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Forensic Science Exam 1 Flashcards

12677366420	Mathieu Orfila	Father of Forensic Toxicology perfected the Marsh test to test for poison and their effects famous from 1840 Marie Lafarge arsenic case	0
12677378797	Alphonse Bertillion	Father of Criminal Identification developed body measuring system to classify captured criminals that was used until the Will West Identical twin incident	1
12677394437	Francis Galton	developed the method of classifying fingerprints first used criminally in the Francis Rojas case in 1892	2
12677404749	1892	First criminal use of fingerprint identification in Franics Rojas case	3
12677411617	Calvin Goddard	developed the method for comparing bullets and their casings with a comparison microscope unique indentations left on the soft metal of a bullet can be traced back to a certain gun	4
12677429265	Albert S. Osborn	a forensic document examiner hand writing analysis first used during the Lindbergh baby kidnapping case	5
12677437277	Walter C. McCrone	premier microscopist proved the Shroud of Turn never enveloped the body of Jesus	6
12677446965	Hans Gross	judge that developed the process of crime scene investigation developed the first detective system	7
12677456660	Edmond Locard	set up the first workable crime lab in France formulated Locards Exchange Principle: every contact leaves a trace	8
12677465455	Karl Landsteiner	discovered that blood can be routed into 4 categories A B AB O	9
12677473181	Leone Lattes	developed a method of bloodtyping from dried blood as well as using the Preciptin test to determine whether blood is human or animal	10
12677492653	Fingerprint Patterns	Plain Arch Tented Arch Radial Loop Ulnar Loop Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl Double Loop Accidential Whorl	11
12677508213	loop pattern	ridges flow inward and the recurve in the direction of the origin	12
12677516505	radial	only 5% flow and recourse toward the radius/thumbside of the hand	13
12677523180	ulnar	60% flow and recurve toward the pinkie side	14
12677527840	arches	ridges enter and exit, no deltas	15
12677531850	deltas	curve, triangular ride pattern	16
12677544060	plain arch	wave, rise, and exit smoothly	17
12677544061	whorl	at least 2 delta type divergences with recurving ridges- resembles a bulls eye	18
12677553194	plain whorl	one or more ridges form a complete revolution	19
12677557641	central pocket	form a loop pattern delta connection line will not intersect the center	20
12677566459	double loop	2 separate loops are present	21
12677570253	accidental	random shapes, no conformity, rare	22
12677581185	dermal papillae	formed in the fetal stage and remain the same throughout a lifetime	23
12677584234	latent fingerprints	not visible until dusted	24
12677630992	plastic prints	ridge impressions left on a material	25
12677635462	hard surface detection	powder- grey black, fluorescent, magnetic super glue lighting techniques	26
12677643404	soft surface detection	iodine fuming- nonpermanent visualization ninhydrin- reacts with protein	27
12677665432	Primary Classification	developed by Edward Henry in 1897 first class-action step in the FBI system fingerprint cards can be divided into 1,024 groups	28
12677745981	unbroken cortical intrusions		29
12677791254	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	30
12677795017	Nucleotide	small subunits of DNA	31
12677802339	3 parts of nucleotide	sugar, phosphate, base	32
12677805482	Four Nitrogen Bases in DNA	thymine, guanin, adenine, cytosine	33
12677817514	Purerings	nitrogen single ring structures of adenine and thymine	34
12677858712	pyridines	nitrogen use of guanine and cytosine	35
12677876349	Crick and Watson	two scientist that discovered the structure of the DNA molecule	36
12677881874	double helix	DNA looks like a ladder twisted	37
12677886681	Phosphate and sugar	tow molecules that make up the sides of the ladder of a DNA molecule	38
12677892622	Bases	molecules that meet across the middle, forming the steps of the ladder	39
12677911746	Chargaffs rules	the percentages of adenine are equal to hose of thymine and the percentages of cytosine are qual to those of guanine in DNA	40
12677918171	hydrogen	holds together nitrogen bases in the center of the molecule	41
12677934510	deoxyribo	type of sugar found in the DNA	42
12677950319	DNA backbones	information sotred within the helix	43
12677956416	DNA molecule	hundreds of millions of base models	44
12677965660	Franklins Photo 51	photo of double helix most famous photo in biology	45
12678070941	nuclear dna	from both parents	46
12678075325	mitochondrial dna	from maternal	47
12678082027	Short Tandem Repeats	evaluate specific regions (loci) within nuclear DNA FBI uses 13 stand specific regions for CODIS	48
12678093717	CODIS	Combined DNA Index System	49
12678103664	DNA Technologies	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism PCR Analysis STR Analysis Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Y chromosome analysis	50
