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AP EXAM Flashcards

12172781770	who influenced the PSYCHODYNAMIC approach	Sigmund Freud	0
12172794842	What women helped to reform treatment of people with disorders in America	Dorthia Dix	1
12172798525	Evolutionary Perspective	change in psychology over time	2
12172863439	why do we use an experiment instead of other methods	because an experiment is the only way to show cause and effect	3
12172876682	how do you know when a research study is using the experimental method	has potential sampling bias, ALWAYS has independent and dependent variable, can random assignment	4
12172971767	what type of analysis can be done without basically any type of calculations	mode	5
12172983195	why do we want to use exact operational definitions	people can replicate and it gives the EXACT procedures looking for	6
12173004303	what is iv/dv	IV= What we're testing, IF ,DV= What changes, THEN	7
12173085145	Understand the basics of the bell curve	2%, 14%, 34%, 34%, 14%, 2%	8
12173125036	What do we use to predict correlation	a linear relationship between two variables	9
12173148070	Correlations	positive/ negative\ no correlation (bunch of dots)	10
12173172054	what helps to limit confounding variables	RANDOM ASSIGNMENT randomization, restriction and matching	11
12173178542	what is plasticity	the ability for our brain to take of for lost functions	12
12173191601	Wernicke's area	comprehension area in left temporal lobe	13
12173206118	THE FACE HAS THE LARGEST AREA OF THE SENSORY CORTEX	THE FACE HAS THE LARGEST AREA OF THE SENSORY CORTEX	14
12173233701	what neurotransmitter is related to schizophrenia	dopamine	15
12173238823	why is the brain system involved in emotion	the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)	16
12173276512	the hypothalamus controls eating, drinking, body temp and sex BUT it also has something to do with the endocrine system... what is it	controls the pituitary gland	17
12173308711	what is the disease that eats away at the myelin of a neuron	MS (multiple sclerosis)	18
12173332761	Motor and Sensory areas on a brain	motor= frontal lobe sensory= parietal	19
12173355355	cerebellum	balance and coordination... senses body position	20
12173364443	body actions of sympathetic system	eyes dilate, hear rate increases, stomach stops digestion, liver stimulates glucose, release of adrenaline from adrenal gland, bladder release	21
12173429399	occipital lobe	back of head, eyes and vision	22
12173465707	on the back of the eye (retina) are bipolar cells, rods and cones, ganglion cells and the optic nerve, put these in order that they would happen	rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve	23
12173507570	Transdution	when our brains sends signals and converge energy to how we can interpret it... through skin, retina, hair cells, taste buds; olfactory	24
12173539787	what part of the ear is responsible for the vestibular system	INNER EAR (Cochlea and semicircular canals)	25
12173560852	BE ABLE TO LOCATE THE ear drum; ossicles; cochlea; auditory nerve and semicircular canals	in order outside to in: ear drum; ossicles; cochlea; semicircular canals; auditory nerve	26
12173606199	what is the fovea made of	cones	27
12173606200	opponent process theory	cones are in opposite pairs (red-green)(blue-yellow)(white-black)	28
12173616064	after image effect	proof of opponent process theory (ex: American flag)	29
12173640320	Figure-ground	to perceive things as items and background (ex island and ocean)	30
12173656012	What brain part monitors our sleeping and circadian rhythms	hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)	31
12173683312	psychological effects of alcohol are	reduced inhibition; disrupts memory... reduces self awareness and is part of parasympathetic system	32
12173695659	discrimination	treating two similar things DIFFERENT	33
12173703005	Unconditional Stimulus	unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response	34
12173706713	unconditional response	a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex	35
12173709701	conditioned stimulus	a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place	36
12173713526	conditioned response	a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus	37
12173723090	what behaviors are not learned	Unconditional stimulus and response (breathing; sweating)	38
12173731265	habituation	when you have repeated situations cause decreased responses	39
12173751278	Fixed interval	know 100% and have to wait	40
12173763468	fixed ratio	reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses, have to do something	41
12173779214	variable ratio	unpredictable number of responses; gamblers	42
12173805756	variable interval	unknown and have to wait	43
12173817112	state dependent memory (mood congruent)	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood	44
12173820707	hindsight bias	wen someone predicts something AFTER it happened (i.e. people saying they knew 9/11 would happen)	45
12173832357	syntax	Sentence structure	46
12173840374	Algorithm	a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem	47
12173843666	heuristic	A shortcut to problem solving; also known as a rule of thumb.	48
12173854456	Functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	49
12173863706	why do we have trouble recalling common objects we see everyday	encoding failure; had no meaning to begin with	50
12173867213	Elizabeth Loftus	eyewitness testimony, misinformation effect; NOT RELIABLE	51
12173879899	implicit memory	Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously; skills like walking	52
12173894554	over justification	should NEVER be rewarded for something you enjoy doing; it cheapens it	53
12173902038	facial feedback	facial expressions are universal and tell the mood one is in so the person talking to them can react differently	54
12173918392	what is difference between instinct, intrinsic, and incentive?	instinct; natural response. intrinsic; internal feelings. incentive; why you do what you do	55
12173948431	drive reduction	when the need is satisfied the drive is reduced (food->hunger->eat)	56
12173970289	cannon bard	stimulus > body & emotion simultaneously	57
12173977533	James lange	stimulus --> body --> emotion	58
12173991029	Schacter's Two-Factor Theory	stimulus-> body and brain -> emotion	59
12174010790	what type of children will authoritative parents produce	Independent high self esteem children	60
12174014604	industry(competence) vs. inferiority	children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior	61
12174025712	identity vs. role confusion	Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves	62
12174043283	what did Harry Harlows experiments the importance of	body contact and attachment	63
12174047111	Generalization in Development	generalization; opposite of discrimination	64
12174090412	object permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	65
12174094905	What do newborns prefer to look at?	faces and black/white	66
12174099250	Accommodation vs. Assimilation	using one's existing schema to interpret info vs. adapting one completely changing their schema to incorporate new info.	67
12174115726	what can also be called heredity vs. environment	nature vs nurture	68
12174121091	Defense Mechanism: Projection	disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others; project how you feel onto other people	69
12174135611	self-efficacy	An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.	70
12174142281	reciprocal determinism	when a person's behaviors both influences and is influenced by personal factors and social environment (triangle)	71
12174170781	Barnum effect	People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality (horoscopes)	72
12174176749	TAT	a projective test in which subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous pictures	73
12174181611	Savant syndrome	when a mentally challenged person has an extraordinary skill	74
12174190223	g	general intelligence; precursor to IQ	75
12174196466	Gardner's Multiple Intelligences	linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal; existential	76
12174226388	IQ= ma/ca x 100	..., Mental age/ chronical age x 100 IQ is a version of percentile rank: STERN	77
12174230950	reliable vs validity	reliability: constant good test validity: how accurate the test is	78
12174238432	stern bergs intelligence	analytical, creating intelligence, practical intelligence (hands on)	79
12174252805	compulsion	repetitive actions that are unwanted	80
12174261984	Schizophrenia causes	genetic; smaller thalamus, dopamine sites, 70% chance if mom gets flu while pregnant	81
12174279871	dissociative amnesia	opposite of PTSD; repress bad memories	82
12174292068	phobia/specific phobia	social or agoraphobia, irrational fear to something specific	83
12174326468	bipolar disorder	mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes	84
12174335477	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	85
12174347185	major depressive disorder	two weeks of depression state in which person is fatigued, feels worthless, and no motivation	86
12174372151	anxiety	The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen	87
12174380943	cognitive behavioral therapy	work on thinking and behavior... good for OCD and eating disorder patients	88
12174387625	averse conditioning	conditions them to hate something that's bad for them; like alcoholism	89
12174407749	exposure therapy	being exposed to your fear (kid in thunder room)	90
12174418053	Carl Rodgers therapy	client centered therapy, "ah-hah" therapy, therapist gives genuineness, acceptance, empathy and active listening for patient to discover their own conclusion (Tia)	91
12174435086	systematic desensitization	clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner	92
12174447028	what makes people develop a lasting romantic relationship	having similarities in attitude and morals, opposites get divorced	93
12174454320	self-serving bias	the tendency to perceive oneself favorably, can or cannot do something	94
12174470266	normal social influence	behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval	95
12174478381	mere expose effect	repeated exposure, increses the liking	96
12174481550	bystander effect	when you're more likely to bystander then help because you're too in shock (smaller situations get more help)	97
12174505925	group behavior	norms, roles, team building, leadership, and conflict	98
12174513943	stereotypical threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype	99
12174516987	fundamental attribution error	when you judge someone on their situation and you're wrong (fake homeless people)	100
12174524579	central route vs peripheral route to persuasion	commercials; central is straight with facts and peripheral goes around subject	101

