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AP Biology- Signal Transduction Flashcards

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11290555078Intracellular SignalsProteins located into the cytoplasm or nucleus that receive a signal that can pass through the cell membrane.0
11290570380Give an example and non- exampl of an intracellular signal.EX: Steroids (Hormones) Non-EX: Nitric Oxide1
11290583327TransductionCascades or molecular interactions that relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell.2
11290597877Transduction multi-step pathways can...1: Amplify a signal by activating multiple choices of the next component in the pathway. 2: Provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation.3
11290620595A each step in the transduction pathway, the signal is _______ into a different form, commonly known as a _______ in a protein.transduced; conformational change.4
11290626464Kinases canTurn on Processes5
11290634945Phosphatase canTurn off processes.6
11290638647Protein PhosphorylationHas many signal pathway including phosphorylation cascades.7
11290653439phosphorylation cascadesProcess in which a series of enzymes called protein kinases add a phosphate from ATP to a protein to the next one in line, activating it.8
11290669206DephosphoryationOccurs when phosphatase enzymes remove the phosphates from the protein.9
11290701719Benefits of multi-step transduction process (3)1: Amplify the response to the signal. 2: Contribute to the specificity of the response. 3: It is a rapid and reversible response.10
11290713903Secondary MessengersSmall, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions that pass a signal; spread via diffusion.11
11290725884Examples of Secondary Messengers (4)cAMP, GMP, Ca2+, IP2-12
11290729531cAMPA form of AMP made directly from ATP by adenylyl cyclase; short- lived, activates a number of protein kinases.13
11290748331Calcium IonsWhen released into the cytosol of a cell, it can regulate its concentration and used as a messenger in G-Protein and Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Pathways.14
11290775105Inositol Triphosphate (IP3-)Attached to phospholipids of a cell membrane and sent to calcium channel on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Aids in flow of Calcium Ions into the cytoplasm from the ER.15
11290795385If liver and heart cells both are exposed to ligands, why does one respond and the other not?Different cells have different collections and locations of receptors.16
11290803348Specificity of the signal...The same signal molecule can trigger different responses, activators or inhibitors, and receptors.17
11290827802Response of Cell SignalingLeads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities.18
11290837349Gene ExpressionProcess which information from a gene is used by the cell to produce a functional product; involves transcription and translation. EX: Growth Factor19
11290846093TranscriptionMakes an RNA copy of the genes in DNA.20
11290849236TranslationReads the information from RNA and uses it to make a protein.21
11290857006Cellular MetabolismA metabolic response that can cause enzymes to become more or less active, EX: Epinephrine22
11290864594ApoptosisMay be induced by cell signaling; when a cell is damaged, unneeded, or potentially dangerous to the organism, it may undergo programmed cell death.23
11290883048Apoptosis allows a cell to die in a ____ manner that prevents the release of damaged molecules inside the cell.Controlled24
11290887308Termination of the signalSignal response is terminated quickly by the reversal of the ligand binding.25
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APES Air Pollution Flashcards

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9525965347AtmosphereAir surrounding Earth made up of gases, including 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 0.03% carbon dioxide.0
9525965348Function of the AtmosphereAbsorbs hazardous solar radiation, burns up incoming meteors, transports and recycles water and nutrients, and moderates climate.1
9525965349TroposphereBottommost layer; (11 km, 7 mi) air denser near surface2
9525965350Stratosphere2nd layer: 11-50 km (7-31mi) above surface: colder at lower boundary than upper boundary: Ozone absorb and scatter UV radiation3
9525965351Ozone layerLayer that reduces the amount of UV radiation that reaches Earth's surface. (Earth's sunscreen!)4
9525965357Mesosphere3rd layer of atmosphere from surface5
9525965358ThermosphereUpper layer of atmosphere (~300 mi)6
9525965371Air pollutantsGases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms7
9525965372Air pollutionConcentration of trace substances such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.8
9525965373Outdoor air pollutionAmbient air pollution, , pollution made of 6 principal air components: ozone, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matte9
9525965374AerosolsCan cause a haze in the atmosphere that reflects sunlight or increases cloud cover10
9525965375Primary pollutantsPollutants that are put directly into the air by human or natural activity. Ie: soot and carbon monoxide,11
9525965376Secondary pollutantsAir pollutants produced through reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds. ie: tropospheric ozone, sulfuric acid,12
9525965377Clean Air Act 1970Required EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants; forced states to follow and make sure the laws for followed in relation to the EPA. States allowed to decide officials for enforcement.13