12678126900	chromosomes	our body way of organizing all the info that our genetic materials contain each pair contains one from mom, one from dad contains 100s to 1000s of genes	51
12678139104	genes	info blocks within chromosomes blueprint for a specific protein in the body dozens of proteins are responsible for synthesis of ATP, digesting food etc	52
12678157424	1991	first paper on Short Tandem repeats	53
12678165921	1998	FBI launches combined DNA Index System CODIS	54
12678172426	1988	FBI starts DNA casework	55
12678177700	nucleotide		56
12760050416	Alexander Weiner	worked with rhesus monkeys to notice a type of red cell protein	57
12760057625	Rh	85 percent of the population has the protein	58
12760062976	blood type	based on the presence or absence of the AB and Rh proteins	59
12760110554	1814	scientific paper on poison by Methieu Orfila	60
12760113750	1823	whorls, eclipses, and triangles identified by Jan Evangelista	61
12760118016	1836	a method for identifying arsenic poisoning was discovered	62
12760124562	1879	a system of body measurements for identification was created by Bertillion	63
12760131656	1880	fingerprints used in Tokyo by Henry Fooled Sherlock Holmes was written	64
12760138783	1889	bullets matched to gun they were fired from	65
12760142777	1892	first criminal use of fingerprint identification in the Francis Rojas case	66
12760147362	1901	human blood groups identified	67
12760150305	1903	NYCPD begin fingerprint files	68
12760156023	1910	first forensic lab in France by Edmund Locard	69
12760160701	1923	first forensic lab in the U.S in the LA	70
12760163932	1930	Nation fingerprint file est. by the FBI	71
12760167364	1987	first time DNA evidence was used in the U.S to convict	72
12760184140	passive blood drops	often the largest	73
12760186481	contact stains	smears and wipes of something that came into contact with the blood	74
12760190830	splatter	the separation and breaking apart of blood	75
12760197765	2-3 blood drops	1 billion red blood cells for every 600 red there are 40 platelets and one white	76
12760203599	dog	undeveloped red blood cells- look similar to human	77
12760207576	locus	the physical position of an STR	78
12760226646	hair can determine	human or animal race origin (body part) how it was removed treated hair drugs ingested	79
12760233548	trace evidence	any small pieces of material, manmade, or natural hair and fiber are the most common	80
12760244078	hair shaft	contains mitochondrial DNA- can be typed by comparing relatives	81
12760247879	hair root/follicle	only part of hair that contains nuclear DNA- actively growing	82
12760251821	amagen	phase wehre hair grows	83
12760254521	catagen	transition between active and loss stage- slowed growth	84
12760258666	telogen	final phase resulting in hair loss	85
12760262083	hair cuticle	outermost layer of hair, covered in scales, the scales point toward the tip of the hair	86
12760266425	scale patterns	mosaic pectinate imbricate petal diamond chevron	87
12760271764	hair cortex	give hair its shape and color pigmentation	88
12760275018	hair medulla	hair core that isn't always present, comes in types and patterns if large, it is most likely an animal hair isn't always present in the core	89
12760278717	medulla types	uniserial multi serial vacuolated lattice amorphous (w/o pattern)	90
12760307383	basal layer	grows quicker than the layers around it , causing it to collapse and fall in on itself, creating ridings in-between the other layers	91
12760376163	agglutination	clumping of molecules or cells caused by an antigen antibody reaction	92
12760380319	antibodies	proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens	93
12760392483	cell surface proteins	proteins embedded in the cell membrane	94
12760397508	antigens	any foreign substance or cell in the body that reacts with antibodies	95
12760403134	red blood cells	carry oxygen throughout the body	96
12760410522	satellite	secondary drop formed when blood breaks free from the main contact drop of blood	97
12760416811	white blood cells	cells that police the body by destroying foreign materials	98
12760458504	ten card	form used to record and preserve a persons fingerprints	99
12760479026	class evidence	material that connects an individual or thing to a certain group	100
12760494374	individual evidence	a kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing	101
12760501194	keratin	a type of fibrous protein that makes up the majority of the cortex of a hair	102
12760505428	trace evidence	small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene	103
12760522040	fingerprinting clarity	1- vague pattern 2- detail 3- ridges	104
12760528538	AFIS	plot points to create a mathematical system over prints	105
12761029185	Rh	represented by the +	106
12761038697	donor/reciever	- can't get + + can get -	107
12761041915	AB	universal reciever	108
12761045389	O	universal donor	109
12761049757	clumping	positive blood type match	110
12761049759	A	anti B	111
12761052221	B	anti A	112