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AP Biology Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

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13975037894	Mitosis	in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes	0
13975037895	Meiosis	cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms	1
13975037896	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells	2
13975037897	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.	3
13975037898	sister chromatids	replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.	4
13975037899	centromere	a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape	5
13975037900	cell cycle	series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide	6
13975037901	interphase	the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions; split into G1, S, G2	7
13975037902	centrioles	Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division; found only in animal cells	8
13975037903	nucleoli	dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus.	9
13975037904	prophase	first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus	10
13975037905	metaphase	second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell	11
13975037906	anaphase	the third phase of mitosis, during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles	12
13975037907	Telophase	the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes	13
13975037908	cell plate	a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	14
13975037909	cleavage furrow	pinching of the cell ("drawstring"): develops in animal cells only	15
13975037910	Meiosis II	the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two	16
13975037911	prophase I	The first phase of meiosis I. the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. the longest phase of meiosis.	17
13975037912	anaphase I	The third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.	18
13975037913	metaphase I	The second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).	19
13975037914	telophase I	The fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II.	20
13975037915	prophase II	The first phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	21
13975037916	metaphase II	The second phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	22
13975037917	anaphase II	The third phase of meiosis II. the sister chromatids are finally separated at their centromeres and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. identical to mitotic anaphase, except the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.	23
13975037918	telophase II	The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.	24
13975037919	haploid (n)	term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes	25
13975037920	diploid (2n)	an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number	26
13975037921	synapsis	the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis	27
13975037922	tetrads	the paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids	28
13975037923	crossing over	the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis	29
13975037924	somatic cells	any cell other than a gamete; in humans, has 46 chromosomes; body cells	30
13975037925	gametes	sex cells; eggs and sperm; haploid; 23 chromosomes in humans	31
13975037926	zygote	a fertilized egg (diploid)	32
13975037927	Cyclin Dependent Kinases	cdk enzymes activate or inhibit proteins by phosphorylation to regulate cell cycle	33
13975037928	growth factors	external factors that stimulate the cell to divide	34
13975037929	Density Dependent Inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another	35
13975037930	Anchorage Dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface	36
13975037931	Law of Segregation	Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete	37
13975037932	Law of Independent Assortment	states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes	38
13975037933	Nondisjunction	error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes don't separate; gametes end up with wrong number of chromosomes	39
13975037934	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis	40
13975037935	Autosomes	non-sex chromosomes	41
13975037936	Down Syndrome	a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome	42
13975041653	G1	Cell growth	43
13975041654	S phase	DNA replication	44
13975047051	G2	Cell prepares to divide	45

