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13558210092	Break-of-bulk point	a place where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another	0
13558224652	Problem with just in time delivery	If a company runs out of stock, they have no inventory left to stock the store	1
13558246219	In the US, most textiles jobs moved __________ to __________	northeast to southwest	2
13558256197	Which of the following are perishable products?	Milk and newspaper	3
13558263248	What is an example of bulk reducing industry?	Steel	4
13558268780	Which of the following site factors are important today?	Labor	5
13558286767	Which of the following is not an industrial region located in Eastern Europe	Rhine-ruhr	6
13558295544	Why would industries choose to locate in the Middle Atlantic region of the US?	Cheap labor from immigrants	7
13558334184	Maquiladora	A factory of an American company, located in Mexico - for cheap labor and market proximity	8
13558337860	market proximity	the state of being near to the customers that you want to sell to	9
13558346103	Outsourcing	obtain (goods or a service) from an outside or foreign supplier, especially in place of an internal source. Sending industrial processes out for external production	10
13558355508	Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?	United Kingdom (England)	11
13558361870	Which of the following are most closely related to the transportation of materials to and from factories?	Situational factors	12
13558364130	Situation factors	Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.	13
13558371226	Site factors	Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.	14
13558374123	Least Cost Theory	Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.	15
13558377585	Which of the following is not associated with Fordism?	wide variety of products	16
13558383222	Which of the following is not regarded as site factor - related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant?	transportation	17
13558388399	What is the transfer of low-paid, less skilled workers from MDCs to LDCs - in order to produce more cost-effective goods?	New international division of labor	18
13558400909	Fordist production	Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.	19
13558402974	Post-Fordist Production	Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.	20
13558444514	proximity	(n.) nearness, closeness	21
13558456180	Significant site factors include all but which of the following?	transportation	22
13558467586	acid precipitation	Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog	23
13558478466	biomass	Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste	24
13558483346	Capital	Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.	25
13558486454	Fission	The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.	26
13558486455	Fussion	Smaller nuclei fusing together to form a large nucleus	27
13558489730	Labor-intensive industry	An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.	28
13558491777	Passive solar	Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.	29

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13878530212	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13878530213	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13878530214	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13878530215	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13878530216	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13878530217	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13878530218	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13878530219	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13878530220	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13878530221	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13878530222	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13878530223	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13878530224	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13878530225	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13878530226	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13878530227	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13878530228	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13878530229	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13878530230	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13878530231	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13878530232	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13878530233	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13878530234	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13878530235	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13878530236	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13878530237	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13878530238	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13878530239	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13878530240	theory	general idea being tested	28
13878530241	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13878530242	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13878530243	mode	appears the most	31
13878530244	mean	average	32
13878530245	median	middle	33
13878530246	range	highest - lowest	34
13878530247	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13878530248	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13878530249	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13878530250	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13878530251	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13878530252	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13878530253	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13878530254	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13878530448	neuron		43
13878530255	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13878530256	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13878530257	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13878530258	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13878530259	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13878530260	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13878530261	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13878530262	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13878530263	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13878530264	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13878530265	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13878530266	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13878530267	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13878530268	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13878530269	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13878530270	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13878530271	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13878530272	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13878530273	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13878530274	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13878530275	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13878530276	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13878530277	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13878530278	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13878530279	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13878530280	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13878530281	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13878530282	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13878530283	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13878530284	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13878530285	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13878530286	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13878530287	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13878530288	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13878530289	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13878530290	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13878530291	occipital lobe	vision	80
13878530292	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13878530293	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13878530294	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13878530295	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13878530296	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13878530297	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13878530298	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13878530299	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13878530300	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13878530301	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13878530302	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13878530303	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13878530304	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13878530305	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13878530306	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13878530307	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13878530308	rods	night time	97
13878530309	cones	color	98
13878530310	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13878530311	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13878530312	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13878530313	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13878530314	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13878530315	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13878530316	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13878530317	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13878530318	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13878530319	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13878530320	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13878530321	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13878530322	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13878530323	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13878530324	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13878530325	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13878530326	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13878530327	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13878530328	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13878530329	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13878530330	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13878530331	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13878530332	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13878530333	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13878530334	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13878530335	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13878530336	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13878530337	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13878530338	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13878530339	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13878530340	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13878530341	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13878530342	