APES Review Flashcards
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| 13668730034 | Atomic Energy Act | Provides for the development and regulation of the uses of nuclear materials in facilities in the US | 0 | |
| 13668730035 | Clean Air Act | Establish primary and secondary air quality standards. Required states to develop implementation plans. Sets limits and goals to reduce mobile source air pollution and ambient air quality standards. | 1 | |
| 13668730036 | Clean Water Act | Regulates and enforces all discharge into water sources and wetland destruction/construction | 2 | |
| 13668730037 | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) | Established federal authority for emergency response and cleanup of hazardous substances that have been spilled, improperly disposed, or released into the environment | 3 | |
| 13668730038 | Consumer product safety act | Purpose is to protect the public against unreasonable risks of injury associated with consumer products | 4 | |
| 13668730039 | Convention on international trade in endangered species | Controls the exploitation of endangered species through international legislation. Bans hunting, capturing and selling of threatened species and bans the import of ivory | 5 | |
| 13668730040 | Emergency planning and community right to know act | Requires reporting of toxic releases: the Toxic Release Inventory: encourages response for chemical releases | 6 | |
| 13668780430 | Endangered Species Act | Protects species that are considered to be threatened or endangered. Includes migratory birds and their habitats. | 7 | |
| 13670469022 | Energy Policy Act | The Act originally publicizes radiation protection standards for the Yucca Mountain repository. | 8 | |
| 13670513815 | Energy Policy and Conservation Act | Authorizes the president to draw from the petroleum reserve as well as established a permanent home heating oil reserve in the Northeast. Clarifies when the president can draw from these resources. | 9 | |
| 13670558629 | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | Assures the safety, wholesomeness, efficacy, and truthful packaging and labeling of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices. | 10 | |
| 13670601465 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | Requires that all pesticides are registered and approved by the FDA and creates a pesticide registry. | 11 | |
| 13670621770 | Federal Water Pollution Control Act | Authorized the surgeon general of the Public Health Service, with others, to prepare comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. | 12 | |
| 13670628146 | Food Quality Protection Act | Set pesticide limits in food, & all active and inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects | 13 | |
| 13670639165 | Hardrock Mining and Reclamation | The bill provides that the secretary of the interior will establish a royalty rate of from 2% to 5% of the value of locatable mineral production from any new mines on federal mineral lands. | 14 | |
| 13670649194 | Hazardous Material Transportation Act (HAZMAT) | Governs the transportation of hazardous materials and wastes. | 15 | |
| 13670669917 | International Environmental Protection Act | Authorized the president to assist countries in protecting and maintaining wildlife habitat and provides an active role in conservation by the Agency for International Development. | 16 | |
| 13670678213 | Kyoto Protocol | Agreement among 150 nations requiring greenhouse gas emission reduction. | 17 | |
| 13671158163 | Lacey Act | A conservation law prohibiting the transportation of illegally captured or prohibited animals across state lines. It was the first federal law protecting wildlife, and is still in effect, though it has been revised several times. Today the law is primarily used to prevent the importation or spread of potentially dangerous non-native species. | 18 | |
| 13671168324 | Law of the Sea Convention | International agreement that sets rules for the use of the world's oceans, which cover 70 percent of the Earth's surface. | 19 | |
| 13671175938 | Low-Level Radioactive Policy Act | all states must have facilities to handle low-level radioactive wastes. | 20 | |
| 13671181763 | Madrid Protocol | Moratorium on mineral exploration for 50 years in Antarctica | 21 | |
| 13671190619 | Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act | Regulates the dumping of wastes into oceans and coastal waters | 22 | |
| 13671197890 | Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act | Requires purchase of a stamp by waterfowl hunters. Revenue generated is used to acquire wetlands. Since its inception, the program has resulted in the protection of approximately 4.5 million acres (18,000 km²) of waterfowl habitat. | 23 | |
| 13671206887 | Mining Act of 1872 | United States federal law that authorizes and governs prospecting and mining for economic minerals, such as gold, platinum, and silver, on federal public lands. | 24 | |
| 13671215328 | Montreal Protocol | Banned the production of aerosols and initiated the phase out of all CFC's. | 25 | |
| 13671228378 | National Appliance Energy Act (NAEA) | Set minimum efficiency standards for numerous categories of appliances. | 26 | |
| 13671237755 | National Environmental Policy Act | Authorized the Council on Environmental Quality as the oversight board for general conditions; directs federal agencies to take environmental consequences into account in decision making; requires EIP statement be prepared for every major federal project having environmental impact. | 27 | |
| 13671250734 | National Park Act | Created Yosemite and Yellowstone National Parks. | 28 | |
| 13671255484 | Noise Control Act | Promotes a national environment free from noise that jeopardizes health and welfare. Establishes research, noise standards, and information dissemination. | 29 | |
| 13671264403 | Nuclear Waste Policy Act | Established a site to identify for, and construct, an underground repository for spent nuclear reactor fuel and high-level radioactive waste from federal defense programs. | 30 | |
| 13671277706 | Occupational Safety and Health Act | Created to protect worker and health. Its main aim was to ensure that employers provide their workers with an environment free from dangers to their safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. | 31 | |
| 13671285969 | Ocean Dumping Act | Makes it unlawful for any person to dump or transport for the purpose of dumping sewage, sludge, or industrial waste into ocean waters. | 32 | |
| 13671293283 | Oil Pollution Act | It states "A company cannot ship oil into the United States until it presents a plan to prevent spills that may occur. It must also have a detailed containment and cleanup plan in case of an oil spill emergency." | 33 | |
