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AP Psychology RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP

11227152823	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
11227152824	Double Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	1
11227152825	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied	2
11227152826	Dependent Variables	The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	3
11227152827	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	4
11227152828	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	5
11227152829	Median	The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it	6
11227152830	Standard Deviations	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
11227152831	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	8
11227152832	Random Sampling	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
11227152833	Scatter plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation	10
11227152834	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	11
11227152835	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	12
11227152836	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	13
11227152837	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	14
11227152838	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	15
11227152839	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable	16
11227152840	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
11227152841	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	18
11227152842	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.	19
11227152843	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	20
11227152844	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	21
11227152845	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	22
11227152846	Population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	23
11227152847	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	24
11227152848	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	25
11227152849	Placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	26
11227152850	Placebo Effect	any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo	27
11227152851	Experimental Group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	28
11227152852	Control Group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	29
11227152853	Confounding Variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	30
11227152854	Range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	31
11227152855	Normal Curve/distribution	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes	32
11227152856	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	33
11227152857	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	34
11227152858	Informed Consent	an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	35
11227152859	Debriefing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants	36
11227152860	Kenneth and Mamie Clark	Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.	37
11227152861	Daniel Kahneman	an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.	38
11227152862	longitudinal study	researchers follow the same subjects over an extended period of time.	39
11227152863	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	40
11227152865	confirmation bias	experimenter might consciously or unconsciously look to confirm what they already believe about their hypothesis	41
11227152866	Null hypothesis	Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis.	42
11227152867	confidentiality	researchers may not release or publish the names of anyone participating in the experiment.	43
11227152868	protection of participants	All participants are protected from physical mental and emotional harm.	44
11227152869	Right to discontinue	Participants have the right to end their participation during any phase of an experiment.	45
11227152870	minimum of deception	Researchers have an obligation to avoid deceiving participants whenever possible.	46
11227152871	framing	the way questions are worded can dramatically impact the results of your survey.	47
11227152872	Descriptive Statistics	describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.	48
11227152880	Skewed distribution to the left		49
11227152881	Skewed distribution to the right		50
11227152873	variance	measures how far a data set is spread out. The technical definition is "The average of the squared differences from the mean."	51
11227152874	Mary Whiton Calkins	Denied a PhD by Harvard though she met the doctoral requirements, but later became first female president of the APA.	52
11227152875	Margaret Floy Washburn	First woman to receive a PhD in psychology. Later became the 2nd female president of the APA.	53
11227152876	Francis Sumner	First African American man to receive a PhD in psychology in 1920.	54
11227152877	Inez Prosser	First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology in 1933.	55
11227152878	Edward Titchener	Studied with Wilhelm Wundt prior to becoming a psychology professor. His ideas created the basis for a school of thought called structuralism.	56

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AP Economics Chapter 4 Flashcards

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8754571001	market	a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.	0
8754571002	competitive market	a market in which there are so many buyers and so many sellers that each has a negligible impact on the market price.	1
8754571003	quantity demanded	the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.	2
8754571004	law of demand	the claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.	3
8754571005	demand schedule	a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.	4
8754571006	demand curve	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. the demand curve is downward sloping, reflecting the law of demand.	5
8754571007	normal good	a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.	6
8754571008	inferior good	a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.	7
8754571009	substitute goods	two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.	8
8754571010	complementary goods	two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.	9
8754571011	quantity supplied	the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.	10
8754571012	law of supply	the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.	11
8754571013	supply schedule	a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.	12
8754571014	supply curve	a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. the supply curve is upward sloping, reflecting the law of supply.	13
8754571015	equilibrium	a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.	14
8754571016	equilibrium price	the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.	15
8754571017	equilibrium quantity	the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.	16
8754571018	Surplus	also known as excess supply, a surplus exists at a market price when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. the price falls to eliminate a surplus.	17
8754571019	Shortage	also known as excess demand, a shortage exists at a market price when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. the price rises to eliminate a shortage.	18
8754571020	law of supply and demand	the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.	19
12258930214	all else equal	to predict how a change in one variable affects a second, we hold all other variables constant. This is also referred to as the "ceteris paribus" assumption.	20
12258933030	Absolute (or money) prices	The price of a good measured in units of currency	21
12258935945	relative prices	the number of units of any other good Y that must be sacrificed to acquire the first good X. Only relative prices matter.	22
12258937353	substitution effect	the change in the quantity demanded of a good that results from a change in price, making the good more or less expensive relative to other goods that are substitutes	23
12258942347	income effect	the change in the quantity demanded of a good that results from the effect of a change in the good's price on consumers' purchasing power	24
12258948429	Determinants of Demand	the external factors that shift demand to the left or right	25
12258951131	Determinants of Supply	one of the external factors that influences supply. When these variables change, the entire supply curve shifts to the left or right	26
12258958176	market equilibrium	Exists at the point where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. Or, it is the only quantity where the price consumers are willing to pay is exactly the price producers are willing to accept.	27
12258970611	Disequilibrium	Occurs when quantity demanded and quantity supplied are not in balance	28
12258974990	Total Welfare	the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus. The free market equilibrium provides maximum combined gain to society.	29
12258983285	Consumer Surplus (CS)	Difference between how much people are willing to pay and the price they do pay. It is the area below the demand curve and above the price.	30
