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Pre-AP Waves and Oscillations Flashcards

13228427154	Frequency	The Rate of Oscillation.	0
13228427155	What is another way to write hertz?	cycles/second	1
13228427156	Phase	Where in a cycle of oscillation, waves are synchronized.	2
13228427157	Amplitude	The maximum value of an oscillation. In mechanics this is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium line.	3
13228427158	Period	Time it takes to complete one oscillation.	4
13228427159	Period Formula	T = 1/f	5
13228427160	Simple Harmonic Motion	Repetitive motion of an object that continuously reaches the same maximum displacement from the equilibrium line.	6
13228427161	Hooke's Law formula	F = kx	7
13228427162	Transverse Wave	A wave that's medium displaces perpendicular to the direction of propagation; the motion is perpendicular to its equilibrium line.	8
13228427163	Longitudinal Wave	A wave that's medium displaces parallel to the direction of propagation; the motion is parallel to it's equilibrium line	9
13228427164	Crest	The top of a wave.	10
13228427165	Trough	The bottom of a wave.	11
13228427166	Damping	the tendency of vibrating object to lose or to dissipate its energy over time.	12
13228427167	Light	An example of an electromagnetic wave; moves as a transverse wave	13
13228427168	Sound	An example of a longitudinal wave; a pressurized mechanical wave.	14
13228427169	Electromagnetic Wave	Type of wave that can travel through a vacuum and does not require a medium to go from point A to point B.	15
13228427170	Mechanical Wave	Type of wave that can not travel through a vacuum and does require a medium to get from point A to point B.	16
13228427171	Compression	High density/concentration of energy on a longitudinal wave	17
13228427172	Rarefaction	Low density/concentration of energy on a longitudinal wave	18
13228427173	Interference	When two waves interact with each other.	19
13228427174	Constructive Interference	Interference of two waves with displacement in the same direction. This creates a "single larger" wave.	20
13228427175	Destructive Interference	Interference of two waves with displacement in the opposite directions. This interference counteracts one another and can create a "single smaller" or even "nonexistent" appearing wave.	21
13228427176	Standing wave	When interference occurs in such a way that there appears to be a wave not moving	22
13228427177	Node	A position on a standing wave where there is no displacement; has zero energy	23
13228427178	Antinodes	A position on a standing wave that represents an extreme position relative to the equilibrium line; has maximum energy	24
13228427179	wave speed	the speed at which a wave travels	25
13228427180	wave speed formula	wavelength x frequency	26
13228427181	speed formula	distance/time	27
13228427182	Wavelength	The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave	28
13228427183	Herts (Hz)	Unit for frequency	29
13228427184	meters/second	unit for speed	30
13228427185	meter	unit for wavelength	31
13228427186	wave pulse	a single bump or disturbance that is in motion	32
13228427187	A sound's pitch	depends on frequency of the sound wave	33
13228427188	A light's color	depends on frequency of the light wave	34
13228427189	Decibel (dB)	unit of measurement; measures loudness / intensity	35
13228427190	note	a specific frequency of harmonics used with sound	36
13228427191	Harmonics	whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency	37
13228427192	resonant frequency	The natural frequency at which standing waves are made in a particular medium; varies among mediums	38
13228427193	Beats or beat frequency	Alternating constructive and destructive interference resulting from two slightly different frequencies in unison; determined by taking the difference of the two interfering frequencies.	39
13228427194	Doppler effect	An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving - sound wave	40
13228427195	loudness	the intensity of sound waves, measured in decibels	41
13228427196	Brightness	intensity of light waves, measured in candelas	42
13228427197	fundamental frequency	the lowest frequency of vibration of a standing wave	43
13228427198	ROYGBIV	Colors of the visible spectrum in order of wavelength and frequency.	44
13228427202	Time Period of a Pendulum		45
13228427203	Time Period of a Spring		46
13228427199	Transparent	Allowing light to pass through; clear viewing on the other side	47
13228427200	Translucent	permitting light to pass through, but not enough to allow clear viewing of objects on the other side	48
13228427201	opaque	impossible to see through; preventing the passage of light	49
13228461010	red shift	the change in the wavelength of light due to an object moving away from the observer.	50
13228467217	Refraction	The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another	51
13228470912	law of reflection	the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection	52
13228477943	red, green, blue	primary colors of light	53
13228481293	Polarized lenses	reduce glare; allow light to enter through a single direction	54
13228490074	fiber optics	thin glass fibers that use total internal reflection to carry light	55
13228492924	speed of light	faster in less dense materials	56
13228498298	speed of sound	faster in more dense materials	57
13228500514	Diffraction	The bending and scattering of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening	58
13228507300	converge	to move toward one point	59
13228509467	diverge	to vary; go in different directions from the same point	60
13228568080	laser	light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation	61