| 13671301836 | Pollution Prevention Act | Requires facilities to reduce pollution at its source. Reduction can be in volume or toxicity. | 34 | |
| 13671312056 | Quiet Communities Act | Provides for the coordination of federal research and activities in noise control. Authorized FAA funds for development of noise abatement plans around airports. | 35 | |
| 13671321046 | Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | Management of non-hazardous and hazardous solid waste including landfills and storage tanks. Set minimal standards for all waste disposal facilities and for hazardous wastes. | 36 | |
| 13671326819 | Safe Drinking Water Act | The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is allowed to set the standards for drinking water quality and oversees all of the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement these standards | 37 | |
| 13671337588 | Soil and Water Conservation Act | Provides for a continuing appraisal of US soil, water, and related resources, including fish and wildlife habitats, and a soil and water conservation program to assist landowners. | 38 | |
| 13671343595 | Soil Conservation Act | Established the soil conservation service, which deals with soil erosion problems, carries out soil surveys, and does research on soil salinity. | 39 | |
| 13671354045 | Solid Waste Disposal Act | To find better and more efficient ways to dispose of solid waste; promotes shredding and separation of waste and burning of remaining materials to produce stream or generate electricity; promotes recycling. | 40 | |
| 13671363407 | Stockholm Declaration | United Nations Conference on Human Environment having considered the need for a common outlook and principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment. | 41 | |
| 13671375641 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act | Requires restoration of abandoned mines. | 42 | |
| 13671380598 | Taylor Grazing Act | A United States federal law that regulates grazing on federal public land. The Secretary of the Interior has the authority to handle all of the regulations, and he became responsible for establishing grazing districts. Before these districts are created there must be a hearing held by the state. | 43 | |
| 13671386563 | Toxic Substances Control Act | EPA is given the ability to track the 75,000 industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the United States. EPA repeatedly screens these chemicals and can require reporting or testing of those that may pose an environmental or human-health hazard. EPA can ban the manufacture and import of those chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk. | 44 | |
| 13671391699 | Water Resources Planning Act | Provides for a plan to formulate and evaluate water and related land resources. | 45 | |
| 13671397914 | Wild and Scenic Rivers Act | Selected rivers in the United States are preserved for possessing outstandingly, remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values. | 46 | |
| 13671406858 | Wilderness Act | Allowed congress to set aside federally owned land for preservation. | 47 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP MACRO Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14008230149 | circular flow diagram |  | 0 | |
| 14008235673 | Aggregate Demand | the quantity of all goods and services at different price levels. *inverse relationship btw price levels and outputs | 1 | |
| 14008263258 | AD shifts downwards for 3 reasons | 1. Real balance effect- price levels falls 2. Interest rate effect- price level falls 3. International trade effect- price level falls, relative to foreign countries Change in Ad (shifts the entire curve)= change in C,I, G, and NX | 2 | |
| 14008307720 | Four factors in change of AD | 1. Consumption 2. Investment 3. Government actions Net Exports/imports C+I+G+X= GDP | 3 | |
| 14008342961 | short-run aggregate supply | quantity of all goods and services at different price levels - sticky-wages - sticky prices - producer misperceptions - worker-misperceptions | 4 | |
| 14008473081 | long-run aggregate supply | can be changed (shift) by technology and resources * Yn is the Natural rate of GDP, or where GDP is when all resources are fully utilized | 5 | |
| 14008515300 | Recessionary Gap | - Economy is in short run equilibrium - Recessionary gap (Yn-Ye) indicates that there is unemployment because the economy is not producing at it's Natural Rate of GDP - Resources are inefficiently utilized or under utilized | 6 | |
| 14008560635 | Inflationary Gap | - economy is in short-run equilibrium - Inflationary gap (Ye-Yn) indicates that there is overproduction because the economy is producing beyond it's Natural Rate of GDP - Resources are over utilized and will wear down | 7 | |
| 14008623677 | Classical, neo-classical, and monetarists | Say's law: supply creates its own demand * economy is self-regulating - out of equilibrium, if it is left alone, it will fix itself - price and wages are flexible and will adjust - adjustment will shift SRAS - amount of savings in an economy = amount of investment S=I - policy Implication= laissez-faire | 8 | |
| 14008690239 | Keynesian view | - wages and prices are downwardly inflexible - prices are hard to lower due to menu costs - wages are hard to lower because workers will not consent - consumption (C) depends on Disposable Income (DI) | 9 | |
| 14008746768 | Keynesian View formulas | - APC= C/DI - APS=S/DI - MPC= change in C/change DI - MPS= change in S/change in DI - Multiplier= 1/MPS | 10 | |
| 14008774899 | fiscal policy | changes in government expenditures and taxes, intending to shift (primarily) the AD curve to stabilize the economy | 11 | |
| 14008819723 | expansionary policy | increase spending and/or reduce taxes to close a recessionary gap | 12 | |
| 14008836525 | contractionary policy | decrease spending and/or increase taxes to close a recessionary gap | 13 | |
| 14008861158 | Automatic stabilizers | changes in fiscal policy that occur automatically, built in to the system, and requiring no Congressional/Presidential action, as example's unemployments insurance and a progressive tax system | 14 | |
| 14008905715 | discretionary spending | changes in fiscal policy that require Congressional/Presidential action | 15 | |
| 14008917275 | Crowding out | what occurs when increased government (public) spending results in decreased private spending. The danger of crowding out occurring is when the government has a budget deficit and must borrow money to increase its spending. This borrowing is done in the Loanable Funds market, and when the government demands more credit (Loanable funds), it shifts the D curve to the right, causing an increase in interest rates. This increased interest rate dampens consumer and business borrowing, resulting in lower AD. | 16 | |
| 14009002379 | Budget Deficit | when expenditures are greater than revenues in given year | 17 | |