9525965378Clean Air Act 1990Strengthened regulations for auto emissions, toxins, acid deposition, ozone depletion, while introducing market incentives, emissions trading14
9525965379Carbon monoxideCO , Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by the combustion of of carbon or organic fuels.15
9525965380Sulfur dioxideSO₂ , Created naturally by volcanoes. Human source is mainly from the burning of coal. Creates respiratory problems in humans and acid rain in the environment. colorless gas but pungent odor.16
9525965381Nitrogen dioxideNO₂ , a foul-smelling reddish brown gas, produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel, that contributes to smog and acidic deposition17
9525965382Nitrogen oxides(NOx) Major source is auto exhaust. Primary and secondary effects include acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone. Reduced using catalytic converters.18
9525965383Tropospheric ozoneGround level ozone; is considered bad because it is closer to the earth making it more likely for someone to breathe it in. It is also more dangerous because it is made up of particulate matter.19
9525965384Particulate matterA small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant)20
9525965385LeadPb , A highly toxic metal that can damage the nervous system, blood, and kidneys, and can cause harm to the development of a children's intellectual abilities. Main source was leaded gasoline.21
9525965386Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)The fumes given off by organic chemicals such as paints, aerosol sprays, cleaner, disinfectants, new carpets, and glues.22
9525965387Three technologies that decrease air pollutantsBaghouse filters, electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers23
9525965388ScrubbersDevices containing alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide from industrial plants.24
9525965389Toxic air pollutantsSubstances known to cause cancer, reproductive defects, or neurological, developmental, immune system, or respiratory problems.25
9525965390Examples of toxic air pollutantsHydrogen sulfide gas in swamps, smelting, sewage treatment and industrial processes. mercury, VOCs like benzene and methylene chloride,26
9525965391Industrial smogConsists mostly of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid (formed from some of the sulfur dioxide) and a variety of suspended solid particles and droplets.27
9525965392Photochemical smogBrown-air smog: , A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when pollutants react with each other in the presence of sunlight28
9525965393Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Widely regarded as harmful bc they are chemically unreactive to normal conditions. but over Antarctica they condense into tiny ice crystals that break down and produce chlorine which attacks and destroys the ozone29
9525965394Montreal Protocol(1987) Phase-out of ozone depleting substances30
9525965395Acid depositionCaused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters (acid rain)31
9525965396Atmospheric depositionContaminants carried by air currents and precipitated into watersheds or directly onto surface waters, The wet or dry deposition on land of a wide variety of pollutants, including mercury, nitrates, organochlorines, and others.32
9525965397Indoor air pollutionCompounds that affect breathing that occur indoors. Examples: wood stove smoke, furnace emissions, formaldehyde, radon, household chemicals & Tobacco smoke.33
9525965398Cigarette smokeLeading cause of leading indoor pollutant. Can cause asthma, irritation of eyes, nose, and throat, and lung irritations and cancer.34
9525965399Radon2nd leading cause of indoor air pollution., A colorless, odorless, radioactive gas. can cause lung cancer.35
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Ap Huge Unit 2 Flashcards

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7533617588you measure population change throughCrude Birth Rate, the Crude Death Rate, and the Natural Increase Rate0
7533649280Crude Birth Rate (CBR)total number of live births a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.1
7533654667Crude Death Rate (CDR)total number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.2
7533664064Natural Increase Rate (NIR)the percentage by which a population grows in a year. NIR = (Crude birth rate − Crude death rate) / 103
7533674708Total Fertility Rate(TFR)the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.4
7533682406Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year compared with total live births.5
7533689429Life Expectancyaverage number of years a newborn can expect to live at current morbidity levels.6
7533697541doubling rate (time)the amount of time it takes to double a population7
7533705502population pyramidgraphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups as well as the sex ratio, the number of males per hundred females.8
7533728016age-sex composition graph aka Pop PyrBased solely on age and sex data Provides information on birth rates, death rates, average life span, and economic development Reflects natural disasters, wars, political changes, and epidemics9
7533735766cohortsvertical axis that shows age groups, usually in the middle10
7533748697horizontal axispercentages or absolute numbers11
7533764513population pyramid set upmales on the left, females on the right12
7533774422Dependency Ratiouses population pyramid, a value comparing the working to the nonworking parts of a population.13
