AP Language Satire Terms Flashcards
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| 13224294766 | Burlesque | A form of comedy characterized by ridiculous exaggeration and distortion. | 0 | |
| 13224294767 | Caricature | a verbal description, the purpose of which is to grossly exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. | 1 | |
| 13224294768 | Double entendre: | a word or phrase having a double meaning, especially when the second meaning is risqué. | 2 | |
| 13224294769 | Farce: | exciting laughter through exaggerated, improbable situations. | 3 | |
| 13224294770 | Horatian Satire: | Named for the Roman satirist Horace, this satire is meant to " delight and instructs," using laughter and ridicule to highlight human foibles in a fairly gentle, non-accusatory manner. | 4 | |
| 13224294771 | Humor: | according to Henri Bergson, [laughter] consists in describing "with scrupulous minuteness what is being done and pretend[ing] to believe that this is precisely what ought to be done." The "humor" results from the incongruity (gap, lack of fit) between the seriousness of the situation described and the apparent indifference or detachment of the narrator. | 5 | |
| 13224294772 | Black Humor | extreme version of humor. Adopting a neutral or even upbeat tone (attitude of narrator to subject matter), the author describes without emotion situations that are obviously atrocious as if they were perfectly normal. The reader's horrified reaction is much stronger than it would be if the narrator expressed indignation or disgust. | 6 | |
| 13224294773 | Hyperbole: | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. | 7 | |
| 13224294774 | Black Humor | extreme version of humor. Adopting a neutral or even upbeat tone (attitude of narrator to subject matter), the author describes without emotion situations that are obviously atrocious as if they were perfectly normal. The reader's horrified reaction is much stronger than it would be if the narrator expressed indignation or disgust. | 8 | |
| 13224294775 | Irony: | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. | 9 | |
| 13224294776 | Verbal irony: | carries two meanings: the explicit or apparent meaning and a second, often mocking meaning running counter to the first. | 10 | |
| 13224294777 | Structural irony: | Structural irony is built into texts in such a way that both the surface meaning and deeper implications are present more or less throughout. | 11 | |
| 13224294778 | Dramatic irony: | It refers to a situation in which the audience has knowledge denied to one or more of the characters on stage. | 12 | |
| 13224294779 | Cosmic or Situational irony: | This refers to writing in which life, or God, or fate, or some other powerful force seems to be manipulating events in a way that mocks all the efforts of the protagonist. (A pickpocket gets pickpocketed, a firehouse burns down) | 13 | |
| 13224294780 | Juvenalian Satire: | Harsher, more pointed, perhaps intolerant satire typified by the writings of Juvenal. Attacks vice and error with contempt, realist and harsh in contrast to Horatian Satire. | 14 | |
| 13224294781 | Parody: | A satiric imitation of a work or of an author with the idea of ridiculing the author, his ideas, or work. A variety of Burlesque. | 15 | |
| 13224294782 | Sarcasm: | A form of verbal irony, expressing sneering, personal disapproval in the guise of praise. | 16 | |
| 13224294783 | Understatement: | Expressing an idea with less emphasis or in a lesser degree than is the actual case. Opposite of hyperbole. | 17 |
AP Spanish Literature authors review Flashcards
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| 13896850229 | Don Juan Manuel | De lo que aconteció a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava | 0 | |
| 13896868145 | Anónimo (siglo v-xv) | Romance de la pérdida de Alhama | 1 | |
| 13896883671 | Hernán Cortés | Segunda carta de la relación | 2 | |
| 13896919526 | Miguel León-Portilla | Vision de los vencidos ("Los presagios, según los informantes de Sahugun" y "Se ha perdido el pueblo mexicatl" | 3 | |
| 13896953702 | Garcilaso de la Vega | En tanto que de rosa y de azucena | 4 | |
| 13896965852 | Anónimo (siglo XVI) | Lazarillo de Tormes (prólogo, tratados 1,2,3,7) | 5 | |
| 13897007830 | Miguel de Cervantes | Don Quijote (Parte 1: Cap. 1-5, 8,9; Parte 2: cap.74) | 6 | |
| 13897051522 | Luis de Góngora | Mientras por competir con tu cabello | 7 | |
| 13897059213 | Francisco de Quevedo | Miré los muros de la patria mía | 8 | |
| 13897063059 | Tirso de Molina | El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra | 9 | |