| 14009018305 | Budget surplus | when revenues are greater than expenditures in a given year | 18 | |
| 14009043414 | the debt | (also called public debt or the federal or national debt) is the total amount the government owes its creditors | 19 | |
| 14009069416 | M1 | the narrow definition of the money supply: currency (paper money and coins), checkable deposits, and traveler's checks | 20 | |
| 14009092951 | M2 | All of M1 + small denomination time deposits (less than $100,000) savings deposits, money market accounts, overnight repurchase agreements, and overnight eurodollars deposits | 21 | |
| 14009151511 | federal reserve | three ways that it affects money supply: - change in required-reserve ratio - change the discount rate - open market operations--buy/sell bonds | 22 | |
| 14009185224 | Monetary policy | loose (expansionary) during RECESSION- expand the supply tight (contractionary) during INFLATION- reduce the money supply *usually quicker than fiscal policy/less direct than the fiscal policy | 23 | |
| 14009226865 | money market graph | a loose policy will raise the MS, resulting in lower interest rates (undertaken during a recession) |  | 24 |
| 14009237750 | investment goods market graph | This lowers interest rates to increase investment, as well as more consumers borrowing |  | 25 |
| 14009256288 | real GDP graph | Increase borrowing affects AD, shifting it to the right, bringing the economy into equilibrium |  | 26 |
| 14009262370 | money market | changes in interest rates cause changes in investment and interest-rate driven consumption which affects AD, SRAS, PL, adn Real GDP | 27 | |
| 14009323254 | Loanable Funds Graph |  | 28 | |
| 14009333853 | appreciation | An increase in the value of one currency relative to another | 29 | |
| 14009341669 | Depreciation | decrease in the value of one currency relative to another | 30 | |
| 14009354905 | flexible exchange rate | the market determines value | 31 | |
| 14009362221 | fixed exchange rate | the value is NOT allowed to fluctuate | 32 | |
| 14009372872 | phillips curve graph |  | 33 | |
| 14009379499 | Short-Run Phillips Curve (SRPC) | the negative short-run relationship between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate | 34 | |
| 14009381219 | Long Run Phillips Curve | shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation after expectations of inflation have had time to adjust to experience | 35 | |
| 14009387138 | Real Economic Growth | increase from one period to the next in real GDP | 36 | |
| 14009401207 | factors related to economic growth | - natural resources - labor - capital - technological advances - property rights - economic freedom | 37 | |
| 14009424050 | GDP | the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy | 38 | |
| 14009428795 | Inflation | increase ion overall prices and is measured by price undexes | 39 | |
| 14009439042 | CPI | fixed market basket of goods, the base year is 100 | 40 | |
| 14009448934 | GDP deflator | another price index, broader measure than the CPI of prices in the economy. | 41 | |
| 14009465975 | civilian non institutional population | members of the population 16 years or older not in the military and not institutionalized. | 42 | |
| 14009471824 | unemployed | people not working who have looked for work during previous 4 weeks | 43 | |
| 14009475589 | cyclical unemployment | unemployment caused by a business cycle recession | 44 | |
| 14009481942 | structural unemployment | unemployment that occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available | 45 | |
| 14009484564 | frictional unemployment | A type of unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs; unemployed workers between jobs. | 46 | |
| 14009492953 | natural unemployment rate | varies over time and is the amount of unemployment due to structural and frictional | 47 | |
| 14009511956 | full employment | when the economy is operating at its natural rate of unemployment, but NEVER 100% | 48 | |
| 14009528639 | comparative advantage | the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer | 49 | |
| 14009533386 | tariffs | Taxes on imported goods | 50 | |
| 14009538002 | Subsidies | monetary payment by the government to a producer of a good or service | 51 | |
| 14009549954 | Quotas | legal limit on how much of a good can be imported | 52 | |
| 14015875516 | consumption expenditure | the dollar value of all goods and services sold to households | 53 | |
| 14015892165 | Disposable Personal Income (DPI) | the income of households after taxes have been paid | 54 | |
| 14015895749 | Government expenditure | the dollar value of goods and services sold to governments. | 55 | |
| 14015914871 | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country. | 56 | |
| 14015923655 | Gross National Product (GNP) | The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year. | 57 | |
| 14015929345 | Intermediate Sales | sales to firms that will incorporate the item into their final product | 58 | |
| 14015934142 | investment expenditures | expenditures by businesses on plant and equipment plus residential construction and the change in business inventories | 59 | |
| 14015941212 | National Income (NI) | the income earned by households and profits earned by firms after subtracting depreciation and indirect business taxes | 60 | |
| 14015960595 | national economic accounts (NEA) | a comprehensive group of statistics that measures various aspects of the economy's performance | 61 | |
| 14015968977 | net exports | exports - imports | 62 | |
| 14015973610 | Personal Income (PI) | income received by households | 63 | |
| 14015977729 | Real GDP | GDP adjusted for price changes | 64 | |
| 14015984828 | underground economy | all the illegal production of goods and services and legal production that does not pass through markets | 65 | |
| 14015988355 | GDP per capita | GDP divided by population | 66 |
AP macroeconomics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13885257930 | absolute advantage | the ability to produce something more efficiently | 0 | |
| 13885257931 | capital | productive equipment or machinery | 1 | |
| 13885257932 | comparative advantage | the ability to produce something with a lower opportunity cost | 2 | |
| 13885257933 | economics | a social science that studies how resources are used and is often concerned with how resources can be used to their fullest potential | 3 | |
| 13885257934 | efficiency | using resources to their maximum potential | 4 | |
| 13885257935 | labor | all human activity that is productive | 5 | |
| 13885257936 | land | all natural resources | 6 | |
| 13885257937 | law of Increasing costs | law that states that when more of a product is initially being produced, the higher the opportunity cost will be to produce still more | 7 | |
| 13885257938 | macroeconomics | economic problems encountered by the nation as a whole | 8 | |