7533790241dependent population15-64 is workforce. potential workforce by dependent population results in the dependency ratio14
7533808172Dependency ratios of regionsUS, Europe,Japan, Australia support themselves and .52 people. Nigeria, South America, Asia support themselves and 1.08 people15
7533824489impact of wardeath (civilians) affect people of all ages. lose fighting age men 18-40. Birth deficit slowdown of births.16
7533853152baby boomOnce hostilities end and peace continues, the birth rate often spikes. WW2 1946-196517
7533862623baby bustfollow baby booms, continues until the boomers reach child-bearing age18
7533874343echoa bulge in the pyramid19
7596263751demographic balancing equationnatural increase, but migration plays a big part in it. Total Population Change = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants20
7596276997Thomas Malthuspolitical economy and demography. says population (exponent) will eventually outpace food production (arithemic/linear)21
7596288599population doubling timesince early 1800's population has grown exponentially. Use rule of 70- with steady population the approximate doubling time in years will be 70 divided by the growth rate per year22
7596310573arithmetic growthconstant increasing number per year/linear. (food)23
7596322134exponential growthconstant doubling (population)24
7596335562Neo Malthusiansfood production increased more quickly than he predicted. people who have adopted his ideas and argue that population is a serious issue lead to depletion of resources25
7596365973Ester Boserupopposite of Malthus. Said he did not take technology into account. Model of agricultural development and says famine has not happened26
7596384335Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)correspond with the DTM. Abdel Omran identified predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop27
7596395209ETM Stage 1stage of pestilence and famine. ex black death28
7596395210ETM Stage 2stage of receding pandemics ex cholera29
7596397481ETM Stage 3The stage of degenerative and human-created diseases ex cancer30
7596397482ETM Stage 4stage of delayed degenerative diseases. ex cancer and disease is slowed down with medicine. longer life expectancies31
7596397483ETM Stage 5Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases. ex evolution poverty globalization32
7596431012anti-natalist policiesgovernment programs to decrease the number of births so overpopulation does not happen. ex China 1970s later longer fewer then one child policy33
7596458870pro-natalist policiesgovernment programs to encourage births for economy and military. ex France Sweden and Japan free child care, abortion restrictions34
7596486579Why are birth rates decreasing?education, government policy, women's rights, contraceptive uses35
7623083239ecumeneportion of earth with permanent human settlement (most of area)36
7623116188Arithmetic DensityTotal number of people divided by total land. Enables comparisons of the # of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world.37
7623118130Physiological DensityNumber of people supported by a unit area of arable land38
7623123405Agricultural DensityRatio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. Helps to account for economic differences39
7623132424J CurvePopulation projection show exponential growth. If the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and more.40
7623136471S CurveTraces the cyclical movement updates and downwards in a graph.41
7623153405Stage 1high birth and high death rates. no long term natural increase42
7623158407stage 2high birth rates, rapid decline in death rates. high natural increase43
7623160485stage 3rapid decline in birth rates, decline in death rates, natural increase begins to moderate44
7623160486stage 4very low birth and death rate no long term natural increase/ possible decrease45
7623228170population patternAreas of high and low population density are unevenly spread across the world. The majority of places with high population density are found in the northern hemisphere.46
7623258951developing population pyramidtriangular shape. low life expectancy. steady % of each group dying. High birth rates47
7623274305developed population pyramidmore of a block base and no decrease in age groups till 60's. better medical care48
7623272139middle income population pyramidtakes part in both of these. block through 30-35. steady decrease with every group after49
7623319015other Malthus criticstoo pessimistic Theory was based on idea that world's supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding. Disagree that population increase is not a problem Larger populations could stimulate economic growth, and therefore, production of more food.50
7623332901Expansive population policies. EuropeEncourages population growth. Sweden and Norway have many policies. Poland pays women for each new child they have51
7623335723Eugenics population policiesFavors one racial or cultural sector over others. Nazi Europe WW252
7623337656Restrictive population policiesRange from toleration of unapproved birth control to outright prohibition of large families. China one child policy urban couples. India population and family planning sterilization53
7623383175Infectious diseasesinvasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body. Malaria (vectored) - transmitted by an intermediary vector (mosquito) AIDS (nonvectored) - direct contact between host & victim54
7623390246Chronic/Degenerative DiseasesAfflictions of middle and old age - heart disease, cancer, stroke, pneumonia, diabetes, etc.55
