Flashcards
Ch 1. Introduction to Forensic Science Flashcards
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| 14136744266 | Forensic Science | The application of science to criminal and civil laws. | 0 | |
| 14136744267 | Dr. Leone Lattes | Discovered a way to analyze dried blood into blood groupings | 1 | |
| 14136744268 | Alphonse Bertillon | Devised the first scientific system of personal identification called anthropometry. | 2 | |
| 14136744269 | Francis Galton | Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification. | 3 | |
| 14136744270 | Sherlock Holmes | fictional character who first popularized scientific crime detection. |  | 4 |
| 14136744271 | Crime labs | Facilities specifically dedicated to forensic analysis of criminal evidence. |  | 5 |
| 14136744272 | major federal crime lab | FBI | 6 | |
| 14136744273 | Physical Science Unit | Principles and techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology use chemical tests and modern analytical instrumentation to examine drugs, glass, paint, explosives, and soil. | 7 | |
| 14136744274 | Biology Unit | analyzes DNA , DNA profiling,detection of dried blood stains, body fluids, hair and fiber comparison and botanical identification | 8 | |
| 14136744275 | Firearms Unit | Examines discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells and ammunition. | 9 | |
| 14136744276 | Document Examination Unit | Studies handwriting and typewriting on questionable documents, also may analyze paper or ink. | 10 | |
| 14136744277 | Photography Unit | Examines and records physical evidence. Prepares photographic evidence for courtrooms. |  | 11 |
| 14136744278 | Toxicology Unit | Examines body fluids and organs to determine presence or absence or poisons and drugs. This is frequently done by the medical examiner's office. |  | 12 |
| 14136744279 | Latent Fingerprint Unit | Examines evidence for prints. |  | 13 |
| 14136744280 | Polygraph Unit | used by criminal investigators, not typically by forensic scientists , due to inadmissibility to the courts - it is supposed to detect lies |  | 14 |
| 14136744281 | Voiceprint Analysis Unit | Specialize in voice identification, look at a graphic representation of a voice. |  | 15 |
| 14136744282 | Crime-scene Investigation Unit | Specially trained personnel to collect and preserve physical evidence to be processed at the lab. |  | 16 |
| 14136744283 | the Chinese | Among the first recognize fingerprints as a means of identfication | 17 | |
| 14136744284 | CSI Effect | The simplification of forensic scientific procedures creating unrealistic expectations of the validity and clarity of forensic evidence | 18 | |
| 14136744285 | Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis | Identifying, collecting, preserving, and examining info from computers or cell phones. | 19 | |
| 14136744286 | Expert Witness | An individual whom the court determines to possess a particular skill of knowledge in a trade or profession that is not expected of the average layperson and that will aid a court in determining the truth. | 20 | |
| 14136744287 | Three basic functions of a forensic scientist | 1. Analyze physical evidence 2. Provide expert testimony 3. Furnishing training in the proper recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence | 21 | |
| 14136744288 | Edmond Locard | Pioneered the first crime lab. | 22 | |
| 14136744289 | Physical Evidence | Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator. | 23 | |
| 14136744290 | Locard's Exchange Principle. | When two objects come into contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials will occur. | 24 | |
| 14136744291 | DNA Fingerprinting. DNA Profiling, DNA Typing | Revolutionized the practice of forensic science in the lab establishing the precise identity of a suspect. | 25 | |
| 14136744292 | Computerized Data Bases | .A significant development aiding in the identification of fingerprints, bullet markings, shell casings, and DNA by comparing thousands of pieces of evidence quickly. | 26 | |
| 14136744293 | Los Angeles Police Department 1923 | The oldest forensic crime lab in the United States. | 27 | |
| 14136744294 | FBI | Under the direction of J Edgar Hoover this crime lab was established and to be used Nationally. |  | 28 |
| 14136744295 | Crime Lab Development | Due to Criminal Rights, The increasing demand of case work, and the right of the criminal to immediate legal advice | 29 | |
| 14136744296 | Scientific Method | Collection of evidence that adheres to strict guidelines that ensure careful and systemic collection, organization, and analysis of information by this method |  | 30 |
| 14136744297 | FRYE STANDARD | Courts ruled that the procedure, technique, or principles must be generally accepted, by a meaningful segment of a scientific community. | 31 | |
| 14136744298 | Daubert Ruling | That trial judges have the responsibility for acting as the "Gatekeeper" for the admissibility of evidence in their court. | 32 | |
| 14136744299 | Inquiry | Analysis of physical evidence by constantly testing a hypothesis through experimentation. This questioning is | 33 | |
| 14136744300 | Anthropology | The taking of a series of body measurements to aid in distinguishing one person from another | 34 | |
| 14136744301 | Mathieu Orfila | investigated and published a treatise on the effects of toxins on animals by chemical analysis - also the father of forensics | 35 |
Forensic Science Chapter 1 Flashcards
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| 7523992231 | Forensic Science | The study and application of science to matters of law. | 0 | |
| 7523992232 | Criminalistics | The examination of Physical Evidence. | 1 | |
| 7523992233 | Evidence | Anything that tends to establish or disprove a fact. | 2 | |
| 7523992234 | Ballistics | The science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets. | 3 | |
| 7523992235 | Odontology | In forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses. | 4 | |
| 7523992236 | Pathology | Investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death. | 5 | |
| 7523992237 | Entomology | The study of insects. | 6 | |
| 7523992238 | Palynology | The study of pollen and spores. | 7 | |
| 7523992239 | Polygraphy | The use of the "lie detector". | 8 | |
| 7523992240 | Statutory Law | Legislation act declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something. | 9 | |
| 7523992241 | Common/ Case Law | The body of law made up of Judicial opinions and precendents. | 10 | |
| 7523992242 | Stare Decisis | "to stand by the decision," meaning previous legal decisions are to be followed. | 11 | |
| 7523992243 | Civil Law | Laws that deals with noncriminal suits bought to protect or preserve a civil or private right or matter. | 12 | |
| 7523992244 | Criminal Law | Regulation and enforcement of rights, setting the acceptable limits of conduct in society. | 13 | |
| 7523992245 | Misdemeanor | A minor crime, less than a felony, us ally punished with a fine or confinement other than in a prison. | 14 | |
| 7523992246 | Felony | A serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to execution. | 15 | |
| 7523992247 | Probable cause | Situation in which a reasonable and prudent person, viewing the available information, would conclude that a crime has been committed and that the suspect committed it. | 16 | |
| 7523992248 | Violation | A breach of a right, duty, or law. | 17 | |
| 7523992249 | Infraction | Violation of a rule or law that is not punishable by prison. | 18 | |
| 7523992250 | Elements | In criminal law, the specific factors or parts of a crime. | 19 | |
| 7523992251 | Booking | A police procedure following arrest that records basic information about the suspect, a photograph, and fingerprints, and perhaps includes a lineup | 20 | |
| 7523992252 | Miranda Rights/ Miranda Warning | Rights guranteed by the Constitution that police must tell arrestees about, especially the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. | 21 | |
| 7523992253 | Arraignment | The frist act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is brought before the court to hear charges and enter a plea. | 22 | |
| 7523992254 | Bail | Money put up to guarantee that the defendant will appear in court as directed | 23 | |
| 7523992255 | Nolo Contendere | In a criminal lawsuit, when a defendant neither admits nor denies committing a crime but accepts punisher as though he or she were guilty. | 24 | |
| 7523992256 | Preliminary/ Evidentiary Hearing | A hearing before a magistrate or a judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial. | 25 | |
| 7523992257 | Grand Jury | A group of people sworn to inquire into a crime and, if appropriate, bring accusations (indictments) against the suspected criminals. | 26 | |
| 7523992258 | Indict | To formally accuse a person of a crime. | 27 | |
| 7523992259 | Plea Bargaining | An agreement in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor in return drops more serious charges to avoid the cost and time of a trial. | 28 | |
| 7523992260 | Probative | In evidence law, tending to prove something. | 29 | |
| 7523992261 | Material | In evidence law, relevant and significant. | 30 | |
| 7523992262 | Hearsay | Testimony given by a witness who relates not what he or she heard, saw, or know personally, but what others have said. | 31 | |
| 7523992263 | Expert Witness | A person who is a specialist in a subject that is often technical, who may present his or her expert opinion without actually witnessing any occurrence relating to the case. | 32 | |
| 7523992264 | Frye Standard | Commonly called the "general acceptance" test, the Frye Standard dictates that scientific evidence is admissible at trial only if the methodology or scientific principle on which the opinion is based is "sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs. | 33 | |
