255 AP Government Vocabulary Flashcards
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| 7922791425 | Affirmative action | LBJ's executive order-designed to correct the effects of past discrimination; requirement by law that positive steps be taken to increase the number of minorities in business, schools, colleges, and labor | 0 | |
| 7922791426 | Agenda setting | The process of forming the list of matters that policymakers intend to address | 1 | |
| 7922791427 | Amendment | A revision/change to a bill, law, or constitution | 2 | |
| 7922791428 | Amicus curiae brief | Friend of the court; interest groups may be invited to file legal briefs supporting/rejection arguments of the case | 3 | |
| 7922791429 | Anti-Federalists | Opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution b/c it gave too much power to the national govt at the expense of the state govts and it lacked a bill of rights | 4 | |
| 7922791430 | Appellate jurisdiction | On appeal from lower courts-Supreme Court is mostly an appellate court | 5 | |
| 7922791431 | Apportionment | Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state | 6 | |
| 7922791432 | Appropriations | Money granted by Congress or to a state legislature for a specific purpose | 7 | |
| 7922791433 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | 8 | |
| 7922791434 | At-large | All the voters of a state/country elect their representative (senate elections are at large on the federal level) | 9 | |
| 7922791435 | Bicameral | 2 chambers; Congress has the Senate and the House of Representatives | 10 | |
| 7922791436 | Bill | a proposal for a law | 11 | |
| 7922791437 | Bills of attainder | Prohibits a person being found guilty of a crime w/o a trial | 12 | |
| 7922791438 | Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the Constitution-guarantees liberties to the people-written in 1789-ratified in 1791 | 13 | |
| 7922791439 | Blanket primary | Registered voters may vote for candidates from either party on the same primary ballot | 14 | |
| 7922791440 | Block grant | Money given to states for general programs within a broad category | 15 | |
| 7922791441 | Brief | Legal document submitted to the court setting forth the facts of a case and supporting a particular position | 16 | |
| 7922791442 | Brief orders | The returning of a case to a lower court b/c a smiliar case was recently decided | 17 | |
| 7922791443 | Brown v. BOE of Topeka, KA | Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson: ended legal segregation, said school regulation is unconstitutional | 18 | |
| 7922791444 | Bureaucracy | A systematic way of organizing a complex &large adminstrative structure w/ responsibility for carrying out day-to-day tasks of the organization, departments, &agencies of the govt | 19 | |
| 7922791445 | Bureaucratic theory | The hierarchical structure and standarized procedures of govt allow bureaucrats to hold the real power over public policy; proposed by Max Weber | 20 | |
| 7922791446 | Cabinet | Govt depts headed by presidential appointees to help establish public policy &operate a specific policy are of govt activity | 21 | |
| 7922791447 | Casework | Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions/doing favors | 22 | |
| 7922791448 | Categorical grant | Federal grants for specific purposes define by law | 23 | |
| 7922791449 | Caucus | Locally held meeting in a state to select delegates who, in turn, will nominate candidates to political offices | 24 | |
| 7922791450 | Caucus (congressional) | An association of congressional members who advocate a political ideology/regional/ethnic/economic interest | 25 | |
| 7922791451 | Certificate | A lower court asks the Supreme Court abt a rule of law/procedure | 26 | |
| 7922791452 | Checks and balances | Each branch of govt is subject to restraints by the other two branches | 27 | |
| 7922791453 | Civil liberties | Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens | 28 | |
| 7922791454 | Civil rights | Positive acts of govt designed to prevent discrimination &provide equality before the law | 29 | |
| 7922791455 | Closed primary | Only registered party members may vote in the primary (independents, greens, etc...not allowed) | 30 | |
| 7922791456 | Cloture rule | Prevents filibustering (16 signatures) and ends debate in the Senate, by a 3/5s vote of the Senate | 31 | |
| 7922791457 | Coattail effect | Weaker/lesser-known candidates from (bottom of the ticket) the president's party profit from the president's popularity-people vote straight ticket because they like the top of the ticket. | 32 | |
| 7922791458 | Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise | Resolved differences btwn northern and southern states; Congress could not tax exports nor ban the slave trade for 20 yrs. | 33 | |
| 7922791459 | Comparable worth | Women should be paid salaries equal to men for equivalent job responsibilities &skills | 34 | |
| 7922791460 | Concurrent jurisdiction | The authority to hear cases is shared by federal &state courts | 35 | |
| 7922791461 | Concurrent powers | Powers shared by the federal and state govts (tax, to define crimes and punishments) | 36 | |
| 7922791462 | Concurring opinion | Justice/justices who agree w/ the majority's opinion but not with the reason behind the decision | 37 | |
| 7922791463 | Conference committee | A temporary committee to work out a compromise version of a bill that has passed the House of Representaives &Senate in diff. forms | 38 | |
| 7922791464 | Congressional districting | State legislatures draw congressional districts for Congressional elections | 39 | |
| 7922791465 | Connecticut Compromise | Legislative branch-2 houses-one based on population, one based on equal representation | 40 | |
| 7922791466 | Conservative | A person whose pol. views favor more local, limited govt, less govt regulations, conformity to social norms &values; rough on criminals | 41 | |
| 7922791467 | Constituency service | Casework, assistance to constituents by congressional members | 42 | |
| 7922791468 | Constituent | people within a district or state-government official represents them. | 43 | |
| 7922791469 | Constitution | The document setting forth the laws &principles of the govt; a plan of govt | 44 | |
| 7922791470 | Constitutional courts | Federal courts created by Congress under Article III of the Constitution, including the district courts, courts of appeals, &specialized courts such as the U.S. Court of International Trade | 45 | |
| 7922791471 | Constitutional law | Laws relating to the interpretation of the Constitution | 46 | |
| 7922791472 | Cooperative federalism | Cooperation among federal, state, &local govts; "marble cake" federalism | 47 | |
| 7922791473 | Courts of appeals | Federal courts that review decisions of federal district courts, regulatory commissions, &other fed. courts | 48 | |
| 7922791474 | Critical election | Sharp changes in the existing patterns of party loyalty due to changing social and economic conditions | 49 | |
| 7922791475 | Dealigning election | Party loyality becomes less important to voters, &they vote for the other party candidate/independent | 50 | |
| 7922791476 | Dealignment | When a significant # of voters choose to no longer support a particular pol. party | 51 | |
| 7922791477 | Declaration of Independence | Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence) | 52 | |
| 7922791478 | Deficit | Govt spending exceeds revenue | 53 | |
| 7922791479 | Delegated powers | Powers specifically granted to the national govt by the Constitution | 54 | |
| 7922791480 | Democracy | A system whereby the people rule either directly/by elected representation | 55 | |
| 7922791481 | Deviating election | Minority party is able to win the support of majority party members, independents, &new voters | 56 | |
| 7922791482 | Devolution | An effort to shirft responsibility of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size &activites of the fed. govt; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local govts | 57 | |
| 7922791483 | Direct democracy | Citizens meet and make decisions abt public policy issues | 58 | |
| 7922791484 | Direct primary | Election within the party to choose their favorite candidate for a particular office | 59 | |
| 7922791485 | Discretionary spending | Spending set by the govt through appropriations bills, including operation expenses &salaries of govt employees (defense, environment, education, space exploration) | 60 | |
| 7922791486 | Discrimination | Unfair treatment of a person based on race/group membership | 61 | |
| 7922791487 | Dissenting opinion | Justice/justices who disagree with the majority opinion | 62 | |
| 7922791488 | District courts | Lowest level of fed. courts, where fed. cases begin &trials are held (bank robbery, environmental violations, tax evasion) | 63 | |
| 7922791489 | Divided govt | One party controls the executive, &the other party controls on /both houses of Congress | 64 | |
| 7922791490 | Double jeopardy | Being tried twice for the same offense (if you appealing, it is not double jeopardy because you are asking to be retried) | 65 | |
| 7922791491 | Dual federalism | Fed. &state govts each ahve defined responsibilities w/n their own sphere of influence; "layer cake" federalism | 66 | |
| 7922791492 | Elastic clause | The necessary &proper clause/Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 18/imlied powers clause- that allows Congress to pass laws to carry out its powers | 67 | |
| 7922791493 | Electoral college | Number each state gets is based on the number of representatives and the number of senators that state has. Need 270 to win election | 68 | |
| 7922791494 | Electorate | People qualified to vote | 69 | |
| 7922791495 | Elite theory | A small group of people identified by wealth/ pol. power, who rule in their self-interest | 70 | |
| 7922791496 | Eminent domain | Allows the govt to take property for public use but also requires the govt to provide just compensation for that property | 71 | |
| 7922791497 | Entitlement program | Madatory payments made by the federal government to people meeting eligibility requirements, such as Social Security, vets, welfare, medicare | 72 | |
| 7922791498 | Environmental impact statement | Required studies &reports of likely environmental impacts, filed w. the Environmental Protection Agency prior to the beginning of a project | 73 | |
| 7922791499 | Equal Protection Clause | Constitutional guarantee that everyone be treated equally-14th amendment | 74 | |
| 7922791500 | Establishment Clause | Prohibits the establishment of a national religion-1st amendment | 75 | |
| 7922791501 | Exclusionary rule | Rule that evidence acquired as a result of an illegal act by police cannot be used agains the person form whom it was seized | 76 | |
| 7922791502 | Executive agreement | Agreement w/ another head of state not requiring approval form teh Senate | 77 | |
| 7922791503 | Executive order | The president directs an agency to carry out policies/existing laws (informal power) | 78 | |
| 7922791504 | Executive privilege | The right of the president to withhold info from Congress/ refuse to testify; limited by U.S. v. Nixon | 79 | |
| 7922791505 | Ex post facto law | Laws applied to acts committed before passage of the laws are unconstitutional | 80 | |
| 7922791506 | Extradition | States may return fugitives to a state from which they fled to avoid criminal prosecution at the request of the state's gov | 81 | |
| 7922791507 | Federal budget | Amount of money the federal govt expects to receive &authorizes govt to spend for a fiscal (12 mo.) year | 82 | |
| 7922791508 | Federalism | Powers that are shared and divided among federal and sub-divisional government (state/local) | 83 | |
