Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Human Geography: Culture Flashcards
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| 7933649286 | culture | common set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values | 0 | |
| 7933649287 | habit | a repetitive action of an individual | 1 | |
| 7933649288 | custom | a repetitive action of a group | 2 | |
| 7933649291 | folk culture | small, homogenous groups in rural, isolated areas | 3 | |
| 7933649292 | popular culture | larger, heterogenous societies that share certain habits | 4 | |
| 7933649295 | ____ culture originates within a hearth - usually anonymously | Folk | 5 | |
| 7933649296 | _____ culture originates from the economically developed countries | Popular | 6 | |
| 7933649297 | Pop culture innovations are oriented around _____ ________ | leisure time | 7 | |
| 7933649298 | Folk music is composed _______ and transmitted through _________ | anonymously; oral tradition | 8 | |
| 7933649299 | Popular music is written by _______ individuals for mass sale to large public audience and requires a high degree of ________ skill | specific; technical | 9 | |
| 7933649300 | Pop musicians around the world write and perform in ______ | English | 10 | |
| 7933649301 | assimilation | a group of people acquire characteristics of another group | 11 | |
| 7933649306 | ethnic neighborhoods | small pocket in a larger city where the only people that live there are a part of a certain ethnicity | 12 | |
| 7933649308 | What is placelessness? | loss of uniqueness of place; localities look like the next | 13 | |
| 7933649310 | ___________ factors determine the food preferences of a group | Environmental | 14 | |
| 7933649312 | Folk housing building materials are influenced by ______ resources. | available | 15 | |
| 7933649313 | _______ and _______ are the most common building materials globally. | Wood; brick | 16 | |
| 7933649315 | House form might reflect ______ values. | religious | 17 | |
| 7933649316 | ___________ roofs are important in wet or snowy climates. | Pitched | 18 | |
| 7933649317 | In hot climates, windows may be __________. | smaller | 19 | |
| 7933649318 | _______ facing windows take advantage of the sun's heat/light. | Southern | 20 | |
| 7933649319 | What are the 3 major housing nodes? | New England, Middle Atlantic, Lower Chesapeake | 21 | |
| 7933649320 | What are the 4 New England housing types? | Saltbox, Two-Chimney, Cape Cod, Front Gable & Wing | 22 | |
| 7933649321 | What type of house is found in the Middle Atlantic? | the "I" house | 23 | |
| 7933649322 | What is the most common Lower Chesapeake style? | Tidewater | 24 | |
| 7933649323 | After WWII, houses had a more "_________ style" | modern | 25 | |
| 7933649325 | The __________ house encourage urban sprawl by taking up a larger lot. | Ranch Style | 26 | |
| 7933649326 | The invention of the TV led to the creation of the __________ house. | split-level | 27 | |
| 7933649327 | Clothing in popular culture denotes __________, not environment. | occupation | 28 | |
| 7933649328 | In popular culture, women's clothes change style ______ and the wealthy may change their wardrobe _________. | rapidly; frequently | 29 | |
| 7933649329 | In the late 1960's, jeans became a symbol of ________ and ___________. | youth; independence | 30 | |
| 7933649330 | Members of popular culture consume large amounts of _________ and ___________. | alcohol; snack foods | 31 | |
| 7933649332 | _________ affects alcohol consumption. | Religion | 32 | |
| 7933649334 | The most important leisure activity in the developed world is ___________. | watching television | 33 | |
| 7933649336 | __________ is viewed as an important tool for cultural integration. | Television | 34 | |
| 7933649337 | ___________ could cause a loss of folk culture and an abandonment of traditional values. | Globalization | 35 | |
| 7933649338 | globalization | the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact | 36 | |
| 7933649339 | Exported Western values are undermining traditional __________. | gender roles | 37 | |
| 7933649346 | guest worker | legal immigrant who has a work visa; usually short term | 38 | |
| 7933649347 | saltbox house |  | 39 | |
| 7933649348 | two-chimney house |  | 40 | |
| 7933649349 | cape cod house |  | 41 | |
| 7933649350 | front gable and wing house |  | 42 |
AP Test Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13863580002 | ad hominem | attacking their character | 0 | |
| 13863580003 | anaphora | repeating a word or phrase at the beginning | 1 | |
| 13863580004 | antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse order | 2 | |
| 13863580005 | antonomasia | using a title ex.) Your Honor | 3 | |
| 13863580006 | apostrophe | addresses something that can't talk back | 4 | |
| 13863580007 | ceremonial argument | ex.) graduation speech | 5 | |
| 13863580008 | deliberative argument | argument about the future and matters of policy ex.) campaign speeches and parliamentary debates | 6 | |
| 13863580009 | evaluative argument | arguing that something doesn't meet a certain criteria | 7 | |
| 13863580010 | qualitative argument | an argument that relies on criteria supported by tradition/logic | 8 | |
| 13863580011 | quantitative argument | an argument that relies on criteria that can be measured | 9 | |
| 13863580012 | assertion | a statement that presents a claim or thesis | 10 | |
| 13863580013 | asyndeton | no conjunctions between phrases | 11 | |
| 13863580014 | begging the question | fallacy where a claim is based on evidence that is in doubt | 12 | |
| 13863580015 | burlesque | a form of parody that uses extremes | 13 | |
| 13863580016 | candor | open and honest communication | 14 | |
| 13863580017 | circumlocution | circumvent the subject | 15 | |
| 13863580018 | colloquial | common or regional saying | 16 | |
| 13863580019 | complex sentence | a sentence that includes a noun and a verb | 17 | |
| 13863580020 | compound senetence | a sentence that includes 2x noun and a verb | 18 | |
| 13863580021 | confirmation | a paragraph that provides the development of proof through evidence | 19 | |
| 13863580022 | cumulative sentence | main idea at beginning of sentence and is then built upon | 20 | |
| 13863580023 | damn with faint praise | sarcastic praise | 21 | |
| 13863580024 | diatribe | a speech that condemns an idea | 22 | |
| 13863580025 | double entendre | a saying with two meanings | 23 | |
| 13863580026 | empirical data | knowledge based on observation/experience | 24 | |
| 13863580027 | enthememe | an argument where one premise isn't explicitly stated ex.) Doctors are professionals & professionals are greedy, so doctors are greedy | 25 | |
| 13863580028 | epigram | a short quotation before the text | 26 | |
| 13863580029 | epistrophe | the repetition of a word at the end of sentences | 27 | |
| 13863580030 | epithet | an abusive slur or nickname | 28 | |
| 13863580031 | equivocation | fallacy, a term with two or more meanings, meant to decieve | 29 | |
| 13863580032 | euphemism | political correctness | 30 | |
| 13863580033 | exordium | intro to an argument that announces subject, purpose, and appeals | 31 | |
| 13863580034 | hortative sentence | sentence that urges/calls to action | 32 | |
| 13863580035 | idiom | a manner of speaking that is natural to natives of a region | 33 | |
| 13863580036 | imperative sentence | a sentence used to command | 34 | |
| 13863580037 | implicit | something not directly stated by text | 35 | |
| 13863580038 | induction | a logical process where a speaker argues specifics to universals | 36 | |
| 13863580039 | interrogatory sentence | A sentence that asks a question | 37 | |
| 13863580040 | socratic irony | playing dumb | 38 | |
| 13863580041 | juxtaposition | implied comparison based on relationship | 39 | |
| 13863580042 | kairos | most opportune time to make an argument | 40 | |