| 7523992265 | Dauber Ruling | Implicit endorses a classical definition of the scientific method, including hypothesis testing, estimates of error rates, peer-reviewed publication, and general acceptance. | 34 | |
| 7523992266 | Junk Science | Theories bases on distorted, flawed, or untested hypotheses not derived from or tested by the scientific method. | 35 | |
| 7523992267 | Forensic Science | The application of science and technology to the criminal and civil laws enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system |  | 36 |
| 7523992268 | Anthropometry | Bertillon's system of bodily measurement used to identify an individual | 37 | |
| 7523992269 | Locard's exchange principle | When two objects come into contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs that can connect a criminal suspect to his or her victim | 38 | |
| 7523992270 | FBI Laboratory | World's largest forensic science laboratory | 39 | |
| 7523992271 | FBI | Federal Bureau of Invesitgation | 40 | |
| 7523992272 | CBI | Colorado Bureau of Investigation | 41 | |
| 7523992273 | Basic services/units of a Full Service Crime Lab | Physical science, biology, firearms, document examination, photography |  | 42 |
| 7523992274 | Toxicology unit | Looks for the presence or absence of drugs and toxins in body fluids and organs | | 43 |
| 7523992275 | Polygraph unit | Lie detector used mainly by police investigators |  | 44 |
| 7523992276 | Forensic odontology | Analysis of teeth and bite marks left on a victim and the tooth structure of the suspect |  | 45 |
| 7523992277 | Frye v. United States, 1923 | Scientific evidence can be presented by expert witnesses as long as the procedures, techniques, and principles used to analyze the evidence are "generally accepted" by the scientific community | 46 | |
| 7523992278 | Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals, 1993 | The trial judge assumes the ultimate responsibility for acting as a "gate-keeper" in judging the admissibility and reliability of scientific evidence presented in their court | 47 | |
| 7523992279 | Witness | A person who observes an event and can provide details to a police agency or court |  | 48 |
| 7523992280 | Expert witness | An individual whom the court determines to have particular skills or knowledge in a trade or profession and that person's testimony will help the court determine the truth of a matter at trial | 49 | |
| 7523992281 | Testimony | What a person says to a court or police agency; sometimes sworn to tell the truth under oath |  | 50 |
| 7523992282 | AAFS | American Academy of Forensic Science, the largest forensic science organization in the world | 51 | |
| 7523992283 | What part of our government establishes statutory laws | Legislative | 52 | |
| 7523992284 | What city in the US was the first police lab in? | Los Angelos | 53 | |
| 7523992285 | What is the abbreviation for computerized Fingerprint by the FBI | AFIS | 54 | |
| 7523992286 | Another name for common law | Case law | 55 | |
| 7523992287 | What court case was general acceptance case | Frye vs US | 56 | |
| 7523992288 | What federal agency deals with tobacco | ATF (alcohol tobacco firearms) | 57 | |
| 7523992289 | Examination of bite marks | Odontology | 58 | |
| 7523992290 | Computer system for comparing bullets and shell casings | IBIS | 59 | |
| 7523992291 | Who discovered the process of DNA fingerprinting | Alec Jeffreys | 60 | |
| 7523992292 | Example of a hate crime | Discrimination | 61 | |
| 7523992293 | What type of evidence tends to prove something | Probative | 62 | |
| 7523992294 | Polygraphy | Use of the polygraph/ lie detector | 63 | |
| 7523992295 | Who developed the mass spectrometer | Francis asten | 64 | |
| 7523992296 | First person to practice forensic medicine | Fortunatus Fidelus | 65 | |
| 7523992297 | First person to use document examination | Francois DeMelle | 66 | |
| 7523992298 | Used body measurements | Alphonse Bertillion | 67 | |
| 7523992299 | Study of pollen and spores | Palanology | 68 | |
| 7523992300 | Rights for people under arrest | Miranda rights | 69 | |
| 7523992301 | Another name for criminal law | Public law | 70 | |
| 7523992302 | Karl landsteiner | Distinguished main blood groups | 71 | |
| 7523992303 | James marsh | 1st toxicology test for arsenic | 72 | |
| 7523992304 | Edward Henry | fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics | 73 | |
| 7523992305 | John Larson | Invented the polygraph | 74 | |
| 7523992306 | Mathiew orfila | Established forensic toxicology | 75 | |
| 7523992307 | Gary Dotson | First person to be convicted based on DNA evidence | 76 | |
| 7523992308 | Leone Lattes | developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains | 77 |
Forensic Science: Chapter 7 - Forensic Toxicology Flashcards
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| 8387211752 | In Western countries, the most heavily abused drug is: | Alcohol | 0 | |
| 8387219445 | What are factors in determining the rate at which alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream? | The total time taken to consume the drink The alcohol content of the drink The amount of alcohol consumed Stomach contents | 1 | |
| 8387258785 | What CANNOT be used by the medical examiner to determine the body's alcohol content to a reasonable degree of accuracy if blood is not available? | Urine | 2 | |
| 8387273803 | The amount of alcohol absorbed through the stomach walls is __________ the amount of alcohol absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. | Less than | 3 | |
| 8387296151 | There is a ___________ relationship between the amount of alcohol in the blood and that in the alveolar breath. | Direct | 4 | |
| 8387307196 | During the period of absorption, the concentration of alcohol in arterial blood is __________ the concentration of alcohol in venous blood. | Greater than | 5 | |
| 8387311845 | A breath test reflects the alcohol concentration in the __________. | Pulmonary artery | 6 | |
| 8387318620 | Field sobriety tests do NOT include __________. | The performance of sit ups. | 7 | |
| 8387326277 | To analyze blood for alcohol, forensic labs normally use __________. | Gas chromatography. | 8 | |
| 8387333632 | What country uses the lowest blood alcohol concentration to determine legal impairment? | Sweden | 9 | |
| 8387346229 | The DOT set the maximum allowable blood alcohol concentration for commercial truck and bus drivers at: | .04% | 10 | |
| 8387353574 | Upon entering the bloodstream, heroin is almost immediately metabolized into: | Morphine | 11 | |
| 8387362994 | The toxicologist's capabilities are NOT directly dependent on the input from the: | Attending physician | 12 | |
| 8387369713 | A substance with a pH of 8 is likely to be: | Basic | 13 | |
| 8387374664 | Which drugs are acid drugs? | Barbiturates and aspirin. | 14 | |
| 8387384435 | Which test is NOT a widely used screening tool in the toxicology lab? | TLC | 15 | |
| 8387392866 | The Reinsch test would NOT be used to detect: | Copper | 16 | |
| 8387397188 | Carbon monoxide is toxic because it: | combines hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin | 17 | |
| 8387409934 | The presence of high levels of carbon monoxide in the blood of a victim found at the scene of a suspicious fire is proof that the victim: | perished after the fire started | 18 | |
| 8387423082 | The rate of alcohol absorption on a full stomach is __________ the rate of absorption on an empty stomach. | Less than | 19 | |
| 8387436202 | The concentration of alcohol in an exhaled breath is in direct proportion to that of the blood of the same individual. The ratio of this relationship is closest to: | 1:2000 | 20 | |
| 8387445402 | The DRE program incorporates standardized methods for examining suspects to determine: | whether they are under the influence of drugs | 21 | |
| 8387454249 | Alcohol is eliminated from the body chemically unchanged in: | Perspiration, breath, and urine | 22 | |
| 8387460029 | Alcohol is oxidized in the body primarily in: | The liver | 23 | |
| 8387467820 | The blood alcohol concentration level for being legally "under the influence" in most states is: | 0.08% | 24 | |
| 8387473492 | A breath test may be used to analyze: | Ethyl alcohol | 25 | |
| 8387493211 | Blood is drawn from a living suspect involved in an automobile accident. If the specimen is kept unrefrigerated and at a moderately warm temperature the alcohol concentration can be expected to: | Decrease with time | 26 | |
| 8387502301 | The elimination of "burn off" rate of alcohol averages _________ percent w/v per hour. | 0.015 | 27 | |
| 8387512155 | The analytical technique widely used for directly measuring the amount of alcohol present in the blood is: | Gas chromatography | 28 | |
| 8387519894 | The following drug is NOT typically found in blood or urine: | Heroin | 29 | |
| 8387617662 | In the case of Schmerber v. California, blood was categorized as being: | Nontestimonial evidence | 30 | |
| 8387629327 | Some breath-testing devices for alcohol use __________ light to measure the quantity of alcohol trapped in a chamber. | Infrared | 31 | |
| 8387641762 | In forensic toxicology, all positive drug findings must be confirmed by a specific chemical test. The confirmation test of choice is: | GC/MS | 32 | |
| 8387648940 | A neutral substance will have a pH closest to: | 7 | 33 | |
| 8387659109 | Field sobriety tests that can be employed to ascertain the degree of an individual's alcohol impairment. List them. | Horizontal gaze nystagmus. Road-side breath testing One-leg stand Walk and turn | 34 | |