| 7922791509 | Federalist Papers | Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton | 84 | |
| 7922791510 | Federalists | Supported a strong central govt &expanded legislative powers | 85 | |
| 7922791511 | Federal system | Power is divided between the states &the fed. govt | 86 | |
| 7922791512 | Filibuster | A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate | 87 | |
| 7922791513 | Fiscal federalism | National govt's use of fiscal policy to influence states through the granting/withholding of appropriations | 88 | |
| 7922791514 | Fiscal policy | The policies of taxation &spending that comprise the nation's economic policy | 89 | |
| 7922791515 | Fiscal year | A 12-month pd, October through Septmeber, for planning the federal budget | 90 | |
| 7922791516 | Floor leaders | Direct party strategy &decisions in the House of Representatives &Senate | 91 | |
| 7922791517 | Franking privilege | Privilege that allows member sof Congress to mail letters &other materials to constituents postage-free | 92 | |
| 7922791518 | Free Exercise Clause | Congress may not make laws restricting/ prohibiting a person's relgious practices-1st amendment | 93 | |
| 7922791519 | Freedom of expression | Freedom of speech/right to petition the govt for redress as 1st amendment right | 94 | |
| 7922791520 | Front-loading | Choosing an early date to hold the primary election | 95 | |
| 7922791521 | Full Faith &Credit Clause | States are required to recognize the laws &legal documents of other states-Article 4 for Federalism! | 96 | |
| 7922791522 | Gatekeepers | Media executives, news editors, &prominent reporters who decide what news to present &how it will be presented | 97 | |
| 7922791523 | General election | Voters choose officeholder form among all the candidates nominated by pol. parties/running as independents | 98 | |
| 7922791524 | Gerrymandering | Drawing of congressional districts to favor one pol. party/group over another | 99 | |
| 7922791525 | Get-out-the-vote | A compaign near the end of an election to get voters out to the polls | 100 | |
| 7922791526 | Government | The formal &informal institutions, people, &processes used to create &conduct pulbic policy | 101 | |
| 7922791527 | Grants-in-aid | Programs, money, &resources provided by the fed. govt to state &local govts to be used for specific projects &programs | 102 | |
| 7922791528 | Grassroots | Avg voter at the local level | 103 | |
| 7922791529 | Gridlock | When opposing parites &interests often block each other's proposals, creating a pol. stalemate/inaction btwn the esecutive &legislative branches of govt | 104 | |
| 7922791530 | Hatch Act | Prohibits govt employees from engaging in pol. activities whle on duty/running for office/seeking poli. funding while off duty; if in sensitive positions, may not be involved w/ pol. activities on/off duty | 105 | |
| 7922791531 | Hyperpluarlism | Democracy seen as a system of many groups pulling govt in many directinos at the same time, causing gridlock ineffectiveness | 106 | |
| 7922791532 | Ideology | A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals | 107 | |
| 7922791533 | Impeachment | Bringing charges of wrongdoing against a govt official by the House of Representatives | 108 | |
| 7922791534 | Implied powers | Not expressed, but may be considerered through the use of the Necessary and Proper (elastic) Clause | 109 | |
| 7922791535 | Impoundment | Refusal of the president to spend money Congress has appropriated | 110 | |
| 7922791536 | Incorporation | Application of portions of the Bill of Rights to the states under Amend. XIV | 111 | |
| 7922791537 | Incorporation doctrine | The Supreme Court ruling that most guarantees in teh Bill of Rights are applicatable to the states through Amend. XIV | 112 | |
| 7922791538 | Incrementalism | Small changes in policy over long periods of time; usually in reference to budget-making--that th ebest indicator of this year's budget is last year's budget plus a small increase | 113 | |
| 7922791539 | Incumbency effect | Tendency of those alrady holding office to win reelection due to advgs b/c they already hold the office | 114 | |
| 7922791540 | Incumbent | The person currently holding office | 115 | |
| 7922791541 | Inherent powers | Powers that exist for the national govt b/c the govt is sovereign | 116 | |
| 7922791542 | Initiative | Allows voters to petition to propose legislation &then submit it for a vote by qualified voters | 117 | |
| 7922791543 | Interest group | A group of private citizens whose goal is to influence &shape public policy | 118 | |
| 7922791544 | Interstate compacts | Agreements btwn states to work together on common issues | 119 | |
| 7922791545 | Iron triangle | Alliance- agencies, interest groups, &congressional committees/subcommittees (also known as sub-governments) | 120 | |
| 7922791546 | Issue network | Individuals in WA--located w/n interest groups, congressional staff, think tanks, universities, &the media--who regulary discuss &advocate public policies | 121 | |
| 7922791547 | Joint committee | Committee made up of members of both house of Congress-housekeeping issues decided | 122 | |
| 7922791548 | Judicial activism | The Court should play an active role in determining national policies | 123 | |
| 7922791549 | Judicial restraint | Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social &pol. questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution | 124 | |
| 7922791550 | Judicial review | Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison | 125 | |
| 7922791551 | Jurisdiciton | The authority of the courts to hear &decide issues in certain cases | 126 | |
| 7922791552 | Legislative courts | Courts created by Congress for a specialized purpose w/ a narrow range of authority | 127 | |
| 7922791553 | Legislative veto | To reject the actions of the president/executive agency by a vote of one/both house of Congress w/o the consent of th epresident; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Immigration &Naturalization Service v. Chadha | 128 | |
| 7922791554 | Lemon test | Lemon v. Kurtzman to measure the constituionality of state laws in regard to establishment clause (3 pronged test) | 129 | |
| 7922791555 | Liberal | A person whose views favor more govt involvemnt in business, social welfare, minority rights, &increased govt spending | 130 | |
| 7922791556 | Limited govt | Basic prinicple of U.S. govt that each person has rights that govt cannot take away | 131 | |
| 7922791557 | Line item veto | The president can reject a par tof a bill while approving the rest; declared unconstitutional | 132 | |
| 7922791558 | Lobbying | Attempting to influence policymakers though a variety of methods | 133 | |
| 7922791559 | Lobbyist | Uses pol. persuasion to influence legislation &benefit his/her org. | 134 | |
| 7922791560 | Logrolling | The exchange of pol. favors for support of a bill | 135 | |
| 7922791561 | Loose constructionist | broad interpretation of the Constitution | 136 | |
| 7922791562 | Maintaining elections | Traditional majorty power maintains power based on voters' party loyalty | 137 | |
| 7922791563 | Majority leader | The elected leader of the party with the most seat in the House of Representatives/Senate | 138 | |
| 7922791564 | Majority-minority districts | Drawing district boundaries to give a minority group a majority | 139 | |
| 7922791565 | Majority opinion | The majority of justices agree on the decision &the reasons for th edecision | 140 | |
| 7922791566 | Mandates | Requirements imposed by the national govt on state &local govts to comply w/ fed. rules ®ulation | 141 | |
| 7922791567 | Mandatory spending | Required govt spending by permanent laws | 142 | |
| 7922791568 | Marbury v. Madison | Judicial review! | 143 | |
| 7922791569 | Markup | Rewrite of a bill after hearings have been held on it (happens in sub-committee) | 144 | |
| 7922791570 | Mass media | All forms of communication that reach a large portion of the public | 145 | |
| 7922791571 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Supreme Court decision upholding the supremacy of the national government over the states/implied powers clause also strenthened-national bank established because this supported power to tax | 146 | |
| 7922791572 | Media event | A speech or photo opporutnity staged to give a politician's view on an issue | 147 | |
| 7922791573 | Miranda v. Arizona | Right to be told what you are being held for. | 148 | |
| 7922791574 | Moderate | Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies | 149 | |
| 7922791575 | Monetary policy | controlling the money supply-Federal Reserve (independent agency) | 150 | |
| 7922791576 | Motor voter law | register to vote when you update your license (1993) | 151 | |
| 7922791577 | National chairman | Appointed by the DNC or the RNC as head of the party | 152 | |
| 7922791578 | National debt | Amount of money owed by the government | 153 | |
| 7922791579 | Natural rights | Basic rights that are guaranteed to all persons; basic rights that a government cannot deny-Locke-life, liberty, property | 154 | |
| 7922791580 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Gives Congress the powers to pass all laws necessary to carry out their constitutional duties; "elastic" clause (Art. I, Sec 8, clause 18) | 155 | |
| 7922791581 | New Deal coalition | Alliance of southern conservatives, religious, and ethnic minorities who supported the Democratic Party for 40 years | 156 | |
| 7922791582 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | Created to allow the free movement of goods between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. by lessening and eliminating tariffs | 157 | |
| 7922791583 | Off-year election | An election taking place in a year when no presidential elections are occurring; midterm election-common for sitting president's party to lose seats in Congress | 158 | |
| 7922791584 | Open primary | registered voters can vote in either primary-do not have to register with any party. | 159 | |
| 7922791585 | Opinion leaders | Those individuals held in great respect becasue of their position, expertise, or peronsality, who may informally and unintentionally influence others | 160 | |
| 7922791586 | Orignial jurisdiction | Court hears and decides a case for the first time | 161 | |
| 7922791587 | Oversight | Congress monitors policies of the executive branch (money, hearings, investigations)-checks and balances | 162 | |
| 7922791588 | Pardon | A convicted person is exempt form the penalities of a crime | 163 | |
| 7922791589 | Plessy v. Ferguson | The Supreme Court case that upheld separate-but-equal segregation in 1896 | 164 | |
| 7922791590 | Pluralist theory | interest groups compete in the political arena with each promoting its own policy preferences through organized efforts-everyone gets a piece of the pie-a marketplace of ideas, compromise happens-positive view | 165 | |
| 7922791591 | Policy adoption | The approval of a policy by legislation | 166 | |
| 7922791592 | Policy evalution | Determines if a policy is achieving its goals | 167 | |
| 7922791593 | Policy formulation | The crafting of a policy to resolve public problems | 168 | |
| 7922791594 | Policy implementation | Carrying out a policy through government agencies and courts | 169 | |
| 7922791595 | Political action committee | Extention of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns-financial arm of the interest group | 170 | |
| 7922791596 | Political agenda | Issues that merit action, as determined by the public or those in power | 171 | |