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AP Unit 10 Personality Flashcards

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12653962705	MMPI	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality inventory. it is an objective test, originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	0
12653986171	personality inventories	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to assess several basic personality traits.	1
12654007006	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	2
12654065323	Big 5 Personality Dimensions	a term used to refer to basic personality traits of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion	3
12654153178	person-situation controversy	the question of whether behavior is caused more by enduring personality traits or by temporary external/environmental factors	4
12654235362	stable over time	Most psychologist believe this about personality traits appear to be......	5
12654282313	recriprocal determinism	the multidirectional influences of behavior, internal factors, and environment on the development of personality.	6
12654368296	social-cognitive perspective	according to this perspective, personality is formed by a interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors (reciprocal determination)	7
12654479688	pessimistic attributional style	cognitive style involving a tendency to attribute a hopeless attitude to negative life events. "I can't do it", "there is nothing I can do about it so why bother". Leads to depression.	8
12654680699	positive attributional style	A belief system that negative life events are controllable, which leads to hopefulness and a resilience to depression	9
12654744432	Optimism	a trait that a person possesses when they perceive more personal control over what happens in life. This trait leads to a healthier life, more positive lifestyle and attitude.	10
12654826897	self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions	11
12654876237	spotlight effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)	12
12655138475	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth	13
12655160973	self-serving bias	the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors	14
12655169743	collectivist cultures	societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement. interdependence with others	15
12655343439	Individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. independence from others	16
12655368189	free association (psychoanalysis)	a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing	17
12655378779	Psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions	18
12655386535	unconscious	according to Freud, the level of the mind is mostly hidden. thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness	19
12655411444	Preconscious	in Freud's theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are easy to recall to consciousness	20
12655423276	manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream	21
12655433143	Id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the "pleasure principle", demanding immediate gratification. It is the "kid" of your personality	22
12655440044	ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the "reality principle", satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	23
12655452239	Superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. Your parent; angle on your shoulder.	24
12655476523	psychosexual stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. Personality is formed as children encounter these stages.	25
12655507150	opedius complex	Conflict during phallic stage, in which, according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy, competitiveness, and hatred for the rival father	26
12655510218	Electra complex	Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals	27
12655538247	Fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved	28
12655545550	defense mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety and disguises threatening impulses by unconsciously distorting reality	29
12655559368	Regression	defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, (usually oral stage)where some psychic energy remains fixated	30
12655599903	Displacement	psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet	31
12655613367	reaction formation	Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way that is opposite to what their true feelings would dictate.	32
12655658374	Projection	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others	33
12655708199	sublimation	channeling threatening devices into acceptable outlets (e.g. working out) sublet-->outlet	34
12655731070	inferiority complex	Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences. We spend our lives compensating for that inferiority	35
12655745706	collective unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a inherited, shared reservoir of memory traces from our species' history	36
12655763857	Rorschach inkblot test	a projective technique in which respondents' inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots. Widely criticized as lacking validity	37
12655778523	Validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to	38
12655782340	Reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting	39
12655788878	Repression	in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories	40
12655810552	false consensus effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. (everyone speeds, everybody cheats, nobody else would eat crickets either)	41
12655843037	terror management theory	a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death	42
12655848846	Humanistic Perspective	stresses the human capacity for self-actualization and the capacity for healthy human growth	43
12655878612	self-actualization	according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential	44
12655885488	self-transcendence	according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the own potential fro growth and self-actualization	45
12655903906	Carl Rogers	Humanistic psychologist; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality. Interacted with others in a genuine, accepting, and empathic way.	46
12655932865	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance	47
12655961880	ideal versus perceived self	An assessment used by carl Rogers to identify a person's personal growth.	48
12656031725	Gordan Allport	the father of the trait perspective of personality	49

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AP Psychology Famous Psychologists Flashcards

Famous psychologists (and their most known accomplishments) that you should know for the AP Psychology Exam.