| 8387674520 | List and describe the three stages of alcohol's fate in the human body. | 1.) Absorption - chemical substance enters the blood stream. 2.) Distribution - Blood carries the substance to all watery parts of the body. 3.) Elimination - Substance is excreted from the body. | 35 | |
| 8387700839 | What is mouth alcohol and how does it affect the accuracy of a breath test? Name three potential sources of mouth alcohol. | Alcohol that is present in the mouth. Can cause alcohol in exhaled breath to be higher than the actual blood alcohol level. Sources include: regurgitation, belching, and gargling mouthwashes containing alcohol. | 36 | |
| 8387725884 | When collecting postmortem blood samples for alcohol determination, why is it best to collect a number of blood samples from different body sites? | Alcohol may be generated as a result of bacterial action | 37 | |
| 8387736032 | Explain the D.R.E. program. | It is a program used by police officers to identify and differentiate between types of drug impairment. Drug Recognition Expert. | 38 |
Forensic Science Unit 4 Flashcards
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| 13687572885 | Arson | the crime of setting fires for an unlawful or improper purpose | 0 | |
| 13687587420 | Arson can cause hundreds of millions of dollars annually in | increased insurance costs, increased taxes, loss of jobs, loss of business, and treatment of injuries | 1 | |
| 13687597621 | Arson is different from other crimes because | it is not always obvious a crime has occurred. A lot of fires look like they may be accidental, but in reality, they were planned and sometimes well thought out. | 2 | |
| 13687622083 | Arson is difficult to investigate because | fire destroys the evidence | 3 | |
| 13687627829 | Why do criminals turn to arson? | easy to light spreads quickly | 4 | |
| 13687642829 | The amount of damage an arsonist will be able to commit will depend on | how quickly firefighters arrive at the scene | 5 | |
| 13687647872 | Combustion | a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen and releases energy | 6 | |
| 13687653666 | Hydrocarbons | Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen | 7 | |
| 13687657916 | When any hydrocarbon undergoes complete combustion, the products are always | C02 and H20 | 8 | |
| 13687667489 | Energy released comes in various forms | heat, light, sound | 9 | |
| 13687671243 | exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings | 10 | |
| 13687682813 | What must exist for combustion to happen? | the bonds within hydrocarbon and oxygen must be broken, a fuel, and oxygen | 11 | |
| 13687688197 | How can you break chemical bonds? | Heat (match, lighter, flint, spark, friction, cigarette) | 12 | |
| 13687705661 | Law od Conservation of Mass | the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products (the number of atoms of a given element in the reactants must equal the number of atoms in the products) | 13 | |
| 13687862621 | All hydrocarbons have similar properties. For example, | they burn easily | 14 | |
| 13687866332 | Fuel | a material that reacts with oxygen and releases energy when it burns | 15 | |
| 13687874508 | Fuels only burn in which state? | Vapor state | 16 | |
| 13687879321 | Flashpoint | The lowest temperature at which a fuel will give off enough vapor to mix with air and support combustion. | 17 | |
| 13687888364 | The lower the flashpoint | the greater the risk of fire | 18 | |
| 13687894850 | Ignition Temperature | The temperature that a fuel must reach before combustion can begin | 19 | |
| 13687904125 | An outside source is needed to ignite the fuel to its | ignition temperature | 20 | |
| 13687910421 | The ignition temperature is always higher than | the flashpoint | 21 | |
| 13687916921 | Pyrolysis | the decomposition of solid matter into gaseous products by heat | 22 | |
| 13687937330 | A solid fuel only burns when exposed to heat intense enough to | decompose the solid into gaseous products | 23 | |
| 13687945861 | Accelerant | a fuel source that increases the rate of combustion. It will make a fire burn at a higher temperature with an increased rate of speed. | 24 | |
| 13687964237 | Hydrocarbons are often used as | accelerants | 25 | |
| 13687975535 | Arsonists often suffer injuries or even death when setting fires because | accelerants ignite easily and explode readily | 26 | |
| 13688007171 | Investigators search arson crime scenes for | irregular burn patterns in debris as a sign for the presence of an ignitable liquid | 27 | |
| 13688018784 | The chain reaction for fire is: | as fire burns, the temperature increases as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases if the rate of reaction is increasing, then there are more gaseous products forming quicker; which is more fuel for the fire this will raise the temperature of the fire and so on | 28 | |
| 13688210411 | Stats info about where arson fries occur | Nearly half of arson fires are set outdoors 30% are in houses or other buildings 20% involve vehicles | 29 | |
| 13688243051 | Poor neighbourhoods compared to high-income neighbourhoods are | 14 times more likely for arson incidents | 30 | |
| 13688256927 | The problem with outdoor fires is they | tend to get out of control, they can destroy nearby housing and agriculture, and extreme climates like heat waves, droughts, and high winds can dramatically increase the size of the area consumed by a wildfire. | 31 | |
| 13688290207 | What are the motives for arson? | revenge, excitement, vandalism, crime concealment, and financial profit | 32 | |
| 13688302370 | Arson for Revenge | This is the leading motive for arson The events leading to this may be real or imagined and can take months or years before revenge is taken Common causes for revenge include disagreements or feelings of jealousy The goal is to cause physical or emotional harm (or commit murder) to someone by targetting the person's home, property, or place of business. Young arsonists typically set fire to school property, but since they are young and immature they are not planned well and do not conceal the crime well Most cases include disgruntled workers are angry because they have lost their job or have complaints against them | 33 | |
| 13688396787 | Arson for Excitement | This is the second leading motive for arsonists Not to be confused with a pyromaniac Arsonists set fires for a specific purpose, pyromaniac set fire for self-satisfaction | 34 | |
| 13688403479 | Pyromanic | a person who starts fires to relieve tension and typically includes feelings of satisfaction and indulgence afterward They have trends in their fire setting power, such as the same location, the same time, the same method | 35 | |
| 13688480071 | Why do arsonists set fires (for excitement)? Where do they typically set them? | boredom, the need for attention, the enjoyment they get from watching firefighters fight a blaze, and the "hero" effect (they save people or put out the fire) They set the fires in large outdoor spaces or in residential areas. They do this at in the night and under the influence of alcohol | 36 | |
| 13688588766 | Arson for Vandalism | Third leading arson motive Usually, two male youths They set fires because of family difficulties or peer pressure Usually, target abandoned buildings (they still attack schools, churches, homes, etc) Firefights still have to respond to these calls because homeless people often live in abandoned buildings. | 37 | |
| 13688628869 | Arson for Crime-Concealment | Fourth leading motive Set fires to places where they have committed a crime to destroy the evidence. These crimes could be anything from burglary to murder These fires are often set at night in unoccupied homes in places of business. | 38 | |
| 13688652906 | Arson for Profit | This is the least common motive for arson The target is usually the home or property of the arsonist themselves After the fire, they intend to file a fraudulent insurance claim to gain some profit This is commonly committed by adults, not youths since very few youth own property. Youth normally do not have financial pressure. The fires are usually set during the day in unoccupied homes or other buildings. | 39 | |
| 13688895106 | The typical arsonist: | Males under 18 Prior property offences Do it for revenge or profit Females do it for revenge Male arsonists tend to have problems with females Lack of remorse especially when setting fires in a trance-like state Lower to working class Absent or abusive fathers 90% have high school or less 22% are developmentally delayed | 40 | |
| 13688936419 | Typical Young Arsonist: | Exhibit interest between 3 and 10 years old motives are: boredom, curiosity, accidents, peer pressure, expressions of anger/stress A fire set by a young child is usually considered an accident or misbehaviour instead of arson the motives, the discipline, and counselling will determine if the child continues to set fires as they get older Fires are normally set in or near the family home If the fire is put out by the young arsonist, this means the child likely felt remorse and will try to conceal their actions. These children often respond to councilling Teenage arsonists often have an average intelligence, but do not progress in school due to learning difficulties or behavioural or psychological problems Teens often turn to arson to seek revenge or response to traumatic events like death or divorce. It becomes an outlet for their troubled emotions It is important to catch an arsonist while they are young to prevent future fires | 41 | |
| 13689123762 | Why is arson difficult to investigate? | arsonists are careful to avoid eyewitnesses fire destroys evidence | 42 | |