| 13863580043 | malaprop | misuse of a word with one that sounds similar | 41 | |
| 13863580044 | maxim | a saying that teaches or tells a truth | 42 | |
| 13863580045 | metonymy | a figure of speech that is emblematic ex.) step on the gas | 43 | |
| 13863580046 | muse | quiet reflection | 44 | |
| 13863580047 | nominalization | changing a verb into a noun | 45 | |
| 13863580048 | oxymoron | a paradox made up of contradictory words | 46 | |
| 13863580049 | periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end | 47 | |
| 13863580050 | peroration | part of argument; before conc and after refut (usually appeals to pathos) | 48 | |
| 13863580051 | polemic | an agressive argument, no conceding | 49 | |
| 13863579965 | polysyndeton | Deliberate use of many conjunctions | 50 | |
| 13863579966 | post hoc, ergo propter hoc | fallacy where something is stated as the cause of something because it happened before it | 51 | |
| 13863579967 | qualitative evidence | evidence supported by reason/tradition | 52 | |
| 13863579968 | reservation | explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier | 53 | |
| 13863579969 | rhetorical triangle | a diagram showing relationship between speaker, audience, and subject | 54 | |
| 13863579970 | Rogerian argument | an argument based on understanding and accommodating an opposing viewpoint | 55 | |
| 13863579971 | horatian satire | using calm/gentle tone to make fun of someone | 56 | |
| 13863579972 | juvenalian satire | using harsh/bitter tone to make fun of someone | 57 | |
| 13863579973 | scheme | a deviation from the normal word order | 58 | |
| 13863579974 | syllologism | a logic structure that uses a major and minor premise (this is best because x, y, and z | 59 | |
| 13863579975 | synechdoche | figure of speech where part represents whole ex.) all hands on deck | 60 | |
| 13863579976 | tongue-in-cheek | humorous statement, not serious | 61 | |
| 13863579977 | toulmin argument | an argument constructed as the following: evidence, claim, warrant, backing, reservation | 62 | |
| 13863579978 | vernacular | everyday speech of a region | 63 | |
| 13863579979 | warrant | the expression of assumption shared by speaker and audience | 64 | |
| 13863579980 | zuegma | one word that applies to two things ex.) she stole his heart and his wallet | 65 |
AP Human Geography - Development Flashcards
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| 13628148070 | Biomass Fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste | 0 | |
| 13628148071 | Fair Trade | An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards | 1 | |
| 13628148072 | Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) | Investment made by a foreign company (transnational) in the economy of another country | 2 | |
| 13628148073 | Fossil Fuel | An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago | 3 | |
| 13628148074 | Fracking (Hydraulic Fracturing) | The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas | 4 | |
| 13628148075 | Gender Inequality Index (GII) | A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality | 5 | |
| 13628148076 | Geothermal Energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks | 6 | |
| 13628148077 | Gross Domestic Produce (GDP) | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year) | 7 | |
| 13628148078 | Human Development Index (HDI) | An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy | 8 | |
| 13628148079 | Hydroelectric Power | Power generated from moving water | 9 | |
| 13628148080 | Literacy Rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write | 10 | |
| 13628148081 | Nonrenewable Energy | A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted | 11 | |
| 13628148082 | Productivity | The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it | 12 | |
| 13628148083 | Renewable Energy | A source that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans | 13 | |
| 13628148084 | Structural Adjustment Program | Economies policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services | 14 | |
| 13628148085 | Gross National Product (GNP) | The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country | 15 | |
| 13628148086 | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year | 16 | |
| 13628148087 | Per Capita GNP | The Gross National Product (GNP) of a given country divided by its population | 17 | |
| 13628148088 | Formal Economy | The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to an informal economy | 18 | |
| 13628148089 | Informal Economy | Economic activity that is neither taxes nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy | 19 | |
| 13628148090 | Modernization Model | A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption | 20 | |
| 13628148091 | Structuralist Theory | A general term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system | 21 | |
| 13628148092 | Dependency Theory | A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations ( especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop | 22 | |
| 13628148093 | World-Systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. | 23 | |
| 13628148094 | Three-Tier Structure | With reference to Immanuel Wallerstein's world-systems theory, the division of the world into the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery as a means to help explain the interconnections between places in the global economy | 24 | |
| 13628148095 | Export Processing Zones | Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment | 25 | |
| 13628148096 | Special Economic Zones | Specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment | 26 | |
| 13628148097 | Informal Economy (Informal Sector) | The part of a national economy that involves productive labor not subject to formal systems of control of control or payment; economic activity or individual enterprise operating without official recognition or measured by official statistics | 27 | |
| 13628148098 | Trickle-Down Effect (Spread Effect) | The diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people | 28 | |
| 13628148099 | Underdevelopment | A level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached--given the natural and human resources of an area--were necessary capital and technology available | 29 | |
| 13628148100 | Gross National Income (GNI) | The total value of goods and services produced by a country per year plus net income earned abroad by its nationals; formerly called "gross national product" | 30 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
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| 13776852572 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13776852573 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13776852574 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13776852575 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13776852576 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13776852577 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13776852578 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13776852579 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13776852580 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13776852581 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13776852582 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13776852583 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13776852584 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13776852585 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13776852586 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13776852587 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13776852588 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13776852589 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13776852590 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13776852591 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13776852592 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13776852593 