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AP Literature Vocab for AP test Flashcards

13862935543	ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	0
13862935544	English sonnet	a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg	1
13862935545	villanelle	A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern	2
13862935546	lyric	A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world.	3
13862935547	elegy	a sad or mournful poem	4
13862935548	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	5
13862935549	end rhyme	A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line	6
13862935550	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	7
13862935551	near rhyme	sounds are almost but not exactly alike	8
13862935552	sight rhyme	words that look like they should rhyme but don't	9
13862935553	extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	10
13862935554	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	11
13862935555	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	12
13862935556	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	13
13862935557	analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	14
13862935558	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	15
13862935559	connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	16
13862935560	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	17
13862935561	colloquialism	informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing	18
13862935562	iambic pentameter	a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable	19
13862935563	traditional word order of sentences	subject-verb-object	20
13862935564	Anastrophe	Inversion of the natural or usual word order	21
13862935565	protagonist	main character	22
13862935566	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	23
13862935567	enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	24
13862935568	narrator	Person telling the story	25
13862935569	dependent clause	A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb	26
13862935570	iambic tetrameter	line of a verse with 4 feet (8 syllables)	27
13862935571	assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	28
13862935572	hyperbole	exaggeration	29
13862935573	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	30
13862935574	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	31
13862935576	setting	The time and place of a story	32
13862935577	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	33
13862935578	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	34
13862935579	syntax	Sentence structure	35
13862935580	pastoral	A work of literature dealing with rural life	36
13862935581	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	37
13862935582	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	38
13862935583	simple sentence	A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause	39
13862935584	cumulative/loose sentence	independent clause followed by subordinate clauses	40
13862935585	Italian sonnet	a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	41
13862935586	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	42
13862935587	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	43
13862935588	denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	44
13862935589	shift	change	45
13862935590	cadence	rhythmic flow of a sequence of sounds or words	46
13862935591	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	47
13862935592	tercet	three line stanza	48
13862935593	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	49
13862935594	axiom	a universal truth; an established rule	50
13862935595	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	51
13862935596	alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	52
13862935597	palpable	able to be touched or felt	53
13862935598	detached	Impartial, disinterested; unconcerned, distant, aloof	54
13862935599	nostalgic	longing for the past	55
13862935600	irreverent	disrespectful	56
13862935601	sardonic	grimly or scornfully mocking, bitterly sarcastic	57
13862935602	conjecture	to guess	58
13862935603	redundant	(adj.) extra, excess, more than is needed; wordy, repetitive; profuse, lush	59
13862935604	timidity	the state of being easily frightened	60
13862935605	elucidate	to make clear	61
13862935606	trifles	unimportant things	62
13862935607	petulant	peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset	63
13862935608	destitute	deprived of the necessities of life; lacking in	64
13862935609	intrepid	fearless	65
13862935610	intrusive	causing disruption or annoyance through being unwelcome or uninvited.	66
13862935611	speculative	not based on fact or investigation	67
13862935612	valiant	brave	68
13862935613	sympathetic	compassionate	69
13862935614	laudatory	expressing praise	70
13862935615	embolden	to encourage one to be bold or to have courage	71
13862935616	temerity	rashness, boldness	72
13862935617	mentor	a wise and trusted guide and advisor	73
13862935618	adversary	an enemy, opponent	74
13862935619	abstract	existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.	75
13862935620	cynicism	an attitude or quality of belief that all people are motivated by selfishness	76