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13886173844	Mary Ainsworth	Studied attachment in infants using the "strange situation" model. Label infants "secure", "insecure" (etc.) in attachment	0
13886173845	Solomon Asch	Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines.	1
13886173846	Albert Bandura	Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective	2
13886173847	Alfred Binet	Created first intelligence test for Parisian school children	3
13886173848	Thomas Bouchard	Studied identical twins separated at birth	4
13886173849	Noam Chomsky	Created concept of "universal grammar"	5
13886173850	Hermann Ebbinghaus	Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory	6
13886173851	Erik Erikson	Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development	7
13886173852	Sigmund Freud	Developed psychoanalysis; considered to be "father of modern psychiatry"	8
13886173853	John Garcia	studied taste aversion in rats; led to knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned	9
13886173854	Carol Gilligan	Presented feminist critique of Kolhberg's moral development theory; believed women's moral sense guided by relationships	10
13886173855	Harry Harlow	Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers	11
13886173856	William James	created Functionalist school of thought; early American psychology teacher/philosopher	12
13886173857	Jerome Kagan	Conducted longitudinal studies on temperament (infancy to adolescence)	13
13886173858	Ancel Keys	Conducted semi-starvation experiments to measure psych effects of hunger	14
13886173859	Lawrence Kohlberg	Famous for his theory of moral development in children; made use of moral dilemmas in assessment	15
13886173860	Elizabeth Loftus	Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony	16
13886173861	Abraham Maslow	Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"	17
13886173862	Stanley Milgram	Conducted "shocking" (Ha!) experiments on obedience	18
13886173863	Ivan Pavlov	Described process of classical conditioning after famous experiments with dogs	19
13886173864	Jean Piaget	Known for his theory of cognitive development in children	20
13886173865	Carl Rogers	Developed "client-centered" therapy	21
13886173866	Stanley Schachter	Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect	22
13886173867	B.F. Skinner	Described process of operant conditioning	23
13886173868	Edward Thorndike	Famous for "law of effect" and research on cats in "puzzle boxes"	24
13886173869	John Watson	Early behaviorist; famous for the "Little Albert" experiments on fear conditioning	25
13886173870	Benjamin Lee Whorf	Famous for describing concept of "liguistic determinism"	26
13886173871	William Wundt	Conducted first psychology experiments in first psych laboratory	27
13886173872	Philip Zimbardo	Conducted Stanford Prison experiment	28
13886173873	Hans Selye	(Accidentally) described General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)	29
13886173874	Karen Horney	Neo-Freudian; offered feminist critique of Freud's theory	30
13886173875	Martin Seligman	Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness"	31
13886173876	Fritz Perls	Creator of Gestalt Therapy	32
13886173877	Alfred Adler	Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order	33
13886173878	Albert Ellis	Developed "rational emotive behavior therapy" (REBT)	34
13886173879	Aaron Beck	Developed cognitive-behavior therapy	35
13886173880	Gordon Allport	Founder of Trait Theory	36
13886173881	Phineas Gage	his survival of a horrible industrial accident taught us about the role of the frontal lobes (okay, he's not really a psychologist...)	37
13886173882	Walter Mischel	offered famous critique of trait theory and its claims	38
13886173883	David McClelland	studied achievement motivation; found those with high levels are driven to master challenging tasks	39
13886173884	Mary Whiton Calkins	first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)	40
13886173885	Charles Darwin	his idea, that the genetic composition of a species can be altered through natural selection, has had a lasting impact on psychology through the evolutionary perspective	41
13886173886	Dorothea Dix	American activist who successfully pressured lawmakers to construct & fund asylums for the mentally ill	42
13886173887	G. Stanley Hall	first american to work for Wundt; • Founded the American Psychological Association (now largest organization of psychologists in the USA) and became first president	43
13886173888	Margaret Floy Washburn	First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd female president of the APA (1921)	44
13886173889	Paul Broca	the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles involved in speech was named for him, because he first identified it	45
13886173890	Carl Wernicke	an area of the brain (in the left temporal lobe) involved in language comprehension and expression was named for him because he discovered it	46
13886173891	Michael Gazzaniga	Conducted the "HE-ART" experiments with split brain patients	47
13886173892	Roger Sperry	like Gazzaniga, studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions	48
13886173893	Gustav Fechner	early German psychologist credited with founding psychophysics	49
13886173894	David Hubel & Torsten Weisel	two Nobel prize winning neuroscientists who demonstrated the importance of "feature detector" neurons in visual perception	50
13886173895	Ernst Weber	best known for "Weber's Law", the notion that the JND magnitude is proportional to the stimulus magnitude	51
13886173896	Ernest Hilgard	famous for his hypnosis research & the theory that a "hidden observer" theory	52
13886173897	Robert Rescorla	researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)	53
13886173898	Edward Tolman	researched rats' use of "cognitive maps"	54
13886173899	Wolfgang Kohler	considered to be the founder of Gestalt Psychology	55
13886173900	George A. Miller	made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory	56
13886173901	Alfred Kinsey	his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)	57
13886173902	Diana Baumrind	her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)	58
13886173903	Lev Vygotsky	founder of "Social Development Theory" (note: not "social learning theory" OR "psychosocial" development...); emphasizes importace of More Knowledge Others (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development	59
13886173904	Konrad Lorenz	won Nobel prize for research on imprinting	60
13886173905	Carl Jung	neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" and wrote books on dream interpretation	61
13886173906	Paul Costa & Robert McCrae	creators of the "Big Five" model of personality traits	62
13886173907	Francis Galton	interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement	63
13886173908	Howard Gardner	best known for his theory of "multiple intelligences"	64
13886173909	Charles Spearman	creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept	65
13886173910	Robert Sternberg	creator of "successful intelligence" theory (3 types)	66
13886173911	Lewis Terman	advocate of intelligence testing in US; developed Standford-Binet test and oversaw army's use of intelligence testing during WWI	67
13886173912	David Weschler	Developer of WAIS and WISC intelligence tests	68
13886173913	Mary Cover Jones	"Mother of behavior therapy"; used classical conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of rabbits	69
13886173914	Joseph Wolpe	Described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias	70
13886173915	Leon Festinger	Described concept of cognitive dissonance	71
13886173916	Paul Ekman	Interested in the universality of facial expressions: facial expressions carry same meaning regardless of culture, context, or language. Use of microexpressions to detect lying.	72
13886173917	William Masters & Virginia Johnson	Used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)	73
13886173918	Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky	Investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability, anchoring, and representativeness heuristics	74
13886173919	Raymond Cattell	Intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)	75
13886173922	Edward Bradford Titchener	Student of Wundt and founder of structuralism. Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.	76