12258992924	Producer Surplus (PS)	the difference between the amount for which a good sells and the minimum amount necessary for the seller to be willing to produce the good. It is the area above the supply curve and under the price.	31

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13917576761	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13917576762	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13917576763	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13917576764	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13917576765	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13917576766	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13917576767	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13917576768	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13917576769	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13917576770	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13917576771	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13917576772	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13917576773	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13917576774	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13917576775	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13917576776	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13917576777	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13917576778	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13917576779	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13917576780	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13917576781	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13917576782	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13917576783	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13917576784	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13917576785	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13917576786	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13917576787	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13917576788	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13917576789	theory	general idea being tested	28
13917576790	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13917576791	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13917576792	mode	appears the most	31
13917576793	mean	average	32
13917576794	median	middle	33
13917576795	range	highest - lowest	34
13917576796	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13917576797	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13917576798	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13917576799	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13917576800	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13917576801	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13917576802	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13917576803	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13917576996	neuron		43
13917576804	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13917576805	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13917576806	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13917576807	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13917576808	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13917576809	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13917576810	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13917576811	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13917576812	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13917576813	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13917576814	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13917576815	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13917576816	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13917576817	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13917576818	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13917576819	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13917576820	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13917576821	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13917576822	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13917576823	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13917576824	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13917576825	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13917576826	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13917576827	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13917576828	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13917576829	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13917576830	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13917576831	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13917576832	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13917576833	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13917576834	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13917576835	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13917576836	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13917576837	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13917576838	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13917576839	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13917576840	occipital lobe	vision	80
13917576841	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13917576842	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13917576843	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13917576844	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13917576845	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13917576846	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13917576847	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13917576848	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13917576849	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13917576850	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13917576851	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13917576852	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13917576853	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13917576854	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13917576855	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13917576856	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13917576857	rods	night time	97
13917576858	cones	color	98
13917576859	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13917576860	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13917576861	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13917576862	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13917576863	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13917576864	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13917576865	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13917576866	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13917576867	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13917576868	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13917576869	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13917576870	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13917576871	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13917576872	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13917576873	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13917576874	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13917576875	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13917576876	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13917576877	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13917576878	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13917576879	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13917576880	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13917576881	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13917576882	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13917576883	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13917576884	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13917576885	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13917576886	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13917576887	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13917576888	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13917576889	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13917576890	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13917576891	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13917576892	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13917576893	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13917576894	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13917576895	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13917576896	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13917576897	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13917576898	