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Chapter 6 Forensic Science Flashcards

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8259327631	psychological dependence	the conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs	0
8259336641	Physical dependence	physiological need for a drug brought about by its regular use and characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of the drug abruptly stops	1
8259361241	narcotic	a drug that induces sleep and depresses vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate	2
8259381274	analgesic	a substance that lessens or eliminates pain	3
8259391448	hallucinogens	a substance that induces changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods	4
8259405613	depressant	a substance that slows down, or depresses, the functions of the central nervous system	5
8259421229	stimulate	a substance that speeds up, or stimulates, the central nervous system	6
8259450563	anabolic steroids	synthetic compounds, chemically related yo yhr male sex hormone testosterone, that are used to promote muscle growth	7
8259507840	screening test	a preliminary test used to reduce the number of possible identities of an unknown substance	8
8259540444	confirmation	a single test that specifically identifies a substance	9
8259563349	microcrystalline test	a test that identifies a specific substance based on the color and shape of crystals formed when the substance is mixed with the specific reagents	10
8259709330	chromatography	any of several analytical techniques for separating organic mixture into their components by attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase	11
8259746780	spectrophotometry	an analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelength	12
8259770091	ultraviolet	invisible long frequencies of light beyond violet in the visible spectrum	13
8259791059	infrared	invisible shot frequencies of light before red in the visible spectrum	14
8259804456	monochromator	a device for isolating individual wavelengths for frequencies of light	15
8259811730	ion	an atom or molecule bearing a positive or negative charge	16

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Introduction to Forensic Science Flashcards

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10486982796	Forensic Science	The application of science to criminal and civil laws.	0
10486982798	Dr. Leone Lattes	Discovered a way to analyze dried blood into blood groupings	1
10486982799	Alphonse Bertillon	Devised the first scientific system of personal identification called anthropometry.	2
10486982800	Francis Galton	Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification.	3
10486982801	Sherlock Holmes	fictional character who first popularized scientific crime detection.	4
10486982802	Crime labs	Facilities specifically dedicated to forensic analysis of criminal evidence.	5
10486982803	major federal crime lab	FBI	6
10486982804	Physical Science Unit	Principles and techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology use chemical tests and modern analytical instrumentation to examine drugs, glass, paint, explosives, and soil.	7
10486982805	Biology Unit	analyzes DNA , DNA profiling,detection of dried blood stains, body fluids, hair and fiber comparison and botanical identification	8
10486982806	Firearms Unit	Examines discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells and ammunition.	9
10486982807	Document Examination Unit	Studies handwriting and typewriting on questionable documents, also may analyze paper or ink.	10
10486982808	Photography Unit	Examines and records physical evidence. Prepares photographic evidence for courtrooms.	11
10486982809	Toxicology Unit	Examines body fluids and organs to determine presence or absence or poisons and drugs. This is frequently done by the medical examiner's office.	12
10486982810	Latent Fingerprint Unit	Examines evidence for prints.	13
10486982811	Polygraph Unit	used by criminal investigators, not typically by forensic scientists , due to inadmissibility to the courts - it is supposed to detect lies	14
10486982812	Voiceprint Analysis Unit	Specialize in voice identification, look at a graphic representation of a voice.	15
10486982813	Crime-scene Investigation Unit	Specially trained personnel to collect and preserve physical evidence to be processed at the lab.	16
10486982815	the Chinese	Among the first recognize fingerprints as a means of identfication	17
10486982816	CSI Effect	The simplification of forensic scientific procedures creating unrealistic expectations of the validity and clarity of forensic evidence	18
10486982817	Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis	Identifying, collecting, preserving, and examining info from computers or cell phones.	19
10486982818	Expert Witness	An individual whom the court determines to possess a particular skill of knowledge in a trade or profession that is not expected of the average layperson and that will aid a court in determining the truth.	20
10486982819	Three basic functions of a forensic scientist	1. Analyze physical evidence 2. Provide expert testimony 3. Furnishing training in the proper recognition, collection and preservation of physical evidence	21
10486982820	Edmond Locard	Pioneered the first crime lab.	22
10486982821	Physical Evidence	Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator.	23
10486982822	Locard's Exchange Principle.	When two objects come into contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials will occur.	24
10486982823	DNA Fingerprinting. DNA Profiling, DNA Typing	Revolutionized the practice of forensic science in the lab establishing the precise identity of a suspect.	25
10486982824	Computerized Data Bases	.A significant development aiding in the identification of fingerprints, bullet markings, shell casings, and DNA by comparing thousands of pieces of evidence quickly.	26
10486982825	Los Angeles Police Department 1923	The oldest forensic crime lab in the United States.	27
10486982826	FBI	Under the direction of J Edgar Hoover this crime lab was established and to be used Nationally.	28
10486982827	Crime Lab Development	Due to Criminal Rights, The increasing demand of case work, and the right of the criminal to immediate legal advice	29
10486982829	Scientific Method	Collection of evidence that adheres to strict guidelines that ensure careful and systemic collection, organization, and analysis of information by this method	30
10486982830	FRYE STANDARD	Courts ruled that the procedure, technique, or principles must be generally accepted, by a meaningful segment of a scientific community.	31
10486982832	Daubert Ruling	That trial judges have the responsibility for acting as the "Gatekeeper" for the admissibility of evidence in their court.	32
10486982833	Inquiry	Analysis of physical evidence by constantly testing a hypothesis through experimentation. This questioning is	33
10486982834	Anthropology	The taking of a series of body measurements to aid in distinguishing one person from another	34
10486982835	Mathieu Orfila	investigated and published a treatise on the effects of toxins on animals by chemical analysis - also the father of forensics	35