| 13897068492 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | Hombres necios que acusáis | 10 | |
| 13897073586 | José María Heredia | En una tempestad | 11 | |
| 13897077499 | Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer | Rima LIII ("Volverán las oscuras golondrinas") | 12 | |
| 13897085735 | José Martí | Nuestra América | 13 | |
| 13897099948 | Rubén Darío | A Roosevelt | 14 | |
| 13897114409 | Alfonsina Storni | Peso ancestral | 15 | |
| 13897119837 | Horacio Quiroga | El hijo | 16 | |
| 13897124802 | Emilia Pardo Bazán | Las medias rojas | 17 | |
| 13897129594 | Antonio Machado | He andado muchos caminos | 18 | |
| 13897129595 | Miguel de Unamuno | San Manuel Bueno, mártir | 19 | |
| 13897275732 | Federico García Lorca(1928) | Prendimiento de Antoñito el Camborio en el camino de Sevilla | 20 | |
| 13897134049 | Federico García Lorca(1936) | La casa de Bernarda Alba | 21 | |
| 13897137804 | Nicolás Guillén | Balada de los dos abuelos | 22 | |
| 13897142732 | Pablo Neruda | Walking around | 23 | |
| 13897146239 | A Julia de Burgos | A Julia de Burgos | 24 | |
| 13897155080 | Juan Rulfo | No oyes ladrar los perros | 25 | |
| 13897160300 | Osvaldo Dragún | Historia del hombre que se convirtió en perro | 26 | |
| 13897165010 | Jorge Luis Borges (1956) | El sur | 27 | |
| 13897180723 | Jorge Luis Borges(1960) | Borges y yo | 28 | |
| 13897193145 | Carlos Fuentes | Chac Mool | 29 | |
| 13897193146 | Julio Cortázar | La noche boca arriba | 30 | |
| 13897205587 | Gabriel García Márquez(1962) | La siesta del martes | 31 | |
| 13897211708 | Gabriel García Márquez(1968) | El ahogado más hermoso del mundo | 32 | |
| 13897218944 | Sabine Ulibarrí | Mi caballo mago | 33 | |
| 13897222560 | Tomás Rivera | ...y no se lo tragó la tierra (...y no se lo tragó la tierra y La noche buena) | 34 | |
| 13897233983 | Nancy Morejón | Mujer negra | 35 | |
| 13897251177 | Rosa Montero | Como la vida misma | 36 | |
| 13897245185 | Isabel Allende | Dos palabras | 37 |
AP World History Strayer Chapter 7 Flashcards
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| 5489285528 | Silk Roads | -Land-based trade routes (PLURAL) that linked Eurasia -Began as linking China & Central Asia -new Merchant communities introduced -Contributed to spread of Bubonic Plague -Spread of Buddhism (especially in China) | 0 | |
| 5489285532 | Black Death | The name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the 14th century CE; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases. | 1 | |
| 5489285529 | Indian Ocean Trade network | The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 CE, Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops. -Carried larger cargo than the Silk Road | 2 | |
| 5489285539 | Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 CE; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture. | 3 | |
| 5489285531 | Angkor Wat | The largest religious structure in the premodern world, construction began on this temple located in modern Cambodia in the early 1100s CE. It was built to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered on a mythical Mt Meru, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition. | 4 | |
| 5489285540 | Swahili civilization | An East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century CE from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements. | 5 | |
| 5489285535 | Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 CE. | 6 | |
| 5489285538 | Sand Roads | A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Sahara trade in Africa | 7 | |
| 5489290768 | Arabian camel | An important way of transportation on the Sand and Silk roads for thousands of years | 8 | |
| 5489285534 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | A series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500-1600 CE in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production). | 9 | |
| 5489285541 | trans-Saharan slave trade | A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the 12th century CE, exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants. | 10 | |
| 5489285530 | American web | A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas. | 11 | |
| 5489285536 | Thorfinn Karlsfeni | A well-born, wealthy merchant and seaman of Norwegian Viking background, Karlsfeni led an unsuccessful expedition to establish a colony on the coast of what is now Newfoundland, Canada, in the early 11th century CE. | 12 | |
| 5489285537 | pochteca | Professional merchants among the Aztecs | 13 |
Campbell Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 12949747129 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. |  | 0 |