| 7922791597 | Political culture | A set of basic values and beliefs about one's country or government that is shared by most citizens and that influences political opinions and behaviors | 172 | |
| 7922791598 | Political efficacy | Belief that a person can influence politics and public policymaking-vote makes a difference | 173 | |
| 7922791599 | Politcal ideology | A consistent set of beliefs about politics and public policy taht sets the framework for evaluation government and public policy | 174 | |
| 7922791600 | Political party | Voluntary association of people who seek to control the government through common principles, based on peaceful and legal actions such as the winning of elections | 175 | |
| 7922791601 | Political socialization | Complex process by which people get their sense of political identity, beliefs, and values (family, school, media, religion, national events-all help to socialize) | 176 | |
| 7922791602 | Politics | Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how) | 177 | |
| 7922791603 | Popular sovereignty | people are the source of all govermental power | 178 | |
| 7922791604 | Pork barrel legislation | Legislation giving benefits to constituents through sometimes unnecessary of unwise projects within a state or district, to enhance a memeber's chance of reelection | 179 | |
| 7922791605 | Precedents | Standards or guides based on prior decisions that serve as a rule for settling similar disputes | 180 | |
| 7922791606 | Presidential preference primaries | Voters select delegates to the presidential nominating convention | 181 | |
| 7922791607 | President pro tempore | Serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the VP; chosen by the majority party | 182 | |
| 7922791608 | Primary election | Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run in the general election | 183 | |
| 7922791609 | Prior restraint | Censorship of information before it is published or broadcast (unconstitutional in most cases) | 184 | |
| 7922791610 | Privileges and immunities | States are prohibited from unreasonably discriminating against residents of other states (article 4) | 185 | |
| 7922791611 | Procedual due process | Method of government action, or how th elaw is carried out according to the established rules and procedures | 186 | |
| 7922791612 | Public opinion | A colleciton of shared attitudes of citizens about government, politics, and the making of public policy | 187 | |
| 7922791613 | Public policy | The exercise of government power in doing those htings necessary to maintain legitmate authority and ocntrol over society | 188 | |
| 7922791614 | Pure speech | Verbal communication of ideas and opinions | 189 | |
| 7922791615 | Radical | Ideological view that favors rapid funamental change in teh existing social, economic, or political order | 190 | |
| 7922791616 | Ratification | Method of enacting a constitution or amendment into law | 191 | |
| 7922791617 | Reactionary | Ideological view that favors a return to a previous state of affairs | 192 | |
| 7922791618 | Realignment | A shift of voting patterns to form new coaltions of party support | 193 | |
| 7922791619 | Reapportionament | Redistribution of the congressional seats among the states after the census determines changes in population distribution | 194 | |
| 7922791620 | Recall | Special election initiated by petition to allow citizens to remove an official from office before his or her term expires | 195 | |
| 7922791621 | Referendum | Procedure whereby the state submits legislation to its voters for approval, allowing citizens to vote directly on issues | 196 | |
| 7922791622 | Representative democracy | Citizens choose officals (representatives) who make decisions about public policy | 197 | |
| 7922791623 | Reserved powers | Powers belonging specifically to the states and the people because they were not delegated to teh national government nor denied to the states | 198 | |
| 7922791624 | Revenue sharing | Giving money back to the state and local government with no strings attached | 199 | |
| 7922791625 | Rider | An addition of amendment added to a bill that often has no realtion to the bill but that may not pass onits own merits (senate only) | 200 | |
| 7922791626 | Rule of four | Requirement that a case can only be heard by the Supreme Court if four justices vote to hear the case | 201 | |
| 7922791627 | Rules committee | Determines the rules of debate for bills in the House of Representatives-also known as the calender committee | 202 | |
| 7922791628 | Runoff primary | When no candidate receives a majority of votes, an election held betweent eh two candidates who received the most votes in the primary | 203 | |
| 7922791629 | Sampling | Using a represenative cross-seciton of the general population chosen at random in the polling process | 204 | |
| 7922791630 | Sampling errors | Percentage of possible erros in teh polling process | 205 | |
| 7922791631 | Select committee | Committee selected for a specific purpose-investigation-hearing | 206 | |
| 7922791632 | Self-incrimination | Accusing oneself or giving evidence that may prove oneself guilty | 207 | |
| 7922791633 | Senatorial courtesy | The practice of allowing senators form teh president's party who represent the state where a judicial district is located, to apporve or diapprove potential nominees for the lower federal courts ONLY | 208 | |
| 7922791634 | Seniortiy system | System in which the chairmanship of a committee is given tot eh member with the longest continuous service | 209 | |
| 7922791635 | Separation of powers | Practice by which power is separated among three branches of government; each branch has its own powers and duties and is independent of and equal to the other branches | 210 | |
| 7922791636 | Single-member districts | Only one representative is chosen from each district | 211 | |
| 7922791637 | Social contract theory | A voluntary agreement between the government and the governed | 212 | |
| 7922791638 | Social insurance programs | Programs to help the elderly, ill, and unemployed if the claimant has paid into them | 213 | |
| 7922791639 | Social welfare policy | Government program to enhance quality of life | 214 | |
| 7922791640 | Soft money | Money distributed form a national political party organization that wasn ot regulated by law; restricted by the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002 | 215 | |
| 7922791641 | Sound bite | A brief statement on TV or radio | 216 | |
| 7922791642 | Speaker of the House | Leading officer in the House of Representatives, chosen by the majority party | 217 | |
| 7922791643 | Speech plus | Verbal and symbolic speech used together | 218 | |
| 7922791644 | Split-ticket voting | Voting for candidates form more than one party in the same election | 219 | |
| 7922791645 | Standing committee | Permanent committees in the House/Senate-every represetative and every senator is appointed to 2 or 3. | 220 | |
| 7922791646 | Stare decisis | Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases | 221 | |
| 7922791647 | Straight-ticket voting | Voting for candidates all of the same party on the same ballot-creates the coattail effect | 222 | |
| 7922791648 | Straw poll | Early form of polling that asks the same question of a large number of people | 223 | |
| 7922791649 | Strict constuctionist | Narrow interpretation of the Constitution | 224 | |
| 7922791650 | Substantive due process | the law itself is fair or unfair-not the procedures-but the law | 225 | |
| 7922791651 | Suffrage | The right to vote | 226 | |
| 7922791652 | Superdelegates | Party officials in the Democratic Party who attend the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses | 227 | |
| 7922791653 | Super Tuesday | Day when several states hold their presidential primaries (usually the second Tuesday in March) | 228 | |
| 7922791654 | Supremacy CLause | Ntional law supersedes all other laws passed by states (Art VI) | 229 | |
| 7922791655 | Symbolic speech | Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea | 230 | |
| 7922791656 | Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) | 231 | |
| 7922791657 | Traditional democratic theory | Government depends upon the consent of the governed | 232 | |
| 7922791658 | Trial balloon | Tests the public reaction to policy or appointments by releasing information to the media and gaugin public reaction | 233 | |
| 7922791659 | Trustee | After listening to constiutents, elected representatives vote based on their own opinions | 234 | |
| 7922791660 | Two-party system | Several political parties exist, but only two major political parties compete for power and dominate elections | 235 | |
| 7922791661 | Unfunded mandates | Federal government requires the states to enforce legislation without the funding necessary | 236 | |
| 7922791662 | Virginia Plan | Madison's plan for a bicameral legislature, whith the executive and judiciary chosen by the legislature | 237 | |
| 7922791663 | War Powers Act | Limits the ability of the president to commit troops to combat-48 hours to tell Congress when and why the troops were sent, they have 60-90 to bring them home if they disagree | 238 | |
| 7922791664 | Watergate | Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate building in 1972 that resulted in a cover-up and the subsequent resignation of Nixon | 239 | |
| 7922791665 | Writ of certiorari | Order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the records of a case for review | 240 | |
| 7922791666 | Writ of habeas corpus | right to be told what you are being held for and shown evidence against you-used in death penalty case appeals. | 241 | |
| 7922791667 | red tape | complex rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done (agencies-bureaucracy) | 242 | |
| 7922791668 | Trustee/Delegate-roles Congressman play | trustee--do what is best regardless of voter opinion; delegate--do what the voters want | 243 | |
| 7922791669 | pocket veto | DIES-sits on desk-10 days go past-Congress adjourns within the 10 days. | 244 | |
| 7922791670 | OMB (Office of Management and Budget) | 1921) to prepare estimates of how much will be spent by federal agencies, to negotiate and to make that legislative proposals of these other departments jive with the president's program. | 245 | |
| 7922791671 | Speaker of the House | decides who willbe recognized to speak- rules whether motions are relevant to the business at hand; decides which bills where the bills will go (committees)-influencial as to what bills are brought up for a vote-appoints members to special and select committees | 246 | |
| 7922791672 | Whips | assistant to the floor leaders, keeps a head count of votes, rounds up members for important votes | 247 | |
| 7922791673 | Congressional caucuses | association of members created to support a political ideology or regional economic interest (black caucus, women's caucus...) | 248 | |
| 7922791674 | General Accounting Office (GAO) | performs routine financial audits of money spent by the executive departments and investigates agencies | 249 | |
| 7922791675 | malapportionment | unfair proportional distribution of representatives to a legislative body | 250 | |
| 7922791676 | majority/minority districts | those with a majority of residents who are part of an ethnic minority | 251 | |
| 7922791677 | soft money | political parties solicit unlimited funds from individuals, corporations, spend on voter registration campaigns and get-out the-vote drives and "not on behalf of specific candidates" | 252 | |
| 7922791678 | Civil Service | hiring government employees on the basis of merit. Also refers to government employees outside the military. | 253 | |
| 7922791679 | Circuit Courts | Part of federal court system-13 federal circuit courts: one for the D.C. and 12 for the rest of the country. Also called "courts of appeal" | 254 | |