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AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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13834620064	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
13834620065	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	1
13834620066	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
13834620067	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
13834620068	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
13834620069	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	5
13834620070	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
13834620071	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
13834620072	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	8
13834620073	Schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	9
13834620074	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	10
13834620075	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	11
13834620076	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	12
13834620077	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	13
13834620078	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	14
13834620079	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	15
13834620080	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	16
13834620081	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	17
13834620082	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	18
13834620083	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
13834620084	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	20
13834620085	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	21
13834620086	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	22
13834620087	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.	23
13834620088	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	24
13834620089	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	25
13834620090	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.	26
13834620091	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
13834620092	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	28
13834620093	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	29
13834620094	X Chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	30
13834620095	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	31
13834620096	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	32
13834620097	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	33
13834620098	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	34
13834620099	Gender Identity	our sense of being male or female.	35
13834620100	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	36
13834620101	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	37
13834620102	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	38
13834620103	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	39
13834620104	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	40
13834620105	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	41
13834620106	Menarche	the first menstrual period.	42
13834620107	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	43
13834620108	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	44
13834620109	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	45
13834620110	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	46
13834620111	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	47
13834620112	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	48
13834620113	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	49
13834620114	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	50
13834620115	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	51
13834620117	Moro reflex	Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.	52
13834620118	Babinski reflex	Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched	53
13834620119	holographic speech	one word declarations by children at about age 1	54
13834620120	Vygotsky	Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects Zones of Proximal Devl: social interaction influences learning. Students learn best when teachers teach them something they don't know yet, and then provide students opportunities to practice and learn with other peers and adults supporting.	55
13834620121	latchkey children	child who returns from school to an empty home because their parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home with little parental supervision. are left unsupervised after school and are at a higher risk for accidents, isolated and alone	56
13834620122	Piaget	theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development. Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations	57
13834620123	Kohlberg	theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).	58
13834620124	Erikson	Proposed that individuals go through 8 distinct, universal stages of development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis. Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair	59
13834620125	Bandura	Social Learning Theory Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification	60
13834620128	empty-nest syndrome	the feelings of sadness or loneliness that accompany children's leaving home and entering adulthood	61
13834620129	death-deferral phenomenon	People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before	62
13834620130	dementia	Impairment of mental functioning and global cognitive abilities in otherwise alert individuals, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature	63
13834620131	Alzheimer's disease	chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning	64
13834620132	Kubler-Ross	Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance	65
13834620133	stages vs. continuity	Debate over development occurring in set time periods verses continual or individual changes and development	66

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AP Huge Chapter 7 Flashcards

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12354325349	blockbusting	a process by which real estate agents convinve white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into their neighborhood.	0
12354325350	centripetal force	unifies people	1
12354325352	ethnicity	share cultural traditions of particular area (cultural elements)	2
12354325356	race	genetic composition (physiological traits)	3
12354325357	racism	belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.	4
12354325359	sharecropper	a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.	5
12354325360	triangular slave trade	a practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which european ships transported slaves from africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	6
12354336753	nationality	legal attachment to an area (where you live)	7
12354349458	place based	nationality and ethnicity	8
12354353954	US top 3 ethnicities	hispanic, African American, Asian American	9
12354394779	its difficult to identify specific origins of African Americans because	records weren't kept of slaves	10
12354400387	race is social construct	racial distinctions aren't as distinct as everyone thinks they are	11
12354405932	US Census	-questions often confuse people -mix up race/ethnicity/skin color	12
12354411975	ethnic enclave	small area populated by a distinct ethnic group	13
12354417882	ethnic enclaves are result of	chain migration	14
12354423144	ethnoburb	A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population	15
12354431570	ethnic identity retained through	food, religion, etc	16
12354436982	Brazil doesn't classify people by race, but by	skin color	17
12354442634	where are whites in Brazil	south	18
12354444254	where are browns in Brazil	northeast	19
12354449582	where are indigenous people in Brazil	north	20
12354452440	where are mixed (white/brown) people in Brazil	west central	21
12354457220	clustering of African Americans in US reflects	migration patterns	22
12354460845	most African Americans participated in	forced migration	23
12354464983	triangle trade	North America gives rum to Europe, Europe gives textiles to Africa, Africa gives slaves to americas	24
12354476714	what amendment outlawed slavery?	13th	25
12354482833	white flight	white peple sell their houses in fear that black people will lower property values	26
12354504881	de facto segregation	legal segregation (doesn't break any laws technically, but still sucks)	27
12354512248	Plessy v. Ferguson	Separate but equal	28
12354512249	Jim Crow	Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites	29
12354515925	Brown v. Board of Education	separate schools unconstitutional	30
12354520836	de facto segregation still exists where?	in schools, neighborhoods, healthcare, supreme court, and in South Africa wineries (although South Africa is large producer of wine, little wineries are owned by black people)	31
12354531018	apartheid	The legal separation of races into different geographic areas	32
12354541036	apartheid racial classes	black, white, colored, asian	33
12354546263	South Africa vs US segregation	South Africa is minority oppressing majority, US is majority oppressing minority	34
12354550153	homelands	areas where blacks were forced to live	35
12354560349	centrifugal force	divides people and countries	36

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AP Psychology RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP