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13614457911	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13614457912	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13614457913	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13614457914	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13614457915	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13614457916	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13614457917	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13614457918	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13614457919	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13614457920	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13614457921	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13614457922	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13614457923	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13614457924	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13614457925	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13614457926	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13614457927	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13614457928	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13614457929	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13614457930	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13614457931	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13614457932	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13614457933	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13614457934	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13614457935	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13614457936	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13614457937	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13614457938	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13614457939	theory	general idea being tested	28
13614457940	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13614457941	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13614457942	mode	appears the most	31
13614457943	mean	average	32
13614457944	median	middle	33
13614457945	range	highest - lowest	34
13614457946	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13614457947	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13614457948	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13614457949	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13614457950	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13614457951	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13614457952	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13614457953	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13614458147	neuron		43
13614457954	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13614457955	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13614457956	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13614457957	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13614457958	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13614457959	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13614457960	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13614457961	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13614457962	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13614457963	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13614457964	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13614457965	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13614457966	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13614457967	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13614457968	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13614457969	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13614457970	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13614457971	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13614457972	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13614457973	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13614457974	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13614457975	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13614457976	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13614457977	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13614457978	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13614457979	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13614457980	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13614457981	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13614457982	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13614457983	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13614457984	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13614457985	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13614457986	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13614457987	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13614457988	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13614457989	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13614457990	occipital lobe	vision	80
13614457991	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13614457992	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13614457993	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13614457994	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13614457995	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13614457996	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13614457997	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13614457998	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13614457999	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13614458000	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13614458001	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13614458002	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13614458003	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13614458004	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13614458005	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13614458006	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13614458007	rods	night time	97
13614458008	cones	color	98
13614458009	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13614458010	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13614458011	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13614458012	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13614458013	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13614458014	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13614458015	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13614458016	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13614458017	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13614458018	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13614458019	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13614458020	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13614458021	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13614458022	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13614458023	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13614458024	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13614458025	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13614458026	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13614458027	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13614458028	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13614458029	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13614458030	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13614458031	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13614458032	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13614458033	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13614458034	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13614458035	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13614458036	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13614458037	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13614458038	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13614458039	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13614458040	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13614458041	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13614458042	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13614458043	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13614458044	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13614458045	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13614458046	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13614458047	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13614458048	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13614458049	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13614458050	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13614458051	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13614458052	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13614458053	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13614458054	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13614458055	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13614458056	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13614458057	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13614458058	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13614458059	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13614458060	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13614458061	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13614458062	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13614458063	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13614458064	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13614458065	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13614458066	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13614458067	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13614458068	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13614458069	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13614458070	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13614458071	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13614458072	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13614458073	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13614458074	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13614458075	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13614458076	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13614458077	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13614458078	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13614458079	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13614458080	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13614458081	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13614458082	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13614458083	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13614458084	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13614458085	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13614458086	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13614458087	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13614458088	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13614458089	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13614458090	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13614458091	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13614458092	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13614458093	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13614458094	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13614458095	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13614458096	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13614458097	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13614458098	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13614458099	encoding	information going in	189
13614458100	storage	keeping information in	190
13614458101	retrieval	taking information out	191
13614458102	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13614458103	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13614458104	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13614458105	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13614458106	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13614458107	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13614458108	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13614458109	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13614458110	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13614458111	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13614458112	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13614458113	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13614458114	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13614458115	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13614458116	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13614458117	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13614458118	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13614458119	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13614458120	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13614458121	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13614458122	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13614458123	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13614458124	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13614458125	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13614458126	context	environment helps with memory	216
13614458127	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13614458128	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13614458129	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13614458130	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13614458131	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13614458132	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13614458133	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13614458134	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13614458135	prototypes	generalize	225
13614458136	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13614458137	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13614458138	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13614458139	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13614458140	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13614458141	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13614458142	grammar is _________	universal	232
13614458143	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13614458144	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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APES Mnemonics Flashcards

