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Forensic Science Final Flashcards

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14282859557Forensic Scienceapplication of science to those criminal and civil laws0
14282861859Criminologystudy of crime and criminals1
14282863251criminalisticsscientific evaluation of physical evidence in criminal cases2
142828655381st crime labedmond locard3
14282869074Locard's exchange principlewhen 2 objects come in contact with each other, a transfer of material will occur4
14282873753BASIC SERVICES of a crime labphysical science unit biology unit firearms unit document examination unit photography unit5
14282878061OPTIONAL SERVICES of a crime labtoxicology unit latent fingerprint unit polygraph unit voiceprint unit evidence collection unit6
14282882859OUTSIDE SERVICES of a crime labpathology anthropology entemology psychiatry/psychology odontology7
14282894466frye standardtest to determine admissibility of evidence using scientific evidence8
14282898927daubert standardtest to determine admissibility of evidence using witness testimony9
14282902376chain of custodythe documented and unbroken transfer of evidence10
14282904698circumstancial evidenceindirect evidence that can be used to imply a fact but does not directly prove it11
14282907460class evidencematerial that connects an individual or thing to a certain GROUP12
14282910805direct evidenceeyewitness accounts, police dashboard video cameras13
14282912634individual evidencea kind of evidence that identifies a particular person or thing14
14282913902paper bindlea folded paper used to hold trace evidence15
14282914667primary crime scenethe location where the crime took place16
14282915467secondary crime sceneplace related to crime, where evidence is found17
142829229811st historical report1235 AD- Chinese death investigation (Sung Tuz)18
142829278451st legal use of entomologyBuck Ruxton case19
14282929099Stages of Decompositioninitial decay putrefaction black putrefaction butyric fermentation dry decay20
14282933853order dipteraflies21
14282935482Order Coleopterabeetles22
14282936654Order Hymenopteraants, bees, wasps23
14282938626Blow fly stages of developmentegg larva pupa adult24
14282945345Aerial Collection Methodsweep net back and forth over corpse to collect adult flies; put into vial with a label to determine max PMI25
14282951579Hand collection methodcollect maggots with forceps, place into boiling water to stretch and fix them; place into vial26
14282960407live samplingmaggot motel27
14282962132PMI (post mortem interval)setting the minimum and maximum time between death and corpse discovery28
14282973208min PMIshortest possible amount of time between death and discovery29
14282976442max PMIlongest amount of time between death and discovery30
14282983555relationship between insects and temperatureambient temperature plays a role during egg and larva development but after, it decreases31
14282988861relationship between insects and drugscocaine- speeds up development heroin- slows down development32
14294132804lighting used to find footprintsoblique lighting33
14294135249how to process 2D printsphotograph, lift, dust34
14294142058what info can we inferred from a footwear impressionidentity of footwear (class or individual), shoe size, height, # of perpetrators35
14294148345reconstructive evidence (+ examples)provides info about events before, during, and after crime (blood spatter, bullets, broken glass)36
14294154323associative evidence (+ types)provides link between crime scene and person/object (class and individual)37
14294163466trace evidence (+ examples)small evidence (hair, fibers, dust)38
14294167994parts of hair as parts of a pencilcuticle - yellow paint cortex - wood medulla - graphite39
14294186423part of the hair with the 3 layersshaft40
14294189351coronal (ex. mouse) CUTICLE41
14294196670spinous (ex. cat) CUTICLE42
14294200511imbricate (ex. human) CUTICLE43
14294209405uni/multiserial (ex. rabbit) MEDULLAsquares44
14294250614vacuolated (ex. dog or fox) MEDULLAbubble letter L's45
14294259895lattice (ex. deer) MEDULLAsmall circles46
14294262080amorphous (ex. human) MEDULLAleaf/blob47
14302018713Biometricsuse of measurements for identification purposes48
14302021108what does AFIS stand forautomated fingerprint identification system49
14302026492what types of prints does AFIS containknown criminals, unknown prints, gov. employees, gun owners50
14302030792friction ridgespatterns on skin that allows for grip51
14302033446fingerprintspattern left behind on surface, made of sweat and oils52
143020389684 premises of fingerprint identificationfriction ridges develop in fetus fingerprints remain unchanged throughout life (without scars) location of minutia are unique fingerprints vary in a way that allows them to be classified53