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Forensic Science - Hair and Fibers Flashcards

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12305203026	The three parts of the hair	Cuticle, cortex, medulla	0
12305203027	The cortex is made of _________________	Keratin	1
12305203028	A row of cells running along the center of the cortex like a canal	Medulla	2
12305203029	The four types of the medulla	Absent, continuous, interrupted and fragmented	3
12305203030	The ratio of the diameter of the medulla to the diameter of the entire hair	Medullary Index	4
12305203031	The average rate of growth for human hair	1 cm per month	5
12305203033	Examples of hair configurations	Straight, curly, kinky	6
12305203034	Examples of hair tips	Cut, split, frayed, rounded, pointed	7
12305203035	The purposes of hair	Insulation to protect us from extreme temperatures and harmful sun rays.	8
12305203036	The average person has _______________ scalp hairs.	100,000	9
12305203037	Can be found in the hair root.	Nuclear DNA	10
12305203038	Can be found in the hair shaft	Mitochondrial DNA	11
12305203039	The outermost component of the hair shaft	Cuticle	12
12305203040	Embedded within the cortex and responsible for hair coloration	Pigment granules	13
12305203041	If your pigment granules are absent your hair color would be	Gray or white	14
12305203042	The basic element of any fabric	Fiber	15
12305203043	Wool comes from	Sheep and goats	16
12305203044	The two main categories of fibers	Natural or synthetic	17
12305203045	Fibers which are typically short and fine	Natural	18
12305203046	Fibers which are man-made	Synthetic	19
12305203047	Fabrics are composed of individual threads which are ________________, __________________, or ______________ together.	Knitted, woven or laced	20
12305203048	Fabrics which are woven with interlocking loops	Knitted	21
12305203049	Have warp and weft threads	Woven	22
12305203053	Numerous fibers which are twisted together	Yarn	23
12305203056	Hairs and fabric are ______________________ evidence.	Class	24
12305203057	Hair is produced from a structure called the ______	Follicle	25
12305203058	Hair _____ and _____ is influenced heavily by genes.	Shape, texture	26
12305203059	In order to test hair for DNA, the _______ must be present.	Root	27
12305203060	Protein-rich structure around the medulla that contains pigment	Cortex	28
12305203061	The structure of hair has been compared to that if a ________.	Pencil	29
12305203062	Characteristics of the cuticle may be important in distinguishing between hairs of different _______ but are often not useful in distinguishing between different _________.	Species, people	30
12305203063	The cortex varies in _________, _________ and __________.	Thickness, texture, color	31
12305203064	The most important component in determining from which individual a human hair may have come.	Distribution of the cortex	32
12305203065	The medulla may vary in ______, _______, and ________.	Thickness, continuity, opacity	33
12305203066	The discovery of ___________ and multiple fiber transfers between the suspect's clothing and the victim's clothing dramatically increase the likelihood that these two individuals had physical contact.	Cross transfer	34
12305203067	Examples of natural fibers	Cotton and wool	35
12305203068	Examples of synthetic fibers	Nylon, rayon and polyester	36