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13725517731	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
13725517732	Double Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	1
13725517733	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied	2
13725517734	Dependent Variables	The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	3
13725517735	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	4
13725517736	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	5
13725517737	Median	The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it	6
13725517738	Standard Deviations	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
13725517739	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	8
13725517740	Random Sampling	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
13725517741	Scatter plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation	10
13725517742	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	11
13725517743	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	12
13725517744	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	13
13725517745	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	14
13725517746	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	15
13725517747	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable	16
13725517748	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
13725517749	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	18
13725517750	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.	19
13725517751	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	20
13725517752	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	21
13725517753	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	22
13725517754	Population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	23
13725517755	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	24
13725517756	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	25
13725517757	Placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	26
13725517758	Placebo Effect	any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo	27
13725517759	Experimental Group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	28
13725517760	Control Group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	29
13725517761	Confounding Variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	30
13725517762	Range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	31
13725517763	Normal Curve/distribution	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes	32
13725517764	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	33
13725517765	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	34
13725517766	Informed Consent	an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	35
13725517767	Debriefing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants	36
13725517768	Kenneth and Mamie Clark	Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.	37
13725517769	Daniel Kahneman	an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.	38
13725517770	longitudinal study	researchers follow the same subjects over an extended period of time.	39
13725517771	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	40
13725517772	confirmation bias	experimenter might consciously or unconsciously look to confirm what they already believe about their hypothesis	41
13725517773	Null hypothesis	Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis.	42
13725517774	confidentiality	researchers may not release or publish the names of anyone participating in the experiment.	43
13725517775	protection of participants	All participants are protected from physical mental and emotional harm.	44
13725517776	Right to discontinue	Participants have the right to end their participation during any phase of an experiment.	45
13725517777	minimum of deception	Researchers have an obligation to avoid deceiving participants whenever possible.	46
13725517778	framing	the way questions are worded can dramatically impact the results of your survey.	47
13725517779	Descriptive Statistics	describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.	48
13725517786	Skewed distribution to the left		49
13725517787	Skewed distribution to the right		50
13725517780	variance	measures how far a data set is spread out. The technical definition is "The average of the squared differences from the mean."	51
13725517781	Mary Whiton Calkins	Denied a PhD by Harvard though she met the doctoral requirements, but later became first female president of the APA.	52
13725517782	Margaret Floy Washburn	First woman to receive a PhD in psychology. Later became the 2nd female president of the APA.	53
13725517783	Francis Sumner	First African American man to receive a PhD in psychology in 1920.	54
13725517784	Inez Prosser	First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology in 1933.	55
13725517785	Edward Titchener	Studied with Wilhelm Wundt prior to becoming a psychology professor. His ideas created the basis for a school of thought called structuralism.	56

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AP Lang Purpose Words Flashcards

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13055824986	Advocate	Publicly recommend or support	0
13055824987	Clarify	Make (a statement or situation) less confused and more clearly comprehensible	1
13055824988	Commemorate	Recall and show respect for for someone in a ceremony	2
13055824989	Contradict	Assert the opposite of a statement made by someone	3
13055824990	Defend	Speak or write in favor of; attempt to justify	4
13055824991	Denounce	Publicly declare to be wrong or evil	5
13055824992	Discredit	Harm the good reputation of someone or something	6
13055824993	Endorse	Declare one's public approval or support of	7
13055824994	Eulogize	Praise highly in speech or writing	8
13055824995	Evaluate	Form an idea of the amount, number, or value of; assess	9
13055824996	Expose	Make something visible typically by uncovering it	10
13055824997	Illustrate	Explain or make something clear by using examples, charts, pictures, etc.	11
13055824998	Instigate	Incite someone to do something, especially something bad	12
13055824999	Motivate	Stimulate interest in or enthusiasm for doing something	13
13055825000	Mourn	Feel regret or sadness about the loss it disappearance of something	14
13055825001	Patronize	Treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority	15
13055825002	Provoke	Stimulate or give rise to in someone	16
13055825003	Publicize	Make something widely known	17
13055825004	Rationalize	Attempt to explain or justify one's own or another's behavior or attitude with logical, plausible reasons, even if these are not true or appropriate	18
13055825005	Reiterate	Say something again to clarify or emphasize	19
13055825006	Satirize	Deride and criticize by means of satire	20
13055825007	Solidify	Make stronger; reinforce	21
13055825008	Tribute	An act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration	22
13055825009	Verify	Make sure or demonstrate that (something) is true, accurate, or justified	23
13055825010	Vindicate	Show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified	24