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13776852594 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13776852595 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13776852596 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13776852597 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13776852598 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13776852599 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13776852600 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13776852601 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13776852602 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13776852603 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13776852604 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13776852605 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13776852606 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13776852607 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13776852608 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13776852609 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13776852610 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13776852611 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13776852612 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13776852613 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13776852614 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13776852806 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13776852615 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13776852616 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13776852617 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13776852618 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13776852619 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13776852620 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13776852621 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13776852622 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13776852623 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13776852624 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13776852625 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13776852626 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13776852627 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13776852628 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13776852629 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13776852630 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13776852631 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13776852632 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13776852633 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13776852634 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13776852635 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13776852636 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13776852637 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13776852638 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13776852639 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13776852640 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13776852641 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13776852642 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13776852643 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13776852644 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13776852645 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13776852646 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13776852647 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13776852648 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13776852649 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13776852650 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13776852651 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13776852652 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13776852653 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13776852654 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13776852655 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13776852656 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13776852657 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13776852658 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13776852659 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13776852660 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13776852661 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13776852662 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13776852663 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13776852664 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13776852665 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13776852666 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13776852667 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13776852668 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13776852669 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13776852670 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13776852671 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13776852672 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13776852673 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13776852674 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13776852675 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13776852676 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13776852677 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13776852678 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13776852679 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13776852680 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13776852681 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13776852682 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13776852683 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13776852684 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13776852685 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13776852686 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13776852687 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13776852688 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13776852689 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13776852690 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13776852691 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13776852692 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13776852693 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13776852694 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13776852695 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13776852696 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13776852697 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13776852698 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13776852699 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13776852700 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13776852701 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13776852702 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13776852703 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13776852704 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13776852705 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13776852706 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13776852707 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13776852708 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13776852709 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13776852710 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13776852711 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13776852712 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13776852713 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13776852714 