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AP Comparative Government: Iran Flashcards

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13947475196clericsIn Iran, the concept of jurist guardianship states that senior _____ have authority over the entire community.0
13947475197theocracya state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.1
13947475198shariaIslamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an (Koran) and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.2
13947475199Mahmoud AhmadinejadPresident of Iran from 2005-2013 Not a cleric. Confrontation with the West. Holocaust denier.3
13947475200Assembly of ExpertsElected body of 86 members that chooses the supreme leader (men/Islamic scholars) (8 yr terms) (difficult to say how powerful a role this body will play once Khamenei passes away)4
13947475201ayatollahIn Shiite Islam, a title in the religious hierarchy achieved by scholars who have demonstrated highly advanced knowledge of Islamic law and religion5
13947475202Basij"People's militia," which serves as a public morals police6
13947475203bonyadsParastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution7
13947475204Expediency CouncilAppointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes8
13947475205FarsiLanguage of Iran9
13947475206Guardian CouncilAppointed body that vets candidates for office and can veto legislation (limits Majlis) (12 members/6yr terms) (6 lawyers nominated by chief justice and approved by Majlis, and 6 clerics appointed by supreme leader)10
13947475207Islamic Republic of IranName for post-revolutionary Iran11
13947475208Khamenei, AliCurrent supreme leader of Iran since 198912
13947475209MajlisLegislature of Iran13
13947475210Pahlavi, Reza ShahMonarch of Iran from 1925 to 194114
13947475211PersiaName for Iran before 193515
13947475212Revolutionary GuardParamilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies16
13947475213ShiismMinority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad17
13947475214supreme leaderChief spiritual and political leader of Iran. head of state, there have been 2 so far. must follow islamic law and historically been very conservative/traditionalist18
13947475215supreme courtChief judicial body:19
13947475216chief justiceThe apex of the judiciary: a single figure qualified in Sharia law (cleric) and appointed by the supreme leader. Appoints/removes judges.20
13947475217directly elected institutionspresident, Majles, Assembly of Religious Experts21
13947475218Green Revolution2009 dispute over validity of election results. Supporters of Mousavi the reformist22
139474752191979 Revolutionleader was Khomeini. people were upset because their leader (the shah) was not chosen by them and backed up by Europe and the US. they believed their resources were being abused and wanted change. revolution was intended to turn Iran into aw purely Islamic state. new government followed the sharia and all western culture was banned.23
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AP HG Models Flashcards

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13497027701Von Thunen ModelAn agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive, with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less. This model predicts more-intensive rural land uses closer to the marketplace and more-extensive rural land uses farther from the city's marketplace.0
13497027702Ravenstein's Laws of Migration1. Most migration is over a short distance. 2. Migration occurs in steps. 3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas. 4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume). 5. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers. 6. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances. 7. Most migrants are adults. 8. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase. 9. Migration increases with economic development. 10. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.1
13497027703Demographic Transition ModelA sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. Stage 1: High Birth and Death rates, Low NIR- many children needed for farming, many die at an early age, no family planning, religious/social encouragement, causes of death generally include disease, famine, and overall poor medicinal knowledge. No countries are in this stage. Stage 2: High birth rates, rapidly-falling death rates, extremely rapid NIR- many children needed for farming, many die at an early age, no family planning, religious/social encouragement, improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation result in fewer deaths. Ex: Egypt, Kenya Stage 3: Declining birth rates, slowly falling death rate, NIR increase slow- improved medical care and diet result in a lesser reliance on children, improvements in medical care, water supply, and sanitation result in fewer deaths. Ex: Brazil Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, stable or slow increase of NIR- Family planning, good health, improvement of the status of women, later marriages, etc. result in lower birth rate, good health care and a reliable food supply result in lower death rate. Ex: USA, Japan, France (Theoretical)Stage 5: Very low births and low deaths, declining NIR results- Family planning, good health, improvement of the status of women, later marriages, etc. result in lower birth rate, good health care and a reliable food supply result in lower death rate. Ex: Germany2
13497027704Gravity ModelA model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.3
13497027705Zelinsky Model of Migration TransitionMigration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage-4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration4
