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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13777416940psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
13777416941psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
13777416942psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
13777416943biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
13777416944evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
13777416945psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
13777416946behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
13777416947cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
13777416948humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
13777416949social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
13777416950two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
13777416951types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
13777416952descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
13777416953case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
13777416954surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
13777416955naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
13777416956correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
13777416957correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
13777416958experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
13777416959populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
13777416960sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
13777416961random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
13777416962control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
13777416963experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
13777416964independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
13777416965dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
13777416966confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
13777416967scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
13777416968theorygeneral idea being tested28
13777416969hypothesismeasurable/specific29
13777416970operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
13777416971modeappears the most31
13777416972meanaverage32
13777416973medianmiddle33
13777416974rangehighest - lowest34
13777416975standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
13777416976central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
13777416977bell curve(natural curve)37
13777416978ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
13777416979ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
13777416980sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
13777416981motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
13777416982interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
13777417176neuron43
13777416983dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
13777416984myelin sheathprotects the axon45
13777416985axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
13777416986neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
13777416987reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
13777416988excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
13777416989inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
13777416990central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
13777416991peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
13777416992somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
13777416993autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
13777416994sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
13777416995parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
13777416996neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
13777416997spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
13777416998endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
13777416999master glandpituitary gland60
13777417000brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
13777417001reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
13777417002reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
13777417003brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
13777417004thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
13777417005hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
13777417006cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
13777417007cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
13777417008amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
13777417009amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
13777417010amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
13777417011hippocampusprocess new memory72
13777417012cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
13777417013cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
13777417014association areasintegrate and interpret information75
13777417015glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
13777417016frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
13777417017parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
13777417018temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
13777417019occipital lobevision80
13777417020corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
13777417021Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
13777417022Broca's areaspeaking words83
13777417023plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
13777417024sensationwhat our senses tell us85
13777417025bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
13777417026perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
13777417027top-down processingbrain to senses88
13777417028inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
13777417029cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
13777417030change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
13777417031choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
13777417032absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
13777417033signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
13777417034JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
13777417035sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
13777417036rodsnight time97
13777417037conescolor98
13777417038parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
13777417039Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
13777417040Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
13777417041trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
13777417042frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
13777417043Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
13777417044frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
13777417045Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
13777417046Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
13777417047gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
13777417048memory of painpeaks and ends109
13777417049smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
13777417050groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
13777417051grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
13777417052make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
13777417053perception =mood + motivation114
13777417054consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
13777417055circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
13777417056circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
13777417057What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
13777417058The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
13777417059sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
13777417060purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
13777417061insomniacan't sleep122
13777417062narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
13777417063sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
13777417064night terrorsprevalent in children125
13777417065sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
13777417066dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
13777417067purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
137774170681. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
13777417069depressantsslows neural pathways130
13777417070alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
13777417071barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
13777417072opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
13777417073stimulantshypes neural processing134
13777417074methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
13777417075caffeine((stimulant))136
13777417076nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
13777417077cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
13777417078hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
13777417079ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
13777417080LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
13777417081marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
13777417082learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
13777417083types of learningclassical operant observational144
13777417084famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
13777417085famous operant psychologistSkinner146
13777417086famous observational psychologistsBandura147
13777417087classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
13777417088Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
13777417089Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
13777417090generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
13777417091discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
13777417092extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
13777417093spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
13777417094operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
13777417095Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
13777417096shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
13777417097reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
13777417098punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
13777417099fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
13777417100variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
13777417101organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
13777417102fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
13777417103variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
13777417104these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
13777417105Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
13777417106criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
13777417107intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
13777417108extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
13777417109Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
13777417110famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
13777417111famous observational psychologistBandura172
13777417112mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
13777417113Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
13777417114observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
13777417115habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
13777417116examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
13777417117serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
13777417118LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
13777417119CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
13777417120glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
13777417121glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
13777417122flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
13777417123amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
13777417124cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
13777417125hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
13777417126memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
13777417127processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
13777417128encodinginformation going in189
13777417129storagekeeping information in190
13777417130retrievaltaking information out191
13777417131How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
13777417132How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
13777417133How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
13777417134How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
13777417135How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
13777417136short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
13777417137working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
13777417138working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
13777417139How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
13777417140implicit memorynaturally do201
13777417141explicit memoryneed to explain202
13777417142automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
13777417143effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
13777417144spacing effectspread out learning over time205
13777417145serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
13777417146primary effectremember the first things in a list207
13777417147recency effectremember the last things in a list208
13777417148effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
13777417149semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
13777417150if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
13777417151misinformation effectnot correct information212
13777417152imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
13777417153source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
13777417154primingassociation (setting you up)215
13777417155contextenvironment helps with memory216
13777417156state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
13777417157mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
13777417158forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
13777417159the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
13777417160proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
13777417161retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
13777417162children can't remember before age __3223
13777417163Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
13777417164prototypesgeneralize225
13777417165problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
13777417166against problem-solvingfixation227
13777417167mental setwhat has worked in the past228
13777417168functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
13777417169Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
13777417170Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
13777417171grammar is _________universal232
13777417172phonemessmallest sound unit233
13777417173morphemessmallest meaning unit234
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AP Language - Last 20 Flashcards