| 13885257939 | microeconomics | economic problems faced by individual units within the overall company | 9 | |
| 13885257940 | opportunity cost | the amount of one good that must be sacrificed to obtain an alternative good | 10 | |
| 13885257941 | positive economics | economic analysis that draws conclusions based on logical deduction or induction (value judgements are avoided) | 11 | |
| 13885257942 | production possibilities frontier | the combinations of two goods that can be produced if the economy uses all of its resources fully and efficiently | 12 | |
| 13885257943 | normative economies | economies involving value judgement | 13 | |
| 13885257944 | resource | anything that can be used to produce a good or service | 14 | |
| 13885257945 | allocative efficiency | term for resources being deployed to produce just the right amount of each product to satisfy society's wants | 15 | |
| 13885257946 | capitalism | an economic system where supply and demand determine prices | 16 | |
| 13885257947 | circular flow diagram | diagram that shows how households and firms are related by the exchange of resources and products | 17 | |
| 13885257948 | command economy | economy in which the central government dictates what will or will not be produced and who gets what | 18 | |
| 13885257949 | the law of demand | law that states that when the price of a product increases, the quantity demanded decreases, ceteris paribus | 19 | |
| 13885257950 | law of supply | law that states that when the price of a product increases, the quantity supplied increases, ceterus paribus | 20 | |
| 13885257951 | mixed economy | a blend of government commands and capitalism | 21 | |
| 13885257952 | consumption expenditures | all the goods and services sold to households | 22 | |
| 13885257953 | disposable personal income (DPI) | the income of households after taxes have been paid | 23 | |
| 13885257954 | government expenditures | goods and services sold to governments | 24 | |
| 13885257955 | gross domestic product (GDP) | dollar value of production within a nation's borders | 25 | |
| 13885257956 | gross national product (GNP) | dollar value of production by a country's citizens | 26 | |
| 13885257957 | intermediate sales | sales to firms that will incorporate the item into their final product | 27 | |
| 13885257958 | investment sales | sales to firms that will incorporate the item into their final product | 28 | |
| 13885257959 | investment expenditures | expenditures by businesses on plants and equipment plus the change in business inventories | 29 | |
| 13885257960 | national income (NI) | the income earned by households and profits earned by firms after subtracting depreciation and indirect business taxes | 30 | |
| 13885257961 | national income and product accounts (NIPA) | a comprehensive group of statistics that measures various aspects of the economy's performance | 31 | |
| 13885257962 | net exports | exports minus imports | 32 | |
| 13885257963 | personal income (PI) | income received by households | 33 | |
| 13885257964 | real GDP | GDP adjusted for the price changes | 34 | |
| 13885257965 | underground economy | all the illegal production of goods and services and legal production that does not pass through markets | 35 | |
| 13885257966 | GDP | C+I+G+X | 36 | |
| 13885257967 | GDP per capita | GDP/population | 37 | |
| 13885257968 | consumer price index (CPI) | measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services | 38 | |
| 13885257969 | cyclical unemployment | loss of jobs by individuals during a recession and the corresponding slowdown in production | 39 | |
| 13885257970 | fisher's hypothesis | Nominal Interest Rate= Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation | 40 | |
| 13885257971 | frictional unemployment | state of being out of work because the person is in between jobs | 41 | |
| 13885257972 | GDP deflator | measure of the level of prices in the economy | 42 | |
| 13885257973 | hidden unemployment | describing those who are able to work but who are not actively seeking employment because they are discouraged about their prospects for finding employment | 43 | |
| 13885257974 | inflation | a sustained rise in most prices in the economy | 44 | |
| 13885257975 | menu cost | the misallocation of resources because of inflation | 45 | |
| 13885257976 | nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment | the full employment rate of unemployment; when employment falls below this rate, inflation accelerates | 46 | |
| 13885257977 | seasonal unemployment | state of being out of work because of the time of year | 47 | |
| 13885257978 | structural unemployment | state of being out of work because the economy is structured, or set up, to a person's disadvantage | 48 | |
| 13885257979 | unemployment rate | the number of unemployed persons divided by the labor force | 49 | |
| 13885257980 | CPI | (Total Cost this Period/Total Cost Base Period) x 100 | 50 | |
| 13885257981 | Inflation rate | [(this period CPI-previous period CPI)/previous period CPI] x 100 | 51 | |
| 13885257982 | GDP deflator | (GDP/Real GPD) x 100 | 52 | |
| 13885257983 | Real GDP | (GDP/GDP deflator) x 100 | 53 | |
| 13885257984 | Nominal Interest Rate | Real Interest Rate + Expected Inflation | 54 | |
| 13885257985 | Unemployment Rate | Number of unemployed/civilian labor force | 55 | |
| 13885257986 | aggregate demand | the demand for all goods and services by all households, business, governments, and foreigners | 56 | |
| 13885257987 | aggregate supply | the supply of all goods and services by all producers in the economy | 57 | |
| 13885257988 | break-even point | point where the consumption function crosses the 45 degree line and income equals spending so that saving is zero | 58 | |
| 13885257989 | business cycle | a wave of economic activity comprised of an expansion and a recession | 59 | |
| 13885257990 | classical economic theory | the predominant paradigm in economic analysis from about 1800 until 1930, based on Say's Law | 60 | |
| 13885257991 | consumption theory | the relationship between consumer spending and income | 61 | |
| 13885257992 | equilibrium price level | the price level that equates aggregate supply and aggregate demand, the average level of prices in the economy | 62 | |
| 13885257993 | equilibrium quantity | the amount of output that results in no shortage or surplus, the amount of goods and service bought and sold in the economy | 63 | |
| 13885257994 | expansion | a sustained improvement in economic activity | 64 | |
| 13885257995 | Keynesian theory | theory that opposes Classical theory by emphasizing the short run and focusing on economies that are operating below full capacity | 65 | |
| 13885257996 | marginal propensity to consume (MPC) | idea that given an extra dollar, how much is spent? | 66 | |