| 7922791680 | Council of Economic Advisors | established by Employment Act of 1946- advise the President on economic policy- 3 members, appointed by President and approved by Senate, | 255 | |
| 7922791681 | EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) | INDEPENDENT agency created in 1964-works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance. | 256 | |
| 7922791682 | EOP (Executive office of the President) | name for the group of agencies, councils, and staff members which advise the president and help run the federal bureaucracy-was established by an executive order from FDR | 257 | |
| 7922791683 | Grand Jury (5th amendment) | ranges in size from 6 to 23, depending on the state, and functions to determine whether there is enough evidence available against a person accused of a crime to justify a trial. | 258 | |
| 7922791684 | Gubernatorial | pertaining to a governor | 259 | |
| 7922791685 | Joint Chiefs of Staff | high-ranking military officers who represent the Navy, Army, Air Force and Marines. They assist the civilian leaders of the Department of Defense-advise the president on security matters. | 260 | |
| 7922791686 | Lame Duck | person holding office after his or her replacement has been elected to the office, but before the current term has ended. | 261 | |
| 7922791687 | PAC (Political Action Committee) | an independent organization established by interest groups, political candidates, and people who hold office. PACs serve to raise and contribute money to the political campaigns of individuals whose platforms agree with the aims of the PAC. | 262 | |
| 7922791688 | indictment | Written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant | 263 | |
| 7922791689 | Shield law | Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the annonymity of their sources. States have passed this--not the federal government. | 264 |
Chapter 20- AP Euro Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12016318268 | Industrial Revolution | The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods. |  | 0 |
| 12016318269 | Agricultural Revolution | The application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the eighteenth century. |  | 1 |
| 12016318270 | cotton industry | The development of the flying shuttle had sped the process of weaving on a loom, enabling weavers to double their output. |  | 2 |
| 12016318271 | canals | Came into being because the Industrial Revolution (which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. |  | 3 |
| 12016318272 | Richard Arkwright's water frame | Machine, powered by water or horse, and Samuel Crompton's so-called mule, which combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny, increased yarn production even more. |  | 4 |
| 12016318273 | James Hargreaves' spinning jenny | A multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. |  | 5 |
| 12016318274 | Samuel Crompton's mule | a machine which spun yarn suitable for use in the manufacture of muslin, it was known as the muslin wheel or the Hall i' th' Wood Wheel. |  | 6 |
| 12016318275 | Hand-loom weavers | early power looms were grossly inefficient, enabling home-based hand-loom weavers to continue to prosper. After 1820, they were gradually replaced by the new machines. |  | 7 |
| 12016318276 | The cottage system | a concept of workers would buy raw materials from merchants and bring it back to their home where they would produce a specific item. Since items were produced all by hand, goods were made slow and the workers productivity was very low. |  | 8 |
| 12016318277 | Coal and coke | at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the basic process of producing iron had changed little since the Middle Ages and still depended heavily on charcoal. New methods of smelting iron ore to produce cast iron were devised, based on the use of coke that was made by slowly burning coal. Coke could heat iron ore at a faster rate than charcoal, thus yielding higher amounts. |  | 9 |
| 12016318278 | James Watt and the rotary engine | in 1782, Watt expanded the possibilities of the steam engine when he developed a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and this drive machinery. Because steam engines were fired by coal, they did not need to be located near rivers; entrepreneurs now had greater flexibility in their choice of location. |  | 10 |
| 12016318279 | Henry Cort | he developed a process called puddling that produce a better quality of iron using coke. | 11 | |
| 12016318280 | Puddling | a process in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (the product of smelting iron ore with coke) to produce an iron of high quality called wrought iron. | 12 | |
| 12016318281 | Richard Trevithick | he pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales. |  | 13 |
| 12016318282 | George Stephenson's Rocket | the Rocket was used on the first public railway line extending 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester. Rocket sped along at 16 miles per hour. Within twenty years, locomotives had reached 50 miles per hour, an incredible speed to contemporary passengers. |  | 14 |
| 12016318283 | Railroads | the railways were small handcarts filled with coal were pushed along parallel wooden rails. By 1700, some entrepreneurs began to replace wooden rails with cast-iron rails. The development of the steam engine led to a radical transformation of the railways. |  | 15 |
| 12016318284 | The factory | the factory became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines. |  | 16 |
| 12016318285 | Factory discipline | workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output. Factory owners would accustom employees to working regular, unvarying hours during which they performed a set number of tasks over and over again as efficiently as possible. |  | 17 |
| 12016318286 | Great Exhibition of 1851 | the Great Exhibition displayed Britain's wealth to the world; it was a gigantic demonstration of British success. |  | 18 |
| 12016318287 | The Crystal Palace | an enormous structure made entirely of glass and iron. Covering 19 acres, the Crystal Palace contained 100,000 exhibits that displayed the wide variety of products created by the Industrial Revolution. |  | 19 |
| 12016318288 | Tariffs | duties (taxes) imposed on imported goods, usually to raise revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries. |  | 20 |
| 12016318289 | Joint-stock companies | a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company. |  | 21 |
| 12016318290 | Industrial factory | as the workplace shifted from the artisan's shop and the peasant's cottage to the factory, the latter was not viewed as just a larger work unit. Employers hired workers who no longer owned the means of production but were simply paid wages to run the machines. |  | 22 |
| 12016318291 | Pre-industrial workers | preindustrial workers were not accustomed to a timed format. Agricultural laborers had always kept irregular hours; hectic work at harvest time might be followed by weeks of inactivity. |  | 23 |
| 12016318292 | The American system | the Harpers Ferry arsenal, for example, built muskets with interchangeable parts. Because all the individual parts of the muskets were identical, the final product could be put together quickly and easily; this enabled Americans to avoid the more costly system in which skilled workers fitted together individual parts made separately. The system reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled artisans. |  | 24 |
| 12016318293 | Steamboats | the steamboat facilitated transportation on the Great Lakes, Atlantic coastal waters, and rivers. It was especially important to the Mississippi valley. |  | 25 |
| 12016318294 | India's cotton cloth production | in the eighteenth century, India had been one of the world's greatest exporters of cotton cloth produced by hand labor. In the first half of the nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of the British East India Company. With British control came inexpensive British factory-produce textiles, and soon thousands of Indian spinners and hand-loom weavers were unemployed. |  | 26 |
| 12016318295 | Ireland and the potato | the cultivation of the potato gave Irish peasants a basic staple that enabled them to survive and even expand in numbers. As only an acre or two of potatoes was sufficient to feed a family, Irish men and women married earlier than elsewhere and started having children earlier as well. Probably half of this population depended on the potato for survival. |  | 27 |
| 12016318296 | The Great Famine | In the summer of 1845, the potato crop in Ireland was struck by blight due to a fungus that turned the potatoes black. the Great Famine decimated the Irish population. More than a million died of starvation and disease, and almost 2 million emigrated to the United States and Britain. |  | 28 |
| 12016318297 | Suburbs | the outer ring of the city, where people could have individual houses and gardens. |  | 29 |
| 12016318298 | Britain's Poor Law Commission | the investigators were often struck by the physically and morally debilitating effects of urban industrial life on the poor. They observed, for example, that young working-class men were considerably shorter and scrawnier than the sons of middle-class families and much more subject to disease. They were especially alarmed by what they considered the moral consequences of such living conditions: prostitution, crime, and sexual immorality, all of which they saw as effects of living in such squalor. |  | 30 |
| 12016318299 | Edwin Chadwick | became obsessed with eliminating the poverty and squalor of the metropolitan areas. He's a secretary of the Poor Law Commission and initiated a passionate search for detailed facts about the living conditions of the working classes. He was advocating a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water. |  | 31 |
| 12016318300 | Cholera | a serious and often deadly disease commonly spread by contaminated water; a major problem in nineteenth-century European cities before sewerage systems were installed. |  | 32 |
| 12016318301 | Bourgeoisie | middle class. Originally, the bourgeois was the burgher or town dweller, active as a merchant, official, artisan, lawyer, or scholar, who enjoyed a special set of rights from the charter of the town. As wealthy townspeople bought land, the original meaning of the word bourgeois became lost, and the term came to include people involved in commerce, industry, and banking as well as professionals, such as lawyers, teachers, physicians, and government officials at various levels. |  | 33 |
| 12016318302 | New elites | new industrial entrepreneurs who gained much money from the Industrial Revolution's economic success. bourgeoisie bought great estates and gained respect from the public, and the wealthiest merged with the old elites. |  | 34 |
| 12016318303 | working class | made of mixture of groups. Main groups of the urban included artisans, whose guilds were losing power with the introduction of the new factories (and as a result often did not support industrialization as it helped the competitor) and servants, who were mainly women dependent on their employers of higher social standing. |  | 35 |
| 12016318304 | child labor | used in family economies, but was exploited in the Industrial Revolution. Owners of factories appreciated them because their small size made them delicate cotton spinners and gave them the ability to crawl under machines and collect loose cotton. They also were a source of cheap labor, and were only paid one-sixth to one-third of what a man was paid. Parish officials used this and made them pauper apprentices, who worked long hours under strict discipline and had inadequate food. |  | 36 |