| 13689131334 | Circumstantial evidence | facts supporting evidence but no conclusive proof is available | 43 | |
| 13689149695 | Most of the evidence in arson cases is | circumstantial evidence | 44 | |
| 13689157729 | What is the leading cause of accidental fires? | careless smoking | 45 | |
| 13689161831 | Tell-tail signs arson has occurred | multiple points of origin point of origin near good supply of oxygen evidence burned quickly and for a long time empty fuel cans or other evidence of accelerants Unusual odours caused by the use of accelerants | 46 | |
| 13703228567 | what are the four classifications for the causes of fire? | natural, accidental, unknown, incendiary | 47 | |
| 13703232424 | incendiary | deliberately setting or causing fires | 48 | |
| 13703242240 | To classify a fire, investigators must first...? How do they do this? | try to locate the origin of the fire. To do this, photographs and diagrams of burn patterns are made and any physical evidence is collected and analyzed at the fire scene | 49 | |
| 13703267121 | The origin of the fire, along with other evidence, can determine | the cause and the time the fire was ignited | 50 | |
| 13703280564 | To prove that arson was the cause of the fire, investigators look for evidence in these four areas | Proof of incendiarism, proof of opportunity, proof of motive, circumstantial evidence | 51 | |
| 13703296251 | How to investigators look for "proof of opportunity"? | they look for anyone who had an opportunity to set the fire they will examine security and question anyone with access to the site before the fire. they will also ask for an alibi for the period of the fire if the alibis are confirmed, investigators will look for people who could have gained access illegally (they will now look for other evidence to help i.d suspects) | 52 | |
| 13703346958 | How do investigators determine "proof of motive"? | arsonists set fires for several reasons like revenge, vandalism, crime concealment, or financial gain if an owner gains from the fire, they will become a suspect. it is routine to look at the owner's insurance policies, history (ex. previous fires), and financial situation if a body is found the debris, the body may be a victim of the fire or a victim of another crime. the remains and scene are investigated to i.d the victim and the cause of death | 53 | |
| 13703406204 | circumstantial evidence in an arson related case | this type of evidence may help build a case but often falls short on conviction. Other types of evidence are often needed to convict someone, like witnesses. | 54 | |
| 13703426479 | Examples of evidence investigators may use to support their case | on-site fire or burglar detection systems are inspected for tampering background check on the caller licence plates in areas are checked previous police activity in the area hospitals in the area with burn victims accelerants being purchased locally | 55 | |
| 13703695936 | After a fire has been extinguished and arson investigators leave the site safety, police and fire department personnel control .... ? Why do they do this? | who enters and leaves the scene. they do this to prevent contamination | 56 | |
| 13703711405 | they store any physical evidence in a | evidence collection bin | 57 | |
| 13703721818 | all furniture and appliances are _______ they do this because _____? | placed back to their original position (based on a map drawn by the owners). they do this to examine and document every potential accidental ignition source or origin of arson in the rooms | 58 | |
| 13703752811 | fire will burn longer and therefore will have the most damage at what area? | the point of origin | 59 | |
| 13703756465 | the point of origin | The location where the fire started | 60 | |
| 13703763749 | physical evidence of the cause of the fire is found at or near | the point of origin | 61 | |
| 13703768323 | Why is it important to locate the point of origin quickly? | residues of accelerants that may have been used evaporate fast | 62 | |
| 13703780874 | When the origin of the fire has been determined | a detailed diagram of the site is drawn. it includes windows, wall, floors, ceiling composition, exits, types of locks, etc | 63 | |
| 13703807143 | why do investigators call in experts to examine and inspect items? | determine if they could have accidentally started the fire. | 64 | |
| 13703822342 | if an arsonist starts a fire in a multi-storey building, where do they normally start it? why? what does this mean to investigators? | first floor to escape quickly. investigators will have to move much debris to find evidence | 65 | |
| 13703844674 | What will an arsonist do to ensure the whole building burns? | multiple points of origin | 66 | |
| 13703849867 | What are the three important burn patterns? | classic V, doughnut pattern, ignitable liquid pour | 67 | |
| 13703857917 | classic V pattern | fires tend to move upwards. when it moves upwards on a verticle surface, a v pattern is created. the point of origin is at the bottom of the v, therefore, investigators will look for accelerants at the bottom | 68 | |
| 13703877314 | the doughnut pattern | when a liquid accelerant is poured on carpet and lit, it typically makes a circular doughnut pattern evidence of the accelerant is found inside the doughnut because the melted carpet material in the doughnut interior protects the carpet padding, which is saturated with fuel, from the effects of the fire | 69 | |
| 13703932895 | the ignitable liquid pour | intense burn patterns caused by accelerants directly where they were poured low points in nonporous surfaces will burn longer causing darker burn patterns when it is poured onto porous surfaces like wood, it can seep through the material under the floor and create a pattern of burn and unburned places where the fuel drips (rundown burn pattern) hydrocarbons tend to do physical damage whereas other accelerants like alcohol cause less physical damage and more superficial scorching | 70 | |
| 13703984046 | Nonporous surfaces | surfaces that do not allow absorption | 71 | |
| 13703990186 | porous surfaces | Surfaces that have tiny openings which allow liquid to be absorbed or to pass through. | 72 | |
| 13703996945 | rundown burn pattern | caused by a porous surface patterns of unburned and burned places where fuel drips | 73 | |
| 13704414312 | Once investigators take the evidence from the crime scene, | it is analyzed and interpreted by forensic lab specialists. these people determine the cause of the fire. the most common service these experts can provide is to analyze fire debris for suspected accelerants | 74 | |
| 13704443857 | if arsonists use an excess of accelerant to start a fire, | accelerant reside will remain and may be detected once the fire is out | 75 | |
| 13704449478 | if a small amount of accelerant is used | there may not be any residue left in the debris | 76 | |
| 13704458641 | to ensure evidence is not contaminated | proper collection and storage of fire evidence is crucial | 77 | |
| 13704475218 | evidence that is suspected to suggest that an accelerant was used can be stored in | for tight containers to prevent the accelerant from evaporating | 78 | |
| 13704480317 | control evidence | taking the same piece of material from another place at the scene to verify the properties of the material. it determines if an accelerate was or was not placed there. this is important if they find a flammable cleaning material from general maintenance of the carpet the analysis of a piece of control evidence show that when burned, it produced hydrocarbons as it breaks downs, which can be mistaken for accelerants | 79 | |
| 13704522544 | if a piece of evidence from the suspect point of origin is taken, | the same type of material from a different area of the scene must be taken so they can be compared | 80 | |
| 13704551965 | two methods for finding and collecting physical evidence: | 1. accelerant detection dogs 2. photo ionization detectors (PID) | 81 | |
| 13704565590 | Accelerant detection dogs | some dogs are able to sniff and detect any type of accelerant that may have been used to start a fire when they find an accelerant, they will sit and/or bark to get their handlers attention often where the dog finds the accelerant is also the point of origin | 82 | |
| 13704588301 | Photo Ionization Detector | hydrocarbons can be detected using a PID. it is a sensitive portable device that detects hydrogen vapours. it narrows the search for hydrocarbon residue so that evidence around these areas can be collected and analyzed further. the PID contains an ultraviolet lamp that emits energy packets that makeup light called photons. when the photons hit hydrocarbon molecules, they get absorbed. in the process the molecules will break apart and emit an electron due to the increase in energy, creating ions. these ions flow into the PID and interact with it by covering their energy into a digital reading. This happens very quickly. | 83 | |
| 13704646057 | drawbacks of PID's | cannot detect the type of hydrocarbons may give false readings due to humid conditions | 84 | |
| 13704744927 | Two ways to indicate in a lab that an accelerant was used? | Headspace technique vapour concentration | 85 | |
| 13704758513 | Headspace Technique | Material with accelerant placed in air tight container Heat container to allow accelerants to evaporate more easily Vapors pulled out of the top of container using a syringe the size of the syringe will limit the volume of vapour removed | 86 | |
