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AP Bio chapter 4 Flashcards

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15223583537Domain of prokaryotic cellsBacteria and Archaea0
15223589378Basic features of all cellsPlasma membrane Semifluid substance called cytosol Chromosomes (carry genes) Ribosomes (make proteins)1
15223598465Characteristics of prokaryotic cellsNo nucleus DNA in nucleoid No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane2
15223612277Characteristics of eukaryotic cellsDNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope Membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus Larger than prokaryotic cell3
15223624588Plasma membraneselective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell Phospholipid bilayer4
15223642171Phospholipid bilayerA double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes. hydrophobic tails are on the inside hydrophilic heads are on the outside5
15223735211Picture of a eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell6
15223745246Picture of plant cell7
15223758781Ribosomes and where they do what they douse the information from the DNA to make proteins ribosomal RNA + protein Carry out protein synthesis in cytosol, Rough ER, and nuclear membrane8
15223768071Nucleuscontains most of the cell's genes nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus Pores regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus9
15223789197Chromosomes/chromatinIn the nucleus, DNA is organized into chromosomes Each chromosome is one long DNA molecule associated with proteins (histones) DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called chromatin Chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide10
15223821804Nuceloluslocated within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis11
15223865140endomembrane systemregulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell pretty much all of the organelles connected through transfer by vesicles12
15223888342Smooth ERMakes lipids metabolizes carbs Detoxifies stores calcium13
15223905410Rough ERHas bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates) Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes Is a membrane factory for the cell14
15223915322Golgi ApparatusModifies products of the ER Manufactures certain macromolecules Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles15
15224605956Lysosomemembranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules16
15224613709Phagocytosisof cell can engulf another cell forms a food vacuole lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules17
15224646274Picture of phagocytosis18
15224655863Vacuoleslarge vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus19
15224663000Food vacuolesformed by phagocytosis20
15224669002Contractile Vacuolespump excess water out of cells21
15224673031Central Vacuolesfound in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water22
15224694534Mitochondriasites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP23
15224698116Chloroplastfound in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis Contain green pigment24
15224713257Similarities between chloroplast and mitochondriaEnveloped by a double membrane Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells25
152247619662 membranes of mitochondriasmooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae26
15224774016Compartments of inner membrane of mitochondriaintermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix27
15224801701What is cristaefolds of the inner membrane present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP28
15224839292Chloroplast structureThylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum Stroma, the internal fluid chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles called plastids29
15224852688picture of chloroplast30
15224859196Peroxisomesproduce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water31
15224869950Cytoskeletona network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm organizes the cell's structures and activities, anchoring many organelles interacts with motor proteins to produce motility32
15224889491Three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeletonMicrotubules are thickest Microfilaments are thinnest Intermediate are middle33
15224965364Centrosomemicrotubule organizing center34
15224981219Cell wallprotects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water made from cellulose35
15224995159Extra Cellular matrix (ECM)made up of glycoproteins ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins36
15225224819Plasmodesmatachannels between adjacent plant cells37
15225232172Three main types of cell junctions in animalsTight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions38
15225240738Fluid mosaic modelmembrane is a mosaic of protein molecules in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids39
15225262053Integral proteinspenetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer40
15225267374Peripheral proteinsloosely bound to the surface of the membrane41
15225286938How do cells recognize each other?By binding to surface molecules, often carbohydrates, on the plasma membrane42
15225293635What can pass through the phospholipid membrane rapidly?Small hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules43
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AP English Language Terms Flashcards

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14863543574DictionWord choice0
14863543575DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word1
14863543576ConnotationAssociations and emotional implication a word carries2
14863543577ColloquialInformal language3
14863543578DialectLanguage of a particular region4
14863543579JargonSpecialized language particular to a profession; incomprehensible to outsiders5
14863543580ArgotLanguage particular to a social group6