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AP French Cultural Comparison Flashcards

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11831139444	Topics	http://lhsfrenchdevoirs.wikispaces.com/file/view/aP%20themes%20pix.jpg/519442638/543x403/aP%20themes%20pix.jpg	0
11831139445	Advertising and Marketing	In the United States, 195.76 billion dollars were spent on marketing in 2016. New York City (NYC) accounts for the most money spent on advertising. According to the Wall Street Journal, a billboard (panneau) in Times Square costs between 1.1 billion to 4 billion dollars each year. On the other hand, in France, only 13.59 billion dollars were spent on advertising.	1
11831139446	Environment	Platic bags are not used in Paris The US focuses on fosil fuels which is not healthy for the environmrnt	2
11831139447	Economy	Microcredit in Congo (Federation de femme d'afrique femme d'avenir) We have advanced bank systems in the US The US sales tax is 7% Canada has a slaes tax of 12% Congo has a sales tax of 16%	3
11831139448	Healthcare	33% of Americans are obese 25% of French are obese Free healthcare in France	4
11831139449	Laws	First Amendment- Freedom of speech, religion, press, etc. Second Amendment- Right to bear arms	5
11831139450	Science et technology	Thomas Edison invented the light bulb It has a big impact because we use electricity every day for things such as... Louis Braille invented braille which helps the blind read with their fingers. Both have had a major influence in today's society	6
11831139451	Science et technology	Using human embryos for research is illegal in the United States but legal in Belgium	7
11831139452	Media and society	79 % of Internet users use Facebook in the United States. 26 million people in France use Facebook.	8
11831139453	Intellectual property (Plagarism)	The Copy Right Law was enacted in the United States in 1790. In France, they have the right of the author.	9
11831139454	Health	In the United States there is a group known as the FDA which regulates the food and pharmaceutical companies. On the other hand, in France there is a similar group known as the PNNS	10
11831139455	Education	In the United States there is a test known as the SAT. This test indicates an individuals college readiness. On the other hand, in France there is a test known as the BAC which is similar. However, if one fails this test, college is not an option anymore. In France, grade levels are counted backwards and students go home for lunch.	11
11831139456	Nutrition	In the United States, the majority of people value large meals that are cheap. On the other hand, in France they value small meals that are healthy and price is not an indicator. Also, the French believe that food satisfies emotional and spiritual factors.	12
11831139457	Science and Technology	In the United States, technology is used on a daily basis for things such as homework, social media, and communicating. However, in France the use of technology during school is strongly discouraged.	13
11831139458	L'amitie et l'amour	50.2% of the population is single in the USA. 65% of the population in France is single.	14
11831139459	Les loisirs et le sport	Football is the most popular sport in the USA. (32%) Soccer is the most popular sport in France.	15
11831139460	L'architecture	The salary for an architecture in the USA is $71,000. The salary for an architect in France is 72,056 Euros.	16
11831139461	La musique et les arts du spectacle	The most popular music genre in the United States is hip-hop. The most popular music genre in France is pop/rap.	17
11831139462	Les voyages	The most popular vacation place in the United States is Disney World. The most popular vacation place in France is the Eiffel Tower	18
11831139463	L'identite linguistique	21% of people in the United States speak a language other than English. 88% of the French population speak French.	19
11831139464	La citoyennete	.....	20
11831139465	La recherche et ses nouvelles frontieres	.....	21
11831139466	L'avenir de la technologie	.....	22
11831139467	Le beau	....	23
11831139468	Le patrimonie	.....	24
11831139469	Les arts visuels	.....	25
11831139470	L'education et le monde du travail	.....	26
11831139471	Le logement	....	27
11831139472	Le pluriculturalisme	....	28
11831139473	Les croyances et les systèmes de valeurs	....	29
11831139474	La paix et la guerre	...	30
11831139475	La sexualite	....	31
11831139476	Le nationalisme et le patriotisme	...	32
11831139477	Les fetes et les rites de passage	....	33
11831139478	L'alienation et l'assimilation	....	34