| 13885257997 | multiplier | an initial change in spending in the economy that will have a magnified, or multiplied, effect on income | 67 | |
| 13885257998 | recession | a sustained decline in economic activity | 68 | |
| 13885257999 | Say's Law | theory that supply creates its own demand | 69 | |
| 13885258000 | MPC | change in spending / change in income | 70 | |
| 13885258001 | Multiplier | 1/(1-MPC) | 71 | |
| 13885258002 | total change in income | Initial Change in Spending x Multiplier | 72 | |
| 13885258003 | automatic stabilizers | government policies already in place that promote deficit spending during recessions and surplus budgets during expansions | 73 | |
| 13885258004 | crowding out | the increase in interest rates and subsequent decline in spending that occurs when the government borrows money to finance a deficit | 74 | |
| 13885258005 | deficit | situation that exists when government spending exceeds tax revenues | 75 | |
| 13885258006 | fiscal policy | changes in government spending and taxes to fight recessions or inflations | 76 | |
| 13885258007 | inflationary gap | what occurs when the equilibrium quantity of output is above potential output | 77 | |
| 13885258008 | Phillips tradeoff | the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment | 78 | |
| 13885258009 | rational expectations | the idea that households and businesses will use all the information available to them when making economic decision | 79 | |
| 13885258010 | recessionary gap | what occurs when the equilibrium quantity of output is below potential output | 80 | |
| 13885258011 | stagflation | term used to describe the situation when the economy experiences inflation and a recession simultaneously | 81 | |
| 13885258012 | surplus | spending by the government that is less than tax revenues | 82 | |
| 13885258013 | change in real GDP | Initial Change in Spending x Multiplier | 83 | |
| 13885258014 | certificate of deposit | debt instrument that is similar to a savings account except the interest rate is slightly greater and the deposit cannot be drawn on without penalty | 84 | |
| 13885258015 | currency | coins and paper money | 85 | |
| 13885258016 | discount rate | the rate of interest the FED charges when it makes loans to depository institutions | 86 | |
| 13885258017 | excess reserves | the amount of any deposit that does not have to be held aside and may be used to make loans and buy investments | 87 | |
| 13885258018 | federal reserves | the central bank of the United The United States | 88 | |
| 13885258019 | fiat money | money that is not backed by any precious commodity | 89 | |
| 13885258020 | government securities | IOUs that the government issues when it borrows money | 90 | |
| 13885258021 | liquidity | the ability to turn an asset into cash rapidly and without loss | 91 | |
| 13885258022 | M1 | currency, transaction accounts, and travelers' checks | 92 | |
| 13885258023 | M2 | M1 plus savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and other liquid assets | 93 | |
| 13885258024 | money | anything that society generally accepts in payment for a good or service | 94 | |
| 13885258025 | money multiplier | 1/reserve requirement, the multiple by which the money supply will change because of a change in bank reserves | 95 | |
| 13885258026 | open market operations | activities in which the FED buys and sells government securities in the secondary market | 96 | |
| 13885258027 | required reserves | the amount of any deposit that must be held aside and not used to make loans or buy investment | 97 | |
| 13885258028 | reserve requirement | the percentage of any deposit that must be held aside and not used to amke loans or buy investments | 98 | |
| 13885258029 | savings account | an account at a depository institution that earns interest while the funds are readily available but cannot be withdrawn with checks | 99 | |
| 13885258030 | secondary market | place where government securities that have already been issued may be bought or sold | 100 | |
| 13885258031 | transaction account | a checking account at a bank or a similar account at some other depository institution | 101 | |
| 13885258032 | money multiplier | 1/ Reserve Requirement | 102 | |
| 13885258033 | change in money supply | Money Multiplier x Change in Bank Reserves | 103 | |
| 13885258034 | board of governors | executive board of the FED that makes major monetary policy decisions | 104 | |
| 13885258035 | demand management policy | monetary and fiscal policy | 105 | |
| 13885258036 | equation of exchange | M x V = P x Q; the money supply times its velocity equals the price level times output | 106 | |
| 13885258037 | federal open market committee (FOMC) | a committee within the FED that designs and executes the particular of monetary policy | 107 | |
| 13885258038 | monetarist | one who believes that changes in the money supply have a profound effect on the economy | 108 | |
| 13885258039 | monetary neutrality | policy in which a change in the money supply would result in a proportional change in prices while real variables, such as the unemployment rate, would be unaffected | 109 | |
| 13885258040 | monetary policy | changes in the money supply to fight recessions or inflations | 110 | |
| 13885258041 | money demand | the amount that households and firms want to hold in currency and deposits | 111 | |
| 13885258042 | velocity of money | describing the number of times the typical dollar of M1 or M2 is used to make purchases during a year | 112 | |
| 13885258043 | equation of exchange | M x V = P x Q | 113 | |
| 13885258044 | capital productivity | the amount of output per unit of plant and equipment | 114 | |
| 13885258045 | economic growth | growth of output usually measured by the percentage change in real GDP or real GDP per capita | 115 | |
| 13885258046 | human capital | the skill and knowledge embodied in the labor force | 116 | |
| 13885258047 | labor productivity | the amount of output per unit of labor | 117 | |
| 13885258048 | potential GDP | the amount that can be produced using resources fully and efficiently | 118 | |
| 13885258049 | productivity | output per unit of input | 119 | |
| 13885258050 | total productivity | the amount of all inputs | 120 | |
| 13885258051 | Rule of 70 | years it takes a variable to double =70/the annual growth rate of the variable | 121 | |
| 13885258052 | appreciation | the increase of the value of a currency in terms of another currency | 122 | |
| 13885258053 | balance of payments | an accounting of the funds that flow in and out of a country comprised of the capital account and the current account | 123 | |
| 13885258054 | balance of trade | a nation's exports minus its imports | 124 | |
| 13885258055 | capital account | a portion of the balance of payments comprised of foreign purchases of US assets minus US purchases of foreign assets, plus the change in official reserves | 125 | |