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13878530343	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13878530344	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13878530345	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13878530346	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13878530347	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13878530348	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13878530349	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13878530350	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13878530351	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13878530352	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13878530353	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13878530354	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13878530355	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13878530356	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13878530357	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13878530358	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13878530359	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13878530360	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13878530361	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13878530362	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13878530363	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13878530364	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13878530365	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13878530366	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13878530367	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13878530368	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13878530369	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13878530370	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13878530371	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13878530372	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13878530373	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13878530374	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13878530375	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13878530376	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13878530377	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13878530378	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13878530379	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13878530380	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13878530381	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13878530382	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13878530383	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13878530384	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13878530385	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13878530386	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13878530387	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13878530388	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13878530389	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13878530390	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13878530391	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13878530392	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13878530393	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13878530394	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13878530395	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13878530396	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13878530397	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13878530398	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13878530399	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13878530400	encoding	information going in	189
13878530401	storage	keeping information in	190
13878530402	retrieval	taking information out	191
13878530403	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13878530404	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13878530405	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13878530406	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13878530407	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13878530408	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13878530409	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13878530410	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13878530411	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13878530412	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13878530413	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13878530414	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13878530415	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13878530416	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13878530417	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13878530418	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13878530419	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13878530420	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13878530421	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13878530422	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13878530423	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13878530424	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13878530425	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13878530426	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13878530427	context	environment helps with memory	216
13878530428	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13878530429	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13878530430	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13878530431	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13878530432	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13878530433	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13878530434	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13878530435	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13878530436	prototypes	generalize	225
13878530437	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13878530438	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13878530439	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13878530440	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13878530441	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13878530442	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13878530443	grammar is _________	universal	232
13878530444	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13878530445	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13914396306	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13914396307	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13914396308	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13914396309	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13914396310	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13914396311	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13914396312	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13914396313	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13914396314	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13914396315	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13914396316	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13914396317	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13914396318	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13914396319	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13914396320	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13914396321	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13914396322	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13914396323	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13914396324	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13914396325	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13914396326	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13914396327	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13914396328	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13914396329	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13914396330	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13914396331	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13914396332	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13914396333	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13914396334	theory	general idea being tested	28
13914396335	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13914396336	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13914396337	mode	appears the most	31
13914396338	mean	average	32
13914396339	median	middle	33
13914396340	range	highest - lowest	34
13914396341	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13914396342	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13914396343	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13914396344	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13914396345	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13914396346	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13914396347	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13914396348	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13914396541	neuron		43
13914396349	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13914396350	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13914396351	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13914396352	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13914396353	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13914396354	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13914396355	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13914396356	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13914396357	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13914396358	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13914396359	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13914396360	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13914396361	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13914396362	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13914396363	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13914396364	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13914396365	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13914396366	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13914396367	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13914396368	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13914396369	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13914396370	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13914396371	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13914396372	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13914396373	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13914396374	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13914396375	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13914396376	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13914396377	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13914396378	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13914396379	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13914396380	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13914396381	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13914396382	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13914396383	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13914396384	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13914396385	occipital lobe	vision	80