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13917576899	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13917576900	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13917576901	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13917576902	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13917576903	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13917576904	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13917576905	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13917576906	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13917576907	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13917576908	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13917576909	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13917576910	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13917576911	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13917576912	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13917576913	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13917576914	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13917576915	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13917576916	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13917576917	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13917576918	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13917576919	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13917576920	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13917576921	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13917576922	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13917576923	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13917576924	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13917576925	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13917576926	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13917576927	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13917576928	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13917576929	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13917576930	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13917576931	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13917576932	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13917576933	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13917576934	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13917576935	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13917576936	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13917576937	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13917576938	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13917576939	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13917576940	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13917576941	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13917576942	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13917576943	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13917576944	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13917576945	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13917576946	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13917576947	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13917576948	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13917576949	encoding	information going in	189
13917576950	storage	keeping information in	190
13917576951	retrieval	taking information out	191
13917576952	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13917576953	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13917576954	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13917576955	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13917576956	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13917576957	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13917576958	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13917576959	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13917576960	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13917576961	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13917576962	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13917576963	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13917576964	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13917576965	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13917576966	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13917576967	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13917576968	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13917576969	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13917576970	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13917576971	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13917576972	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13917576973	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13917576974	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13917576975	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13917576976	context	environment helps with memory	216
13917576977	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13917576978	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13917576979	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13917576980	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13917576981	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13917576982	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13917576983	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13917576984	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13917576985	prototypes	generalize	225
13917576986	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13917576987	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13917576988	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13917576989	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13917576990	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13917576991	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13917576992	grammar is _________	universal	232
13917576993	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13917576994	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13872537902	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13872537903	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13872537904	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13872537905	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13872537906	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13872537907	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13872537908	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13872537909	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13872537910	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13872537911	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13872537912	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13872537913	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13872537914	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13872537915	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13872537916	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13872537917	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13872537918	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13872537919	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13872537920	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13872537921	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13872537922	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13872537923	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13872537924	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13872537925	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13872537926	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13872537927	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13872537928	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13872537929	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13872537930	theory	general idea being tested	28
13872537931	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13872537932	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13872537933	mode	appears the most	31
13872537934	mean	average	32
13872537935	median	middle	33
13872537936	range	highest - lowest	34
13872537937	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13872537938	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13872537939	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13872537940	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13872537941	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13872537942	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13872537943	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13872537944	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13872538136	neuron		43