| 12016318305 | domestic servants | women dominated this area of work, where they mainly did things that were considered "women's work". Showed clearly that the working patterns of women were not significantly changed just because of their large scale employment rates in factories. |  | 37 |
| 12016318306 | trade unions | an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions. |  | 38 |
| 12016318307 | Robert Owen | Founder of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834 which tried to organize a general (or nation-wide) strike to achieve an 8-hour workday. Lack of support caused its end within a year. |  | 39 |
| 12016318308 | the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union | union created by Robert Owen used to coordinate a strike for the return of the eight hour work day. Lack of real working-class support led to the union's complete collapse, and the union later became trade unions for individual crafts. |  | 40 |
| 12016318309 | the Amalgamated Society of Engineers | The largest and most successful trade union which provided generous unemployment benefits in return for a small weekly payment. | | 41 |
| 12016318310 | Luddites | Artisans who attacked machines in England in 1812 to protest the industrial revolution. |  | 42 |
| 12016318311 | Chartism and the People's Charter | Term for the British movement between 1838 and 1848 of workers to get Parliament to sign the People's Charter which would extend political rights to the working man. |  | 43 |
| 12016318312 | the London Working Men's Association | The charter demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, the elimination of property qualifications for members of Parliament, and annual sessions of Parliament. |  | 44 |
| 12016318313 | factory acts | British law designed to improve factory conditions and reduce child labor. |  | 45 |
| 12016318314 | ten hours act of 1847 | 1847 British law that reduced the workday for 13-18 year olds. |  | 46 |
| 12016318315 | Coal Mines Act of 1842 | 1842 British law that eliminated the employment of children under 10 and all women in mines. |  | 47 |
| 12016318316 | the Poor Law of 1834 | The new Poor Law ensured that the poor were housed in workhouses, clothed and fed. Children who entered the workhouse would receive some schooling. In return for this care, all workhouse paupers would have to work for several hours each day. |  | 48 |
| 12016318317 | the workhouse | Workhouses were where poor people who had no job or home lived. They earned their keep by doing jobs in the workhouse. Also in the workhouses were orphaned and abandoned children, the physically and mentally sick, the disabled, the elderly and unmarried mothers. |  | 49 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13991921972 | Mesopotamia | "land between the rivers"; between the Tigris and Euphrates. Settlement as early a 8000 bc. Civilizations include: sumerians, akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. | 0 | |
| 13991921973 | Sumerians | First major Mesopotamian civilization; religion, traditions, and writing system (cuneiform) set the back nine for future civilizations. | 1 | |
| 13991921974 | Code of Ur-Nammu | Possibly the world's most ancient law code, which proclaimed the king as a messenger of justice. Favored elite over poor class; harsh punishments | 2 | |
| 13991921975 | Code of Hammurabi | Babylonian legal code; consisted of harsh punishments for crimes and favored the elite class. Eye for an eye | 3 | |
| 13991921976 | 60 based number system | Mesopotamian number system. Still used today for time and navigational purposes | 4 | |
| 13991921977 | Mesopotamian trade with egypt | Conducted overland and over the Red Sea. Extended throughout the Middle East and to the Indus River valley | 5 | |
| 13991921978 | Mesopotamian-Indus trade | Along the Indian Ocean coast line; Mesopotamians exchanged wool, barley, and copper for gems and cotton | 6 | |
| 13991921979 | Hitties | Ruled Mesopotamia 1300s to 1200s bce; chariot warfare, first to systematically use iron weapons | 7 | |
| 13991921980 | Assyrians | 911-612 BCE; one of the largest early empires; iron weapons and horseback warfare; cruel | 8 | |
| 13991921981 | Old Kingdom Egypt | Basic social and political features, civil war tore Egypt apart (2700-2200 BCE) | 9 | |
| 13993445348 | Middle Kingdom Egypt | Culturally dynamic; 2050-1650 BCE; | 10 | |
| 13993445349 | New Kingdom Egypt | 1550-1070 BCE; Rameses II; conquered new territory in the Middle East and Africa, collapsed due to internal disorder | 11 | |
| 13993445350 | Ancient Egyptian government | Centralized society presided over by a monarch and a small caste of priests. The pharaoh was considered a living incarnation of God. | 12 | |
| 13993445351 | Egyptian-Nubian trade | Brought gold to Egypt and gave it access to ivory, ebony, and exotic animal skins. They raided Nubia for slaves, built forts to regulate commerce and conquered Nubia | 13 | |
| 13993445352 | Early Egyptian women | Still secondary to men, but managed household finances and education of children, they could divorce husbands and receive alimony, they could own property and manage some businesses. Upper class women could serve as priestess. | 14 | |
| 13993445353 | Egyptian Book of the Dead | Principal religious text of ancient egypt; they were polytheistic; chief God was Ra the sun God | 15 | |
| 13993445354 | Heiroglyphics | Developed around 3100 BCE; wrote on papyrus and devised a 365 day calendar | 16 | |
| 13993445355 | Indus River Valley Civilization | Rose around 2600 BCE; a lot remains unclear to scholars because not much was left behind; heavily urbanized, widespread agriculture due to fertile soil. Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. | 17 | |
| 13993445356 | Mesopotamian-Indus trade | Indus domesticated cattle and water buffalo, and grew wheat, barley, and cotton. They traded cotton and precious stones. | 18 |
AP Lang Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6896724767 | Rhetoric | the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially with the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. (The very act of defending has itself been a central part of rhetoric). | 0 | |
| 6896724768 | Bombastic | High sounding but with little meaning; inflated;grandiloquent. | 1 | |
| 6896724769 | Ethos | Appeal based on the character of speaker. Meaning convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader (speaker). | 2 | |
| 6896724770 | Logos | An appeal to logic or reason. For example scholarly documents. | 3 | |
| 6896724771 | Pathos | Appeal on emotion. The quality that evokes pity or sadness. | 4 | |
| 6896724772 | Capricious | Impulsive; unpredictable. Sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior. | 5 | |
| 6896724773 | Tone | Writer's attitude, mood or moral outlook toward the subject and/or the readers. | 6 | |
| 6896724774 | Appeal | the power of arousing a sympathetic response, to arouse a sympathetic response. | 7 | |
| 6896724775 | Argument | Discourse intended to persuade; process of reasoning; exchange of diverging/ opposite views. | 8 | |
| 6896724776 | Colloquialism (Colloquial) | a word or phrase that is not formal or literary. It is still used in literature to provide a sense of actual conversation and the use of pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary of everyday speech. | 9 | |
| 6896724777 | Connotation | and idea or feeling that a word evokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning. Words imply or suggest qualities, attributes, and characteristics. | 10 | |
| 6896724778 | Apathy | lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern. No emotion | 11 | |
| 6896724779 | Dialect | A variety of language confined to a region or group, manner or means of expressing oneself. | 12 | |
| 6896724780 | Understatement | Statement which says less than is really meant. Opposite of hyperbole. Made smaller, worse, or less important than really is. Minimizing. | 13 | |
| 6896724781 | Hyperbole | Deliberate and obvious exaggeration for effect. | 14 | |
| 6896724782 | Anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real person or incident. | 15 | |
| 6896724783 | Condescending | Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority. | 16 | |
| 6896724784 | Voice | An authors distinctive literary style, basic vision and general attitude toward the world. Revealed through the use of Syntax, Diction, Punctuation, Characterization, and Dialogue. | 17 | |
| 6896724785 | Syntax | Sentence construction | 18 | |
| 6896724786 | Diction | Author's choice of words. Distinctive vocabulary. | 19 | |
| 6896724787 | Assertion | A confident and forceful statement of fact or belief. A declaration that's made empathetically in an argument as it to be understood as a statement of fact. | 20 | |
| 6896724788 | Cogent | (of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing. | 21 | |
| 6896724789 | Coherent | (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent | 22 | |
| 6896724790 | Cohesive | characterized by or causing cohesion (act or state of being uniting, cohering, or sticking together). | 23 | |
| 6896724791 | Didactic | intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive. | 24 | |
| 6896724792 | Discourse | written or spoken communication or debate. (verb) speak or write authoritatively about a topic. | 25 | |
| 6896724793 | Eloquence | fluent or persuasive speaking or writing. | 26 | |
| 6896724794 | Fluid | able to flow easily. | 27 | |
| 6896724795 | implication | the conclusion that can be drawn from something, although it is not explicitly stated. | 28 | |
| 6896724796 | lucid | expressed clearly; easy to understand | 29 | |
| 6896724798 | Arbiter | a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter | 30 | |
| 6896724800 | Exculpate | show or declare that (someone) is not guilty of wrongdoing | 31 | |
| 6896724801 | Impartial | treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just. | 32 | |
| 6896724802 | Incontrovertible | not able to be denied or disputed. | 33 | |
| 6896724804 | Objectivity | the quality of being objective; justice; neutrality | 34 | |
| 6896724805 | Plausible | (of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable. | 35 | |
| 6896724806 | Substantiated | provide evidence to support or prove that truth of. | 36 | |
| 6896724807 | vindicated | clear (something) of blame or suspicion. | 37 | |
| 6896724808 | Condescending | Having or feeling superior. patronizing or assuming superiority. | 38 | |
| 6896724809 | Contemptuous | showing contempt; scornful | 39 | |
| 6896724810 | Despotic | of, relating to, or characteristics of a despot (ruler with total power; usually unfair) | 40 | |
| 6896724812 | Disdain | the feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect; contempt. | 41 | |
| 6896724813 | Haughty | arrogantly superior and disdainful. | 42 | |
| 6896724814 | Imperious | assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering. | 43 | |
| 6896724815 | Patronizing | treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority. | 44 | |
| 6896724816 | Listless | lacking energy or enthusiasm. | 45 | |
| 6896724817 | Melancholy | a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause. | 46 | |
| 6896724818 | Torpor | a state of physical or mental inactivity | 47 | |
| 6896724819 | alliance | a relationship based on an affinity in interests, nature, or qualities. | 48 | |
| 6896724820 | disparity | a great difference, imbalance. | 49 | |
| 6896724821 | impinge | have an affect or impact, especially a negative one. Influence. | 50 | |