| 13704786294 | Vapour concentration | material with accelerant placed in air tight container with an absorbent substance heat container to 60 degrees for one hour. this will ensure sufficient amount of vapour is expelled from the debris the absorbent substance absorbs any accelerant vapour in the container the charcoal strip is washed with a carbon disulphide solution this method is preferred because a greater concentration of accelerant is recovered, making the sample ore sensitive to tests | 87 | |
| 13704853327 | Metal Oxide Sensor | once vapour concentration is done, you can use this process. it is inexpensive and has been around for a long time the fumes from the samples are exposed to metal oxide sensors, which will change how the metals in the detectors react to electricity the downside is that they can react to moisture or carbon dioxide, which results in false measurements | 88 | |
| 13705678973 | explosives contain | one or more chemical compound that, when detonated, decomposes or react very rapidly. in this process, energy in the form of heat, light, sound, and destructive shock waves are produced | 89 | |
| 13705712464 | why are explosives often placed inside of a container? what type of container is it made out of? | build pressure inside to increase once the chemical reactions being a metal casing | 90 | |
| 13705721531 | Shrapnel | fragments of an exploding shell or bomb. they can cause extended damage to people, buildings, vehicles, or anything near the explosive blast | 91 | |
| 13705749434 | How are explosives used by criminals different from the ones used by the military? | military: mass produced, standard designs and components, deployed in standard ways Criminals: custom made using a variety of explosives which have varying levels of power and chemical stability uses vary and are often used in criminal activity | 92 | |
| 13705770342 | improvised explosive devices | IED - a civilian bomb (homemade) | 93 | |
| 13713016692 | an explosive device has an ______ ______ or a _____ that when ignited causes a chemical reaction between the compounds in the metal casing | ignition source , fuse | 94 | |
| 13713024563 | a fuse is | cord made of combustible material. its length will determine the burn time before the explosive is set off | 95 | |
| 13713084460 | What are ways a bomb can be detonated? | fuse mechanical timer electronic timer chemical timer impact (throwing, dropping) remote (wire or radio waves) time delay switch ignition switch starting vehicle (car bomb) | 96 | |
| 13713134381 | what is the most planned detail in a bomb? why? | ignition source. it makes or breaks a bomb | 97 | |
| 13713160635 | within the casing of an explosives is either a | pure compound or an oxidizer and a fuel | 98 | |
| 13713187912 | what type of compound is nitroglycerin? what happens when it is mixed with sawdust? what is this used for? | it is a pure compound. it is highly unstable, heavy, and colourless liquid. you get dynamite (this is used for professionally controlled blasting sites) | 99 | |
| 13713233155 | oxidizer | a molecule that releases some atoms as of oxygen | 100 | |
| 13713251318 | what does an oxidizer provide in a combustion reaction? | provides one of the requirements for combustion. if combustion is already happening, the fuel source can continue burning | 101 | |
| 13713282690 | the fuel source of an explosive is | an unstable chemical compound that will produce an explosion when ignited | 102 | |
| 13713311868 | what happens when a fuel source is mixed with an oxidizer? | an explosion is created | 103 | |
| 13713328412 | what are two examples of fuel sources? what are the elements and compounds that they are made of? | black powder - charcoal, sulfur, potassium nitrate flash powder - aluminum or magnesium plus potassium nitrate | 104 | |
| 13713366841 | similarities between fire and explosions? | must be ignited need a fuel need oxygen physical damage could be used to destroy evidence | 105 | |
| 13713378707 | differences between fire and explosions? | a fire must be started with heat. explosions can be started with electricity, radio waves, friction, etc. fires do not explode explosions happen relatively quickly, fires are slow explosions have shrapnel, fires have falling debris, etc. explosions have shockwaves | 106 | |
| 13713932446 | to be considered an explosive a substance | must react rapidly when exposed to heat or shock and must produce gas and energy rapidly | 107 | |
| 13713950646 | an explosion | the oxidation and combustion of at least two unstable substances that produce a violent reaction | 108 | |
| 13713966460 | what are the two general types of explosives? how are they categorized? | low explosives and high explosives. how quickly the explosive compound ignites and how fast the chemical reaction occurs | 109 | |
| 13714047344 | low explosives | sensitive to heat, friction, and temperature. around 2300m/s (7x faster than the speed of sound) only lethal when confined to a sealed container in which huge pressure occurs often created with easy-to-find materials like fertilizer, gunpowder, or gasoline often used by criminals ex. car bomb, pipe bomb | 110 | |
| 13714087313 | high explosives | larger, more complex, more powerful than look explosives around 6900m/s (21x faster than the speed of sound) the buildup of pressure and gas within the explosive is almost instantaneous. less sensitive to heat, friction, and temperature ex. nitroglycerin, TNT, military warheads | 111 | |
| 13714121785 | what are the most commonly used methods to locate explosive devices? | bomb detection dogs, bomb detection robots, x-ray machines, and metal detectors | 112 | |
| 13714160401 | after a bomb has been located, whether it is detonated or not, investigators must identify the type of ... why? | chemical compounds that could have caused the explosion. this can help identify the suspects and/or help to prove which suspect committed the crime | 113 | |
| 13714212177 | the two most common methods used to identify explosive compounds involve complex processes called | gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. this process involves looking at light patterns produced by excited particles within the explosive | 114 | |
| 13714234906 | bomb detection dogs | rarely malfunction cannot identify the type of explosive can detect hundreds of different explosives after it locates an explosive, it is safely and carefully removed | 115 | |
| 13714261525 | bomb detection robots | very safe very expensive a robotic device used to locate and safely remove explosive devices. it is used when a bomb threat has been issued or a suspicious package has been detected. the area the bomb is near is cleared to prevent any harm to humans. the robot is linked to several cameras. they also operate an extendable arm to disarm, remove, and/or detonate a comb safely | 116 | |
| 13714354536 | X-ray machines | determines the densities of the substances within an explosive. investigators know the densities of the possible substances that could be in an explosive, they can compare them to what the x-ray machine finds. it is up to the operator of the machine to determine if the material is explosive or not used in police departments, airports, highly secure government facilities | 117 | |
| 13714413706 | metal detectors | since most explosives are contained in a metal casing a metal detector could be used to find suspicious objects that could be an explosive this only detects metal, the nature of the explosive can only be found by other means inexpensive but often detects more distractions than explosives used in police departments, airports, highly secure government facilities | 118 | |
| 13714483196 | EGIS - Erieye Ground Interface Segment | a military software package that uses gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to detect the presence of plastic, commercial, or military explosives a sample residue is collected by rubbing a special wipe on an object or person. the sample is heated until it becomes gaseous. the gas is analyzed to see if it contains any nitro-groups (many high explosives contain nitrogen) this process takes a very long time | 119 |
Forensics Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science and the Law Flashcards
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| 8594198296 | criminalistics | the examination of physical evidence; the term forensics may also include broader areas of investigation, such as pathology | 0 | |
| 8594204217 | evidence | anything that tends to establish or disprove a fact; can include documents, testimony, and other objects | 1 | |
| 8594211993 | ballistics | the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets | 2 | |
| 8594217946 | odontology | in forensics, examination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses | 3 | |
| 8594221415 | pathology | investigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death | 4 | |
| 8594224608 | entomology | the study of insects | 5 | |
| 8594229076 | polygraphy | the use of the lie detector | 6 | |
| 8594232981 | statutory law | legislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something | 7 | |
| 8594238827 | case law or common law | the body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents | 8 | |
| 8594243143 | stare decisis | Latin; "to stand by the decision", meaning previous legal decisions are to be followed | 9 | |
| 8594247827 | civil law | deals with noncriminal suits brought to protect or preserve a civil or private right or matter | 10 | |
| 8594253994 | criminal law | regulation and enforcement of rights setting the acceptable limits of conduct in society | 11 | |
| 8594258440 | misemeanor | a minor crime, less than a felony, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in prison | 12 | |
| 8594263959 | felony | a serious crime, such as murder, punishable by more than one year or imprisonment up to execution | 13 | |