143020490493 types of fingerprintslatent, patent, plastic54
14302054989patent printsneed to be photographed, visible easily, no processing required, grease/dark oil/blood55
14302060982plastic printsneeds to be photographed, visible easily, needs processing, mud/butter/silly putty56
14302080079latent printscannot be seen with naked eye, photographed after processing,57
143020892063 fingerprint patternsloop, arch, whorl58
14302093078loop (percent and specializations)65% ; radial loop, ulnar loop59
14302099372arch (percent and specializations)6% ; plain arch, tented arch60
14302103997whorl (percent and specializations)29% ; plain whorl, central pocket loop whorl61
143021082193 types of developmental methodsphysical, chemical, special illumination62
14302112126physical developmental methodpowder dusting; surfaces- metal, glass, ceramic63
14302116781chemical developmental methodninhydrin - paper surface SMR- wet surface gram staining - sticky surface64
14302126567special illuminationuses alternate light sources, color filter, or laser to enhance prints65
14302135237diff. minutaespur, ridge ending, lake/enclosure, bifurcation, bridge, independent ridge, dot/island66
14302284287expert testimonycan give opinion only67
14302292067eyewitness testimonycan give factual testimony only68
14302298857examples of qualifying questionscite educational degrees, membership in profession, articles/books published69
14302304134voir direopposing attorney asks a would be expert qualifying questions to determine expertise70
14302312014who asks the qualifying questionscourt71
14302313244Why is eyewitness testimony unreliablehuman memory is fragile and malleable72
143023548652 factors that NJ supreme court allows eyewitness testimony to be admissablelighting and how long witness was able to look at suspect73
14302359503own racial biastendency to recognize people of own race74
14302362690innocence projectnon profit organization that challenges dubious rulings75
14302444483first responderfirst police officer to arrive at a crime scene76
14315572475what is dnagenetic info that codes for proteins that makes us who we are77
14315577158forensic interest is only _____ base pairs40078
14315580789min number of cells needed to develop genetic profile3079
14315588099who discovered dnafriedrich miescher80
14315591569what did miescher dodiscover dna by separating nuclei in pus81
14315596410watson and crickdiscovered structure of dna (used rosalind franklin's research)82
14315605937who invented pcrkary mullis83
14315609834pcr stands for + definitionpolymerase chain reaction - amplifies sections of dna84
14315631947gel electrophoresisProcedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments85
14315637160sir alec jeffreysused RFLP and applied DNA to forensics86
14315676508RFLPRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (organisms can be identified by how certain sections of their DNA cleaves)87
14315684842STRshort tantem repeats (short sections of dna that repeat)88
14315695305what are the big fourrace, age, height, gender89
14315700047bones/characteristics used to determine genderpelvis, sub pubic angle/bone, coccyx, ribcage90
14315705677bones/characteristics used to determine agesutures, long bones, number of bones91
14315711966bones/characteristics used to determine raceskull size/shape92
14315714189bones/characteristics used to determine heighthumerus, radius, femur, tibia length93
14315724403where is the body farmKnoxville, TN94
14315725966ICMPInternational Commission on Missing Persons - locate and identify victims95
14315736818requirements of a coroner + dutiesover 21, US citizen (untrained in medicine) - investigates human deaths96
14315751270common smells in an autopsybitter/burnt almonds- cyanide sweet smell- alcohol97
14315761978mechanism of deaththe specific body failure that leads to death (massive hemmorage)98
14315764058cause of deaththe immediate reason for a person's death (gunshot wound)99
14315767234manner of deathhow death occured (homocide)100
14315773335rigor mortischemical reaction that takes place in muscles, causing them to stiffen101
14315781722rigor mortis time framestarts: 1.5 hours; peaks: 8 hours; dispates: 20-24 hours102
14315785379livor mortisthe settling of the blood, causing the skin to change colors103
14315790341livor mortis time framestarts: within hour after death; peaks: 12 hours; fixed: 24 hours104
14315794911algor mortisbody temperature105
14315798735brain hemorragescocaine use106
14315801453Petechial hemorrhagessuffocation107
14315804674broken hyoid bonestrangulation108
14315806277wipewet blood pool, non bloody item runs across109
14315808813swipeblood soaked item, non bloody surface110
14315812294parent droppool of blood (O)111
14315814704satellitesmall droplets around pool (. . .)112
14315817032spinepointed/elongated stains away from central area ( _______ )113