7623393532Genetic/Inherited DiseasesDisorders that are transferred from one generation to the next. Metabolic diseases - Lactose intolerance, PKU (Phenylketonuria)56
7657011099cyclictype of movement starts and ends at home. Create activity spaces (spaces of daily routines)57
7657025844periodictype of movement involving longer time away. transhumance is moving based on season58
7657057566migrationpermanent relocation. international, internal,interregional,intraregional. agriculture allowed people to settle59
7657097831immigrationmigration to a location60
7657097832emigrationmigration from a location61
7657108457net in-migrationimmigrants > emigrants, then the net migration is positive62
7657113270net out-migrationimmigrants < emigrants, then the net migration is negative63
7657128185voluntary migrationmoving in search for a better life64
7657128188push factorspushing you away from somewhere. Negative65
7657137246pull factorspulling you to somewhere. Positive66
7657166514refugeea person leaves their home because they are forced out but not because they are officially relocated or enslaved67
7748449044international migrationA permanent move from one country to another68
7748449045interregional migrationmoving from one region to another. rural to urban69
7748462937intraregional migrationmoving within a region, older cities to newer suburbs70
7748485948internally displaced person (IDP)forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border71
7748496308asylum seekermigrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee72
7748517695colonizationtaking over and spreading your culture. Europeans but asia and africa kept their culture73
7748526791reverse migration20th century people have been migrating to europe looking for jobs or safety74
7748535457ethnic enclavesneighborhoods filled with people of the same ethnicity. creates chains of family moving because of relatives75
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ap terms Flashcards

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13997414238cape codsmall one story pithed roof long pitched roof in front and low angle in back New England0
13997427680Federalist or Georgianlate 1700s and early 1800s 2 or 3 story urban connected townhouses Classical Greek and roman symmetrical homes with central equal number of windows1
13997534167I housesloose form of federalist or Georgian influence on average family home central door with window on each side three windows on 2nd floor as the houses diffused westward symmetry and rectangular shape was lost fireplaces/chimneys at end of house and even pitched roofs2
13997642451conurbationa continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities3
13997642452enclavea distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory4
13997645774exclavea part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.5
13997648380free tradeinternational trade free of government interference6
13997648381GlocalizationThe process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes7
13997650185Irredentisma policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country8
13997655941isotropic place2 dimensional, flat plane, CPT assumes existence9
13997669591megacitya great city that is made up of several large and small cities10
13997672084nationa large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.11
13997675732New UrbanismA movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.12
13997685080space-time compressionThe reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems13
13997689286spatialrelating to space14
13997695751SEZ (Special Economic Zone)A geographic region that is designed to export goods and provide employment. This area is therefore often given tax incentive, tax breaks, and special economic opportunities. Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country, usually meaning that a company will receive tax incentives and the opportunity to pay lower tariffs.15
13997698871long lotshouses erected on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access16
13997701207metes and boundsA method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land.17
13997707677township and rangebased upon lines of latitude and longitude18
13998902138time distance decayThe declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source.19
13998902139TopographyA description of surface features of land.20
13998906904world cityCenters of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.21
13998909741VanceUrban Realms Model22
13998921306Territorial/Definitional Boundary DisputeIn political geography, disagreement between states over the control of surface area.23
13999011038positional/locational boundary disputedispute that focuses on delimitation and demarcation of border and the interpretation of the definition of the border24
13999019332Operational/functional boundary disputeDisagreement over policies to be applied along a boundary, such as immigration or land use25
13999025061Allocational/resource boundary disputedisputes over natural resource that occurs on or at the boundary26
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Executive Branch-AP Government Flashcards

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8161156085Electoral CollegeElectoral system in which states vote on electors who actually vote for President. Number of electors is based on the number of Representatives and Senators of each state. 538 Electoral votes overall, 270 needed to win Presidency0