| 8594268499 | probable cause | situation in which a reasonable and prudent person, viewing the available information, would conclude that a crime has been committed and that the suspect committed it | 14 | |
| 8594277268 | Miranda rights or Miranda warning | rights guaranteed by the Constitution that police must tell arrestees about, especially the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney | 15 | |
| 8594286706 | booking | a police procedure following arrest that requests basic information about the suspect, a photograph, fingerprints, and perhaps a line up | 16 | |
| 8594294178 | arraignment | the first act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is charged and brought before court to hear charges and enter plea | 17 | |
| 8594298696 | nolo contendere | in a criminal lawsuit, a defendant neither admits nor denies a crime but accepts punishment as though he or she were guilty | 18 | |
| 8594309838 | preliminary or evidentiary hearing | a hearing before a magistrate or judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial; also sometimes called a preliminary examination | 19 | |
| 8594315107 | bail | money put up to guarantee that the defendant will appear in court as directed. A bondsman will pay the bail for a fee of 10 percent of the bail amount. If the defendant does not appear when the time comes, the bondsman may hire bounty hunters to find and return the suspect | 20 | |
| 8594327802 | grand jury | a group of people sworn to inquire into crime and, if appropriate, bring accusations (indictments) against the suspected criminals | 21 | |
| 8594333895 | indict | to formally accuse a person of a crime | 22 | |
| 8594335220 | plea bargaining | an agreement in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor in return drops ore serious charges to avoid the cost and time of a trial | 23 | |
| 8594346171 | violation | a breach of a right, duty, or law | 24 | |
| 8594350143 | infraction | violation of a rule or law that is not punishable by prison | 25 | |
| 8594353433 | probative | in evidence law, tending to prove something | 26 | |
| 8594355631 | material | in evidence law, relevant and significant. A material witness has information about the subject | 27 | |
| 8594360538 | hearsay | testimony given by a witness who relates not what he or she heard, saw, or knew personally, but what others have said. The knowledge is dependent on the credibility of the other person, and therefore is not admissible in court unless it meets a hearsay exception | 28 | |
| 8594377145 | expert witness | an individual whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average layperson | 29 | |
| 8594395677 | Frye standard | commonly called the "general acceptance" test, the Frye standard dictates that scientific evidence is admissible at trial only if the methodology or scientific principle on which the opinion is based is "sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs". The Frye test applies only to "new" or "novel" scientific methodologies. | 30 | |
| 8594442640 | Daubert ruling | updated revision of the Frye standard for admissibility of expert scientific evidence that implicitly endorses a classical definition of the scientific method, including hypothesis testing, estimates of error rates, peer reviewed publication, and general acceptance | 31 | |
| 8594455866 | junk science | theories based on distorted, flawed, or untested hypothesis not derived from or tested by the scientific method | 32 | |
| 14082798282 | forensic science | the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system | 33 | |
| 14082823829 | Locard's Exchange Principle | whenever two objects come into contact with one another, they exchange materials between them | 34 | |
| 14082833529 | scientific methos | a process that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information | 35 |
Forensic Science Chapter 14: Human Remains Flashcards
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| 9898500584 | algor mortis | the cooling of body temperature after death | 0 | |
| 9898502788 | Glaister equation | a formula used for determining the approximate time period since death based on body temperature | 1 | |
| 9898505042 | livor mortis | a purple or red discoloration of the skin caused by pooling of blood after death | 2 | |
| 9898511753 | rigor mortis | a stiffness in the muscles that occurs shortly after death | 3 | |
| 9898511754 | autolysis | a process by which a biological cell self-destructs | 4 | |
| 9898513696 | putrefaction | the decomposition of animal proteins, especially by anaerobic microorganisms | 5 | |
| 9898517258 | adipocere | also called "grave wax," insoluble fatty acids left as residue from preexisting fats from decomposing cadavers | 6 | |
| 9898520841 | saponification | the alkaline hydrolysis of fatty acid esters. In chemistry, it refers to the reaction of a base with a fat to form soap. | 7 | |
| 9898533945 | diagenesis | the breakdown and crystallization of bone in the last stage of death | 8 | |
| 9898538955 | forensic anthropology | a type of applied physical anthropology that specializes in the human skeletal system for purposes of identifying unknown remains | 9 | |
| 9898541945 | osteology | the study of bones | 10 | |
| 9898541946 | osteons | structures in bones that carry the blood supply | 11 | |
| 9898551486 | femur | long bone found in the leg, extending from the hip to the knee | 12 | |
| 9898551488 | tibia | long bone found in the leg, extending from the knee to the ankle | 13 | |
| 9898553386 | humerus | long bone found in the arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow | 14 | |
| 9898553387 | radius | long bone found in the arm, extending from the elbow to the wrist | 15 | |
| 9898557243 | os pubis | area on the anterior side of the pelvis where the hip bones come together | 16 | |
| 9898557244 | ventral arc | a bony ridge that is formed on the ventral (lower) side of the female os pubis | 17 | |
| 9898561521 | epiphyses | growth plates found at the end of the long bones. They form in adolescence and fuse to the bone during early childhood. | 18 | |
| 9898564138 | diaphysis | the shaft of a long bone | 19 | |
| 9898564139 | iliac crest | an area found on the top of the hip bone | 20 | |
| 9898568984 | symphysis | a place where two bones meet and may rub together | 21 | |
| 9898571218 | Caucasoid | descriptor for people of European, Middle Eastern, and East Indian descent | 22 | |
| 9898572904 | Negroid | descriptor for people of African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent | 23 | |
| 9898572905 | Mongoloid | descriptor for people of Asian, Native American, and Polynesian descent | 24 |
Forensic ScienceForensic Science Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13632151113 | Forensic Science | the applications to matters of science to law -As well as. . . The business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decisions makers in our criminal justice system. | 0 | |
| 13632151114 | Criminalistics | the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes This term is synomous with forensic science | 1 | |
| 13632151115 | Criminology | includes the physcological angle, studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence | 2 | |
| 13632151116 | Divisions of Crime Lab | **Physical Science Unit -chemistry -physics **Geology **Biology Unit(DNA) **Firearms Unit(tool mark) **Document Examination Unit **Photography Unit | 3 | |
| 13632151117 | Edmond Locard | **French professor **Considered the father of: criminalistics( understood the importance of nature in crime scenes and other cases.) **Built the world's first forensic laboratory in France in 1910 Exchange Principle Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are exchanged. | 4 | |
| 13632151118 | Mathieu Orfila | Father of: toxicology, spainish medical proffessor who developed a test for identifying arsenic in the body | 5 | |
| 13632151119 | Alphonse Bertillon | Father of: criminal identification | 6 | |
| 13632151120 | Francis Galton | First to develop a method of: first to develop a method using fringerprints as a means of identification.4f | 7 | |
| 13632151121 | Dr. Karl Landsteiner | An Austrian physician that identified the A, B, AB, and O blood groups in 1901. | 8 | |
| 13632151122 | Rudolf Virchow | A German pathologist who standardized a way to preform autopsies one of two ways still used today. ** His cell theory, ("Omnis cellula e cellula") said that cells arise only from other cells. | 9 | |
| 13632151123 | Eugene Francois Vidocq | Considered the father of modern criminal investigation. Perhaps the greatest real life detective. He was a criminal that continually escaped from prison. Eventually, he was asked to lead a group of criminals that helped the police solve crimes. This group became the **Surete** which was the most effective police agency in all of France. | 10 | |
| 13632151124 | scientific method | 1. Observe a problem 2. Consider a hypothesis or possible solution. 3. Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence. 4. Determine the significance of the evidence. 5. Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence | 11 | |
| 13632151125 | Recongnition | ability to distinguish important evidence from unrelated material(which doesn't belong) | 12 | |
| 13632151126 | Preservation | collection of evidence(properly clothed for the contamtination of other evidence) | 13 | |
| 13632151127 | Identification | use of scientific testing | 14 | |
| 13632151128 | Class | measured against those of know standards or controls; If all measurements are equal, then the two samples are considered to have come from the same source or origin.(can you group it?) | 15 | |