| 6896724822 | Paradox | a state or proposition that, despite reasoning, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, self-contradictory. | 51 | |
| 6896724823 | allusion | an expression to call something to mind without mentioning it exactly; an indirect or passing reference. | 52 | |
| 6896724825 | indolent | wanting to avoid activity or exertion; lazy. | 53 | |
| 6896724826 | insipid. | lacking flavor, vigor or interest. | 54 | |
| 6896724827 | lament | a passionate expression or grief or sorrow. | 55 | |
| 6896724828 | Sanction | a threatening penalty for disobeying a law or rule | 56 | |
| 6896724829 | servile | having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others. | 57 | |
| 6896724830 | suppressed | forcibly to an end to. | 58 | |
| 6896724831 | Embellish | make (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features. | 59 | |
| 6896724832 | florid | having a red or flushed complexion | 60 | |
| 6896724833 | opulent | ostentatiously rich and luxurious or lavish | 61 | |
| 6896724834 | ornate | made in an intricate shape or decorated with complex patterns. | 62 | |
| 6896724835 | ostentatious | characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract notice. | 63 | |
| 6896724836 | poignant | evoking a keen sense or sadness or regret. | 64 | |
| 6896724837 | Ebullience | the quality of being cheerful and full of energy; exuberance. | 65 | |
| 6896724838 | effusive | expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner. | 66 | |
| 6896724839 | egregious | outstandingly bad; shocking. | 67 | |
| 6896724840 | frenetic | fast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way. | 68 | |
| 6896724841 | gratuitous | uncalled for; lacking good reason; unwarranted | 69 | |
| 6896724842 | flagrant | (of something considered wrong or immoral) conspicuously or obviously offensive | 70 | |
| 6896724843 | superfluous | unnecessary, especially through being more than enough. | 71 | |
| 6896724844 | convoluted | extremely complex and difficult to follow (especially or a story, sentence, or argument). | 72 | |
| 6896724845 | cryptic | having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure | 73 | |
| 6896724846 | Obscure | uncertain; not discovered or know about. | 74 | |
| 6896724847 | futile | incapable of producing any useful result; pointless. | 75 | |
| 6896724848 | impede | delay or prevent by obstructing them; hinder. | 76 | |
| 6896724849 | quandary | a state of perplexity or uncertainty over what what to do in a difficult situation. | 77 | |
| 6896724851 | asylum | the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee. ( or it can be a mental hospital). | 78 | |
| 6896724852 | auspicious | conductive to success; favorable. | 79 | |
| 6896724853 | benevolent | well meaning and kindly | 80 | |
| 6896724854 | benign | gentle, kindly. | 81 | |
| 6896724855 | Mollify | appease the anger or anxiety of (someone) | 82 | |
| 6896724856 | reclamation | reclaiming; reformation, recovery. (or it can be land obtained from water) | 83 | |
| 6896724857 | Sanction | Approval or permission for an action | 84 | |
| 6896724858 | Dubious | Not to be relied upon; suspect (hesitating or doubting) | 85 | |
| 6896724859 | Fabricated | invent or concoct (something), typically with deceitful intent | 86 | |
| 6896724860 | Hypocrisy | the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one's own behavior does not conform; pretense | 87 | |
| 6896724861 | Slander | make false and damaging statements about (someone). | 88 | |
| 6896724862 | spurious | not being what it purports to be; false or fake | 89 | |
| 6896724863 | Astute | having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage | 90 | |
| 6896724864 | clandestine | operation is an intelligence or millitary operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population | 91 | |
| 6896724865 | disingenuous | not candid or sincere, typically by pretending that one knows less about something than one really does. | 92 | |
| 6896724866 | ruse | an action intended to deceive someone; a trick | 93 | |
| 6896724867 | stratagem | a plan or scheme, especially one used to outwit an opponent or achieve an end | 94 | |
| 6896724868 | surreptitious | kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of. | 95 | |
| 6896724869 | wary | feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems | 96 | |
| 6896724870 | wily | skilled at gaining an advantage, especially deceitfully. | 97 | |
| 6896724871 | inconsequential | not important or significant | 98 | |
| 6896724872 | superficial | existing or occurring at or on the surface. (appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely). | 99 | |
| 6896724873 | tenuous | very weak or slight >( small in degree). | 100 | |
| 6896724874 | trivial | of little value or importance | 101 | |
| 6896724875 | coup | a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government. | 102 | |
| 6896724876 | Ambiguous | (of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning. | 103 | |
| 6896724877 | ambivalent | having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. | 104 | |
| 6896724879 | Arbitrary | based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system. | 105 | |
| 6896724880 | capricious | given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior | 106 | |
| 6896724881 | equivocate | use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself. | 107 | |
| 6896724882 | indifferent | having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned. | 108 | |
| 6896724883 | whimsical | playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way | 109 | |
| 6896724884 | assiduous | showing great care and perseverance | 110 | |
| 6896724885 | compelling | evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way | 111 | |
| 6896724886 | diligent | having or showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties | 112 | |
| 6896724887 | dogged | having or showing tenacity and grim persistence. |  | 113 |
| 6896724889 | intrepid | fearless; adventurous (often used for rhetorical or humorous effect) | 114 | |
| 6896724890 | maverick | an unorthodox or independent-minded person | 115 | |
| 6896724893 | proliferate | increase rapidly in numbers; multiply | 116 | |
| 6896724894 | tenacity | the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly; grip. | 117 | |
| 6896724895 | vitality | the state of being strong and active; energy | 118 | |
| 6896724896 | assimilation | the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group | 119 | |
| 6896724897 | consensus | general agreement. | 120 | |
| 6896724898 | context | the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation. | 121 | |
| 6896724899 | derived | obtain something from (a specified source) | 122 | |
| 6896724900 | incumbent | necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility. | 123 | |
| 6896724903 | subdue | overcome, quieten, or bring under control (a feeling or person) | 124 | |
| 6896724904 | Inoculate | medical : to give (a person or animal) a weakened form of a disease in order to prevent infection by the disease | 125 | |
| 6896724905 | Lurid | : causing shock or disgust : involving sex or violence in a way that is meant to be shocking : shining or glowing with a bright and unpleasant color | 126 | |
| 6896724906 | Putrefying | to be slowly destroyed by natural processes : to rot and become putrid | 127 | |
| 6896724907 | Somnolent | 1 : of a kind likely to induce sleep 2 a : inclined to or heavy with sleep : drowsy | 128 | |
| 6896724908 | Dour | serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy | 129 | |
| 6896724909 | Errant | serious and unfriendly : silent and gloomy | 130 | |
| 6896724910 | Bewildered | 1 : to cause to lose one's bearings 2 : to perplex or confuse especially by a complexity, variety, or multitude of objects or considerations | 131 | |
| 6896724911 | Astroturfed | —used for an artificial surface that resembles grass | 132 | |
| 6896724912 | Geriatric | An old person y | 133 | |
| 6896724913 | Tromped | 1 : tramp 1
2 : to step hard : stamp | 134 | |
| 6896724914 | Connoisseur | a person who knows a lot about something (such as art, wine, food, etc.) : an expert in a particular subject | 135 | |
| 6896724915 | Attesting | to show, prove, or state that something is true or real | 136 | |
| 6896724916 | Soporific | causing a person to become tired and ready to fall asleep | 137 |
AP Environmental Science Review Flashcards
Terms from APES for the exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 13770507371 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another. | 0 | |
| 13770507436 | El Niño (ENSO) | prevailing winds in the Pacific weaken and change direction every few years which results in above average warming of eastern Pacific waters, which changes distribution of plant nutrients and alters earth's weather for 2-3 years | 1 | |
| 13770507437 | Reason for seasons on Earth | Tilt of the axis ~23.5° | 2 | |
| 13770507372 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat). | 3 | |
| 13770507373 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons. | 4 | |
| 13770507374 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil. | 5 | |
| 13770507375 | Soil Conservation Methods | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers. | 6 | |
| 13770507376 | Soil Salinization | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US) | 7 | |
| 13770507377 | Hydrologic Cycle Components | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. | 8 | |
| 13770507438 | Watershed | all of the land that drains into a body of water | 9 | |
| 13770507378 | Aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground. | 10 | |
| 13770507379 | Salt Water Intrusion | near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer. | 11 | |
| 13770507380 | La Nina | "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America. | 12 | |
| 13770507381 | Nitrogen Fixation | because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants, it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria. | 13 | |
| 13770507439 | Ammonification | decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia. | 14 | |
| 13770507382 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO -). | 15 | |
| 13770507383 | Assimilation | inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins. | 16 | |
| 13770507384 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N. | 17 | |
| 13770507385 | Phosphorus | does not exist as a gas; released by weathering of phosphate rocks, it is a major limiting factor for plant growth. Phosphorus cycle is slow, and not atmospheric. | 18 | |
| 13770507525 | Soil Profile |  | 19 | |
| 13770507386 | Photosynthesis | plants convert CO2 (atmospheric C) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6). | 20 | |
| 13770507387 | Aerobic Respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | 21 | |
| 13770507388 | Biotic | living components of an ecosystem. | 22 | |
| 13770507440 | Abiotic | nonliving components of an ecosystem | 23 | |
| 13770507389 | Producer/Autotroph | organisms that make their own food—photosynthetic life. | 24 | |
| 13770507390 | Trophic Levels | producers → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer. | 25 | |
| 13770507391 | Energy Flow through Food Webs | 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. | 26 | |
| 13770507392 | Primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (ex. lava). | 27 | |
| 13770507441 | Secondary succession | life progresses where soil remains (ex. clear-cut forest, old farm). | 28 | |
| 13770507393 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish and anemone) | 29 | |
| 13770507394 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, such as many orchids, that grow on trees) | 30 | |