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13912278006	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13912278007	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13912278008	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13912278009	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13912278010	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13912278011	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13912278012	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13912278013	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13912278014	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13912278015	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13912278016	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13912278017	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13912278018	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13912278019	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13912278020	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13912278021	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13912278022	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13912278023	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13912278024	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13912278025	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13912278026	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13912278027	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13912278028	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13912278029	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13912278030	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13912278031	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13912278032	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13912278033	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13912278034	theory	general idea being tested	28
13912278035	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13912278036	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13912278037	mode	appears the most	31
13912278038	mean	average	32
13912278039	median	middle	33
13912278040	range	highest - lowest	34
13912278041	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13912278042	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13912278043	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13912278044	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13912278045	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13912278046	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13912278047	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13912278048	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13912278242	neuron		43
13912278049	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13912278050	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13912278051	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13912278052	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13912278053	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13912278054	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13912278055	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13912278056	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13912278057	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13912278058	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13912278059	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13912278060	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13912278061	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13912278062	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13912278063	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13912278064	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13912278065	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13912278066	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13912278067	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13912278068	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13912278069	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13912278070	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13912278071	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13912278072	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13912278073	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13912278074	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13912278075	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13912278076	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13912278077	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13912278078	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13912278079	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13912278080	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13912278081	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13912278082	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13912278083	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13912278084	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13912278085	occipital lobe	vision	80
13912278086	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13912278087	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13912278088	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13912278089	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13912278090	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13912278091	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13912278092	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13912278093	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13912278094	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13912278095	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13912278096	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13912278097	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13912278098	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13912278099	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13912278100	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13912278101	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13912278102	rods	night time	97
13912278103	cones	color	98
13912278104	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13912278105	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13912278106	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13912278107	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13912278108	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13912278109	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13912278110	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13912278111	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13912278112	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13912278113	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13912278114	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13912278115	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13912278116	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13912278117	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13912278118	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13912278119	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13912278120	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13912278121	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13912278122	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13912278123	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13912278124	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13912278125	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13912278126	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13912278127	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13912278128	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13912278129	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13912278130	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13912278131	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13912278132	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13912278133	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13912278134	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13912278135	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13912278136	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13912278137	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13912278138	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13912278139	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13912278140	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13912278141	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13912278142	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13912278143	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13912278144	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13912278145	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13912278146	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13912278147	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13912278148	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13912278149	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13912278150	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13912278151	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13912278152	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13912278153	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13912278154	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13912278155	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13912278156	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13912278157	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13912278158	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13912278159	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13912278160	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13912278161	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13912278162	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13912278163	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13912278164	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13912278165	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13912278166	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13912278167	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13912278168	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13912278169	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13912278170	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13912278171	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13912278172	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13912278173	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13912278174	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13912278175	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13912278176	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13912278177	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13912278178	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13912278179	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13912278180	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13912278181	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13912278182	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13912278183	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13912278184	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13912278185	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13912278186	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13912278187	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13912278188	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13912278189	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13912278190	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13912278191	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13912278192	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13912278193	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13912278194	encoding	information going in	189
13912278195	storage	keeping information in	190
13912278196	retrieval	taking information out	191
13912278197	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13912278198	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13912278199	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13912278200	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13912278201	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13912278202	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13912278203	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13912278204	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13912278205	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13912278206	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13912278207	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13912278208	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13912278209	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13912278210	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13912278211	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13912278212	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13912278213	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13912278214	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13912278215	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13912278216	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13912278217	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13912278218	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13912278219	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13912278220	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13912278221	context	environment helps with memory	216
13912278222	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13912278223	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13912278224	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13912278225	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13912278226	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13912278227	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13912278228	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13912278229	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13912278230	prototypes	generalize	225
13912278231	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13912278232	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13912278233	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13912278234	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13912278235	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13912278236	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13912278237	grammar is _________	universal	232
13912278238	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13912278239	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Biology - Endocrine System Flashcards