| 13885258056 | closed economy | a hypothetical economy with no foreign trade | 126 | |
| 13885258057 | current account | a portion of the balance of payments comprised of the trade balance, net investment income, and net transfers | 127 | |
| 13885258058 | depreciation | the decrease of the value of a currency in terms of another currency | 128 | |
| 13885258059 | dumping | the practice or foreign producers selling a product in the domestic market for less than it cost to produce it | 129 | |
| 13885258060 | exchange rate | the value of one country's currency in terms of another's | 130 | |
| 13885258061 | gold standard | a unit of one currency that is equivalent to a stated amount of gold | 131 | |
| 13885258062 | import quota | a limit on the amount of a product that can be imported | 132 | |
| 13885258063 | import tariff | a tax on a specified import product | 133 | |
| 13885258064 | infant industries | those industries that are just getting started, perhaps requiring trade restrictions | 134 | |
| 13885258065 | intervention | situation in which a nation or group of nations uses their official reserves to supply or demand a currency in order to alter the exchange rate | 135 | |
| 13885258066 | managed float | an exchange rate regime where supply and demand determine exchange rates with occasional intervention when warranted | 136 | |
| 13885258067 | net investment income | amount US citizens earned as interest and dividends from abroad minus how much was paid to foreigners in interest and dividends | 137 | |
| 13885258068 | net transfers | money our government and citizens send as gifts or aid to foreigners minus how much foreigners send to us in gifts and aid | 138 | |
| 13885258069 | official reserves | government's holdings of foreign currencies | 139 | |
| 13885258070 | open economy | an economy with foreign trade | 140 | |
| 13885258071 | trade deficit | excess of a nation's imports over its exports | 141 | |
| 13885258072 | trade surplus | excess of a nation's exports of over its imports | 142 | |
| 13885258073 | balance of payments | current account +capital account | 143 |
Flashcards
AP Government Public Opinion Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7681632532 | Public Opinion | how people think or feel about particular things | 0 | |
| 7681632533 | Poll | a survey of public opinion | 1 | |
| 7681632534 | Random Sample Polls | a method of choosing people from a population where any given person has a fair chance of being selected | 2 | |
| 7681632535 | Sampling Error | the difference in results between two surveys or random samples | 3 | |
| 7681632536 | Exit Polls | interviews done on election day with random voters | 4 | |
| 7681632537 | Saliency | when some people care more about certain issues more than others | 5 | |
| 7681632538 | Stability | when opinions are steady on some issues, but not on others | 6 | |
| 7681632539 | Policy Congruence | when government is in sync with popular views on some issues, but not on others (rate that gov. adopts policies supported by majority) | 7 | |
| 7681632540 | Gender Gap | the difference in political views between men and women | 8 | |
| 7681632541 | Political Ideology | a more or less consistent set of belief about what polices government should pursue (and how they do/ should operate) | 9 | |
| 7681632542 | Liberal | belief in an active government that intervenes in economics, creates social welfare programs, and helps certain groups get more bargaining power | 10 | |
| 7681632543 | Conservative | belief in a free market rather than a regulated one, states' rights over national rights and reliance on individual choice of economic affair | 11 | |
| 7681632544 | Political Elites | people with disproportionate shares of political power | 12 | |
| 7681632545 | Voting Age Population | citizens able to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement | 13 | |
| 7681632546 | Literacy Test | requirement that citizens show they can read before registering to vote | 14 | |
| 7681632547 | Poll Tax | requirement that citizens pay a tax to register to vote | 15 | |
| 7681632548 | Grandfather Clause | allowed white who were poor or illiterate to vote if an ancestor of their had voted before 1867 | 16 | |
| 7681632549 | White Primary | practice of keeping blacks from voting in south primaries with registration requirement and intimidation | 17 | |
| 7681632550 | Public opinion | what the public thinks about a particular set of issues at any point in time | 18 | |
| 7681632551 | Exit polls | polls conducted as voters leave selected polling places on election day "who did you vote for?" | 19 | |
| 7681632552 | Tracking polls | continuous surveys that enable a campaign/organization to chart a candidate's daily rise/fall | 20 | |
| 7681632553 | Push polls | polls taken for the purpose of providing info on an opponent that would lead to respondents to vote against that candidate | 21 | |
| 7681632554 | Political socialization | the process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values (RELIGION, THE FAMILY, THE GENDER GAP) | 22 | |
| 7681632555 | Lincoln and the Gettysburg address | the gov't budget is not balanced, people have opposed busing, the era was not ratified, most americans favor term limits for congress | 23 | |
| 7681632556 | The family | -young voters exhibit less partisanship (more likely to be independent) -child absorbs party identification of family -continuity b/w generations -few families pass on clear ideologies -age related differences in opinions on issues | 24 | |
| 7681632557 | Religion | -catholic families are more liberal -protestant families are more conservative -jewish families are more liberal | 25 | |
| 7681632558 | Gender gap | -presents problems for both parties -women have "deserted" republican candidates -females are more likely to vote democratic | 26 | |
| 7681632559 | Reflection of differences in stances on issues | -guns -anti-poverty programs -defense spending -"issue importance" ranking - abortion/ women reproductive rights | 27 | |
| 7681632560 | Schooling | -college edu. is linked to liberal attitudes -increased schooling has a correlation with a higher participation in voting/politics -conservative students are more vocal on campus -increase in religious uni. enrollment | 28 | |
| 7681632561 | African American trends | -blacks are usually more democratic -younger blacks have a higher chance of identifying with republicans -young blacks are more likely to support school vouchers -more likely to support affirmative action -criminal justice system is biased -oppose use of military force -less likely to think god is essential | 29 | |