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Forensic Science Chapter 2 Bertino Flashcards

Terms for Chapter 2

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8629872146	chain of custody	the documented and unbroken transfer of evidence that follows exact procedures of logging and packaging evidence from crime scene to court.	0
8629872147	circumstantial evidence	(indirect evidence) evidence used to imply a fact but not prove it directly	1
8629872148	class evidence	evidence that narrows an identity to a group of person or things	2
8629872149	crime-scene investigation	a multidisciplinary approach in which scientific and legal professionals work together to solve a crime	3
8629872150	crime-scene reconstruction	a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed through it commission	4
8629872151	direct evidence	evidence that (if true) proves an alleged fact, such as an eyewitness account or a crime or a video	5
8629872152	first responder	the first police officer to arrive at a crime scene	6
8629872153	individual evidence	a kind of evidence that identifies a specific person or thing. Examples are DNA, fingerprints, and bite patterns.	7
8629872154	paper bindle	a folded paper used to hold trace evidence usually for internal packaging of small objects	8
8629872155	primary crime scene	the location where the crime took place	9
8629872156	secondary crime scene	a location other than the primary crime scene, but that is in some way related to the crime, where evidence is found	10
8629872157	trace evidence	small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene	11
8629872158	search patterns	search patterns are determined by the size of the scene , the environment, and the number of personnel available to search. A group of searchers might use linear, zone and quadrant where a single person might use a grid, linear and spiral.	12
8629872159	crime scene sketch	A rough sketch is converted to a final sketch. The final sketch has a scale, lines are made using a ruler or computer program, north is labeled, two immovable landmarks (like walls) are shown, and other objects like furniture are drawn. Evidence is placed with symbols and a corresponding key. The drawing has a date, time, location, case number, and the names of the sketch artist and case supervisor.	13
8629872160	7 S's of Crime Scene Investigation	Secure the scene (control entry and exit to the scene), separate the witnesses, scan the scene (determine primary and secondary scenes), see the scene (photograph), sketch the scene, search for evidence and secure and collect evidence.	14
8629872161	photographing the crime scene	Take 3 pictures, minimum of each piece of evidence, an overview, mid range, and closeup.	15
8629872162	quadrant	breaking a scene into 4 equal sections and specifying them by direction. Example: NW quadrant.	16
8629872163	physical evidence	Evidence refers to any material items that would be present at the crime scene, on the victims, or found in a suspect's possession that are not biological. Examples include tire prints, glass, paint, fibers etc.	17
8629872164	biological evidence	Examples: Blood, semen, saliva, sweat, tears, hair, bone, tissues, urine, feces, animal material, insects, bacteria, fungi, botanical matter. Evidence with living or previously living cells.	18
8629872165	packaging evidence	liquid and arson remains must be secured in airtight unbreakable containers and biological evidence must be dried before packaging. Sharps and Weapons need special internal packaging.	19
8629872166	staged crime scene	a crime scene where the evidence does not match the testimony of the witness. Initially all deaths should be investigated as homicides.	20
8629872167	collusion	secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy, especially in order to cheat or deceive others. Example: witnesses are not separated and they agree to make up a story about what happened or what they saw at a crime scene.	21
8629872168	Locard's exchange principal	Every contact leaves a trace; when a person comes into contact with another person or object there is a cross transfer of physical evidence	22