| 12949747130 | catabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. |  | 1 |
| 12949747131 | anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. |  | 2 |
| 12949747132 | chemical energy | A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. | 3 | |
| 12949747133 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 4 | |
| 12949747134 | second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder/randomness) of the universe. | 5 | |
| 12949747135 | free energy | Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. |  | 6 |
| 12949747136 | exergonic reaction | Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. |  | 7 |
| 12949747137 | endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. |  | 8 |
| 12949747138 | energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. |  | 9 |
| 12949747139 | ATP | A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. |  | 10 |
| 12949747140 | enzyme | A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction. |  | 11 |
| 12949747141 | catalyst | A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected |  | 12 |
| 12949747142 | activation energy | The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. |  | 13 |
| 12949747143 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |  | 14 |
| 12949747144 | enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). |  | 15 |
| 12949747145 | active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | | 16 |
| 12949747146 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. |  | 17 |
| 12949747147 | cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. |  | 18 |
| 12949747148 | coenzyme | If the cofactor is an organic molecule. |  | 19 |
| 12949747149 | competitive inhibitor | An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made. |  | 20 |
| 12949747150 | noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. |  | 21 |
| 12949747151 | allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |  | 22 |
| 12949747152 | cooperativity | A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules. |  | 23 |
| 12949747153 | feedback inhibition (negative feedback) | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |  | 24 |
| 12949747154 | positive feedback | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an activator to enhance the activity of an enzyme within that pathway. |  | 25 |
AP Literature Terms (Unit 1) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10772951364 | Allegory | story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities | 0 | |
| 10772961064 | Alliteration | repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together | 1 | |
| 10772974972 | Allusion | a reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or some other branch of culture. An indirect reference to something | 2 | |
| 10772988689 | Ambiguity | deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way- - this is done on purpose by the author, when it is not done on purpose, it is vagueness, and detracts from the work. | 3 | |
| 10772994728 | Analogy | Comparison made between two things to show how they are alike | 4 | |
| 10773007849 | Anaphora | Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent. | 5 | |
| 10773017029 | Anastrophe | Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion. | 6 | |
| 10773032572 | Anecdote | Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual | 7 | |
| 10773035472 | Antagonist | Opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero, or protagonist, in a story. | 8 | |
| 10773042630 | Antithesis | Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure | 9 | |
| 10773059052 | Anthropomorphism | attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification) | 10 | |
| 10773063466 | Aphorism | A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of a principle or accepted general truth. Also called Maxim, Epigram | 11 | |
| 10773081331 | Apostrophe | calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called invocation. | 12 | |
| 10773094765 | Assonance | the repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together. | 13 | |
| 10773104067 | Asyndeton | Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X,Y,Z..... see polysyndeton. | 14 |
24 must know dates for Ap world history Flashcards
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| 13729766851 | 8,000 BCE | agriculture | 0 | |
| 13729770142 | 3,500 BCE | cuneiform writing | 1 | |
| 13729772168 | 563 BCE | Buddha | 2 | |
| 13729773445 | 476 | The fall of the Roman Empire | 3 | |
| 13729775748 | 570 | Birth of Muhammad | 4 | |
| 13729778991 | 624 | Empress Wu | 5 | |
| 13729779995 | 1162 | Genghis Khan | 6 | |
| 13729781409 | 1346 | cannons | 7 | |