13914396386	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13914396387	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13914396388	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13914396389	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13914396390	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13914396391	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13914396392	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13914396393	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13914396394	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13914396395	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13914396396	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13914396397	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13914396398	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13914396399	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13914396400	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13914396401	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13914396402	rods	night time	97
13914396403	cones	color	98
13914396404	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13914396405	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13914396406	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13914396407	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13914396408	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13914396409	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13914396410	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13914396411	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13914396412	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13914396413	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13914396414	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13914396415	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13914396416	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13914396417	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13914396418	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13914396419	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13914396420	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13914396421	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13914396422	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13914396423	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13914396424	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13914396425	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13914396426	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13914396427	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13914396428	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13914396429	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13914396430	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13914396431	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13914396432	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13914396433	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13914396434	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13914396435	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13914396436	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13914396437	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13914396438	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13914396439	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13914396440	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13914396441	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13914396442	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13914396443	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13914396444	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13914396445	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13914396446	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13914396447	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13914396448	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13914396449	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13914396450	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13914396451	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13914396452	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13914396453	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13914396454	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13914396455	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13914396456	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13914396457	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13914396458	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13914396459	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13914396460	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13914396461	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13914396462	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13914396463	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13914396464	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13914396465	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13914396466	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13914396467	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13914396468	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13914396469	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13914396470	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13914396471	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13914396472	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13914396473	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13914396474	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13914396475	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13914396476	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13914396477	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13914396478	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13914396479	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13914396480	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13914396481	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13914396482	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13914396483	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13914396484	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13914396485	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13914396486	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13914396487	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13914396488	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13914396489	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13914396490	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13914396491	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13914396492	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13914396493	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13914396494	encoding	information going in	189
13914396495	storage	keeping information in	190
13914396496	retrieval	taking information out	191
13914396497	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13914396498	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13914396499	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13914396500	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13914396501	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13914396502	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13914396503	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13914396504	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13914396505	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13914396506	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13914396507	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13914396508	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13914396509	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13914396510	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13914396511	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13914396512	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13914396513	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13914396514	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13914396515	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13914396516	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13914396517	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13914396518	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13914396519	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13914396520	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13914396521	context	environment helps with memory	216
13914396522	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13914396523	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13914396524	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13914396525	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13914396526	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13914396527	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13914396528	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13914396529	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13914396530	prototypes	generalize	225
13914396531	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13914396532	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13914396533	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13914396534	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13914396535	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13914396536	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13914396537	grammar is _________	universal	232
13914396538	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13914396539	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP2 LAB 12: URINARY ANATOMY Flashcards

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11237810932	kidney	name the organ	0
11237815574	renal capsule	outermost layer	1
11237831270	renal cortex	name the outer region	2
11237837386	renal medulla	Name this inner region.	3
11237883611	renal column	Name the highlighted structure	4
11237892000	renal pyramid	Name the highlighted structure	5
11237903205	major calyx	Name the highlighted structure	6
11237908991	minor calyx	Name the highlighted structure	7
11237915061	renal pelvis	Name the highlighted structure	8
11237919857	renal hilum	Name this indented area.	9
11237929709	ureter	Name the highlighted structure	10
11237937539	bladder	Name the organ	11
11237957675	trigone	Name just this area	12
11237968101	rugae	Name these folds	13
11237979792	detrusor muscle	Name the wall of the organ	14
11237987455	internal urethral sphincter	Name the structure that encircles the opening.	15
11238010850	urethra	Name whole tube.	16
11238041951	prostatic urethra	Name just this part of the tube.	17
11238060564	membranous urethra	Name just this part of the tube.	18
11238075573	penile urethra	Name just this part of the tube.	19
11238088127	external urethral sphincter	Name the structure that encircles the opening.	20