| 13770507395 | Parasitism | relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans) | 31 | |
| 13770507396 | Carrying Capacity | the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area. | 32 | |
| 13770507397 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). | 33 | |
| 13770507398 | K-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). | 34 | |
| 13770507399 | Natural Selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through mutations) pass them onto the next generation. | 35 | |
| 13770507400 | Thomas Malthus | The human population is kept in check by war, famine & disease. Did not foresee technological advancements like medicine. | 36 | |
| 13770507401 | Doubling Time | (rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years) | 37 | |
| 13770507402 | Replacement Level Fertility | the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing). | 38 | |
| 13770507403 | World Population | slightly over 7.4 billion. | 39 | |
| 13770507442 | Demographic Transition Model | preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and postindustrial stages |  | 40 |
| 13770507404 | Preindustrial stage | birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high. | 41 | |
| 13770507405 | Transitional stage | Aid from other countries and increase in industrialization lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high (from of the amount of people in the reproductive stage). | 42 | |
| 13770507443 | Industrial stage | decline in birth rate, population growth slows. | 43 | |
| 13770507406 | Postindustrial stage | low birth & death rates. | 44 | |
| 13770507407 | Age Structure Diagrams | broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG) |  | 45 |
| 13770507444 | Most populous nations | 1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia | 46 | |
| 13770507408 | Low Economic/Social Status of Women | Most important factor keeping population growth rates high. | 47 | |
| 13770507409 | Methods to Decrease Birth Rates | Family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties. | 48 | |
| 13770507410 | Composition of Water on Earth | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023% readily available freshwater for use. | 49 | |
| 13770507445 | Aquaculture | farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia, oysters. | 50 | |
| 13770507411 | Point Source | from specific location such as pipe or smokestack | 51 | |
| 13770507412 | Non-Point Source | from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic. | 52 | |
| 13770507413 | Eutrophication | rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen & phosphorus. | 53 | |
| 13770507414 | Keystone Species | species whose role in an ecosystem is important for the ecosystem's stability (manatee, alligator, sea otter, etc). Impact outweighs relative abundance | 54 | |
| 13770507415 | Indicator Species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged (amphibians). | 55 | |
| 13770507416 | Pesticide Cons | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification. | 56 | |
| 13770507446 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; usually in an attempt to remove undesirable or create desirable characteristics in the new organism. | 57 | |
| 13770507447 | Electricity Generation | steam, from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy, or falling water is used to turn a turbine and generate a generator. | 58 | |
| 13770507448 | Coal Formation | prehistoric plants buried undecomposed in oxygen-depleted water of swamps/bogs converted by heat and pressure. | 59 | |
| 13770507417 | Nuclear Reactor | consists of a core, control rods, moderator, steam generator, turbine, containment building. | 60 | |
| 13770507449 | Alternate Energy Sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 61 | |
| 13770507450 | Troposphere | first layer of atmosphere 0-10 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains weather, greenhouse gases (bad ozone) | 62 | |
| 13770507451 | Stratosphere | second layer of atmosphere 10-30 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains protective ozone layer (good ozone) | 63 | |
| 13770507452 | Temperature Inversion | a warm layer of air above a cooler layer traps pollutants close to the Earth's surface. | 64 | |
| 13770507453 | Divergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates spreading apart, new crust being formed (Mid Ocean Ridge) | 65 | |
| 13770507454 | Convergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates with the oldest crustal material on Earth moving together, one moving under another. Mineral deposits and volcanoes are most abundant at convergent plate boundaries (Volcanic arc like Japan) | 66 | |
| 13770507455 | Transform Fault | tectonic plates sliding past one another (San Andreas Fault Line) | 67 | |
| 13770507456 | Most Endangered species | have a small range, require large territory, have long generations, have very specialized niche, or live on an island | 68 | |
| 13770507418 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals. | 69 | |
| 13770507419 | Tropical Rain Forests | characterized by the greatest diversity of species, believed to include many undiscovered species. Occur near the equator. Soils tend to be low in nutrients. Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry). | 70 | |
| 13770507420 | Temperate Forests | occur in eastern North America, Japan, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe. Dominated by tall deciduous trees. Well-defined seasons include a distinct winter. Logged extensively, only scattered remnants of original temperate forests remain. | 71 | |
| 13770507421 | Boreal Forests or Taiga | represent the largest terrestrial biome. Dominated by needleleaf, coniferous trees. Found in the cold climates of Eurasia and North America: two-thirds in Siberia with the rest in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada. Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters. Extensive logging may soon cause their disappearance. | 72 | |
| 13770507422 | Temperate Shrub Lands | occurs along the coast of Southern California and the Mediterranean region. Characterized by areas of Chaparral-miniature woodlands dominated by dense stands of shrubs. | 73 | |
| 13770507423 | Savannas | grassland with scattered individual trees. Cover almost half the surface of Africa and large areas of Australia, South America, and India. Warm or hot climates where the annual rainfall is 20-50 inches per year. The rainfall is concentrated in six or eight months of the year, followed by a long period of drought when fires can occur. | 74 | |
| 13770507424 | Temperate Grasslands | dominated by grasses, trees and large shrubs are absent. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less than in savannas. Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters. Occur in South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, the steppes of the former Soviet Union, and the plains and prairies of central North America. | 75 | |
| 13770507425 | Deserts | covers about one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. Soils may have abundant nutrients, need only water to become productive, and have little or no organic matter. Common disturbances include occasional fires or cold weather, and sudden, infrequent, but intense rains that cause flooding. | 76 | |
| 13770507426 | Tundra | treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes. Occur in the arctic and Antarctica. Dominated by lichens, mosses, sedges, and dwarfed shrubs Characterized by extremely cold climate, permanently frozen ground (permafrost) low biotic diversity, simple vegetation structure, limitation of drainage, short season of growth and reproduction. | 77 | |
| 13770507427 | Wetlands | areas of standing water that support aquatic plants including marshes, swamps, and bogs. Reduce flooding. Species diversity is very high. | 78 | |
| 13770507428 | Fresh Water | defined as having a low salt concentration (less than 1%). Plants and animals are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e., ocean). There are different types of regions: ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and estuaries. | 79 | |
| 13770507429 | Oceans | the largest of all the ecosystems. Regions are separated into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. | 80 | |
| 13770507430 | Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. | 81 | |
| 13770507431 | Clean Water Act | Aim: to make all US waterways safe for fishing and swimming. set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. Require the repairment of damaged wetlands. | 82 | |
| 13770507432 | Clean Air Act | NAAQS for 6 criteria pollutants. Set emission standards for mobile and stationary sources, and limits release of air pollutants. Multiple amendments, most influential modern env. law | 83 | |
| 13770507433 | Montreal Protocol | global agreement to phase out of ozone depleting substances. | 84 | |
| 13770507434 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. | 85 | |
| 13770507435 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) | regulates the use and effectiveness of pesticides | 86 | |
| 13770507457 | Herbicide | a toxic chemical that kills plants | 87 | |
| 13770507458 | Insecticide | a toxic chemical that kills insects | 88 | |
| 13770507459 | Rodenticide | a toxic chemical that kills rodents | 89 | |
| 13770507460 | Fungicide | a toxic chemical that kills fungi | 90 | |
| 13770507461 | Niche | organism's role in the ecosystem of which it lives | 91 | |
| 13770507462 | Invasive Species | introduced into an ecosystem and out-compete native species | 92 | |
| 13770507463 | NO2, SO2, Pb, PM (2.5 and 10), O3, CO | 6 criteria air pollutants | 93 | |
| 13770507464 | Top 4 indoor air pollutants in DEVELOPED countries | Tobacco smoke, Formaldehyde, Radon Gas, Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter | 94 | |
| 13770507466 | rock cycle | A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another | 95 | |
| 13770507467 | Erosion | Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation) | 96 | |
| 13770507468 | soil conservation | a method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss | 97 | |
| 13770507469 | edge effect | different environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem. May observe higher biodiversity | 98 | |
| 13770507470 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 99 | |
| 13770507471 | ecosystem services | the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced | 100 | |
| 13770507472 | ecological succession | gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance. Primary (no soil, much longer) or Secondary | 101 | |
| 13770507473 | nitrogen cycle | The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere | 102 | |
| 13770507474 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use (Ammonia/Ammonium: NH3/NH4+) | 103 | |
| 13770507475 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates across four stages | 104 | |
| 13770507476 | age structure diagram | graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population. Helps project population change over time | 105 | |
| 13770507477 | One Child Policy | A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth. | 106 | |
| 13770507478 | malnourished | Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. | 107 | |
| 13770507479 | undernourished | having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition | 108 | |
| 13770507480 | Green Revolution | a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, machines, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. | 109 | |
| 13770507481 | genetic engineering | Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms | 110 | |