Forensic science Flashcards

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14098190028What percentage has the innocence project found up to wrongful conviction cases resulted from flawed eyewitness testimony?87%0
14098190029What is our ability to observe affected by?The enviroment, and the natural filters of sensory details in our brain1
14098190030What are the 5 types of evidence?Physical - fingerprints Biological - DNA Trace - small amount of both physical and biological Class - broke down into categories Direct - DNA and fingerprint (individualized)2
140981900313 parts of hair shaftMedulla - middle part core Cuticle - out side part Cortex - inner part right out side of medulla3
14098190032Proteins found in hair shaftKeratin - makes of the hair and fingernails4
14098190033Hair evidence has been used since what century?19th5
14098190034Three stages of Hair developmentAnagen (growth) Catagen (resting) Telogen (dormancy)6
14098190035fibers are what type of evidenceclass evidence7
14098190036What ways are fibers gathered?Tape, forceps, a vacuum, or a sticky lint roller8
14098190037Two types of Fibers?Natural - Cotton Synthetic - Man made9
14098190038How may Fibers be analyzed?Polarized light microscopy Infrared spectroscopy Burn tests Test for solubility10
14098190039Type of Fingerprints?Latent - not visible on unaided eye Plastic - Indentation Patent - visible11
14098190040Characteristics of Fingerprints?Loops, Arches, Whurls12
14098190041When are fingerprints formed?At about 10 weeks in the womb13
14098190042Fingerprint RidgeLines on the FIngerprint14
14098190043minuateBreaks in the lines of fingerprints15
14098190044DeltaTriangle piece in fingerprint16
14098190045coreCenter part of fingerprint17
14099843356What can the characteristics of blood drops on surfaces show?Direction of blood movement Location of source of blood Indicate the nature of the wound producing blood18
14099843357Blood consists of?Cellular components Plasma - containing dissolved ions, proteins, and other substances19
14099843358Blood types result from what?Presence of antigens on surface of red blood cells20
14099843359What type of evidence is blood?class evidence Direct ( only through white blood cells - which contains DNA)21
14099843360What can investigators use to reveal hidden blood spatter?Luminol22
14099843361What has helped enhance detection of forged documents, increased quantitative analysis, and improved objectivity?Technological advances - biometric signature pads, and infrared spectroscope23
14099843362What type of evidence is Glass?Class24
14099843363How is density of an object measured?It's mass divided by its volume25
14099843364What side is larger the exit hole or the entry hole? (Bullet)Exit Hole26
14099843365What methods do Forensic Scientists use on Glass?Fracture Matching Scanning electron microscopy of headlight filaments after collisions Use XRF ( X-Ray fluorescence) Also ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry)27
14099843366radial fractureSide of glass opposite the point of impact28
14099843367Concentric FractureOccur on side same as the point of impact29
14099843368The Three Types of Impressions?Patent - Visible Latent - Non visible without help Plastic - Indentation30
14099843369Impressions are what type of evidence?Class31
14099843370Dental Impressions are what type of evidence?Class ( depending on points of comparison )32
14099843371Types of tire impressions are?Skid marks Yaw marks Scrubs33
14099843372Three categories of tool marks?Indentation marks Abrasion marks Cutting Marks34
14099843373What organizations are establishing guidelines?Scientific Working Groups and Organization of Scientific Area Committees35

Forensic Science - Intro to Forensic Science Flashcards

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10832998674Forensic ScienceApplying the scientific method to the field of law0
10833001670CriminalisiticsInvestigating crime scenes and collecting evidence1
10833006623Forensic EntomologyThe study of insects and their life cycle2
10833012701Forensic EngineeringInvestigating electrical, mechanical, and structural failures3
10833019352JurisprudenceStudy of law4
10833022396Forensic OdontologyExamining dental records5
10833030410Forensic PathologyDetermining cause of death6
10833034088Forensic PsychiatryDevelop criminal profiles7
10833038689Forensic AnthropologyExamine skeletal remains8
10833042744ToxicologyDetermining foreign substances in blood/tissue samples9
10833052831ObservationUsing the 5 senses to evaluate a situation10
10833055400Deductive ReasoningUsing logical steps to draw a conclusion11
10833060494PerceptionInterpreting information gathered from the senses12
10833070439Inattentive BlindnessHeavy focus on one aspect of a situation causing you to miss another13