11238093014	renal artery	Name the red vessel.	21
11238108526	segmental artery	Name the red vessel	22
11238117093	interlobar artery	Name the red vessel	23
11238129044	arcuate artery	Name the red vessel	24
11238136077	cortical radiate artery	Name the red vessels	25
11238146527	afferent arteriole	Name the red vessel	26
11238157483	glomerulus	Name the tuft of red vessels	27
11238167113	efferent arteriole	Name the red vessel	28
11238183001	peritubular capillaries	Name these purple vessels.	29
11238188390	vasa recta	Name the vessels around the loop.	30
11238202813	cortical radiate vein	Name the blue vessel.	31
11238210217	arcuate vein	Name the blue vessel.	32
11238217842	interlobar vein	Name the blue vessel	33
11238222106	renal vein	Name the blue vessel	34
11238234924	nephron	Name the whole structure	35
11238241663	renal corpuscle	Name the whole thing.	36
11238248061	glomerular capsule	Name just this outer part.	37
11238253383	proximal convoluted tubule	Name this section.	38
11238260739	nephron loop	Name this whole hairpin structure	39
11238266876	descending limb	Name just this side	40
11238294589	ascending limb	Name just this side	41
11238301552	distal convoluted tubule	Name just this part.	42
11238305954	collecting duct	Name the structure	43
11238310919	cortical	Name this type of nephron	44
11238321658	juxtamedullary	Name this type of nephron	45
14444644240	renal medulla	Name this region.	46
14444651515	renal column	Name the structure.	47
14444654207	renal pyramid	Name the structure.	48
14444656020	renal pyramid	Name the structure.	49
14444661156	minor calyx	Name this duct.	50
14444663096	minor calyx	Name this duct.	51
14444673183	renal pelvis	Name this funnel shaped region.	52
14444682812	renal pelvis	Name this funnel shaped region.	53
14444684335	major calyx	Name this duct.	54
14444685888	major calyx	Name this duct.	55
14444689972	renal hilum	Name this indented area.	56
14444692684	ureter	Name the structure.	57
14444695053	ureter	Name the structure.	58
14444697069	ureter	Name the structure.	59
14444701898	bladder	Name the organ.	60
14444703921	bladder	Name the organ.	61
14444705229	bladder	Name the organ.	62
14444714594	internal urethral sphincter	Name the structure that encircles the opening.	63
14444717632	internal urethral sphincter	Name the structure that encircles the opening.	64
14444762283	urethra	Name the tube. (whole thing)	65
14444765113	urethra	Name the tube.	66
14444770810	prostatic urethra	Name just this part of the tube.	67
14444793205	external urethral sphincter	Name just the structure that encircles the opening.	68
14444794976	external urethral spincter	Name just the structure that encircles the opening.	69
14444825206	renal artery	Name the red vessel.	70
14444827129	renal artery	Name the red vessel.	71
14444842728	segmental artery	Name the red vessel.	72
14444845044	interlobar artery	Name the red vessel.	73
14444846362	arcuate artery	Name the red vessel.	74
14444848400	arcuate artery	Name the red vessel.	75
14444854970	cortical radiate artery	Name the red vessel.	76
14444857567	cortical radiate artery	Name the red vessel.	77
14444862525	afferent arteriole	Name the red vessel.	78
14444864369	glomerulus	Name the tuft of red vessels.	79
14444866345	efferent arteriole	Name the red vessel.	80
14444900180	cortical radiate vein	Name the blue vessel.	81
14444902940	arcuate vein	Name the blue vessel.	82
14444904193	arcuate vein	Name the blue vessel.	83
14444906227	interlobar vein	Name the blue vessel.	84
14444908177	renal vein	Name the blue vessel.	85
14444910321	renal vein	Name the blue vessel.	86
14444924410	proximal convoluted tubule	Name just this part.	87
14444928469	distal convoluted tubule	Name just this part.	88
14445012643	nephron	Name this whole structure.	89
14445015038	renal corpuscle	Name the structure (whole thing).	90
14445017399	renal corpuscle	Name the structure. (whole thing).	91
14445020087	proximal convoluted tubule	Name just the part.	92
14445021489	nephron loop	Name just this whole hairpin structure.	93
14445023696	descending limb	Name just this side.	94
14445025620	ascending limb	Name just this side.	95
14445027751	collecting duct	Name the structure.	96
14445068645	glomerulus	Name the structure (just this part).	97

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13906087327	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13906087328	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13906087329	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13906087330	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13906087331	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13906087332	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13906087333	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13906087334	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13906087335	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13906087336	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13906087337	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13906087338	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13906087339	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13906087340	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13906087341	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13906087342	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13906087343	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13906087344	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13906087345	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13906087346	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13906087347	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13906087348	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13906087349	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13906087350	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13906087351	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13906087352	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13906087353	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13906087354	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13906087355	theory	general idea being tested	28
13906087356	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13906087357	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13906087358	mode	appears the most	31
13906087359	mean	average	32
13906087360	median	middle	33
13906087361	range	highest - lowest	34
13906087362	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13906087363	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13906087364	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13906087365	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13906087366	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13906087367	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13906087368	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13906087369	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13906087563	neuron		43
13906087370	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13906087371	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13906087372	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13906087373	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13906087374	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13906087375	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13906087376	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13906087377	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13906087378	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13906087379	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13906087380	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13906087381	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13906087382	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13906087383	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13906087384	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13906087385	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13906087386	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13906087387	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13906087388	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13906087389	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13906087390	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13906087391	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13906087392	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13906087393	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13906087394	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13906087395	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13906087396	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13906087397	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13906087398	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13906087399	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13906087400	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13906087401	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13906087402	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13906087403	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13906087404	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13906087405	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13906087406	occipital lobe	vision	80
13906087407	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13906087408	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13906087409	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13906087410	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13906087411	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13906087412	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13906087413	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13906087414	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13906087415	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13906087416	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13906087417	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13906087418	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13906087419	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13906087420	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13906087421	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13906087422	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13906087423	rods	night time	97
13906087424	cones	color	98