| 7681632562 | Latinos | -more likely to be democratic -more liberal than whites or asians -favor a large gov't -thinks democratic party cares more about them -mexicans are more democratic -cubans are more republican -puerto ricans are in the middle -hispanics in texas are more conservative than those in california | 30 | |
| 7681632563 | Asians | -identify more strongly with republicans than whites -similar views w/ whites on death penalty, prayer in schools, welfare, military -japanese are more conservative -koreans are more liberal | 31 | |
| 7681632564 | Southerners | -more conservative than northerners on military/civil rights -lessening attachment to democratic party | 32 | |
| 7681632565 | Ideology | patterned set of political beliefs about who should to rule the principles/policies | 33 | |
| 7681632566 | Consistent attitudes | -self-identification -searching for "constraint" | 34 | |
| 7681632567 | Recent surveys show that... | -moderates are the largest group, party identifying with no party or independent | 35 | |
| 7681632568 | Self-identification in surveys | -americans tend to avoid "conservative" or "liberal" b/c many do not have a clear idea of what they mean -searching for "constraint" is preferred -liberals/disadvantaged democrats are 1/3 voters -conservatives/republican enterprisers are 1/2 voters bystanders are 1/5 voters | 36 | |
| 7681632569 | Political elites | -those who have a disproportionate amount of some valued resource -display greater ideological consistency -more info than most people -democratic voters are consistently more liberal -republican voters are consistently more conservative | 37 | |
| 7681632570 | How do elites influence public opinion? | 1. raise and form political issues 2. state norms by which to settle issues, defining policy options 3. elite views shape mass views | 38 | |
| 7681632571 | What limits do elites have on public opinion? | they do not define problems | 39 | |
| 7681632572 | 15th amendment | Universal manhood suffrage; African Americans Can Vote | 40 | |
| 7681632573 | 19th amendment | Women Suffrage | 41 | |
| 7681632574 | 26th amendment | Age for voting to 18 | 42 | |
| 7681735303 | Public Opinion | The distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues. | 43 | |
| 7681735304 | Demography | The science of population changes. | 44 | |
| 7681735305 | Census | An actual enumeration of the population, which the Constitution requires that the government conduct every 10 years. The census is a valuable tool for understanding demographic changes. | 45 | |
| 7681735306 | Melting Pot | A term often used to characterize the United States, with its history of immigration and mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples. | 46 | |
| 7681735307 | Minority Majority | The situation, likely beginning in the mid-twenty-first century, in which the non-Hispanic whites will represent a minority of the U.S. population and minority groups together will represent a majority. | 47 | |
| 7681735308 | Political Culture | An overall set of values widely shared within a society. | 48 | |
| 7681735309 | Reapportionment | The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census. | 49 | |
| 7681735310 | Political Socialization | The process through which individuals in a society acquire political attitudes, views, and knowledge, based on inputs from family, schools, the media, and others. | 50 | |
| 7681735311 | Sample | A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. | 51 | |
| 7681735312 | Random Sampling | The key technique employed by survey researches, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample. | 52 | |
| 7681735313 | Sampling Error | The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed, the more confident one can be of the results. | 53 | |
| 7681735314 | Random-digit dialing | A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey. | 54 | |
| 7681735315 | Exit Poll | Public Opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision. | 55 | |
| 7681735316 | Political Ideology | A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose, which helps give meaning to political events. | 56 | |
| 7681735317 | Liberalism | A political ideology that prefers a government active in dealing with human needs, support individual rights and liberties, and give higher priority to social needs than to military needs. Opp. of Conservatism. | 57 | |
| 7681735318 | Conservatism | Political ideology that fears a growth of government, deplore government drag on private sector initiatives, dislike permissiveness in society, and play priority on military over social needs. Opp. of Liberalism. | 58 | |
| 7681735319 | Gender Gap | The regular pattern in which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates, in part because they tend to be less conservative than men and more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending. | 59 | |
| 7681735320 | Political Participation | All the activities used by citizens to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue. The most common means of political participation in a democracy is voting; other means include protest and civil disobedience. | 60 | |
| 7681735321 | Protest | A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics. | 61 | |
| 7681735322 | Civil Disobedience | A form of political participation based on a conscious decision to break a law believed to be unjust and to suffer the consequences. | 62 | |
| 7681735323 | Political Efficacy | The belief that ordinary people can influence the government. | 63 | |
| 7681735324 | Libertarian | Person who believes the government should be as small and interfere with people's life as little as possible. | 64 | |
| 7681735325 | Quota Sampling | Opposite to random sampling. It is when you take a certain group of people before you random sample. First, get the random sample, then you will group them into sub sets with quota sample. Certain groups here and there for the poll. | 65 | |
| 7681735326 | Push Polls | An ostensible opinion poll in which the true objective is to sway voters using loaded or manipulative questions. | 66 | |
| 7681735327 | Bandwagon Effect | An effect in which voters may support a candidate only because they see that others are doing so. | 67 | |
| 7681735328 | Skewed Question | a question phrased in such a way that a certain answer is more likely to be given. | 68 | |
| 7681735329 | Question Framing | Certain way of framing the question for polls and surveys. Different ways of framing to get different, bias results. It is a subset of skewed question, it is a type of skewed question. | 69 | |
| 7681735330 | Baker v Carr | "one person, one vote" standard, each individual had to be weighted equally in legislative apportionment | 70 | |
| 7681735331 | Gerrymandering | Manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class. | 71 | |
| 7681735332 | George Gallup | developed the science of public opinion polling | 72 | |