13872537945	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13872537946	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13872537947	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13872537948	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13872537949	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13872537950	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13872537951	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13872537952	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13872537953	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13872537954	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13872537955	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13872537956	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13872537957	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13872537958	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13872537959	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13872537960	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13872537961	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13872537962	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13872537963	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13872537964	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13872537965	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13872537966	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13872537967	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13872537968	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13872537969	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13872537970	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13872537971	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13872537972	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13872537973	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13872537974	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13872537975	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13872537976	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13872537977	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13872537978	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13872537979	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13872537980	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13872537981	occipital lobe	vision	80
13872537982	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13872537983	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13872537984	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13872537985	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13872537986	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13872537987	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13872537988	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13872537989	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13872537990	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13872537991	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13872537992	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13872537993	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13872537994	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13872537995	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13872537996	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13872537997	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13872537998	rods	night time	97
13872537999	cones	color	98
13872538000	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13872538001	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13872538002	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13872538003	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13872538004	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13872538005	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13872538006	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13872538007	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13872538008	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13872538009	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13872538010	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13872538011	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13872538012	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13872538013	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13872538014	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13872538015	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13872538016	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13872538017	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13872538018	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13872538019	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13872538020	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13872538021	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13872538022	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13872538023	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13872538024	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13872538025	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13872538026	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13872538027	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13872538028	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13872538029	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13872538030	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13872538031	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13872538032	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13872538033	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13872538034	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13872538035	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13872538036	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13872538037	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13872538038	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13872538039	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13872538040	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13872538041	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13872538042	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13872538043	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13872538044	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13872538045	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13872538046	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13872538047	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13872538048	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13872538049	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13872538050	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13872538051	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13872538052	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13872538053	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13872538054	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13872538055	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13872538056	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13872538057	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13872538058	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13872538059	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13872538060	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13872538061	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13872538062	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13872538063	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13872538064	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13872538065	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13872538066	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13872538067	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13872538068	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13872538069	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13872538070	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13872538071	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13872538072	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13872538073	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13872538074	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13872538075	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13872538076	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13872538077	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13872538078	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13872538079	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13872538080	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13872538081	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13872538082	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13872538083	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13872538084	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13872538085	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13872538086	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13872538087	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13872538088	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13872538089	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13872538090	encoding	information going in	189