Introduction to Forensic Science Flashcards

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10506267058Statuatory Lawdefine written laws, usually enacted by a legislative body.0
10506267059Misdemeanora nonindictable offense, regarded in the US (and formerly in the UK) as less serious than a felony.1
10506267060FelonyInfraction, Nolo Contendere, Frye Standard, Preliminary Hearing, Junk Science, Criminalistics, Evidence, Palynology, Pathology, Polygraphy, Criminal Law, Common Law, Violation, Civil Law, Booking, Probative, Daubert Ruling, Indict, Arraignment, Expert Witness, Hearsay, Material, Bail, Grand Jury, Elements, Probable Cause2
10506267061InfractionThe definition of an infraction is a violation of the law that is less serious than a misdemeanor, or is a violation of rules you are supposed to follow. An example of an infraction is when you are speeding and given a traffic ticket.3
10506267062Preliminary HearingWithin some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing, preliminary examination, evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial.4
10506267063Criminalisticsanother term for forensics5
10506267064Evidencethe available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.6
10506267065Pathologythe science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.7
10506267066Polygraphyan instrument for recording variations of several different pulsations (as of physiological variables) simultaneously — compare lie detector.8
10506267067Criminal LawCriminal law or penal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws.9
10506267068Common Lawthe part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Often contrasted with statutory law.10
10506267069Violationthe action of violating someone or something.11
10506267070Civil LawCivil law, civilian law or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law12
10506267071IndictTo accuse of wrongdoing; charge. a book that indicts modern values. (law) To make a formal accusation or indictment against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.13
10506267072Arraignmentthe action of arraigning someone in court.14
10506267073Expert Witnessa person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case.15
10506267074Hearsayinformation received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor.16
10506267075Materialimportant; essential; relevant.17
10506267076BailBail is cash, a bond, or property that an arrested person gives to a court to ensure that he or she will appear in court when ordered to do so.18
10506267077Grand JuryA grand jury is a legal body that is empowered to conduct official proceedings to investigate potential criminal conduct and to determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it.19
10506267078Probable Causereasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).20
10506267093Analytical SkillsThe ability to identify a concept or problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions21
10506267094Deductive ReasoningDeriving the consequences from the facts using a series of logical steps22
10506267095Eyewitnessa person who has seen someone or something and can communicate these facts.23
10506267096FactA statement of information that can be verified24
10506267097Forensicrelating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions25
10506267098Logicalcapable of or characterized by clear or valid reasoning from facts26
10506267099Observationwhat a person perceives using his or her senses (touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell)27
10506267100Opinionpersonal belief founded on judgment rather than on direct experience or knowledge28
10506267101Perceptioninterpreting information received from the senses29
10506267079Forensic Investigatorfirst, observes, collects, interprets and reports observations clearly without making judgements as to the importance of each piece of evidence30
10506267080how information is processed in the brainsenses --> what we pay attention to--> perception-->short term memory--> long term memory.31
10506267081understanding the brains limitationshelps us learn to improve our observation skills, and inspires us to capture events quickly through photo's and writing information down32
10506267082Innocence ProjectProject which re-examined post conviction cases often based on faulty eyewitness accounts using DNA to clear innocent people.33
10506267083factors affecting accuracy of witnesses observation skillsalone or in a group, number of people, type of activity, how much activity, emotional state and level of anxiety34
10506267084how to be a good observerexamine your environment systematically, don't judge small details to be unimportant, be aware of jumping to conclusions, write down and photograph memories and evidence35
10506267085forensics scienceis not debate, it relies on evidence and uses fact to help in legal matters36
10506267086strategies for building observation skillsPractice logic puzzles and games, increase focus with meditation, complete memory exercises like recalling details from your day, try new things and learn through trial and error37
10506267087techniques to improve a police line upBlind/Blinded administration Line up Composition/Blank line-ups Sequential viewing Confidence Statements38
10506267088forms of evidencePhysical Documentary Judicial notice Testimonial39
10506267089Cross Race Effecta phenomenon in which people are better at recognizing faces of their own race rather than those of other races.40
10506267090qualitativeThings you notice using your senses that can't be measured41
10506267091quantitativeMeasurable characteristics Anything that can be measured with something like a ruler, scale, thermometer, or graduated cylinder42
10506267092inferencean idea formed from facts or evidence.43