| 7681735333 | Group benefit voters | - voting for parties based on which one would benefit groups that voters belonged to or supported. | 73 | |
| 7681735334 | Ideologues | When voters vote along primarily, ideological lines | 74 | |
| 7681735335 | Simpson - Mazzoli Act | -required employers to attest to their employees' immigration status and made it illegal to | 75 | |
| 7681735336 | knowingly hire or recruit unauthorized immigrants | 76 | ||
| 7681735337 | Straw poll | an unofficial poll or vote taken to determine the opinion of a group or the public on some issue | 77 | |
| 7681735338 | Redistricting | the re-drawing of district lines by the state legislatures after the 435 seats of the House are re-apportioned | 78 | |
| 7681735339 | and each state receives its apportioned number of seats. | 79 | ||
| 7681735340 | Reapportionment | - the process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the | 80 | |
| 7681735341 | results of the census. | 81 | ||
| 7681735342 | No issue content | vote for candidates on their personality but not on issues or ideological reasons. | 82 | |
| 7681735343 | Nature of the times voters | voting one the political party who is linked to good times. Example- voting Republican | 83 | |
| 7681735344 | because they promise to get the nation out of the recession | 84 | ||
| 7681735345 | Political culture | an overall set of values widely shared within a society | 85 | |
| 7681735346 | Political efficacy | a citizen's capacity to understand and influence political events | 86 |
Flashcards
AP Chemistry Gases Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7626903443 | Gases in terms of density | Low density because the few particles are spread out in a large volume | 0 | |
| 7626908244 | Gases in terms of compressibility | Easy to compress because the particles are spread out in a lot of empty space | 1 | |
| 7626910467 | Gases in terms of Fluidity | Very Fluid because particles are in constant motion and aren't attracted to each other so they can move easily around each other | 2 | |
| 7626910468 | Gases in terms of diffusion | Diffuse easily because particles are in constant motion, so they can mix freely with other types of gases. Two or more gases from a homogeneous mixture regardless of reactivity or identity | 3 | |
| 7626914016 | Gases in terms of Effusion | Easily effuse through tiny openings because they have no shape or permanent volume. | 4 | |
| 7626914940 | Kinetic Molecular Theory | 1. Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that are in continuous random motion 2. The combined volume of all the molecules of the gas is negligible relative to the total volume in which the gas contained 3. Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are insignificant 4. Energy can be transferred between molecules during collisions that are perfectly elastic but as long as the temperature stays constant, the average kinetic energy of the molecules don't change with time 5. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature 6. Gases consist of tiny particles in empty space | 5 | |
| 7626917745 | Ideal Gas | ideal gases are always gases regardless of temperature or pressure ideal gases cannot be liquified or solidified no attractive forces exist between the particles (atoms or molecules) the particles have no volume real gases behave "ideally" when the right conditions exist more ideal conditions: high temperature, high volume, low pressure, low moles | 6 | |
| 7626917746 | Real Gas | Have volume Have attractive forces between the particles Behave ideally when high temperatures and low pressures Can be liquified or solidified | 7 | |
| 7626919621 | Pressure | Pressure is a force exerted by the substance per unit area on another substance. P=F/A | 8 | |
| 7626919622 | Barometer | an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining altitude. | 9 | |
| 7626920930 | Manometer | an instrument for measuring the pressure acting on a column of fluid, especially one with a U-shaped tube of liquid in which a difference in the pressures acting in the two arms of the tube causes the liquid to reach different heights in the two arms. | 10 | |
| 7627134407 | How do you find pressure of a gas in a manometer? | P(gas)= p(atm)+p(height) in mmHg | 11 | |
| 7626921080 | atm to mmHg | multiply by 760 | 12 | |
| 7626923745 | mmHg to Pa | multiply by 1.01325e5/760 | 13 | |
| 7626923746 | atm to Pa | multiply by 1.01325e5 | 14 | |
| 7626923747 | atm to kPa | multiply by 101.325 | 15 | |
| 7626927462 | mmHg to kPa | multiply by 101.325/760 | 16 | |
| 7626929215 | Celsius to Kelvin | Add 273 | 17 | |
| 7626931396 | Kelvin to Celsius | Subtract 273 | 18 | |
| 7626933264 | Boyle's law | The volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintained at a constant pressure is inversely proportional to the pressure. P1V1=P2V2. |  | 19 |
| 7626936473 | Charles's Law | The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at a constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute value. V1/T1=V2/T2 |  | 20 |
| 7626936474 | Gay Lussac's Law | The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature. P1/T1=P2/T2 |  | 21 |
| 7626940430 | Avogadro's Law | Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of moles. V1/n1=V2/n2 |  | 22 |
| 7626942586 | Combined Gas Law | P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 comes from ideal gas law | 23 | |
| 7626944267 | Ideal gas law | PV=nRT Assumes that the molecules don't interact and the combined volume of the molecules id much smaller than the one the gas occupies | 24 | |
| 7626946057 | R | Universal Gas Constant | 25 | |
| 7626946058 | R in atm | 0.08206 | 26 | |
| 7626946238 | R in mmHg | 62.4 | 27 | |
| 7626949547 | R in kPa and Pa | 8.31447 | 28 | |
| 7626951386 | Graham's Law | The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its mass. r1/r2= the square root of MM2/MM1 | 29 | |
| 7626953483 | Absolute Zero | The temperature where all motion stops | 30 | |
| 7626955473 | Dalton's Law | The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures that each would exert if it were present alone. P(total)=P1+P2+P3... | 31 | |
| 7627382313 | Partial Pressure | the hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature. | 32 | |
| 7626957632 | Conditions of STP | Pressure= 1atm Temperature= 273 or 0C Volume occupied by 1 mole at STP= 22.4 (molar volume) | 33 | |
| 7626964305 | Kinetic Energy | Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. KE=1/2mv^2 or KE=3/2RT |  | 34 |
| 7626964306 | Root Mean Square Velocity | v= the square root of 3(R)(T)/MM in kg/mol |  | 35 |
| 7626967630 | Conditions for most ideal gases | High Temperature Low Pressure Low moles | 36 | |
| 7626970352 | Van der Waals Equation | mathematically deals with the non-ideality of real gases. (P + n^2a/V^2)(V-nb) =nRT |  | 37 |
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