14863543581ToneSpeaker's attitude about the subject7
14863543582Euphemisman inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive8
14863543583StandardizedThe official form of a language that obeys the rule of grammar9
14863543584VernacularEveryday language of ordinary people10
14863543585Registera variety of a language used for a particular purpose in a particular social setting11
14863543586AntiquatedOld-fashioned12
14863543587ObscenityLanguage that is morally and socially offensive; tends to refer to bodily functions13
14863543588ProfanityLanguage that is irreligious; makes common use of something that is meant to be holy14
14863543589SlurLanguage that is insulting used to demean a particular group of people15
14863543590Inclusive languageMakes people feel part of a larger group; we or us16
14863543591Exclusive languageMeant to exclude people from being part of the group; you or they/them17
14863543592Dehumanizing languageLanguage that views people as subhumans or animalistic18
14863543593AbstractLanguage used to describe ideas or and other intangible things19
14863543594ConcreteLanguage that is clear and can be used to describe touchable things20
14863543595FillersA word or phrase that has no meaning but is used to fill space21
14863543596ClichéOverly used phrase that has lost its real meaning22
14863543597Code switchingAlternating between two or more (types of) languages in one conversation/speech23
14863543598ModalityDegree of obligation expressed in a statement24
14863543599High modalityLanguage that is certain, firm and definite.25
14863543600Low modalityLanguage that is not forceful and offers alternative solutions26
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AP Language Vocab: Overboard Flashcards

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11552051232ebullienceintense enthusiasm0
11552051233farcean absurdly ridiculous situation1
11552051234freneticwildly excited or active2
11552051235gratituousgiven freely; unearned; unwarranted3
11552051236insipiduninteresting; unchallenging4
11552051237ponderoushaving great weight; massive5
11552051238sonoroushaving or producing sound6
11552051239squalora filthy condition or quality7
11552051240Superfluousextra; unnecessary8
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ap bio ch 8 Flashcards

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15064020550metabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.0
15064020551catabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. ex. cellular respiration where glucose molecules are broken down1
15064020552anabolic pathwayA metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. ex. synthesis of amino acids from simpler molecules and then from the amino acids, the synthesis of proteins.2
15064020553bioenergeticsThe study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems.3
15064020554energyThe ability to cause change. the ability to rearrange a collection of matter.4
15064020555kinetic energyThe energy an object has due to its motion.5
15064020556thermal energyKinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. transfer of thermal energy from one object to another is heat.6
15064020557potential energyThe energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition. ex. diver at diving board has much higher potential energy compared to once in water.7
15064020558chemical energyA form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. ready for use in chemical reactions. complex molecules are high in this8
15064020559thermodynamicsThe study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.9
15064020560first law of thermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ( also known as principle of conservation of energy)10
15064020561entropymeasure of disorder or randomness in a system. the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work11
15064020562second law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (measure of disorder or randomness) of the universe.12
15064020563spontaneous processenergetically favorable, A process that can occur without an input of energy. note: not necessarily fast, but it can occur without need of energy. decreases a system's free energy bc either system gives up enthalpy or system gives up order and entropy change increases13
15064020564free energyMeasures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. (ΔG is change in f_________) ΔG=ΔH-TΔS change in ________=enthalpy change(total energy)-temperature in Kelvin (add 273) * change in entropy OR ΔG= Gfinalstate-Ginitialstate14
15064020565exergonic reactionReaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. Negative ΔG, catabolic15
15064020566endergonic reactionReaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. Positive ΔG, anabolic16
15064020567energy couplingThe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.17
15064020568ATPA molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. When broken down, products are ADP and an inorganic phosphate. Bonds are broken by hydrolysis (addition of a water molecule). hydrolysis releases free energy.18
15064020569phosphorylated intermediateA molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule. ex. fig 8.10 when glutamic acid react w atp an the phosphate group combine to the glutamic acid before the phosphate group become inorganic.19
15064020570enzymeA protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction.20
15064020571catalystA substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected21
15064020572activation energyThe amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.22
15064020573substrateThe reactant on which an enzyme works.23
15064020574enzyme-substrate complexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).24
15064020575active siteThe part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface.25