13497027706Concentric Zone ModelA model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. Developed in the 1920s by Ernest Burgess explains that as cities grow, new rings of development are added and old ones change character. Five rings by Burgess : 1. Central Business District(CBD): concentration of nonresidential activities 2. Zone of transition: contains industry and poorer quality housing. Immigrants live in small dwelling units, often created by subdividing larger houses into apartments. Also contains rooming houses for single individual 3. Zone of Independent Worker Homes: Older houses occupied by stable, working-class families 4. Zone of better residences: Newer and bigger houses for middle-class families 5. Commuter Zone: Beyond the continuous built-up area of the city, some people who work in the CBD choose to live in small villages that have become dormitory towns for commuters.5
13497027707Sector ModelCreated by Homer Hoyt A model of the internal structure of cities in North America in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). Improvements in transportation have made the model more obsolete.6
13497044386Muliple nuclei model--Created by Harris and Ullman --Based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership --Reduced primacy of the CBD and allowed for specialization of regional centers --A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve --Some activities are attracted to particular nodes, while others try to annoy them.7
13497126604Central Place Theory--Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another. --Central places are settlements that provide services to "market areas"/hinterlands. --Ordering of settlements based in the number and level of services they provide produces a hierarchy (as seen in the image) --Christaller's theory described the characteristic arrangement of cities, villages, and towns based on varying degrees of centrality and functions.8
13497271047Weber's Least Cost Theory--theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration --Drawbacks to this model include that it assumes the workforce is immobile --assumes that industries will locate based on minimizing production costs and maximizing profits.9
13497328477Nine Nations of North AmericaNew England Foundry DIxie Breadbasket Islands Mexamerica Ecotopia Empty Quarter Quebec10
13497351063Epidemiologic Transitiondistinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine- High CDR, infectious and parasitic diseases. Ex: Black Plague Stage 2: Receding Pandemics- Rapidly declining CDR. Ex: Cholera Stage 3: Degenerative and Man-made Diseases- Moderately Declining CDR. Ex: Cancer Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases/Emerging Infections- Low, but increasing CDR. Ex: Cardiovascular Disease Possible Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases- Possible causes include an increase in poverty and the evolution of previously controlled diseases/transmitters. Ex: Malaria11
13497487821World Systems Theory--Also known as Core-Periphery Model --Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. --Core countries(developed-Ex: USA, Japan) dominate the semi-periphery(industrializing-Ex: Brazil, China, India) and periphery, while the semi-periphery dominate the periphery(developing-Ex: Congo, Zambia, Haiti) --Core countries receive resources from semi-periphery and periphery, and the core distributes goods to semi-periphery and periphery states. --Periphery are often economically dependent on the more powerful countries12
13497602967Heartland TheoryHypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.13
13497607109Rimland TheoryNicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.14
13497620130Malthusian Theory--Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically, concluded that population growth would press against available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lower CBRs or disease, famine, war, or other disasters increased the CDRs. --Contrastingly, Esther Boserup argued that population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development, resulting in more food. YAY!15
13497700067Rostow's Stages of Economic Development--All countries develop in a five-stage process: ---1. Traditional Society: Not yet started the process of development, many people engaged in agriculture and much of the national wealth is allocated to military and religion. ---2. Preconditions for takeoff: An elite group initiates economic activities, the country starts to invest in new technology and infrastructure. ---3. Takeoff: Rapid growth generated by limited # of economic activities like textiles/food production. These industries achieve technical advances whereas other sectors of the economy are still dominated by traditional practices. ---4. Drive to maturity: increased development of a wider industrial and commercial base. ---5. Age of mass consumption: Economy shifts from production of heavy industries to consumer goods --Drawbacks to this theory include that it does not account for cultural differences and it is based on the development histories of North America and western Europe.16
13509344153Urban Realms ModelA spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD). suburban regions are functionally tied to mixed-use suburban downtowns or mini CBDs Suggests that since the wide spread use of the automobile, suburban regions develop with relative independence from the original CBD.17
13509408239Bid rent theorydifferent land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center. It explains the series of concentric rings of land use found in the concentric zone model.18
13509461075Latin American City ModelGriffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets. The poorest are on the outer edge. contains elements of colonization and globalization in urban growth19
13509507959locational interdependenceTheory that industries choose locations based on where their competitors are located.20