| 13770507482 | Irrigation methods | Aquifer/well withdrawal, ditches and canals, drip, spray, flooding | 111 | |
| 13770507483 | IPM | Pest management using a variety of techniques, agricultural, biological and use of minimal amount of pesticides when necessary to limit pest damage to economically tolerable level | 112 | |
| 13770507484 | old growth/primary forest | an uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more | 113 | |
| 13770507485 | tree plantation (aka tree farm or commercial forest) | a large area typically planted with a single rapidly growing tree species | 114 | |
| 13770507486 | crown fire | Extremely hot fire that leaps from treetop to treetop - occurs in forests with no surface fires for several decades (an excessive amount of deadwood has built up) - this kills most vegetation, wildlife, buildings and contributes to soil erosion | 115 | |
| 13770507487 | surface fires | fires that typically burn only the forest's underbrush and do little damage to mature trees. May actually serve to protect the forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperatures. | 116 | |
| 13770507488 | Overgrazing | Destruction of vegetation caused by too many animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover | 117 | |
| 13770507489 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 118 | |
| 13770507490 | suburban sprawl | low-population-density developments that are built outside of a city. Think strip malls, parking lots, spread out houses, lots of roads/highways | 119 | |
| 13770507491 | urban heat island | Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. Tall buildings block air flow, machines release heat, abundant dark surfaces | 120 | |
| 13770507492 | National Parks System | established by the United States to preserve historic sites & habitats of many plants & animals | 121 | |
| 13770507493 | wildlife refuge | an area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly regulated | 122 | |
| 13770507494 | wilderness | An area where there are few people living; an area still in its natural state | 123 | |
| 13770507495 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) | this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it | 124 | |
| 13770507496 | TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) | act that regulates existing chemicals that pose an unreasonable health risk. Its objective is to allow EPA to regulate new commercial chemicals | 125 | |
| 13770507497 | RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) | developed a comprehensive program to ensure that hazardous waste is managed safely from the moment it is generated to its final disposal (cradle-to-grave) | 126 | |
| 13770507498 | purse-seine fishing | an effective fishing method for species that school near the surface; a large net is encircled around the targeted catch, after which the bottom of the net is drawn tight, thus confining the catch in the net. | 127 | |
| 13770507499 | longline fishing | a commercial fishing technique that uses a long line with baited hooks attached at intervals. | 128 | |
| 13770507500 | bottom trawling | a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path to collect bottom dwellers | 129 | |
| 13770507501 | hydroponics | a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients | 130 | |
| 13770507502 | Tragedy of the Commons | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available (public) but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community | 131 | |
| 13770507503 | unit of energy | Wh or kWh (Watt-hour or Kilowatt-hour) | 132 | |
| 13770507504 | unit of power | Watt | 133 | |
| 13770507505 | 1000 | number of watts (W) in a kilowatt (kW) or number of kilowatts in a megawatt (MW) | 134 | |
| 13770507506 | formation of coal | Peat is the raw material from which coal is formed. Over time and under increasing heat and pressure, various types of coal are formed | 135 | |
| 13770507507 | anthracite | coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke. | 136 | |
| 13770507508 | Bituminous | the second-purest form of coal. | 137 | |
| 13770507509 | Lignite | the least pure coal, soft, brownish | 138 | |
| 13770507510 | silting | When sediment becomes clogged behind a dam. | 139 | |
| 13770507511 | CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) | these standards set mile per gallon standards for a fleet of cars; increased fuel economy = lower energy usage | 140 | |
| 13770507512 | Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) | A car that combines the engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, allowing it to achieve higher fuel economy than a conventional car | 141 | |
| 13770507513 | Biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level, can be used as alternative/renewable fuel source | 142 | |
| 13770507514 | tidal energy | The energy captured by transforming the wave motion of water into electrical energy using a turbine | 143 | |
| 13770507515 | photochemical smog | A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with each other in the presence of sunlight | 144 | |
| 13770507516 | industrial smog | Type of air pollution consisting mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and suspended solid particles, mostly due to burning coal | 145 | |
| 13770507517 | noise pollution | Any unwanted, disturbing, or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency, or causes accidents. | 146 | |
| 13770507518 | light pollution | brightening of the night sky caused by street lights and other man-made sources, which has a disruptive effect on natural cycles and inhibits the observation of stars and planets. | 147 | |
| 13770507519 | Water pollution | oil spills, excess fertilizer, excess sediment, plastic particles, thermal, dumping of chemicals etc. | 148 | |
| 13770507520 | primary sewage treatment | Mechanical sewage treatment in which large solids are filtered out by screens and suspended solids settle out as sludge in a sedimentation tank. | 149 | |
| 13770507521 | secondary sewage treatment | a biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen-demanding organic wastes | 150 | |
| 13770507522 | tertiary sewage treatment | Advanced (expensive) Sewage Treatment: series of specialized chemical and physical processes used to remove specific pollutants left in the water such as nitrogen, phosphorus, bacteria and viruses. May use UV, ozone, chlorine or send through sand or activated carbon layers. | 151 | |
| 13770507523 | septic system | A relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas | 152 | |
| 13770507524 | CFCs and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) | Both greenhouse gas and contribute to ozone depletion when they break down in the stratosphere | 153 |
AP Vocabulary Lesson 55 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12530773145 | alchemist | one who practices medieval chemistry or tries to change metals into gold | 0 | |
| 12530773146 | amalgam | a combination of different elements | 1 | |
| 12530773147 | august | inspiring reverence or admiration | 2 | |
| 12530773148 | caldron | a large kettle used for boiling | 3 | |
| 12530773149 | conduit | a pipe or tube for conveying water or other fluids, flume | 4 | |
| 12530773150 | document (verb) | to support with references or citations | 5 | |
| 12530773151 | forensic | pertaining to debate or argument | 6 | |
| 12530773152 | inaugural | the beginning, the first of a series | 7 | |
| 12530773153 | invidious | causing animosity or resentment; hateful; offensive | 8 | |
| 12530773154 | mellow | pleasingly mild | 9 | |
| 12530773155 | nettle | to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger in | 10 | |
| 12530773156 | pare | to reduce or to lessen | 11 | |
| 12530773157 | placebo | substance with no medication given to humor a patient | 12 | |
| 12530773158 | privation | the condition of lacking basic necessities of life | 13 | |
| 12530773159 | protuberance | the state of bulging beyond the surrounding area; protrusion | 14 | |
| 12530773160 | refractory | unmanageable, stubborn with respect to authority | 15 | |
| 12530773161 | reprehensible | deserving blame or reprimand | 16 | |
| 12530773162 | rife | common in occurrence, abundant | 17 | |
| 12530773163 | serendipity | the faculty for making desirable discoveries by accident | 18 | |
| 12530773164 | solace | to comfort or to cheer | 19 | |
| 12530773165 | stipend | normal salary | 20 | |
| 12530773166 | teeming | filled to overflowing; present in a large amount | 21 | |
| 12530773167 | unremitting | constant, incessant | 22 | |
| 12530773168 | vitiated | impaired, corrupted, or made ineffective | 23 | |
| 12530773169 | zephyr | a gentle breeze, the west wind | 24 |
AP Psychologists Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13779072550 | Wilhelm Wundt | established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany | 0 | |
| 13779072551 | Wilhelm Wundt | father of psychology | 1 | |
| 13779072552 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment | 2 | |
| 13779072553 | Ivan Pavlov | discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell | 3 | |
| 13779072554 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis. | 4 | |
| 13779072555 | Alfred Binet | Created first intelligence test for Parisian school children | 5 | |
| 13779072556 | Edward Thorndike | behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence | 6 | |
| 13779072557 | John Watson | Early behaviorist; famous for the "Little Albert" experiments on fear conditioning | 7 | |
| 13779072558 | Jean Piaget | Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation | 8 | |
| 13779072559 | Benjamin Whorf | language; his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think | 9 | |
| 13779072560 | Erik Erikson | Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development | 10 | |
| 13779072561 | Carl Rogers | Humanisic; self-concept and unconditional positive regard drive personality | 11 | |
| 13779072562 | B.F. Skinner | Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats | 12 | |
| 13779072563 | B.F. Skinner | 1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box | 13 | |
| 13779072564 | Harry Harlow | development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort | 14 | |
| 13779072565 | Solomon Asch | 1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures | 15 | |
| 13779072566 | Abraham Maslow | Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization" | 16 | |
| 13779072567 | Mary Ainsworth | 1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment | 17 | |
| 13779072568 | Stanley Schachter | Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect | 18 | |
| 13779072569 | Albert Bandura | researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment | 19 | |
| 13779072570 | Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? (3 stage theory of moral development) | 20 | |
| 13779072571 | Noam Chomsky | theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language | 21 | |
| 13779072572 | Stanley Milgram | obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions | 22 | |
| 13779072573 | Phil Zimbardo | Prison study; You begin acting, then believing you are that character in reality. | 23 | |
| 13779072574 | Howard Gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic | 24 | |
| 13779072575 | Elizabeth Loftus | Her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony | 25 | |
| 13779072576 | Sigmund Freud | founder of psychoanalysis | 26 | |
| 13779072577 | William James | published the first psychology textbook | 27 | |
| 13779072578 | Solomon Asch | line conformity experiment | 28 |
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