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13526582232Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.0
13526582233Predicate adjectiveOne type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. "Expensive" in the sentence "Those shoes look expensive."1
13526582234Predicate nominativeA second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. "My son" in the sentence "Charlie is my son."2
13526582235ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line3
13526582236RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.4
13526582237RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.5
13526582238Rhetorical modesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.6
13526582239Rhetorical Question [erotesis]- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.7
13526582240SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel8
13526582241SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.9
13526582242SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another10
13526582243Subject complementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.11
13526582244Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.12
13526582245Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;13
13526582246Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).14
13526582247SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.15
13526582248UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.16
13526582249UndertoneAn attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.17
13526582250WitIn modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.18
13526582251Zeugmaa figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses. "She looked at the object with suspicion and a magnifying glass."19
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Chapter 11 AP Vocab Flashcards

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13188752360cottage industryManufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.0
13188753189location theoryattempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated1
13188756025variable costscosts that change directly with the amount of production (e.g. energy supply and labor costs)2
13188759346Site factorsLocation factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capita.3
13188763557Situation factorsLocation factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.4
13188767185Least Cost TheoryModel developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.5
13188770703Location InterdependenceTheory developed by economist Harold Hotelling; suggests that competitors try to constrain each other market, which leads them to locate near one another in the middle of the customer base.6
13188780054Bulk-reducing industryAn industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.7
13188784451Bulk-gaining industryAn industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.8
13188793935Break-of-bulk pointA location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.9
13188800466Footloose industryIndustries that are less dependent on factors that tie them to a specific geographical location. Examples: computer software development, telephone sales and call centers10
13188930529Just-in-time deliveryShipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed11
13188933170Labor-intensive industryAn industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.12
13188936009Nonrenewable EnergyA source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.13
13188944415renewable resourceA resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.14
13188950064New international division of laborTransfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.15
13188956384Deindustrializationprocess by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor; cause social and economic change as the area transitions to a service economy.16
13188979456OutsourcingA decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.17
13188982888Vertical IntegrationAn approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.18
13188985997Horizontal IntegrationMass ownership of companies that exist at the same point in a commodity chain.19
13188993765MaquiladoraA factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.20
13189007357Right-to-worker lawA US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiate a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.21
13189014693Fordist productionForm of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.22
13189015700Post-Fordist ProductionAdoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.23
13189017289RemanufacturingThe rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired and new parts.24
13189018333recyclingthe separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material25
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Ap Chemistry Equilibrium Flashcards

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11852767526Equilibrium constantk=products-reactants0
11852767527K>1Forward reaction is favored1
11852767528Forward reactionReactants to Products2
11852767529Reverse reactionProducts to reactants3
11852767530K<1Reverse reaction is favored4
11852767531K=1neither reaction is favored5
11852767532Small equilibrium constant means...reactants are favored6
11852767533Large equilibrium constant means...products are favored7
11852767534Kc and Kp have what units?they both have no units, but Kp is calculated using atm and Kc is calculated using molarity8
118527675351 atm760 mmHg and 760 Torr9
11852767536What equation connects Kp and Kc?Kp = Kc(RT)deltaN [delta N= (c+d) - (a+b)]10
11852767537Solids and liquids are...completely omitted from calculations11
11852767538Reaction Quotientmeasures the progress of a reaction relative to equilibrium12
11852767539How is q calculated?Same way as Kc13
11852767540Difference between K and QQ depends on what STATE of the reaction and K has a given temperature that has only one value that specifies a relative amount14
11852767541If the reaction only contains reactants...Q = 015
11852767542If the reaction only contains products...Q = infinity16
11852767543At equilibrium....K = Q17
11852767544Q > Kreactions goes to the left (reactants)18
11852767545Q < Kreaction goes to the right (products)19
11852767546Q = Kreaction is at equilibrium20
11852767547Solubility product constant (Ksp)Measures solubility of a compound21
11852767548Molar solubilitySolubility of a compound in. moles per liter22
11852767549Gibbs free energy equation with KGrxn = -RT lnK At equilibrium G = 023
11852767550When K<1 and Q=1lnK is negative, G is positive, the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction24
11852767551When K>1 and Q=1lnK is positive, G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction25
11852767552Le Chateller's Principlewhen a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system shifts in the direction that minimizes the disturbance26
11852767553Adding product...shifts left27
11852767554Adding reactant...shifts right28
11852767555Removing product...shifts right29
11852767556Removing reactant...shifts left30
11852767557Increasing volume...decrease in pressure and shifts toward the side with the more moles31
11852767558Decreasing volume...increase in pressure and shifts toward the side with the least amount of moles32
11852767559In an endothermic reaction, increasing temperature means...adding reactant, shifts right, and the value of K increases because the concentration of the products increase and the concentration of the reactants decrease.33
11852767560In an endothermic reaction, decreasing temperature means...removing reactant, shifts left, value of K decreases because the concentration of the products decrease and the concentration of the reactants increase.34
11852767561In an exothermic reaction, increasing temperature means...adding product, shifts left, value of K decreases because concentration of the products decrease and the concentration of the reactants increase.35
11852767562In a exothermic reaction, decreasing temperature means...removing product, shifts right, value of K increases because the concentration of the products increase and the concentration of the reactants decrease.36
11852767563Adding a catalyst...DOES NOT change the concentration37
11852767564Adding an inert gas...DOES NOT change the concentration38
11852767565If the reaction is reversedinvert Kc39
11852767566If the reaction is multipliedraise Kc to the power40
11852767567If the reaction is addedmultiply Kc41
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