13509550067Borchert's Model of Urban EvolutionBorchert created this model in the 1960s to predict and explain the growth of cities in four phases of transportation history: Stage 1, the "sail wagon" era of 1790-1830 Stage 2, the "iron horse" era of 1830-1870 Stage 3, the "steel rail" epoch of 1870-1920 Stage 4, the current era of car and air travel that began after 1920.21
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AP Bio Biochem unit Flashcards

Unit one: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of life

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13057816159MatterAnything that takes up space and has mass.0
13057816160ElementSubstance that cannot be broken down to other substances through chemical reactions. Each has a symbol. 92 occurring in nature.1
13057816161CompoundSubstance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. *Characteristics different than those of its elements2
13057816162CHON4 elements essential to life3
13057816163Trace ElementsRequired by an organism only in minute quantities.4
13057816164AtomSmallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. Composed of subatomic particles. Mostly empty space.5
13057816165Subatomic particlesNeutrons, protons, electrons. Make up atoms.6
13057816166ProtonOne unit of positive charge. Approximately one dalton. Located in nucleus.7
13057816167ElectronOne unit of negative charge. Located outside of nucleus.8
13057816168Atomic NucleusDense core packed with protons and neutrons.9
13057816169NeutronsElectrically neutral. Approximately one dalton.10
13057816170Atomic NumberThe number of protons (which is unique to that element) and written as a subscript to left of element symbol. Also tells us number of electrons since P=E if atom is neutral11
13057816171Mass NumberSum of the protons and the neutrons. An approximation of the atomic mass.12
13057816172IsotopesSame number of protons, but different number of neutrons and therefore different mass. Same element.13
13057816173Radioactive IsotopeOne in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.14
13057816174EnergyCapacity to cause change15
13057816175Potential EnergyEnergy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.16
13057816176Electron ShellsWhere electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.17
13057816177Valence ElectronsElectrons in the outermost shell.18
13057816178Chemical BondsThe attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.19
13057816179Covalent BondSharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.20
13057816180MoleculeTwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.21
13057816181Single BondOne pair of shared electrons.22
13057816182Structural FormulaH--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.23
13057816183Double BondSharing two pairs of valence electrons.24
13057816184ValenceBonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.25
13057816185ElectronegativityThe attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.26
13057816186Nonpolar Covalent BondCovalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.27
13057816187Polar Covalent BondWhere one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.28
13057816188Ionic BondsThe attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.29
13057816189IonA charged atom.30
13057816190CationA positively charged atom.31
13057816191AnionA negatively charged atom.32
13057816192Ionic CompoundsOr Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.33
13057816193Hydrogen BondWhen a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.34
13057816194van der Waals InteractionsEver changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.35
13057816195Molecular ShapeDetermines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.36
13057816196ReactantsThe starting materials of a chemical reaction.37
13057816197ProductsThe resulting material of a chemical reaction.38
13057816198Chemical EquilibriumThe point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.39
13057816245Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acidsName the 4 types of macromolecules40
13057816246MetabolismAll the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism41
13057816247CatabolismConversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds42
13057816248AnabolismConversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules43
13057816249HydrolysisPocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.44
13057816250Dehydration synthesisReaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule45
13057816251PolymersLong molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.46
13057816252Glycosidic linkageIn carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.47
13057816253MonosaccharidesCarbohydrates are made up of _______________.48
13057816254MonosaccharideThe monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose49
13057816255DisaccharideTwo monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose50
13057816256PolysaccharideThree or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.51
13057816257Glycosidic linkageThe bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.52
13057816258Chitin; celluloseTwo examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.53
13057816259CellulosePolymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls54
13057816260Glycogen; starchStored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.55
13057816261α glucoseStarch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.56
13057816262PolymersLipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.57
13057816263LipidsCushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.58
13057816264Glycerol; fatty acid chainsTriglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.59
13057816265Unsaturated fatsFats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.60
13057816266PhospholipidBasic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.61
13057816267SteroidLipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.62