13906087425	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13906087426	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13906087427	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13906087428	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13906087429	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13906087430	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13906087431	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13906087432	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13906087433	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13906087434	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13906087435	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13906087436	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13906087437	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13906087438	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13906087439	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13906087440	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13906087441	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13906087442	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13906087443	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13906087444	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13906087445	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13906087446	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13906087447	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13906087448	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13906087449	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13906087450	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13906087451	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13906087452	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13906087453	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13906087454	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13906087455	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13906087456	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13906087457	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13906087458	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13906087459	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13906087460	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13906087461	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13906087462	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13906087463	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13906087464	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13906087465	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13906087466	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13906087467	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13906087468	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13906087469	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13906087470	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13906087471	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13906087472	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13906087473	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13906087474	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13906087475	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13906087476	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13906087477	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13906087478	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13906087479	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13906087480	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13906087481	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13906087482	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13906087483	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13906087484	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13906087485	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13906087486	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13906087487	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13906087488	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13906087489	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13906087490	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13906087491	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13906087492	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13906087493	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13906087494	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13906087495	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13906087496	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13906087497	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13906087498	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13906087499	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13906087500	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13906087501	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13906087502	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13906087503	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13906087504	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13906087505	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13906087506	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13906087507	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13906087508	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13906087509	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13906087510	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13906087511	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13906087512	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13906087513	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13906087514	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13906087515	encoding	information going in	189
13906087516	storage	keeping information in	190
13906087517	retrieval	taking information out	191
13906087518	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13906087519	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13906087520	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13906087521	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13906087522	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13906087523	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13906087524	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13906087525	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13906087526	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13906087527	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13906087528	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13906087529	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13906087530	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13906087531	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13906087532	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13906087533	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13906087534	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13906087535	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13906087536	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13906087537	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13906087538	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13906087539	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13906087540	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13906087541	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13906087542	context	environment helps with memory	216
13906087543	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13906087544	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13906087545	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13906087546	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13906087547	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13906087548	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13906087549	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13906087550	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13906087551	prototypes	generalize	225
13906087552	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13906087553	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13906087554	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13906087555	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13906087556	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13906087557	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13906087558	grammar is _________	universal	232
13906087559	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13906087560	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13909299297	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13909299298	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13909299299	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13909299300	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13909299301	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13909299302	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13909299303	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13909299304	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13909299305	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13909299306	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13909299307	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13909299308	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13909299309	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13909299310	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13909299311	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13909299312	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13909299313	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13909299314	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13909299315	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13909299316	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13909299317	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13909299318	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13909299319	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13909299320	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13909299321	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13909299322	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13909299323	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13909299324	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13909299325	theory	general idea being tested	28
13909299326	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13909299327	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13909299328	mode	appears the most	31
13909299329	mean	average	32
13909299330	median	middle	33
13909299331	range	highest - lowest	34
13909299332	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13909299333	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13909299334	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13909299335	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13909299336	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13909299337	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13909299338	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13909299339	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13909299531	neuron		43