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13662971043	Soil Layers; OAEBCR	O Horizon, A Horizon, E Horizon, B Horizon, C Horizon, R Horizon; Only Apes Eat Bananas Completely Ripe	0
13662971044	Atmospheric layers from Earth's surface to Space; TSMT	Trophophere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere; Turtle Sheldon Makes Tea	1
13662971045	Freshwater zones; LLPB	Littoral zone, Limnetic Zone, Profundal Zone, Benthic Zone; Ladies Love Peanut Butter	2
13662971047	Four most dangerous indoor air pollutants; CFRP	Cig smoke, Formaldehyde, Radon, small and ultra-fine Particulates; Crazy For Raspberry Pie	3
13662971048	Six pollutants reduced by Clean Air Act (National Ambient Air Quality Standards); LCVSSN	Lead, Carbon monoxide, Volatile organic compounds, Suspended particulates, Sulfur dioxide, NOx; Little Crazy Vermon Sit Somewhere Now	4
13662971049	Ranks of Coal; PLSBA	Peat, Lignite, Sub-bituminous, Bituminous, Anthracite; Pink Lemons Seem Barely Acidic	5
13662971050	Major components of air pollution; SPLONC	Sulfur Dioxide, Particulates, Lead, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide; Some Pollution Lands on Nature Constantly	6
13662971051	Causes of extinction; HIPPCO	Habitat destruction/fragmentation, Invasives, Population, Pollution, Climate change, Overharvesting; HIPPCO	7
13662971052	Green Revolution factors; FIG	Fertilizers and pesticides, Irrigation, Genetically Engineered Plants; FIG	8
13662971053	Categories of Pathogens; VBFPP	Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasitic Worms; Very Bad For Pretty People	9
13662971055	Factors of Water Quality; PHDTB	pH, Hardness, DO, Turbidity, BOD; People Have Dirty Trash Bins	10
13662971056	Four types of waste; TRIC	Toxic, Reactive, Ignitable, Corrosive; TRIC	11
13742835070	Soil Particle Sizes from Largest to Smallest; GSSC	Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Good Students Study Carefully	12
13742840848	The Big 3 Water Use Categories	Agriculture, Industry, Municipalities; AIM	13
13747486336	Stages of the Demographic Transition Model; PTIP	Pre-Industrial, Transitional Industrial, Post-Industrial; Please TIP	14