13057816268HDLGood cholesterol is called ___ ____________. HINT: Keep your ____ HIGH :-)63
13057816269LDLThe bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries. HINT: Keep your ____ LOW :-)64
13057816270Ester linkageIn a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.65
13057816271Amino acidThe monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.66
13057816272Amino; carboxyl; RAmino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.67
1305781627320# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.68
13057816274PeptideIn a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.69
13057816275PolypeptideThe polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.70
130578162763D structureThe amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.71
13057816277StructureA protein's _________ determines its function.72
13057816278PrimaryAt the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.73
13057816279SecondaryAt the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.74
13057816280β Pleated Sheet__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.75
13057816281α Helix___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.76
13057816282TertiaryAt the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.77
13057816283QuaternaryAt the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.78
13057816284Sickle cell anemiaIn this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.79
13057816285HormonalInsulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.80
13057816286Receptor________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.81
13057816287Contractile/Movement___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.82
13057816288Transport_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.83
13057816289Defensive_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.84
13057816290DenaturationExcessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.85
13057816291ChaperoninsAssist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides86
13057816292NucleotidesNucleic acids are composed of ___________.87
13057816293PolynucleotideThe polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.88
13057816294Phosphodiester bondsNucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.89
13057816295RiboseThe sugar in RNA is ______.90
13057816296deoxyriboseThe sugar in DNA is ______.91
13057816297A, T, C, GThe nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.92
13057816298A, U, C, GThe nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.93
13057816299HydrogenNitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.94
13057816300sugars; phosphate groupsThe backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.95
13057816199organic chemistryThe study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).96
13057816301carbonthis atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms97
13057816200hydrocarbonAn organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.98
13057816201isomerOne of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.99
13057816202structural isomerOne or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE)100
13057816203geometric isomerOne of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT)101
13057816204enantiomerOne or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE)102
13057816205estradiolA steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.103
13057816206testosteroneAsteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.104
13057816207functional groupsA specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.105
13057816208hydroxyl groupA chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.106
13057816209ketone groupA chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain)107
13057816302ester groupA chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middler of chain)108
13057816303aldehyde groupA chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain)109
13057816210carboxyl groupA chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group110
13057816304ionized carboxyl groupA chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen111
13057816211amino groupA chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺112
13057816212sulfhydryl groupA chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.113
13057816213phosphate groupA chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.114
13057816214polar covalenttype of bond in water? Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen and the electrons of the polar bonds spend more time near oxygen thus, making oxygen more negativity charged and hydrogen more positively charged115
13057816215Cohesionholding a substance together116
13057816216Adhesionclinging of a substance to another117
13057816217Capillary actionthe attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid, which causes the liquid to rise or fall Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without assistance. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid. When adhesion > cohesion, capillary action occurs.118
13057816218Surface TensionA measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch a surface119
13057816219Kinetic Energyenergy of motion120
13057816220Heattotal kinetic energy due to molecular motion121
13057816221Calorieamount of heat it takes to move 1 gram of substance 1 degree Celsius higher122
13057816222Temperatureintensity of heat due to average kinetic energy123
13057816223Specific heatamount of heat needed to be absorbed /lost to change the temperature by 1 degree Celsius water has a high _____.124
13057816224water1 calorie/1 gram/I degree Celsius is the specific heat of ____.125
13057816225Evaporative coolingremains of a liquid cool down126
13057816226vaporizationamount of heat needed to turn liquid into gas127
13057816227evaporationprocess of liquid becoming gas128