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AP Macroeconomics: International Trade Flashcards

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9952940757	Consumption possibility frontier	The various bundles of goods that a country can obtain by taking advantage of international trade.	0
9952956991	Official reserves	Foreign currencies owned by the central bank of a nation.	1
9953014508	Balance of payments deficit	Shortfall that occurs when more money flows out of a nation than into that nation. Current account balance + Capital account balance < 0	2
9953017148	Balance of payments surplus	Overage that occurs when more money flows into a nation than out of that nation. Current account balance + Capital account balance > 0	3
9953020062	Exchange rate	The measure of how much one currency is worth in relation to another.	4
9953021234	Appreciation	An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy.	5
9953022415	Depreciation	A decrease or loss in the value of a currency compared to foreign currency.	6
9953031227	Determinants of appreciation or depreciation	1. Consumer tastes 2. Relative incomes 3. Relative inflation 4. Speculation	7
9953050222	Revenue tariff	Tax on imports that are not produced in the domestic market. This is used primarily to raise government revenue without restricting imports.	8
9953054037	Protective tariff	A tax on imported goods that are produced in the domestic market and that raises the price of foreign imports so people will buy domestic goods.	9
9953066372	Import quota	A limit on the amount of a good that can be imported into the domestic market.	10

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AP Government Congress Flashcards

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8740392891	bicameral legislature	A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.	0
8740392892	caucus	A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.	1
8740392893	closed rule	An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor	2
8740392894	cloture rule	A rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate	3
8740392895	concurrent resolution	An expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate, but not the president	4
8740392896	conference committees	A joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the senate and house versions of the same bill	5
8740392897	conservative coalition	An alliance between Republican and conservative Democrats	6
8740392898	discharge petition	Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.	7
8740392899	division vote	A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted	8
8740392900	divided government	Governance divided between the parties, as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress.	9
8740392901	double tracking	A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business	10
8740392902	earmarks	Special spending projects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of Congress for their constituents.	11
8740392903	filibuster	A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate	12
8740392904	franking privilege	Benefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free	13
8740392905	joint committees	Committees on which both senators and representatives serve	14
8740392906	joint resolution	A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president	15
8740392907	majority leader	The legislative leader selected by the majority party who helps plan party strategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.	16
8740392908	marginal districts	political districts in which candidates elected to the house of representatives win in close elections, typically by less than 55 percent of the vote	17
8740392909	minority leader	Leader of the minority party in a legislature	18
8740392910	open rule	An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor	19
8740392911	party polarization	a vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators	20
8740392912	party vote	a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party. Party votes are rare today, although they were fairly common in the nineteenth century	21
8740392913	pork-barrel legislation	legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return	22
8740392914	quorum	Majority	23
8740392915	restrictive rule	an order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor	24
8740392916	riders	Amendments to bills, often in the form of appropriations, that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent of the bill itself and many times are considered to be pork barrel legislation	25
8740392917	roll-call vote	A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names.	26
8740392918	safe districts	Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more.	27
8740392919	select committees	Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation.	28
8740392920	simple resolution	an expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body	29
8740392921	speaker	Presiding officer in the House elected by their party; powerful House position	30
8740392922	standing committees	permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area	31
8740392923	unified government	The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress	32
8740392924	veto	Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature	33
8740392925	voice vote	A congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills	34
8740392926	whip	A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking.	35