Forensic Science Chapter 2 Flashcards

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7678286187Upon arrival at the crime scene the first responding police officer to a crime scene is responsible for..1. Acquiring medical assistance for injured victims 2. Detaining any potential suspects or witnesses 3. Securing the crime scene to the greatest extent possible 4. Calling for any additional personnel needs such as other officers and or forensic investigators0
7678346913The boundaries of a crime scene must be securedcrime scene tape, ropes, or cones1
7678481047Three methods for crime scene recordingPhotography, sketches, and notes2
7678489332The crime scene notes should begin withThe identity of person who contacted the investigator Time of contact and arrival at the crime scene Preliminary case information Personnel present on arrival and those being contacted3
7678880106Digital Photographymade when a light sensitive microchip captures light on each of millions of tiny picture elements called pixels4
7679000976Visual Tagan object recorded in multiple overview photographs, to help visually piece the scene together5
7679011177Medium-Range Photographsshow the layout of similar significant areas of the crime scene. Taken with evidence markers6
7679029004Close up photographstaken last and show greater detail of individual objects or evidence. Taken at 90 angel to the object with and without evidence markers and scales7
7679169475Walkthroughinitial survey of the crime scene 1. perpetrators point of entry and exit 2.indirect path is taken to the center of crime scene 3. obvious items of evidence are located document 4. The conditions of the scene are observed and recorded8
7679228710Line/Strip Search Patternone or two investigators start at the boundary of the crime scene and search to the other side of the crime scene9
7679237995Grid Search PatternTwo or more investigators form a grid by searching in line patterns that overlap and are perpendicular to each other10
7679249716Spiral SearchOne investigator searches in a spiral path from the center of the crime scene to the boundary11
7679258459Wheel/Ray PatternSeveral investigators search in straight lines from the center to the boundary12
7679284263Quadrant/Zone Search Patternthe crime scene is divided into smaller sections (zones). One or more investigators are assigned to search each zone13
7679297684Vehicle Searchesinvestigators search interior and exterior of vehicle14
7679306955Crime Scene Sketchesclearly show the layout of a crime scene15
7679330224Computer-Aided Draftingprograms to create the finished sketch. Allows for the creation of three-dimensional finished sketches16
7679465557Druggist FoldSmall amounts of trace evidence can also be conveniently packaged in a carefully folded paper17
7679487863Biological or bloodstained materials are stored in _______airtight containers18
7679503985When can contamination occureither by introducing foreign DNA through coughing or sneezing onto evidence or if items of evidence are incorrectly placed in contact with each other during packaging19
7679512440Chain of Custodya list of all persons who came into possession of an item of evidence20
7679517822Standard/Reference Samplephysical evidence whose origin is known, such as blood or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime-scene evidence21
7679535266Fourth AmendmentThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizure, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized22
7679546700The United States Supreme Court has determined that search and seizure without a court-approved warrant is justified in four cases1 The existence of emergency circumstances 2 The need to prevent the immediate loss or destruction of evidence 3 A search of a person and property within the immediate control of the person provided it is made incident to a lawful arrest 4 A search made by consent of the parties involved23
7679555516Mincey v Arizonathe Court dealt with the legality of a four-day search at a homicide scene and determined that the evidence was illegally seized because a warrant was never issued and the circumstances of the case did not justify a warrantless search.24
7679558312Michigan v Tylerfire destroyed a business establishment leased by Loren Tyler and a business partner. The court decided that evidence obtained from the initial search was legally seized, but evidence obtained from searches 4, 7, and 24 days after the incident were illegally seized.25