8161156086Swing States v. Safe StatesIn the Electoral College system, states which are nearly guaranteed to be won by a party are considered safe, while states which could go either way are considered swing and get most of the attention..1
8161156087limits on presidential powerscongressional override of veto, impeachment, Supreme Court can review presidential actions to determine constitutionality2
8161156088Impeachment and RemovalImpeachment is accusation of wrongdoing of President by the House, Removal is trial of the President by the Senate.3
8161156089imperial presidencyThe expansion of the power of the presidency in ways which avoid traditional checks and balances.4
8161156090executive ordersformal rule or regulation by the president instructing executive branch officials on how to carry out their jobs; can implement policy changes without a law. Imperial Presidency.5
8161156091signing statementAddition to the President's signature to pass a law which in which the President describes how the bill will be enforced. Imperial Presidency.6
8161156092Recess AppointmentsAbility of the President to appoint officials to executive offices without Congressional approval if Congress is not in session. Appointment expires at the end of the next session of Congress.7
8161156093executive privilegeallows president to refuse to release information to Congress or a court. Imperial Presidency.8
8161156094War Powers Resolutioncalls on president to consult with Congress before and during any possible armed conflict involving US military9
8161156095formal powers of preshead of state, chief executive (laws carried out, removal power), commander in chief, chief diplomat, party leader, make treaties & appoint leaders, call Congress together10
8161156096informal powers of presmake sure all laws are "faithfully executed," powers expanded in wartime/crisis, executive privilege (privilege of confidentiality between himself and advisers), morale builder, agenda setting & executive orders,11
8161156098Commander in Chiefpresident's title as head of the nation's military12
8161156099Chief Executivepresident's duties to see that government programs are carried out and laws are enforced, as head of the executive branch and its bureacracy.13
8161156100Chief DiplomatPresident's role in controlling a nation's foreign policy plans and procedures for dealing with other countries.14
8161156101Legislator in ChiefPresident's role in setting forth a legislative agenda, and signing or vetoing bills passed by Congress15
8161156102qualifications to become president35 years old, natural born citizen of US, lived in country 14 years16
816115610322nd AmendmentThe President is limited to ten years in office, two four year terms and up to two years finishing out a previous term.17
8161156104Presidential successionthe order of who serves after the president, set by the 25th Amendment. First 3 are Vice President, Speaker of the House, President Pro Tempore of the Senate.18
8161156105Presidential pardonreleases a convicted criminal from having to fulfill a sentence. judicial powers.19
8161156106Chief of Staffmanages the White House Office and serves as key adviser to President20
8161156107Executive Office of Presidentindividuals who assist president in carrying out laws, and perform jobs required by law (separate offices)21
8161156109Federal Bureacracymillions of national government employees in the executive branch, a combination of civil service workers and political appointees, who carry out and enforce the laws.22
8161156111Cabinet Departments15 executive departments, each of which specializes in a general area of government policy, headed by a cabinet secretary who reports directly to the president. Ex. State Department Department of Defense.23
8161156112Independent Regulatory AgenciesFederal agencies which are independent of government control, and which create and enforce regulations on specific industries. Ex. FEC regulates campaigns, Federal Reserve regulates money and interest rates.24
8161156113Independent Executive AgencyExecutive branch agencies that exist outside the cabinet departments but report to the President. Ex. The CIA, NASA25
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APES 18 Flashcards

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13512491221Threatened species (IUCN)According to the International Union forConservation of Nature (IUCN), species that have a high risk of extinction in the future.0
13512491222Near-threatened speciesSpecies that are very likely to become threatened in the future.1
13512491223Least concern speciesSpecies that are widespread and abundant.2
13512491224Intrinsic valueValue independent of any benefit to humans.3
13512491225Instrumental valueWorth as an instrument or a tool that can be used to accomplish a goal.4
13512491226ProvisionA good that humans can use directly.5
13512491227Native speciesSpecies that live in their historical range, typically where they have lived for thousands or millions of years.6
13512491228Exotic speciesA species living outside its historical range. Also known as Alien species.7
13512491229Alien speciesA species living outside its historical range. Also known as Exotic species.8
13512491230Invasive speciesA species that spreads rapidly across large areas.9
13512491231Lacey ActA U.S. act that prohibits interstate shipping of all illegally harvested plants and animals.10
13512491232Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)A 1973 treaty formed to control the international trade of threatened plants and animals.11
13512491233Red ListA list of worldwide threatened species.12