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Forensic Science Flashcards

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8237564474	Median	the midline plane dividing the body into left/right halves	0
8237573617	Sagittal	the plane dividing the body into unequal left and right parts and parallel to the median plane.	1
8237592235	Coronal, Frontal	the plane dividing the body into equal/unequal front and back parts.	2
8237630890	transverse, cross horizontal	the horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (cranial) and lower (caudal) parts.	3
8237676551	cranial, superior	there terms refer to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body	4
8237686645	caudal, inferior	These terms refer to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body	5
8237724926	anterior,ventral	these terms refer to a structure being more in front then another structure in the body	6
8237742530	posterior, dorsal	these terms refer to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body	7
8237759868	medial	the term refers to a structure being closer to the median plane than another structure in the body	8
8237774119	lateral	this term refers to a structure being further away from the median plane than another structure in the body	9
8237786560	Proximal	Employed with reference to the limbs only, this term refers to a structure being closer to the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb. Such a structure would ordinarily be superior to the other.	10
8237836836	Distal	Employed with reference to the limbs only, this term refers to a structure being further away from the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in that limb. Such a structure would ordinarily be inferior to the other.	11
8237889066	cranial, superior	there terms refer to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body	12
8237894041	superficial		13
8237895634	inferior		14
8237942139	Algor Mortis	the second stage of death, is the change in body temperature post mortem, until the surrounding temperature is matched.	15
8237952120	Livor Mortis	is the discoloration of the skin due to the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body following death	16
8237959700	Rigor Mortis	the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen	17
8237978405	zygomatic arch	cheek bone	18
8238005075	morgue	a place where bodies are kept	19
8238011602	Osteology	the study of bones	20
8238019110	Epiphyses	the end part of a long bone	21
8238027020	pelvic girdle		22
8238037209	orbits of the skull	the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated	23

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Forensic science Introduction to Forensic Science Flashcards

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7232326355	Ballistics	the science of projectiles and firearms. the study of the effects of being fired on a bullet, cartridge, or gun.	0
7232326356	Entomology	is the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters	1
7232326357	Odontology	the proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence, which will be then presented in the interest of justice.	2
7232326358	Statuatory Law	define written laws, usually enacted by a legislative body.	3
7232326359	Stare Decisis	the legal principle of determining points in litigation according to precedent.	4
7232326360	Misdemeanor	a nonindictable offense, regarded in the US (and formerly in the UK) as less serious than a felony.	5
7232326361	Felony	Infraction, Nolo Contendere, Frye Standard, Preliminary Hearing, Junk Science, Criminalistics, Evidence, Palynology, Pathology, Polygraphy, Criminal Law, Common Law, Violation, Civil Law, Booking, Probative, Daubert Ruling, Indict, Arraignment, Expert Witness, Hearsay, Material, Bail, Grand Jury, Elements, Probable Cause	6
7232326362	Infraction	The definition of an infraction is a violation of the law that is less serious than a misdemeanor, or is a violation of rules you are supposed to follow. An example of an infraction is when you are speeding and given a traffic ticket.	7
7232326363	Nolo Contendere	Nolo contendere is a legal term that comes from the Latin for "I do not wish to contend." It is also referred to as a plea of no contest.	8
7232326364	Frye standard	The Frye standard, Frye test, or general acceptance test is a test to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence. It provides that expert opinion based on a scientific technique is admissible only where the technique is generally accepted as reliable in the relevant scientific community.	9
7232326365	Preliminary Hearing	Within some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing, preliminary examination, evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial.	10
7232326366	Junk Science	untested or unproven theories when presented as scientific fact, especially in a court of law.	11
7232326367	Criminalistics	another term for forensics	12
7232326368	Evidence	the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.	13
7232326369	Palynology	Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms (collectively termed palynomorphs) in both living and fossil form.	14
7232326370	Pathology	the science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.	15
7232326371	Polygraphy	an instrument for recording variations of several different pulsations (as of physiological variables) simultaneously — compare lie detector.	16
7232326372	Criminal Law	Criminal law or penal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws.	17
7232326373	Common Law	the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Often contrasted with statutory law.	18
7232326374	Violation	the action of violating someone or something.	19
7232326375	Civil Law	Civil law, civilian law or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law	20
7232326376	Booking	an act of reserving accommodations, travel, etc., or of buying a ticket in advance.	21
7232326377	Probative	having the quality or function of proving or demonstrating something; affording proof or evidence.	22
7232326378	Daubert Ruling	The Daubert standard provides a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witnesses' testimony during United States federal legal proceedings.	23
7232326379	Indict	To accuse of wrongdoing; charge. a book that indicts modern values. (law) To make a formal accusation or indictment against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.	24
7232326380	Arraignment	the action of arraigning someone in court.	25
7232326381	Expert Witness	a person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case.	26
7232326382	Hearsay	information received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor.	27
7232326383	Material	important; essential; relevant.	28
7232326384	Bail	Bail is cash, a bond, or property that an arrested person gives to a court to ensure that he or she will appear in court when ordered to do so.	29
7232326385	Grand Jury	A grand jury is a legal body that is empowered to conduct official proceedings to investigate potential criminal conduct and to determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it.	30
7232326386	Elements	a part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or characteristic.	31
7232326387	Probable Cause	reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).	32
7232326388	https://quizlet.com/17653909/abc-complete-study-guide-flash-cards/		33