| 13729783744 | 1453 | Constantinopke sacked | 8 | |
| 13729787515 | 1483 | Martin Luther was born | 9 | |
| 13729788930 | 1492 | Columbus/Reconquista of Spain | 10 | |
| 13729790019 | 1607 | Foundation of Jamestown | 11 | |
| 13729790807 | 1672 | Peter the Great | 12 | |
| 13729792833 | 1710 | steam engine | 13 | |
| 13729795303 | 1769 | Napoleon Bonaparte is born | 14 | |
| 13729798598 | 1776 | American Revolution | 15 | |
| 13729803393 | 1789 | French Revolution | 16 | |
| 13729804573 | 1804 | Haitian independence | 17 | |
| 13729805427 | 1885 | Berlin Conference | 18 | |
| 13729809527 | 1914 | WWI begins | 19 | |
| 13729810514 | 1917 | Russian Revolution | 20 | |
| 13729812857 | 1945 | End of WW2 | 21 | |
| 13729813949 | 1949 | Chinese Communist Revolution | 22 | |
| 13729817938 | 1989 | Fall of Berlin Wall | 23 |
Flashcards
Give Me Liberty! Chapter 17 Flashcards
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| 14390992255 | redeemers | Southerners who wanted to reverse any progress made by Reconstruction | 0 | |
| 14390992256 | new south | state budgets were reduced which resulted in the closing of public facilities and schools vagrancy laws and increased penalties for petty crimes resulted in mass incarceration companies competed for the cheap labor the prison system produced economic opportunities in the south were reserved for only a few--the south remained the poorest region in the nation one of the only successful manufacturing industries was still mill in Birmingham, AL economic opportunities limited for African Americans in south political representation for African-Americans declined after end of Reconstruction, but many remained politically active | 1 | |
| 14390992257 | disenfranchisement | Denial of the right to vote *fear of bi-racial collation led to the this movement between 1890-1906 every southern state enacted laws to eliminate the black vote poll tax literacy tests understanding the state constitution "grandfather clause" enacted in 6 southern states | 2 | |
| 14390993250 | Grandfather clause | allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction | 3 | |
| 14390993639 | Plessy v Ferguson | supreme court case that ruled "separate but equal" is constitutional under the 14th amendment doctrine of separate but equal in public facilities of all kinds in ruled constitutional allows Jim Crow laws to exist in south until the 1960s | 4 | |
| 14390993640 | separate but equal | Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal. | 5 | |
| 14390993641 | lynching | putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law southerners insisted that violence against black males had to with the protection of "white womanhood" | 6 | |
| 14390994598 | Ida B.. Wells | anti-lynching campaign insists that violence against blacks in the south has to do more with economics and a shifting social structure than with the protection of white women | 7 | |
| 14390994599 | Immigration | between 1880 and 1920 23 million came into the U.S. Between 1900 and 1914 1 million came into US every year European immigration was 3/4 total California and southwestern states were Chinese, Japanese, Filipino and Mexican immigrants were high | 8 | |
| 14390994600 | Old Immigrants | Old: from Great Britain (United Kingdom, Scotland, Ireland), Scandinavia, and Germany most Protestant Use "whiteness" as cultural capital | 9 | |
| 14391045554 | New Immigrants | mostly Eastern and Southern Europe, 3 to 4 milion Italians, 2 million Russians and Polish Jews, 2 million Hungarians, and 5 million Slavs and others from eastern and southeastern Europe most Catholic and Jewish Different political beliefs | 10 | |
| 14390995414 | Immigration restriction league | wanted to reduce immigration and create literacy tests for immigrants | 11 | |
| 14391050249 | immigration restriction | response to increase in immigration "nativists" start to organize to restrict the rights of immigrants | 12 | |
| 14390995415 | Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. rallies around the country hosted by the "Know-Nothing" or Workingman's party encourage people to support Chinese exclusions Photo identification for Chinese 1909 | 13 | |
| 14391054117 | Page Act of 1875 | the first restrictive federal immigration law and prohibited the entry of immigrants considered "undesirable." | 14 | |
| 14390995849 | Booker T. Washington | advocated the idea of racial accommodation Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." | 15 | |
| 14390995850 | W.E.B. Dubois | advocated for the advancement of civil rights for African Americans Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP. | 16 |
give me liberty chapter 16 Flashcards