13512491234Marine Mammal Protection ActA 1972 U.S. act to protect declining populations of marine mammals.13
13512491235Endangered speciesA species that is in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.14
13512491236Convention on Biological DiversityAn international treaty to help protect biodiversity.15
13512491237Edge habitatHabitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition, such as where a grassy field meets a forest.16
13512491238Biosphere reserveProtected area consisting of zones that vary in the amount of permissible human impact.17
13512491239inbreeding depressionwhen individuals with similar genotypes - typically relatives - breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce18
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AP Psych Unit 2 Flashcards

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10601077415hindsight biasthe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it0
10601077416critical thinkingthinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.1
10601077417theoryan explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events2
10601077852hypothesisa testable prediction, often implied by a theory3
10601077853operational definitiona carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. for example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.4
10601077854replicationrepeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances5
10601078546case studya descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles6
10601078547surveya technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group7
10601078548populationall those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn8
10601078549random samplea sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion9
10601080858naturalistic observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation10
10601080859correlationa measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other11
10601080860correlation coefficient (r)a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0) *1.0 or close to it=positive correlation (dots- left to right and closer together) (high correlation) *-1.0 or close to it=negative correlation (dots- right to left and closer together) (still high correlation) *r=0 or closer = no correlation (dots won't line up on scatterplot)12
10601081474scatterplota graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)13
10601081475illusory correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists14
10601081476experimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)15
10601083391random assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups16
10601083392double-blind procedurean experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.17
10601084247placebo effectexperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.18
10601084248experimental groupin an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.19
10601084249control groupin an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.20
10601084694independent variableThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.21
10601084695dependent variableThe outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.22
10601085250confounding factorsa factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment23
10601085251measures of central tendencymean, median, mode24
10601085252measures of variancerange and standard deviation25
10601087162meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores26
10601087163medianthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it27
10601087164modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution28
10601087165rangethe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution29
10601087166standard deviationa computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score *68%=score 15 points above or below 100 *95%= score 30 points above or below 10030
10601088136bell curve/ normal distributiona symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes31
10601088137descriptive statisticsnumerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.32
10601088646inferential statisticsnumerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population33
10601088647statistical significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance-- not by luck; it is "real"-- .05 or 5% * state a research hypothesis and a null/worthless hypothesis *p=probability of obtaining your sample data if the null hypothesis were true; <.05 *a=the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis; =.05 if the value is below 5% (p34
10601089234culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.35
10601089235informed consentan ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.36
10601089236debriefingthe post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants37
10601089768confidentialitythe act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals38
10604494976cross-sectional studyA study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.39
10604497516cohort-sequential studya research method in which a cross section of the pop. is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time40
10638024766low standard deviationindicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean41
10638027841high standard deviationindicates that the data points are spread out over a large range of values42
10638053031positive skewlong tail in the positive direction43
10638058773negative skewlong tail in the negative direction44
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