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AP Vocab Flashcards

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13898973434	Innovation	A new idea	0
13898984628	Binary	A way of representing information using only two options.	1
13898987957	Bit	A contraction of "Binary Digit". A bit is the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1.	2
13898994961	Bandwidth	Transmission capacity measure by bit rate	3
13899000340	Bit rate	(sometimes written bitrate) the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. e.g. 8 bits/sec.	4
13899011299	Latency	Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver.	5
13899018714	Protocol	A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.	6
13899021233	Abstraction	Reducing information and detail to focus on essential characteristics.	7
13899034680	ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange	8
13899037877	IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force	9
13899041162	Internet	A group of computers and servers that are connected to each other.	10
13899047413	Net Neutrality	the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers.	11
13899051669	IP Address	A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet.	12
13899062761	Packets	Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information.	13
13899074999	Network Redundancy	having multiple backups to ensure reliability during cases of high usage or failure	14
13899078515	Router	A type of computer that forwards data across a network	15
13899214030	DNS	Domain Name System	16
13899217578	HTTP	Hypertext Transfer Protocol	17
13899225327	TCP	Transmission Control Protocol	18
13899231266	URL	A location or address identifying where documents can be found on the Internet; a Web address	19
13899246530	Heuristic	a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.	20
13899251911	Lossless Compression	a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.	21
13899255684	image	a type of data used used for graphics or pictures	22
13899268588	metadata	data that describes other data	23
13899277236	pixel	Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.	24
13899285586	hexadecimal	A base-16 number system that uses sixteen distinct symbols 0-9 and A-F to represent numbers from 0 to 15.	25
13899288479	RGB	the RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors.	26
13899292909	lossy compression	(or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg.	27
13899297339	algorithm	a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem	28
13899308831	High level programming language	A programming language with many commands and features designed to make common tasks easier to program. Any high level functionality is encapsulated as combinations of low level commands.	29
13899313769	Low level programming language	A programming language that captures only the most primitive operations available to a machine. Anything that a computer can do can be represented with combinations of low level commands.	30
13899317559	Iterate	To repeat in order to achieve, or get closer to, a desired goal.	31
13899321562	Selection	A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.	32
13899335343	Sequencing	A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.	33
13899352163	Pair Programming	Method of programming with another person on a single computer.	34
13899360662	Turtle Programming	method of learning to code with a robot called "turtle"	35
13899381949	function	functions are reusable abstractions that reduce the complexity of writing and maintaining programs.	36
13899393771	Top Down Design	a problem solving approach (also known as stepwise design) in which you break down a system to gain insight into the sub-systems that make it up.	37
13899397015	API	a collection of commands made available to a programmer	38
13899402481	Documentation	a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.	39
13899410159	Library	a collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose	40
13899414281	Parameter	An extra piece of information passed to a function to customize it for a specific need	41
13899423763	For Loop	Loops that have a predetermined beginning, end, and increment (step interval).	42
13899431754	Loop	The action of doing something over and over again.	43
13899435578	Big Data	a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.	44
13899439300	Moore's Law	the observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years.	45
13899442143	One-pager	A business/corporate term for a one-page document that summarizes a large issue, topic or plan.	46
13899456471	Caesar Cipher	a technique for encryption that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters	47
13899461903	Cracking Encryption	When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher, you are trying to "crack" the encryption.	48
13899465839	Decryption	a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text	49
13899475206	Encryption	a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.	50
13899512414	Random Substitution	an encoding technique that maps each letter of the alphabet randomly to different letters or characters.	51
13899519919	Computationally Hard	a "hard' problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time.	52
13899526519	Asymmetric encryption	used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt.	53
13899529459	Modulo	a mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. Example: 7 MOD 4 = 3	54
13899532215	Private Key	In an asymmetric encryption scheme the decryption key is kept private and never shared, so only the intended recipient has the ability to decrypt a message that has been encrypted with a public key.	55
13899542226	Private Key Encryption	Data is encrypted using a single key.	56
13899558597	Symmetric encryption	An encryption method whereby the same key is used to encode and to decode the message	57
13899568629	antivirus Software	usually keeps big lists of known viruses and scans your computer looking for the virus programs in order to get rid of them.	58
13899573863	DDos Attack	Distributed Denial of Service Attack. Typically a virus installed on many computers (thousands) activate at the same time and flood a target with traffic to the point the server becomes overwhelmed.	59
13899589487	Firewall	Part of a computer system that is designed to block unauthorized access	60
13899594057	Phishing Scam	a thief trying to trick you into sending them sensitive information. Typically these include emails about system updates asking you send your username and password, social security number or other things.	61
13899597334	SSL/TLS	Secure Sockets layer / Transport Layer Security - An encryption layer of HTTP that uses public key cryptography to establish a secure connection.	62
13899607635	Virus	A piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data	63
13899617021	Callback function	a function specified as part of an event listener; it is written by the programmer but called by the system as the result of an event trigger.	64
13899619653	event	An action that causes something to happen.	65
13899623139	Event-driven programming	a programming approach whereby the program's behavior is controlled by writing code that responds to various events that occur, such as Button clicks.	66
13899626638	event handling	an overarching term for the coding tasks involved in making a program respond to events by triggering functions.	67
13899632049	event listening	a command that can be set up to trigger a function when a particular type of event occurs on a particular UI element.	68
13899636545	UI elements	on-screen objects, like buttons, images, text boxes, pull down menus, screens and so on.	69
13899641185	user interface	The visual elements of an program through which a user controls or communications the application. Often abbreviated UI.	70
13899646032	debugging	Finding and fixing problems in your algorithm or program.	71
13921260533	data type	All values in a programming language have a "type" - such as a Number, Boolean, or String - that dictates how the computer will interpret it. For example 7+5 is interpreted differently from "7"+"5"	72
13921264596	expression	A mathematical phrase that contains operations, numbers, and/or variables.	73
13921272397	variable	A factor that can change	74
13921283486	==	The equality operator (sometimes read: "equal equal") is used to compare two values, and returns a Boolean (true/false). Avoid confusion with the assignment operator "=",	75
13921286557	Boolean	True or False	76
13921292685	Global Variable	A variable whose scope is "global" to the program, it can be used and updated by any part of the code. Its global scope is typically derived from the variable being declared (created) outside of any function, object, or method.	77
13921303554	If-statement	The common programming structure that implements "conditional statements".	78
13921306906	local variable	A variable with local scope is one that can only be seen, used and updated by code within the same scope. Typically this means the variable was declared (created) inside a function -- includes function parameter variables.	79
13921312745	Variable Scope	dictates what portions of the code can "see" or use a variable, typically derived from where the variable was first created. (See Global v. Local)	80
13921316286	concatenate	link together	81
13921316287	string	A sequence of characters in quotes	82
13921323481	Conditionals	Statements that only run under certain conditions.	83
13921335781	Boolean Expression	in programming, an expression that evaluates to True or False.	84
13921338737	iterate	To repeat in order to achieve, or get closer to, a desired goal.	85
13921344768	while loop	A control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly.	86
13921348462	procedure	A way of organizing, writing, and conducting the experiment.	87
13921352823	<--	arrow	88
13921358830	cryptography	the art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, called cipher text	89
13921360803	robot	A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically	90
13921364685	MOD	act of modifying hardware, software, or virtually anything else	91
13921368067	selection	A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.	92
13921374028	relational operations	Expressions that compare two values such as equal to or greater than	93
13921381969	assignment	The act of transferring to another all or part of one's rights arising under a contract.	94
13921385176	Input	Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.	95
13921387219	display	displaying code	96