| 13632151129 | Individualization- | demonstrating that the sample is unique, even among members of the same class.(allows you to indenitfy the one contribuator or person) | 16 | |
| 13632151130 | Interpretation | gives meaning to all the information(meaning of the labs)(in the court) | 17 | |
| 13632151131 | Reconstruction | the case events( can be able to put the evidence in chronological order to present the evidence to a jury)(in the court) | 18 | |
| 13632151132 | direct evidence | eyewitness statements, confessions( not always the best because of biased) | 19 | |
| 13632151133 | Circumstantial | requires a indriect judegment or inference about what happened ***Circumstantial evidence is not absolute proof, but does provide a general idea of what happened. It may be more reliable than direct. Circumstantial is used in most cases. | 20 | |
| 13632151134 | Testimonial | also known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence( a statement made underoath that may be given) | 21 | |
| 13632151135 | Physical | any object or material that is relevant in a crime | 22 | |
| 13632151136 | Transient Evidence | temporary; easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene | 23 | |
| 13632151137 | Pattern Evidence | produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects; most are in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings fractures or deposits. -skid marks | 24 | |
| 13632151138 | Conditional Evidence | produced by a specific event or action; important in crime scene reconstruction and in determining the set of circumstances within a particular event **head light | 25 | |
| 13632151139 | Transfer of Evidence | produced by contact between person(s) or object(s), or between person(s) and object(s) | 26 | |
| 13632151140 | Associative Evidence- | items that may associated a victim or suspect with a scene or each other; ie, personal belongings | 27 | |
| 13632151141 | Class | common group of objects or persons -> blood type | 28 | |
| 13632151142 | Individual | can be identified with a particular person or source(can isolate to one and only source) -> blood dna | 29 | |
| 13632151143 | 1923 Frye v. United States | Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it was generallyaccepted by the scientific community. ****The Frye standard does not offer any guidance on reliability | 30 | |
| 13632151144 | 1993 Daubert v. Dow Admissibility is determined by: | ***Whether the theory or technique can be tested ***Whether the science has been offered for peer review ***Whether the rate of error is acceptable ***Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread ****acceptence(scientific community-can an indendenat lab concuct the same evidence support in another lab) ***Whether the opinion is relevant to the to the issue | 31 | |
| 13632151145 | probative | actually mean something | 32 | |
| 13632151146 | material | address an issue in this particular crime | 33 | |
| 13632151147 | Means— | person has the ability to do the crime | 34 | |
| 13632151148 | Motive | person has a reason to do the crime | 35 | |
| 13632151149 | Opportunity | person had the ability to be at the crime | 36 | |
| 13632151150 | first officer on the scene | A—assess the scene D—detain the witness ask them questions--details to write down A—arrest the perpetrator P—protect the crime scene—take out crime tape and shut of certain areas no matter how large T—take notes—compile data, including presenting any fragile evidence at the scene | 37 | |
| 13632151151 | Medicolegal death investigator- | representative from the medical examiner or coroner's office. Responsible for the body. | 38 | |
| 13632151152 | Police investigators | ideally, 5 respond to a scene. Police have jurisdiction of the crime scene. | 39 | |
| 13632151153 | Case Detective | -Document the crime scene -Interview the original or reporting patrol officer -Examine crime scene with crime scene investigator (CSI) -Pass on necessary info to assisting detectives | 40 | |
| 13632151154 | Homicide Supervisor | -Assign roles to the detectives -Arrange for necessary resources -Keep logs of assignments -Relay into to commanders | 41 | |
| 13632151155 | documentation for the crime scene | -notes -photographpy -sketches -videography | 42 | |
| 13632151156 | Link method | Based on the linage theory of Locard; one type of evidence leads to another; experiential, logical and systematic; most common and productive type used | 43 | |
| 13632151157 | Line or strip method- | best in large, outdoor scenes | 44 | |
| 13632151158 | Zone method- | most effective in houses or buildings; teams are assigned small zones for searching | 45 | |
| 13632151159 | Wheel or ray method | best on small, circular crime scenes | 46 | |
| 13632151160 | Spiral method- | may move inward or outward; best used where there are no physical barriers | 47 | |
| 13632151161 | grid method | basically a double-line search; effective, but time-consuming | 48 | |
| 13632151162 | Triangulation | uses two points at the crime scene to map each piece of evidence | 49 | |
| 13632151163 | Coordinate or grid- | divides the crime scene into squares for mapping. | 50 | |
| 13632151164 | Suspended Polar coordinate- | coordinate-for use in mapping evidence in a hole | 51 | |
| 13632151165 | Baseline | set a north/south line and measures each piece of evidence from this line. | 52 | |
| 13632151166 | Druggist Fold | is used with larger pieces of paper folded around larger items to hold trace evidence in place. These are then placed insider other containers such as paper bags, plastic bags, canisters, packets and envelopes depending on the type and size of the evidence. | 53 | |
| 13632151167 | chain of custody | A written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence. | 54 | |
| 13632151168 | K-9 programs | Narcotics--dogs that find illegal drugs Tracking--dogs that look for a fugitive or suspect that is would be near the crime scene Bomb detection--dogs that look for explosive devices Arson detection--dogs trained to detect various types of accelerants Search and rescue--dogs that look for people who are lost Body detector--dogs used in mass disasters Cadver--dogs trained to detect decomposition Human Remains Specialists--dogs that can detect any human remains. | 55 | |
| 13632151169 | Juan Vucetich | an Argentinian police officer, researched the science of fingerprints, corresponded with Galton, then devised his own system of fingerprint classification. | 56 | |
| 13632151170 | Sir Edward Henry | He devised a workable classification system for fingerprints | 57 | |
| 13632151171 | The Bertillon System | developed the first truly organized system of identifying individuals in 1883. He believed that everyone could be distinguished from one another by key measurements of their body. These measurements became known as berillonage. | 58 | |
| 13632151172 | Thomas Jennings | The first person convicted in the US on fingerprint evidence. | 59 | |
| 13632151173 | Brandon Mayfield | A lawyer and convert of Muslim, was held for two weeks before the Spanish investigation revealed that the print instead belonged to Algerian, Ouhnane Daoud. | 60 | |
| 13632151174 | Dactylosocopy | the study of fingerprints | 61 | |
| 13632151212 |  | 62 | ||
| 13632151213 | Fingerprint characteristics | | 63 | |
| 13632151175 | Arch fingerprint | They do NOT have type delta or cores |  | 64 |
| 13632151176 | arch tented arch | tented arch |  | 65 |
| 13632151177 | Loop fingerprint | Radial --opens toward the thumb Ulnar --opens toward the "pinky" (little finger) ***Loops must have one delta or one core**. | | 66 |
| 13632151178 | Plain Whorl | This print has 2 delta's and therefore it is a whorl |  | 67 |
| 13632151214 | Double loop whorl |  | 68 | |
| 13632151215 | accidental whorl |  | 69 | |
| 13632151216 | Primary Identification Numbers fingerprinting |  | 70 | |
| 13632151179 | comparison | Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. | 71 | |
| 13632151180 | IAFIS | The Automated Fingerprint Identification System--a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints | 72 | |
| 13632151181 | visible fingerprints | Made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink. |  | 73 |
| 13632151182 | Plastic Prints | Ridge impressions left on a soft material such as putty, wax, soap, or dust. |  | 74 |
| 13632151183 | Latent Prints | are those that are "hidden" and are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist only of the natural secretions of human skin and require treatment to cause them to become visible. | 75 | |
| 13632151184 | Lifting latent prints | powders, iodine,Ninhydrin,sliver nitrate, cyanoacrylate | 76 | |
| 13632151185 | powders | adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background. | 77 | |
| 13632151186 | Iodine | --fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction. Iodine crystals sublime (go directly from solid to vapor). | 78 | |
| 13632151187 | Ninhydrin | --reacts with amino acids to produce a purple reaction.(works good with paper and styrofoam and takes a couple days and must be a little moist) | 79 | |
| 13632151188 | Silver nitrate | Silver nitrate--react with chlorides to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light.(does a lot of damage and should not be first choice) | 80 | |
| 13632151189 | Cyanoacrylate | - "super glue" fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit.(used on irregular surfaces) | 81 | |
| 13632151190 | palm | lines can be identified and may be used against suspects | 82 | |
| 13632151191 | footprints | are taken at birth as a means of identification | 83 | |