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Forensic Science Final Review Flashcards

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8696204495	Arches	Least frequent fingerprint pattern	0
8696204494	Loops	Most frequent fingerprint pattern	1
8696204451	What are the three phases of hair growth	Anagen, catagen and telogen	2
8696204452	What are 3 basic methods of recording at the crime scene?	Notes, Sketches, Photograph/Videotape	3
8696204454	What is Chain of Custody?	Written record of who has had possession of evidence at all times	4
8696204455	Class Evidence	Object has characteristics common to a group of similar objects NOT to one single object	5
8696204457	Individual Characteristics	Material that can be related of a single source such as DNA profile or fingerprint	6
8696204458	Locard's Exchange Principle	There is always a cross-transfer of evidence between victim and suspect	7
8696204462	Forensic Odontology	The study of teeth and bite marks as it relates to the crime scene	8
8696204464	Manner of Death	1) Natural 2) Accident 3) Suicide 4) Homicide 5) Undetermined 6) Pending	9
8696204465	Cause of Death	The cause of death is the disease or injury that produces the physiological disruption inside the body resulting in death, for example, a gunshot wound to the chest.	10
8696204467	Forensic Anthropology	Study of bones/skeletal remains	11
8696204471	CODIS	Combined DNA Index System	12
8696204472	PCR	Process that replicates or makes extra copies of DNA	13
8696204476	STR	Short tandem repeat, unique areas of DNA used in DNA profiling	14
8696204478	Medulla	spongy interior of hair that is useful in determining species of hair because it contains unique patterns	15
8696204480	AFIS	Automated Fingerprint Indentification Systems	16
8696204483	Visible print	Left by finger that has touched colored materials such as blood, paint, ink etc.	17
8696204484	Latent Print	Essentially invisible and must be developed by physical or chemical means	18
8696204486	Three types of fingerprint patterns	Loops, Whorls, Arches	19
8696204490	How should bloodstained material be stored?	Biological material should be dried and in paper	20
8696204502	DNA Bases		21
8696204503	During gel electrophoresis, the DNA is:	Separated by fragment size	22
8696204506	Wear and tread pattern on footwear	Class characteristic of a suspect's sneaker	23
8696204508	What is the LEAST important consideration in the gathering of evidence at a crime scene?	Guilt of Suspects	24
8696265119	forensic science	application of science to law	25
8696270386	overview, mid-range, close-up	types of photographs taken at a crime scene	26
8696273292	second series photo	includes ruler and evidence marker	27
8696278823	physical evidence	must be properly collected, documented and packaged and comes from suspect, crime scene or victim	28
8696291515	testimonial evidence	eyewitness evidence which may not be accurate	29
8696298383	compound microscope	tool used in forensics to study trace evidence in a nondestructive manner	30
8696305330	electrostatic lifting	used to collect footprint on a tile	31
8696311518	side lighting	brings out detail in a photograph	32
8696326951	iodine fuming	Fingerprint processing technique used for paper	33
8696331835	chromatography	ink identification technique that separates pigments in pens	34
8696345907	Retention factor	Calculation used in ink chromatography	35
8696371816	passive, projected and transfer	categories of bloodstain patterns	36
8696374544	projected	type of bloodstain pattern under force	37
8696376116	transfer	type of bloodstain pattern created when a bloody object comes in contact with a non bloody object	38
8696382927	blood travel	tail points the way	39
8696397001	impact angle	inverse sine (short axis/long axis)	40
8696410546	area of convergence	The area containing the intersections generated by lines drawn through the long axes of individual stains that indicates in two dimensions the location of the blood source.	41
8696443778	stereo microscope	tool used in forensics to study larger objects in detail in a nondestructive manner	42
8696467812	natural fibers	tends to be irregular in appearance includes silk, cotton, linen	43
8696472020	autopsy	specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse by dissection to determine the cause and manner of death	44
8696486642	Forensic toxicologist	examines blood and urine for the presence of alcohol or toxic chemicals	45
8696493284	pelvis	Useful bone for determining gender	46
8696503332	suture lines	visible in the skulls of young children	47
8696515146	Asian skulls	contain round eye orbits	48
8696522785	African skulls	contain nasal broad aperture	49
8696543411	Exemplar	evidence that comes from a known source	50
8696545953	Counterfeit	Made in exact imitation of something valuable or important with the intention to deceive or defraud.	51
8696552406	Forgery	A copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art that is not authentic.	52