13872538091	storage	keeping information in	190
13872538092	retrieval	taking information out	191
13872538093	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13872538094	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13872538095	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13872538096	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13872538097	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13872538098	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13872538099	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13872538100	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13872538101	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13872538102	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13872538103	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13872538104	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13872538105	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13872538106	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13872538107	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13872538108	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13872538109	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13872538110	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13872538111	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13872538112	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13872538113	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13872538114	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13872538115	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13872538116	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13872538117	context	environment helps with memory	216
13872538118	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13872538119	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13872538120	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13872538121	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13872538122	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13872538123	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13872538124	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13872538125	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13872538126	prototypes	generalize	225
13872538127	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13872538128	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13872538129	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13872538130	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13872538131	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13872538132	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13872538133	grammar is _________	universal	232
13872538134	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13872538135	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Econ Graphs Macro Flashcards

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9969297103	Production Possibilities Curve		0
9969297104	Supply and Demand Curve		1
9969297105	Demand-Pull Inflation		2
9969297106	Cost-Push Inflation (Stagflation)		3
9969297117	Investment Demand	Reminder ** Interest rate is the cost of borrowing, and Investment (I) is financed through borrowing	4
9969297108	Aggregate Demand		5
9969297109	Aggregate Supply		6
9969297118	Recession	SRAS increase because Input Costs decrease	7
9969297110	T- Account		8
9969297111	Money Market		9
9969297112	Loanable Funds Market		10
9969297113	Phillips Curve		11
9969297114	FOREX		12

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Ap Physics 2 review Flashcards

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12281215465	alpha decay	A nuclear reaction in which an atom emits an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This increases the atomic number by 2 and the mass number by 4.	0
12281222445	beta decay	radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus that is accompanied by the emission of a beta particle	1
12281283404	electron capture	the process in which an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of the atom that contains the electron	2
12281286861	positron emmission	Radioactive decay in which a proton becomes a neutron and emits a positron (anti-electron)	3
12286431674	excited state	A state in which an atom has a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state	4
12286437849	ground state	The lowest energy state of an atom	5
12286444274	What state is away from the nucleus?	The excited state	6
12286446655	What happens to an atom after the energy is released from the excited state.	the electron can relax by moving to a new energy level.	7
12286458400	If an electron is EXCITED, that means....	energy is Absorbed, therefor a Photon can be absorbed.	8
12286465434	If an electron is DE-EXCITED, that means....	energy is RELEASED and therefore a photon is released.	9
12286476108	What is the top number of an element??	The mass number = number of protons + neutrons.	10
12286483859	What is the bottom number of an element??	The atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus	11
12286492667	Energy-mass equivalence	the idea proposed in Albert Einstein's theory of relativity that states that mass is actually concentrated energy, as expressed by the equation E=mc2.	12
12286494923	binding energy	The energy needed to break up a nucleus into its constituent nucleons.	13
12286499556	mass defect	the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons	14
12286510598	Alpha	Ejected Helium	15
12286511525	Beta	Ejected Electron	16
12286514539	Positron	Ejected Anti-Beta particle	17
12286519798	Gamma	Ejected Energy	18
12286531271	Fusion	Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.	19
12286532846	Fission	A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy	20
12286567138	total energy	All energy, potential and kinetic, within a specific system.	21
12286571735	Temperature	a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. (like how fast the molecules are moving)	22
12286572982	Heat	the internal energy that is transferred between bodies in contact.	23
12286576367	Ideal Gas Law	the relationship PV=nRT, which describes the behavior of an ideal gas	24
12286594021	The system boundary	controls how the environment affects the system	25
12286596224	Closed to mass	mass can't get in or out	26
12286597246	closed to energy	energy can't get in or out	27
12286598700	First Law of Thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. most commonly known as The Law of Conservation of Energy which really means that the total Energy, U of the universe remains constant!	28
12286605094	Isothermal Process	constant temperature	29
12286606888	Isobaric Process	constant pressure	30
12286608524	Isometric Process	constant volume	31
12286610402	Adiabatic Process	A process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system by its surroundings.	32
12286612061	Done BY a gas		33
12286612799	Done ON a gas		34
12286627450	Second Law of Thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	35
12289074642	thermal contact	refers to energy transferred to a body by a means other than work.	36
12289081372	thermal equilibrium	when two objects are at the same temperature and no heat flows	37
12289088627	Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	A law that if two systems are separately found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, all three systems are at the same temperature. Also known as thermodynamic equilibrium.	38
12289120835	• Third Law of Thermodynamics-	No system can reach absolute zero	39
12289151065	Avogadro's Principle	Equal volumes of gas at the same temperature & pressure contain the same number of molecules	40
12289176701	Boyle's Law	A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature	41
12289181164	Charles' Law	the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases	42
12289183249	Gay-Lussac's Law	the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume is constant	43
12289188862	Combined Law	Combining all the laws of a gas	44
12289204461	Conduction	The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.	45
12289207579	convection	The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid	46
12289210315	Radiation	Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.	47
12289573863	heat engine	a device that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy	48
12289581988	thermal efficiency	the efficiency of a heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the heat supplied to it.	49
12289589346	Entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness.	50
12289658213	Density	the degree of compactness of a substance.	51
12289666561	pressure	the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface	52
12289705665	Atmospheric pressure	the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere. 16 pounds per square inch	53
12290983816	Pascal's principle	The force exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container always acts perpendicular to the walls.	54