13909299340	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13909299341	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13909299342	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13909299343	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13909299344	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13909299345	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13909299346	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13909299347	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13909299348	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13909299349	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13909299350	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13909299351	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13909299352	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13909299353	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13909299354	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13909299355	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13909299356	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13909299357	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13909299358	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13909299359	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13909299360	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13909299361	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13909299362	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13909299363	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13909299364	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13909299365	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13909299366	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13909299367	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13909299368	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13909299369	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13909299370	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13909299371	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13909299372	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13909299373	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13909299374	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13909299375	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13909299376	occipital lobe	vision	80
13909299377	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13909299378	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13909299379	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13909299380	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13909299381	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13909299382	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13909299383	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13909299384	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13909299385	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13909299386	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13909299387	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13909299388	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13909299389	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13909299390	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13909299391	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13909299392	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13909299393	rods	night time	97
13909299394	cones	color	98
13909299395	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13909299396	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13909299397	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13909299398	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13909299399	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13909299400	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13909299401	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13909299402	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13909299403	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13909299404	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13909299405	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13909299406	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13909299407	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13909299408	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13909299409	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13909299410	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13909299411	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13909299412	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13909299413	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13909299414	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13909299415	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13909299416	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13909299417	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13909299418	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13909299419	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13909299420	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13909299421	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13909299422	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13909299423	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13909299424	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13909299425	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13909299426	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13909299427	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13909299428	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13909299429	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13909299430	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13909299431	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13909299432	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13909299433	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13909299434	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13909299435	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13909299436	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13909299437	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13909299438	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13909299439	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13909299440	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13909299441	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13909299442	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13909299443	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13909299444	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13909299445	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13909299446	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13909299447	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13909299448	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13909299449	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13909299450	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13909299451	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13909299452	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13909299453	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13909299454	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13909299455	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13909299456	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13909299457	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13909299458	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13909299459	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13909299460	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13909299461	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13909299462	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13909299463	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13909299464	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13909299465	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13909299466	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13909299467	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13909299468	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13909299469	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13909299470	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13909299471	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13909299472	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13909299473	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13909299474	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13909299475	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13909299476	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13909299477	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13909299478	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13909299479	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13909299480	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13909299481	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13909299482	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13909299483	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13909299484	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13909299485	encoding	information going in	189
13909299486	storage	keeping information in	190
13909299487	retrieval	taking information out	191
13909299488	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13909299489	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13909299490	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13909299491	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13909299492	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13909299493	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13909299494	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13909299495	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13909299496	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13909299497	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13909299498	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13909299499	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13909299500	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13909299501	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13909299502	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13909299503	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13909299504	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13909299505	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13909299506	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13909299507	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13909299508	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13909299509	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13909299510	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13909299511	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13909299512	context	environment helps with memory	216
13909299513	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13909299514	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13909299515	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13909299516	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13909299517	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13909299518	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13909299519	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13909299520	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13909299521	prototypes	generalize	225
13909299522	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13909299523	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13909299524	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13909299525	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13909299526	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13909299527	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13909299528	grammar is _________	universal	232
13909299529	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13909299530	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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