13057816228How does the density of water contribute to aquatic life?if ice sank, ponds/oceans/lakes would freeze solid, killing the life (during the summer only top would thaw) instead the floating ice insulates liquid water from below preventing it from freezing and killing animals129
13057816229solutionliquid completely homogeneous of two or more substances130
13057816230solventdissolving agent131
13057816231solutesubstance dissolved132
13057816232aqueous solutionwater is solvent133
13057816233hydration shellsphere of water molecules around dissolved ions134
13057816234hydrophobicwater hating substances135
13057816305hydrophilicwater loving substances136
13057816235molethe molecular weightof a substance expressed in grams (6.02 x 10^23)137
13057816236molarityconcentration measured by number of mols/liter of solution138
13057816237hydrogen ionH+139
13057816238hydroxide ionOH-140
13057816239hydronium ionH30+141
13057816240acidsincrease H+ concentration142
13057816241basesreduce H+ concentration143
13057816242pH scalemeasures concentration of H+ (scale from 1-14)144
13057816243bufferssubstance that minimizes changes in H+/OH- concentration145
13057816244acid precipitationpresence of sulfur oxides/nitrogen oxides and gaseous compounds react with air and goes into lakes, oceans, and soil, affecting animal life146
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AP Alltag Flashcards

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12317826927das Gefühlfeeling0
12317826928pünktlichpunctual1
12317826929die Hochzeitthe wedding2
12317826932die Zeitschriftthe magazine3
12317826933träumento dream4
12317826934die Sendungthe show5
12317826936durchschnittlichon average6
12317826937die Wahlthe election7
12317826938der Besitzerowner8
12317826939die Beamtenthe officials9
12317826940schaffento manage, make it10
12317826941weckento wake someone11
12317826942die Strafefine12
12317826946zeigento show13
12317826948bauento build14
12317826949die Mauerthe city wall15
12317826951nutzento use16
12317826953der Plattenflat tire17
12317826954sperrento block18
12317826955die Geheimzahlsecret PIN19
12317826956die Luftthe air20
12317826958sich ärgernto get angry21
12317826959nervigannoying22
12317826962Geld abhebento withdraw money23
12317826963ausfüllento fill out24
12317826964der Personalausweispersonal ID card25
12317826966anfangento start26
12317826967beantragento apply for27
12317826968unterschreibento sign28
12317826969verpassento miss (bus, deadline)29
12317826971der Diebstahlthe theft30
12317826975beherrschento master31
12317826976verletzento injure32
12317826983der Rat(schlag)the advice33
12317826989das Gewissenconscience34
12317826990die Sitzungthe meeting, session35
12317826991verändernto change36
12317826992erreichento achieve37
12317826993reagierento react38
12317826994verständnisvollunderstanding39
12317826996deshalbthat's why40
12317826998besondersparticular41
12317826999ziemlichfairly, quite42
12317827000vollfull43
12317827001totalcompletely44
12317827003das Gerätappliance45
12317827005die Vermutungassumption46
12317827006schriftlichwritten47
12317827007teilento share48
12317827008ablehnento reject49
12317827014das Militärmilitary50
12317827015die BundeswehrGerman armed forces51
12317827016die Wehrpflichtcompulsory military service52
12317827017der Zivildienstcivil service53
12317827024reisento travel54
12317868320die Reisetrip, journey55
12317827026die Gebräuchecustoms (conventions)56
12317827027die Wertevalues57
12317827029der Berufoccupation58
12317827032die Unterhaltungentertainment/conversation59
12317827033vorschlagento suggest60
12317827038der Flughafenairport61
12317827041die Möglichkeitpossibility62
12317827049ersetzento replace63
12317827050fordernto demand, require64
12317827064üblichusual, customary65
12317827065die Pflichtduty66
12317827070vorlesento read aloud67
12317827071anscheinendapparently68
12317827072geduldigpatient69
12317827074ordentlichtidy, neat70
12317827076wütendfurious71
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AP Kanji Set 8 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13910973875to borrow借りる・かりる0
13910973876loan借金・しゃきん1
13910973877to wish願う・ねがう2
13910973878a wish願い・ねがい3
13910973879a wish/hope願い事・ねがいごと4
13910973880application form願書・がんしょ5
13910973881capital city京都・きょうと6
13910973882city center都心・としん7
13910973883urban city都会・とかい8
13910973884merchandise商品・しょうひん9
13910973885business/trade商売・しょうばい10
13910973886"water-trade"水商売・みずしょうばい11
13910973887busy忙しい・いそがしい12
13910973888very busy多忙・たぼう13
13910973889to send送る・おくる14
13910973890sending a message送信・そうしん15
13910973891mail郵送・ゆうそう16
13910973892bow (like standing bow)礼・れい17
13910973893rude失礼・しつれい18
13910973894etiquette礼儀・れいぎ19
13910973895to hit (like with a stick)打つ・うつ20
13910973896batter (baseball)打者・だしゃ21
13910973897bruise打撲・だぼく22
13910973898friends友達々・ともだちたち23
13910973899we/us私達・わたしたち24
13910973900#flat things＃枚・＃まい25
13910973901number of flat things枚数・まいすう26
13910973902to pass by (like time)寄る・よる27
13910973903old年寄・としより28
13910973904donation寄付・きふ29
13910973905to feel感じる・かんじる30
13910973906moving/touching感動・かんどう31
13910973907admiration感心・かんしん32
13910973908appreciation感謝・かんしゃ33
13910973909reflection (spiritual)感想文・かんそうぶん34
13910973910love恋愛・れんあい35
13910973911affection愛情・あいじょう36
13910973912roof屋根・やね37
13910973913rooftop屋上・おくじょう38
13910973914flower shop花屋・はなや39
13910973915fish shop魚屋・さかなや40
13910973916marriage結婚・けっこん41
13910973917to tie/connect結ぶ・むすぶ42
13910973918engagement婚約・こんやく43
13910973919honeymoon新婚旅行・しんこんりょこう44
13910973920divorce離婚・りこん45
13910973921industry工業・こうぎょう46
13910973922factory工場・こうじょう47
13910973923construction工事・こうじ48
13910973924dictionary辞書・じしょ49
13910973925resign辞職・じしょく50
13910973926to quit辞める・やめる51
13910973927declination辞退・じたい52
13910973928age歳・とし53
13910973929#years old#歳/#才・#さい54
13910973930talent才能・さいのう55
13910973931genius天才・てんさい56
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