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13776852715 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13776852716 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13776852717 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13776852718 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13776852719 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13776852720 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13776852721 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13776852722 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13776852723 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13776852724 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13776852725 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13776852726 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13776852727 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13776852728 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13776852729 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13776852730 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13776852731 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13776852732 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13776852733 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13776852734 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13776852735 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13776852736 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13776852737 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13776852738 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13776852739 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13776852740 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13776852741 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13776852742 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13776852743 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13776852744 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13776852745 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13776852746 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13776852747 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13776852748 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13776852749 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13776852750 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13776852751 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13776852752 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13776852753 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13776852754 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13776852755 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13776852756 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13776852757 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13776852758 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13776852759 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13776852760 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13776852761 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13776852762 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13776852763 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13776852764 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13776852765 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13776852766 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13776852767 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13776852768 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13776852769 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13776852770 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13776852771 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13776852772 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13776852773 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13776852774 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13776852775 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13776852776 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13776852777 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13776852778 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13776852779 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13776852780 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13776852781 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13776852782 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13776852783 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13776852784 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13776852785 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13776852786 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13776852787 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13776852788 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13776852789 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13776852790 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13776852791 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13776852792 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13776852793 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13776852794 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13776852795 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13776852796 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13776852797 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13776852798 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13776852799 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13776852800 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13776852801 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13776852802 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13776852803 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13776852804 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13776852805 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Flashcards
AP Unit 3 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10356226611 | A) Multipolar (CNS) | Which neuron would connect to a muscle? |  | 0 |
| 10356226612 | B) Bipolar (Retina/Sense organs) | Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye? | | 1 |
| 10356226613 | C) Unipolar | Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc? | | 2 |
| 10356226614 | B) Bipolar (Retina/Sense organs) | Which neuron is never myelinated? | | 3 |
| 10356226615 | B) Bipolar (Retina/Sense organs) | Which neuron is rare? | | 4 |
| 10356226616 | A) Multipolar (CNS) | In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord? | | 5 |
| 10356226617 | C) Unipolar | Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves? | | 6 |
| 10356226618 | A) Multipolar (CNS) | Which is by far, the most common neuron type? | | 7 |
| 10356226619 | E) Ion channel | Match: Ion Channel |  | 8 |
| 10356226620 | C) Synaptic vesicles | Match: Synaptic vesicles | | 9 |
| 10356226621 | A) Calcium ions | Match: Calcium Ions | | 10 |
| 10356226622 | B) Postsynaptic membrane | Match: Postsynaptic membrane | | 11 |
| 10356226623 | D) Synaptic cleft | Match: Synaptic cleft | | 12 |
| 10356226624 | D) Absolute refractory period | The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization | 13 | |
| 10356226625 | E) Depolarization | The interior of the cell becomes less negative d/t an influx of sodium ions A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization | 14 | |
| 10356226626 | C) Repolarization | The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron d/t a change in membrane permeability A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization | 15 | |
| 10356226627 | A) Action potential | Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization | 16 | |
| 10356226628 | B) Relative refractory period | An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization | 17 |
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