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| 8602298348 | what were the factors that contributed to make the united states a mature industrial society? | abundant natural resources, growing supply of labor, an expanding market for manufactured goods, and the availability of capital investment. | 0 | |
| 8602343201 | what characterized the 2nd industrial revolution? | the rail road systems. spurred by private investment and massive grants of land and money by federal state, and local governments | 1 | |
| 8602362800 | by 1890 how did the majority of americans earn a living? | 2/3 worked for wages | 2 | |
| 8602391687 | what were the major industries that drove the 2nd industrial revolution? | 5 transcontinental lines transported the products of western mines, farms, ranches, and forests to eastern markets and carried manufactured goods to the west | 3 | |
| 8602448914 | why were time zones created? | operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals | 4 | |
| 8602492653 | what were pools and trusts? | p- divided up markets between supposedly competing firms and fixed prices. t- legal devices whereby the affairs of several rival companies were managed by a single director | 5 | |
| 8602542618 | who were andrew carnegie and john d. rocketfeller? what were their accomplishments? | ac- set out to establish a vertically integrated steel company. by the 1890s he dominated the steel company- most technologically advanced in the world jdr- rose to dominate the oil industry. began with horizontal expansion but then switched to vertical integration. controlled 90% of the nation's oil industry | 6 | |
| 8602797224 | how did the 2nd industrial revolution effect workers? | it created new forms of freedom. in some industries, skilled workers commanded high wages and exercised considerable control over the production process. semi skilled workers experienced economic insecurity and many lost their jobs or had to accept reduced pay | 7 | |
| 8602950170 | how did the 2nd industrial revolution effect the trans- mississippi west? | their "vast, trackless spaces" got absorbed into the expanding economy | 8 | |
| 8622957851 | what were bonanza farms? | covered thousands of acres and employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers | 9 | |
| 8623581547 | why did cowboys become important american symbols? | they were symbols of a life of freedom | 10 | |
| 8623591056 | what was the economic development of the west based on? | major manufacturing/ trade centers, tourism, railroad companies, oil, lumber, mining (large corporate enterprises) | 11 | |
| 8623635582 | who were the plain indians? | the cheyenne, comanche, crow, kiowa, sioux | 12 | |
| 8623648425 | who was chief joseph? | the Nez Perce leader, adopted the language of freedom and equal rights before the law so powerfully reinforced by the civil war and reconstruction, unsuccessfully petition successive presidents for his people's right to return to their beloved oregon homeland | 13 | |
| 8623737122 | what was little big horn? | location of the most famous indian victory in june 1876 when general george a. custer and hsi entire command of 250 men perished | 14 | |
| 8623779961 | how did the americans attempt to "civilize" and amercianize indians? | the bureau of indian affairs created boarding schools where they would take indian children away from their homes and dress them in non indian clothes, gave them new names, and educated them in white ways | 15 | |
| 8641751241 | what was the Dawes act of 1877? | broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to indian families with the remainder auctioned off to white purchasers | 16 | |
| 8641798920 | what did the court rule in elk vs wilkins | the 14th and 15th amendments did not apply to the indians who did not leave the tribal setting and assimilated into the american society | 17 | |
| 8641932677 | what is a ghost dance? | religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan indian movements. believed that there would be a day when whites would disappear, the buffalo would return, and the indians could once again practice their ancestral customs | 18 | |
| 8641987913 | what was the battle of wounded knee? | the indians ghost dance caused the government to fear an uprising so the gov sent troops to the reservations. on 12-29-1890 soldiers opened fire on ghost dancers near wounded knee creek in south dakota, killing 150-200 people | 19 | |
| 8642780250 | who was william m. tweed? | creator of the corrupt political machines which plundered the city into tens of millions of dollars | 20 |
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