15064020576induced fitThe change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.26
15064020577cofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.27
15064020578coenzymeIf the cofactor is an organic molecule.28
15064020579competitive inhibitorAn enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made.29
15064020580noncompetitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.30
15064020581allosteric regulationThe binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.31
15064020582cooperativityA kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.32
15064020583feedback inhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.33
15064020584exergonic reaction34
15064020585endergonic reaction35
15064020586ATP36
15064020587normal binding37
15064020588competitive inhibition38
15064020589noncompetative inhibition39
15064020590feedback inhibition40
15064020591allosteric regulation41
15064020592cooperativity42
15064064830metabolismall of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. NEVER at equilibrium or the cell would die, bc the product wouldn't be able to become the reactant in the next step43
15064086359S A I TB MD TP C C Csubstrate active site induced fit template: active site provides template for substrates to come together in proper order for reaction to occur bend and stretch: active site stretch the substrate and stress and bend the chemical bonds that need to be broken in reaction, this reduces amount of free energy needed to reach the needed state microenvironment: active site provides more conducive environment for particular reaction compared to w out enzyme direct participation: sometimes can involve brief covalent bonding temperature pH cofactors coenzymes competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors44
15064554601equilibrium and free energyAs a reaction proceeds towards equilibrium, the free energy decreases. Free energy increases when the reaction is pushed away from equilibrium. In a state of equilibrium, the free energy is at its lowest level.45
150646837253 kinds of work a cell doeschemical: pushing of endergonic reactions, transport: pumping of substances across membranes against direction of spontaneous reactions, mechanical: beating of cilia or contraction of muscle cells or movement of chromosomes during cellular respiration46
15064974337ATP cycleh ATP are broken down to ADP with the release of energy, and the regeneration of ATP from ADP through the process of phosphorylation.47
15064978937Phosphorylationthe addition of a phosphate group to a molecule48
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AP words Flashcards

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14649558839Appealsmake a serious or urgent request, typically to the public. EX: The man appealed to the judge arguing there was not enormous the evidence to convict him.0
14649558840AssessmentThe evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something EX: The teacher announced the class would have an assessment on the lesson they just learned1
14649558841audiencethe listener, viewer, or reader of a text EX: The author wrote specifically to an audience of teenage girls.2
14649558842attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events EX: He has a positive attitude despite the unexpected changes.3
14711499223contextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. EX: In history, you must explain the context of the situation4
14711499224occasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written EX: The poet was preparing for the occasion of the ribbon cutting ceremony5
14711499225purposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve. EX: The authors purpose was to explain the importance of family6
14711499226Speakerthe person or group who creates a text EX: the speaker of the poem was a teenage girl7
14711499227PersonaThe face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience EX: The girl's persona was uplifting to her teammate who broke her ankle8
14711499228subjectThe topic of a text EX: IPads were the subject of the essay9
14910984105AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event Ex: the president made an allusion to the Bible in his speech10
14910984106AntithesisDirect opposite Ex: the new student was the antithesis to the kid who got expelled11
14910984107Archaic dictionold-fashioned or outdated choice of words Ex: the King James Version if the Bible uses archaic diction12
14910984108BiasA particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific. Ex: The teacher was bias to her daughter in the English class13
14910984109Dictionword choice Ex: the mans diction showed the employer what part of town the interviewee was from14
15042852825EthosSpeakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say. Ex: the doctor's lab coat appealed to ethos giving him credibility15
15042852826PathosSpeakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other. Ex: the commercial used pathos by including puppies16
15042852827LogosSpeakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. Ex: the doctor used logos by telling the patient he went to school for 10 years so they should trust him17
15042852828CounterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. Ex: the missionary provided a counterargument to show the people he is not ignorant to their beliefs18
15042852829concessionAn acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. Ex: the doctor gave the patient a concession towards why they don't want the surgery19
15042852830RefutationA denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. One of the stages in classical oration, usually following the confirmation, or proof, and preceding the conclusion, or peroration. Ex: the author provided a refutation after the attack's on his ideas in his book20
15162360554PropogandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.21