| 13632151192 | accidentals | are marks made on the soles of the shoes that would make the print unique | 84 | |
| 13632151193 | biometrics | *Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. --controls entry or access to computers or other structures; identifies persons for security; helps prevent identity theft or controls social services fraud | 85 | |
| 13632151194 | Five Prongs of Daubert | -Testability -General Acceptence -General Review -Known or Potential ErrorRate -Maintenance of Standard & Controls | 86 | |
| 13632151195 | testability | A critical evaluation process that supports or refutes a hypothesis | 87 | |
| 13632151196 | types of handguns | -revolvers -pistols | 88 | |
| 13632151197 | types of Shoulder guns | -Rifles -Shot Guns | 89 | |
| 13632151198 | tool | The harder of two objects that comes into forceful contact with one another, resulting in the softer object being marked | 90 | |
| 13632151199 | tool mark | Features imparted on an object by the contact and force exerted from a tool. -impressed -striated | 91 | |
| 13632151200 | impressed tool mark | Features produced when a tool contacts an object with enough compressive force that it leaves an impression. |  | 92 |
| 13632151217 | Parts of a handgun |  | 93 | |
| 13632151201 | striated toolmark | Features produced when a tool contacts an object with lateral force and motion. |  | 94 |
| 13632151202 | caliber | Caliber is the diameter of the bullet, specifically the projectile, commonly called the slug. | 95 | |
| 13632151203 | class characteristics | General and/or measurable features of a specimen which indicate a Restricted group source. They result from design factors, and are therefore determined prior to manufacture. | 96 | |
| 13632151204 | Individual Characteristics | Marks or features produced by the random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces. These characteristics can be used to individually associate a tool to a toolmark. -from abuse -wear from use also | 97 | |
| 13632151205 | Range of conclusions for identifying firearms | -identification -inconclusive -elimination | 98 | |
| 13632151206 | identification | If the quality and character of the toolmark have sufficient detail, can be concluded based on the correspondence of individual characteristics | 99 | |
| 13632151207 | inconclusive | If the quality and character of the toolmark are lacking, an examiner may not be able to make an identification or elimination. | 100 | |
| 13632151208 | elimination | -lack of characteristics -If disagreement in individual characteristics of an exceptional nature exists, an elimination conclusion may be the appropriate response. | 101 | |
| 13632151209 | Daubert Decision | -is Testable -is Generally Accepted -is Peer Reviewed -has Known Error Rates maintains Standards & Controls | 102 |
Introduction to Forensic Science Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10704453244 | Ballistics | the science of projectiles and firearms. the study of the effects of being fired on a bullet, cartridge, or gun. |  | 0 |
| 10704453245 | Entomology | is the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters |  | 1 |
| 10704453246 | Odontology | the proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence, which will be then presented in the interest of justice. | | 2 |
| 10704453247 | Statuatory Law | define written laws, usually enacted by a legislative body. |  | 3 |
| 10704453248 | Misdemeanor | a nonindictable offense, regarded in the US (and formerly in the UK) as less serious than a felony. |  | 4 |
| 10704453249 | Felony | Infraction, Nolo Contendere, Frye Standard, Preliminary Hearing, Junk Science, Criminalistics, Evidence, Palynology, Pathology, Polygraphy, Criminal Law, Common Law, Violation, Civil Law, Booking, Probative, Daubert Ruling, Indict, Arraignment, Expert Witness, Hearsay, Material, Bail, Grand Jury, Elements, Probable Cause |  | 5 |
| 10704453250 | Infraction | The definition of an infraction is a violation of the law that is less serious than a misdemeanor, or is a violation of rules you are supposed to follow. An example of an infraction is when you are speeding and given a traffic ticket. |  | 6 |
| 10704453251 | Preliminary Hearing | Within some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing, preliminary examination, evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial. |  | 7 |
| 10704453252 | Criminalistics | another term for forensics |  | 8 |
| 10704453253 | Evidence | the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. |  | 9 |
| 10704453254 | Pathology | the science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes. |  | 10 |
| 10704453255 | Polygraphy | an instrument for recording variations of several different pulsations (as of physiological variables) simultaneously — compare lie detector. | | 11 |
| 10704453256 | Criminal Law | Criminal law or penal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. |  | 12 |
| 10704453257 | Common Law | the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Often contrasted with statutory law. |  | 13 |
| 10704453258 | Violation | the action of violating someone or something. |  | 14 |
| 10704453259 | Civil Law | Civil law, civilian law or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law |  | 15 |
| 10704453260 | Indict | To accuse of wrongdoing; charge. a book that indicts modern values. (law) To make a formal accusation or indictment against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury. | | 16 |
| 10704453261 | Arraignment | the action of arraigning someone in court. |  | 17 |
| 10704453262 | Expert Witness | a person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case. |  | 18 |
| 10704453263 | Hearsay | information received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor. |  | 19 |
| 10704453264 | Material | important; essential; relevant. |  | 20 |
| 10704453265 | Bail | Bail is cash, a bond, or property that an arrested person gives to a court to ensure that he or she will appear in court when ordered to do so. |  | 21 |
| 10704453266 | Grand Jury | A grand jury is a legal body that is empowered to conduct official proceedings to investigate potential criminal conduct and to determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it. |  | 22 |
| 10704453267 | Probable Cause | reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.). |  | 23 |
| 10704453282 | Analytical Skills | The ability to identify a concept or problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions |  | 24 |
| 10704453283 | Deductive Reasoning | Deriving the consequences from the facts using a series of logical steps |  | 25 |
| 10704453284 | Eyewitness | a person who has seen someone or something and can communicate these facts. |  | 26 |
| 10704453285 | Fact | A statement of information that can be verified |  | 27 |
| 10704453286 | Forensic | relating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions |  | 28 |
| 10704453287 | Logical | capable of or characterized by clear or valid reasoning from facts |  | 29 |
| 10704453288 | Observation | what a person perceives using his or her senses (touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell) |  | 30 |
| 10704453289 | Opinion | personal belief founded on judgment rather than on direct experience or knowledge |  | 31 |
| 10704453290 | Perception | interpreting information received from the senses |  | 32 |
| 10704453268 | Forensic Investigator | first, observes, collects, interprets and reports observations clearly without making judgements as to the importance of each piece of evidence |  | 33 |
| 10704453269 | how information is processed in the brain | senses --> what we pay attention to--> perception-->short term memory--> long term memory. | 34 | |
| 10704453270 | understanding the brains limitations | helps us learn to improve our observation skills, and inspires us to capture events quickly through photo's and writing information down | 35 | |
| 10704453271 | Innocence Project | Project which re-examined post conviction cases often based on faulty eyewitness accounts using DNA to clear innocent people. |  | 36 |
| 10704453272 | factors affecting accuracy of witnesses observation skills | alone or in a group, number of people, type of activity, how much activity, emotional state and level of anxiety | 37 | |
| 10704453273 | how to be a good observer | examine your environment systematically, don't judge small details to be unimportant, be aware of jumping to conclusions, write down and photograph memories and evidence |  | 38 |
| 10704453274 | forensics science | is not debate, it relies on evidence and uses fact to help in legal matters |  | 39 |
| 10704453275 | strategies for building observation skills | Practice logic puzzles and games, increase focus with meditation, complete memory exercises like recalling details from your day, try new things and learn through trial and error | 40 | |
| 10704453276 | techniques to improve a police line up | Blind/Blinded administration Line up Composition/Blank line-ups Sequential viewing Confidence Statements | 41 | |
| 10704453277 | forms of evidence | Physical Documentary Judicial notice Testimonial | 42 | |
| 10704453278 | Cross Race Effect | a phenomenon in which people are better at recognizing faces of their own race rather than those of other races. | 43 | |
| 10704453279 | qualitative | Things you notice using your senses that can't be measured | 44 | |
| 10704453280 | quantitative | Measurable characteristics Anything that can be measured with something like a ruler, scale, thermometer, or graduated cylinder | 45 | |
| 10704453281 | inference | an idea formed from facts or evidence. | 46 |
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