727997bellicoseDemonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.1
14669733408conciliatoryintended or likely to placate or pacify2
14669737569disparargingtending to belittle or criticize3
14669742737earnestintense, a sincere state of mind4
14669746857franticVery excited and anxious; extremely worried, panicked, or fearful5
14669749204imploringpleading; begging6
14669754221laudatorycontaining or expressing praise7
14669759282maudlinexcessively sentimental8
14669762431stolidnot easily moved mentally or emotionally; dull, unresponsive9

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