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13603733324	Endocrine System	The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis.	0
13603733325	Endocrine Gland	A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream.	1
13603733326	Epinephrine	a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; mediates "fight or flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.	2
13603733327	Pancreas	A gland with the following dual functions: the non-endocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.	3
13603733328	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis	4
13603733329	Insulin	A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis.	5
13603733330	Glucagon	A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. it promotes glycogen break-down and release of glucose by the liver.	6
13603733331	Diabetes Mellitus	An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. The type 1 form results form autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires daily insulin injections. The type 2 form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors.	7
13603733332	Hypothalamus	The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secrets hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.	8
13603733333	Pituitary Gland	Master gland found at the base of the hypothalamus	9
13603733334	Posterior Pituitary	gland that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones.	10
13603733335	Anterior Pituitary	gland that synthesizes and secretes several tropic and nontropic hormones	11
13603733336	Tropic Hormone	A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target.	12
13603733337	GH (Growth Hormone)	A hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that has both direct (nontropic) and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues specifically regarding development and bone length.	13
13603733338	Adrenal Gland	located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to this by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short-term stress.	14
13603733341	signal transduction pathway	a series of molecular changes that convert a signal on the target cell's surface to a specific response within the cell; crucial to many cellular functions	15
13603733342	protein kinase	a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them	16
13603733343	paracrine	cell signaling where target is nearby	17
13603733344	steroid hormone	Lipids that act as chemical messengers; synthesized from cholesterol	18
13603733345	peptide hormone	Polar hormones incapable of permeating the cell membrane that bind to surface receptors and act through secondary messengers.	19
13603733346	positive feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	20

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AP Biology: Chapter 25 Flashcards

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9673073353	Phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species	0
9673075480	Systematics	the study of biological diversity and classification, uses evidence from the fossil record, etc. to reconstruct phylogeny, fuses phylogeny and taxonomy	1
9673081485	Taxonomy	the modern system was developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century	2
9673086061	Scientific names	are composed of the genus and species name, are written in Latin and italicized or underlined, governed by a set of rules/procedures, and are subject to change	3
9673097601	Linnaeus taxonomy	has to do with 1. binomial nomenclature, 2. hierarchal system	4
9673104592	Binomial nomenclature	two names per organism (ex: Homo sapien)	5
9673111464	Hierarchal system	arranges life into groups from domain to species	6
9673116229	Goal of systematics	have taxonomy reflect evolution or phylogeny of organisms	7
9673119707	Phylogenetic tree	a branched diagram showing evolutionary relationships between organisms, a recreation of Darwin's tree of life, can show ancestral lineage, branch points (nodes), and the length of a branch point suggests "time" and degree of closeness	8
9673128374	Monophyletic grouping	an ideal situation; a single ancestor gave rise to all species in a taxon ("a" in picture)	9
9673135228	Polyphyletic grouping	members are derived from two or more ancestral forms ("b" in picture)	10
9673138223	Paraphyletic grouping	grouping that doesn't include all members from an ancestral form ("c" in picture)	11
9673166333	Homology	a likeness attributed to shared ancestry (ex: forelimbs of vertebrates)	12
9673168432	Analogy	a likeness due to the evolutionary "solution" for the same problem (ex: bird wings and bee wings)	13
9673171693	Convergent evolution	where an unrelated species have similar adaptations to a common environment (ex: sugar gliders and flying squirrels; sharks and dolphins)	14
9673178139	Molecular systematics	a method of grouping organisms by similarities and phylogenies, compares similarities at the molecular level (ex: DNA, proteins)	15
9673185441	DNA patterns	if organisms have similar DNA, then they are more closely related and have a more recent common ancestor, and vice versa	16
9673189686	Making a phylogenetic tree	one may use morphology, genetic data, etc., typically rooted in a common ancestor, look for line of best fit, branch lengths suggest closeness of relationships and the time of branch points	17
9673194417	Best fit	involves looking for maximum parsimony	18
9673196682	Maximum parsimony	requires fewest DNA base changes or evolutionary events (Occam's razor)	19
9673242879	Evolutionary history	is in the organism's genome, but taxonomic relationships can be changed based on what the DNA tells us; result: taxonomy will become geneologies, reflecting the organism's descent with modification	20
9673254378	Kingdom	the highest taxonomic category in the Linnaeus system; there only used to be two of these in the old system (plant and animal), but the new system has five (plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, and monera)	21
9673267069	Main characteristics in determining kingdom	cell type, structure, nutrition mode (but there are problems in monera and protista)	22
9673277157	Domain	level of classification above kingdoms, based on molecular structure for evolutionary relationships, but prokaryotes are not all alike and aren't put into one group; there are three of these (eukarya, bacteria, and archaea)	23

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