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13935480570	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13935480571	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13935480572	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13935480573	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13935480574	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13935480575	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13935480576	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13935480577	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13935480578	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13935480579	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13935480580	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13935480581	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13935480582	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13935480583	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13935480584	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13935480585	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13935480586	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13935480587	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13935480588	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13935480589	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13935480590	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13935480591	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13935480592	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13935480593	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13935480594	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13935480595	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13935480596	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13935480597	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13935480598	theory	general idea being tested	28
13935480599	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13935480600	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13935480601	mode	appears the most	31
13935480602	mean	average	32
13935480603	median	middle	33
13935480604	range	highest - lowest	34
13935480605	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13935480606	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13935480607	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13935480608	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13935480609	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13935480610	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13935480611	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13935480612	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13935480806	neuron		43
13935480613	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13935480614	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13935480615	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13935480616	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13935480617	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13935480618	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13935480619	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13935480620	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13935480621	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13935480622	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13935480623	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13935480624	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13935480625	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13935480626	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13935480627	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13935480628	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13935480629	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13935480630	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13935480631	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13935480632	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13935480633	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13935480634	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13935480635	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13935480636	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13935480637	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13935480638	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13935480639	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13935480640	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13935480641	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13935480642	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13935480643	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13935480644	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13935480645	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13935480646	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13935480647	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13935480648	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13935480649	occipital lobe	vision	80
13935480650	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13935480651	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13935480652	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13935480653	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13935480654	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13935480655	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13935480656	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13935480657	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13935480658	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13935480659	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13935480660	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13935480661	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13935480662	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13935480663	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13935480664	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13935480665	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13935480666	rods	night time	97
13935480667	cones	color	98
13935480668	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13935480669	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13935480670	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13935480671	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13935480672	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13935480673	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13935480674	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13935480675	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13935480676	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13935480677	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13935480678	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13935480679	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13935480680	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13935480681	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13935480682	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13935480683	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13935480684	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13935480685	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13935480686	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13935480687	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13935480688	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13935480689	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13935480690	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13935480691	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13935480692	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13935480693	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13935480694	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13935480695	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13935480696	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13935480697	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13935480698	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13935480699	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13935480700	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13935480701	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13935480702	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13935480703	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13935480704	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13935480705	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13935480706	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13935480707	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13935480708	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13935480709	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13935480710	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13935480711	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13935480712	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13935480713	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13935480714	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13935480715	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13935480716	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13935480717	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13935480718	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13935480719	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13935480720	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13935480721	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13935480722	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13935480723	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13935480724	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13935480725	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13935480726	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13935480727	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13935480728	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13935480729	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13935480730	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13935480731	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13935480732	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13935480733	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13935480734	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13935480735	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13935480736	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13935480737	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13935480738	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13935480739	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13935480740	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13935480741	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13935480742	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13935480743	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13935480744	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13935480745	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13935480746	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13935480747	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13935480748	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13935480749	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13935480750	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13935480751	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13935480752	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13935480753	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13935480754	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13935480755	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13935480756	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13935480757	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13935480758	encoding	information going in	189
13935480759	storage	keeping information in	190
13935480760	retrieval	taking information out	191
13935480761	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13935480762	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13935480763	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13935480764	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13935480765	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13935480766	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13935480767	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13935480768	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13935480769	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13935480770	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13935480771	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13935480772	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13935480773	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13935480774	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13935480775	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13935480776	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13935480777	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13935480778	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13935480779	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13935480780	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13935480781	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13935480782	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13935480783	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13935480784	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13935480785	context	environment helps with memory	216
13935480786	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13935480787	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13935480788	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13935480789	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13935480790	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13935480791	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13935480792	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13935480793	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13935480794	prototypes	generalize	225
13935480795	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13935480796	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13935480797	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13935480798	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13935480799	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13935480800	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13935480801	grammar is _________	universal	232
13935480802	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13935480803	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Language Fundamental Terms Flashcards

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13655315789	Ad Hominem	a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute	0
13655315790	Anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause	1
13655315791	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	2
13655315792	Antithesis	an observation or claim that is in opposition to your claim or an author's claim	3
13655315793	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	4
13655315794	Bandwagon	A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.	5
13655315795	cause and effect	noting a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others.	6
13655315796	declarative sentence	a sentence that makes a statement or declaration	7
13655315797	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	8
13655315798	Epistrophe	the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences	9
13655315799	Ethos	credibility	10
13655315800	Fallacy	a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument	11
13655315801	False Analogy	an argument using an inappropriate metaphor	12
13655315802	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	13
13655315803	Irony	the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning	14
13655315804	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	15
13655315805	Logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	16
13655315806	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true	17
13655315807	Parallel Syntax (Parallelism)	a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition	18
13655315808	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	19
13655315809	point of view	the perspective from which a story is told	20
13655315810	Polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural: "He was overwhelmed , as if by a tsunami, and by the fishes, and by the seaweed, and by the salt spray from the heavens."	21
13655315811	premise	another word for a claim; a statement of truth, at least to the person making the argument	22
13655315812	red herring fallacy	the use of irrelevant material to divert attention	23
13655315813	Repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	24
13655315814	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	25
13655315815	rhetorical shift	this occurs when the author of an essay significantly alters his or her diction, syntax, or both	26
13655315816	slippery slope fallacy (also called Domino theory)	This fallacy of argumentation argues that one thing inevitably leads to another. Politicians love to use it as a form of exaggeration.	27
13655315817	straw man fallacy	when a speaker ignores the actual position of an opponent and substitutes it with a distorted and exaggerated position	28
13655315818	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	29
13655315819	Synthesis	Two or more elements or compounds combine to make a more complex substance	30
13655315820	Understatement	the opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	31

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