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Forensic Science Flashcards

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10407206436	Crime Scene	the place where an offense has been committed and forensic evidence is gathered	0
10407206437	Primary Crime Scene	where the original location of the crime scene occured	1
10407206438	Secondary Crime Scene	where the alternate location where the additional evidence may be found	2
10407206439	Suspect	to believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad, etc., with little or no proof:	3
10407206440	Accomplice	a person who knowingly helps another in a crime or wrongdoing, often as a subordinate.	4
10407206441	Alibi	Law. the defense by an accused person of having been elsewhere at the time an alleged offense was committed.	5
10407206442	Testimonial Evidence	oral or written assertion offered in a court as proof of the truth of what is being stated	6
10407206443	Physical Evidence	real evidence material evidence or physical evidence is any material object that plays some actual role in the matter	7
10407206444	trace evidence	often refers to minute samples of a substance, particularly fibres, hairs, glass fragments and paint chips. Crime scenes will commonly contain trace evidence, often caused by the perpetrator unconsciously coming into contact with surfaces and leaving behind or picking up particulates.	8
10407206445	Identify	to recognize or establish as being a particular person or thing; verify the identity of:	9
10407206446	Witness	to see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception:	10
10407206447	Police Officer	any policeman or policewoman; patrolman or patrolwoman.	11
10407206448	CSI Unit	A crime scene is a location where a crime took place (or another location where evidence of the crime may be found), and comprises the area from which most of the physical evidence is retrieved by law enforcement personnel, crime scene investigators (CSIs) or in rare circumstances, forensic scientists.	12
10407206449	Medical Examiner	a physician retained by an insurance company, industrial firm, or the like, to give medical examinations to its clients or employees.	13
10407206450	Detectives	a member of the police force or a private investigator whose function is to obtain information and evidence, as of offenses against the law.	14
10407206451	Motive	something that causes a person to act in a certain way, do a certain thing, etc.; incentive.	15
10407206452	Specialists	(forensic entomologists, anthropologists, or psychologists) may be called in if the evidence requires expert analysis.	16
10407206453	Microscopy	Microscopic identification and comparison of evidence, such as hairs, fibers, woods, soils, building materials, insulation and other materials.	17
10407206454	Toolmarks	Examines marks left by tools on objects at a crime scene or on a victim, such as a hammer used to break a door or a screwdriver used to pick a lock.	18
10407206455	Questioned Documents	Examination of documents to compare handwriting, ink, paper, writing instruments, printers, and other characteristics that would help to identify its origin.	19

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Forensic Science-Hair Flashcards

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7652733106	Cuticle	Outside covering of overlapping scales	0
7652733107	Cortex	Inner layer made of keratin and imbedded with pigment also contains air sacs called cortical cusi	1
7652733108	Medulla	Inside layer running down the center of the cortex	2
7652733109	Melanin pigment	Granules that give hair it's color	3
7652733110	Human medulla may be	Continuous, fragmented, or absent	4
7652733111	Medullary index for humans is usually	Less than 1/3	5
7652733112	For animal hair the medullary index is usually	Greater than 1/2	6
7652733113	Anagen	Hair that is actively growing; lasting 3 to 5 years 80% to 90% of a persons hair will be in this phase	7
7652733114	Catagen	Hair is not growing; a resting phase	8
7652733115	Telogen	Hair that is dying and ready to fall out lasting 2 to 6 months	9
7652733116	Hair grows about	1 cm per month or one half inch per month	10
7652733117	Comparison Microscope	a device used to analyze side-by-side specimens. It consists of two microscopes connected by an optical bridge, which results in a split view window enabling two separate objects to be viewed simultaneously.	11

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