15162403373polemicgreek for "hostile". an aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others, Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit. ex: the democrats form a polemic opinion and try to get Trump impeached.22
15162445842Connotationmeanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition or denotation. Connotations are often positive or negative, and they often greatly affect the authors tone. ex: the popular girl was insecure and used connotations when talking to the nerdy girl by calling her fat.23
15162464664denotation.the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests. ex: 4 and 8/2 have the same denotation but express different senses of the number24
15274636103qualified argumentsan argument that is not absolute. it acknowledges the merits of an opposing views but develops a stronger case for its own position. ex- the student uses a qualified argument to appeal to the principle on why the school day should start later25
15274637195biasa prejudice or preconceived notion that prevents a person from approaching a topic in a neutral or an objective way ex- the argument was biased towards students because it came from a teenager26
15274639126deductiona logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise) ex: The athlete used a deduction in his argument to the coach by telling him teenagers need their sleep therefore practice shouldn't be as early in the morning27
15274641291equivocationA fallacy that uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive. ex: equivocation is saying we will bring our enemies to justice, or we will bring justice to them28
15274645757hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point ex: the football player made his point by using a hyperbole saying if he didn't get enough sleep he would die29
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AP Flashcards

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14440808644Pulmonary VentilationMovement of air in/out of lungs0
14440808645External RespirationO2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood1
14440808646Internal Respiration-O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues2
14440808647What processes are part of the respiratory systemPulmonary ventilation and external respiration3
14440808648What respiratory structures are part of the respiratory zoneMicroscopic structures-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli4
14440808649Conducting Zoneconduits to gas exchange sites5
14440808650Functions of the noseProvides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms entering air Filters and cleans inspired air Serves as resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors6
14440808651PHiltrumshallow vertical groove inferior to apex7
14440808652Nostrilsbounded laterally by alae8
14440808653Posterior nasal apertures (choanae)Open into nasopharynx9
14440808654Nasal Vestibulenasal cavity superior to nostrils10
14440808655Hairs of the noseVibrissae11
14440808656Olfactory mucosa containsolfactory epithelium12
14440808657Respiratory MucosaPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat Inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins Sensory nerve endings trigger sneezing Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat Inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins Sensory nerve endings trigger sneezing13
14440808658Groove inferior to each conchaNasal Meatus14
14440808659Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and ConchaeDuring inhalation, conchae and nasal mucosa Filter, heat, and moisten air During exhalation these structures Reclaim heat and moisture15
14440808660Paranasal SinusesIn frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones Lighten skull; secrete mucus; help to warm and moisten air16
14440808661RhinitisInflammation of nasal mucosa17
14440808662Pharynx composition and locationMuscular tube from base of skull to C6 Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus Composed of skeletal muscle Three regions Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx18
14440808663Isthmus of faucesOpening to oral cavity19
14440808664Daltons Law of Partial PressureDalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.20
14440808665Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?Anemic Hypoxia21
14440808666Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?Partial Pressure of Oxygen22
14440808667Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed when blood pH drops, this is a phenomenon known asThe Bohr effect23
14440808668Hypoxia can be caused by...Hyper secretion of EPO24
14440808669Steps of CO2 TransportCO2 is released from the mitochondria, diffuses into a capillary, carried to lungs, diffuses into alveolus, air exits through nose or mouth25
14440808670Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?Dissolved in plasma26
14440808671What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?As bicarbonate Ions in the plasma27
14440808672What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?Ventral Respiratory Group28
14440808673Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?Phrenic Nerve29
14440808674What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?H+ Hydrogen Ions30
14440808675As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH?Yes, pCO2 would decrease and pH would increase. As CO2 is blown off, H+ would decrease, thus increasing pH.31
14440808676Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?nspiration stimulates the pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs), which send input to the respiratory centers, inhibiting further inspiration.32
14440808677What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?at the beginning of exercise, blood gases have not changed; thus, other factors such as anticipation of exercise contribute to the increase in respiration.33
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