12291093954	What is the force acting on you under water??	The force acting on you is the weight of the water above you	55
12291111784	Pressure with depth	increases	56
12291131732	Archimedes' Principle	An object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.	57
12291147502	Buoyancy in air	An object surrounded by air is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the air displaced.	58
12291172378	Laminar flow (AKA streamline flow)	flow that is regular, smooth and predictable.	59
12291184069	turbulent flow	Irregular flow with random variations in pressure.	60
12291191620	flow rate	The volume of fluid that moves through a system in a given period of time.	61
12291218283	Bernoulli's principal		62
12291229643	When the speed of a liquid increases	its internal pressure decreases.	63
12291235726	When the speed of a liquid decreases	Its internal pressure decreases	64
12291254352	Small tube of flowing water	low pressure and high velocity	65
12291258137	Large tube of flowing water	High pressure and low velocity	66
12291276374	Curveballs	The turning ball drags some of the air with it, speeding it up. The faster-flowing air is at a lower pressure, so the ball moves that way. The rotation also directs the air in the opposite direction from the force — action and reaction.	67
12291318792	Moving air across the top of a hole, like a chimney, creates...	A pressure difference, the wind on top is lower then the air in the chimney, causing the smoke to pump out of it.	68
12291355906	A low pressure moving fluid will...	draw in particles of another fluid	69
12293614267	The carrier of electric charge is	an electron	70
12293623048	An electron has what kind of charge?	negative	71
12293632041	Charge is	Conserved. It isn't created or destroyed.	72
12293652974	Atoms are normally neutral because	they have an equal number of negatively charge electrons and positively charged protons.	73
12293669262	Something with a negative charge has	too many electrons	74
12293682156	Something with a positive charge has	too few electrons	75
12293717111	Coulomb's Law		76
12294069620	If a pipe narrows, then speed of the liquide must	increase	77
12294078843	If a pip widdens, then the speed of the liquid must	decrease	78
12294228820	Fundamental law of static electricity	Like charges repel and opposite charges attract	79
12294238997	Law of conservation of charge	Charge is not created or destroyed, merely transferred from one system to another.	80
12294259171	If you touch a charged object to an object with no charge,	if the object is a conductor charge can flow onto it	81
12294272670	charge on a conductor will all be on	The outside	82
13196197348	How does a magnetic field flow on a magnet?	Out of north and into south	83
13196207042	A current flowing through a wire creates what?	A magnetic field	84
13196218778	A current flowing into the paper has a magnetic field flowing what way?	Clockwise	85
13196224089	A current flowing OUT of the paper has a magnetic field flowing what way?	counter clockwise	86

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13429273051	Ngo Dinh Diem	Undemocratic and unpopular Southern Vietnamese ruler (supported by the United States).	0
13429273052	Lyndon Johnson	Became the US president after Kennedy's assassination. Reelected in 1964; committed the US more heavily to fighting in Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin incident.	1
13429273053	Ho Chi Minh	Communist leader of North Vietnam; led the fight against the French and then the Americans to reunify the country	2
13429273054	Douglas MacArthur	U.S. general that commanded in WWII; led the United Nations forces in The Korean War	3
13429273055	Nikita Khrushchev	Soviet leader from 1955-1964, responsible for putting missiles in Cuba.	4
13429273056	Fidel Castro	Communist dictator of Cuba who came to power in 1959.	5
13429273057	John F. Kennedy	35th President of the United States. Was in office during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall.	6
13429273058	Ronald Reagan	U.S. President (1981-1989) created a further tension between The United States and The Soviet Union. Sent military aid, including weapons, to support the Afghans, who were at the time rebelling against Soviet power.	7
13429273059	Mikhail Gorbachev	A progressive Soviet leader that came into power in 1985; attempted to restructure the Soviet economy to allow free enterprise, open up the Soviet Union, and open political process by granting greater freedom.	8
13429273060	United Nations (UN)	An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.	9
13429273061	General Assembly	Legislative body/deliberative body of UN; In which each UN member nation has one vote, discusses and votes on issues.	10
13429273062	Security Council	Acts on UN member nation's issues; could possibly use military force a troublemaking country.	11
13429273063	International Court of Justice	A judicial body set up by the original UN charter; settles disputes over international law brought to it by countries.	12
13429273065	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	A military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.	13
13429273066	Warsaw Pact	A Military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union; included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.	14
13429273067	Communist bloc	The Eastern Bloc was the group of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact.	15
13429273071	Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty	An agreement that outlawed the testing of nuclear weapons above ground, underwater, and in space. (Signed in 1993 by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and more than 100 other nations).	16
13429273072	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty	Signed in 1968; called on nuclear powers to prevent the spread of military nuclear technology or materials to non-nuclear countries.	17
13429273073	Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)	A pact that was designed to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.	18
13429273075	Cold War	A state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular.	19
13429273078	satellites	small states that are economically or politically dependent on a larger more political state.	20
13429273079	containment	Holding communism where it was and not letting it spread farther.	21
13429273080	Truman Doctrine	A U.S. policy, announced by President Harry Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.	22
13429273081	Marshall Plan	The program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II.	23
13429273082	Berlin Airlift	A 327-day operation in which U.S. and British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948.	24
13429273083	West Germany	Federal Republic of Germany, controlled by the US, Britain, and France.	25
13429273084	East Germany	German Democratic Republic, controlled by the Soviet Union.	26
13429273085	Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)	The idea that the superpowers had so many nuclear weapons that they would completely destroy each other in a war.	27
13429273086	Tiananmen Square	City square in the centre of Beijing, China	28
13429273087	Korean War	A conflict between North Korea and South Korea, lasting from 1950-1953, in which the United States along with other UN countries, fought on the side of the South Koreans while China fought on the side of the North Koreans.	29
13429273088	Vietnam War	(1955-1975) A long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.	30
13429273090	Tet Offensive	A 1968 attack by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops.	31
13429273092	Terrorism	Using violence to achieve political ends.	32
13429273095	Berlin Wall	Strong permanent wall placed around Berlin.	33
13429273096	Bay of Pigs	in April 1961, an American trained force of Cuban freedom fighters invaded Cuba at this event.	34
13429273097	Cuban Missile Crisis	America was afraid that the Soviet Union was going to bomb the US.	35
13429273098	Détente	A relaxation of strained relations between nations.	36
13429273099	"Star Wars"	The "Strategic Defense Initiative", the system would supposedly destroy any Soviet nuclear missiles that targeted the United States or its allies.	37
13429273100	Glasnost	The policy of opening up Soviet society and the political process by granting greater freedom.	38
13429273101	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Where the UN formalized its position on human rights in 1948.	39
13429273102	Iron Curtain	Describes the split between Eastern and Western Europe.	40
13429273103	Cultural Revolution	A way to lead Chinese society to a Communist future.	41
13429273104	Domino Theory	The belief that if one country in the region fell to the Communists, other countries would soon follow.	42
13429273107	Sputnik	Soviet Union's first artificial satellite launched into orbit.	43
13429273112	Great Leap Forward	In 1966 peasant lands were organized into communes.	44

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