Forensic Science Chapter Flashcards

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8981517175Which of the following branches of Forensic Science would identify sex, age, and height from human remains?Forensic Anthropology0
8981517176Which of the following branches of Forensic Science would involve a dentist?Odontology1
8981517177Which of the following branches of Forensic Science would use characteristics of guns to determine weapons used at a crime scene?Ballistics2
8981517178In which century did Forensic Science first begin?3rd3
8981517179The name for a collection of criminal cases of the first forensic science case where a woman claimed her husband died in a fireyi yu ji4
8981517180Which field of forensics would involve detecting drugs and poison at a crime scene?toxicologist5
8981517181Which field of forensics would involve using pollen grains to determine place/time of year of a crime scene?botanist6
8981517182Which field of forensics would use insects to determine time of death?entomologist7
8981517183Which profession in the field in forensics would be most likely to perform an autopsy?pathologist8
8981517184The term "forensics" is derived from the Latin term "forensus" which means:"of the forum"9
8981517185Take a look at this picture. (fingerprints) What department in the crime lab would analyze this evidence?Latent Evidence10
8981517186Evidence is logged into the crime lab and it consists of a fired bullet and bullet casings. Which department in the crime lab would be tasked with analyzing this evidence?ballistics11
8981517187Gun shot residue, hair fibers found on a car seat and glass found on the floor board of a car would be examples of_______.trace evidence12
8981517188During the course of a trial, the defense suggests that the fiber evidence used to match the car used to transport stolen goods (and thus bring charges against the owner of that car) were not collected properly. Who will the prosecutor most likely bring in to testify regarding that defense strategy?Crime Scene Investigator13
8981517189A local crime lab is offering training sessions for law enforcement in the area. Which of the following descriptions would most likely be used for the seminar led by the medical examiner?In this seminar, we will learn about ballistics and tool marks as present in the wound patterns of a body.14
8981517190Ballistics is the study ofweapons and markings at a crime scene15
8981517191Which of the following is not a role of the crime scene investigator?arrest suspects16
8981517192What level of education is required of a medical examiner?medical degree17
8981517193All medical examiners are trained forensic pathologists.false18
8981517194What is the appropriate first step in a crime scene investigation?protect and secure the scene19
8981517195By photographing the crime scene, the investigator is able to provide all of the following to the judge and jury exceptA "to scale" drawing of the scene.20
8981517196Investigators are called to investigate a possible arson. They collect some clothing from this crime scene. How should the investigators package this evidence?They should make sure to package it in an airtight container.21
8981517197In a rough crime scene sketch, what is the purpose of the two fixed points that you are to choose when completing a sketch?To provide a reference point when including the actual placement of the evidence22
8981517198Once the investigators arrive at the crime scene, and they protect and secure the area, what is the next step in the investigation?The investigators should observe and document the scene.23
8981517199At a crime scene investigation, when the investigator is documenting notes, all of the following rules are correct except..No names of people should be included in order to protect their privacy24
8981517200Why is it important to make sure to include signatures of all people that have had contact with a piece of evidence as well as the reason for the contact?It is important to establish the chain of custody to show that the evidence has not been contaminated.25
8981517201Why is it important to collect controls at the crime scene?In order to have something to compare potential evidence found at the crime scene to26
8981517202Reconstruction of a crime scene involves the analysis of lots of evidence. It is the job of the forensic investigator to determine what is really evidence and what was collected but is not important to the crime. The term used in scene reconstructions to describe this process is called_____________________.recognition27
8981517203Using techniques such as pattern analysis when looking at blood splatter would be a part of __________________________.Specific Physical Evidence Reconstruction28
8981517204There are five steps in crime scene reconstruction. The first step is _____________________.data collection29
8981517205During a crime scene reconstruction an investigator must compare known samples of evidence with unknown samples collected from the crime scene. This process is known as ____________________.Testing30
8981517206When a re-enactment of an entire event is created it is called______________________.Specific Incident Reconstruction31
8981517207The initial guess that a crime scene reconstructionist would make when working to reconstruct a scene is called_____________.conjecture32
8981517208Computers can be used to reconstruct events such as traffic accidents.true33
8981517209You are trying to figure out when a person arrived on the scene and when they left the scene. Analyzing this part of the reconstruction means that you areworking on specific event reconstruction34
8981517210Creating a reconstructive theory is the _______________step in the crime scene reconstruction process.last35
8981517211Which type of a crime scene is more susceptible to environmental loss and damage?outdoor36
8981517212Chain of custody is a procedure used in crime scene investigations to:Verify every person who handled or examined the evidence37
8981517213Which of the following evidences is an example of individual characteristics?random striations on a bullet38
8981517214Which of the following evidences is an example of individual characteristics?Irregular edges of a broken knife39
8981517215A bloodstain with no DNA-containing cells is an example of class evidencetrue40
8981517216Why is it important to sketch out the crime scene?all of the above41
8981517217When a paint chip found on a hit-and-run victim's garment is examined side-by-side with paint removed from a vehicle suspected of being involved in the incident, this is an example of what?Comparison42
8981517218The likelihood of finding class physical evidence is _____ the likelihood of finding physical evidence with individual characteristics.greater than43
8981517219When the crime scene investigators arrive at the crime scene, the first step is toProtect and secure the crime scene44
8981517220All of the following are components of a rough sketch exceptdrawn to scale45
8981517221All of the following should be included in the notes taken by the crime scene investigator exceptphotographs of the scene46
8981517222Which of the following is true about the collection of evidence at a crime scene?Each piece of evidence must be packaged in a separate container with a detailed label.47
8981517223Here is an actual episode description of CSI: Crime Scene Investigators. Based on what you know about the role of a CSI, which sentence(s) in the episode description DO NOT accurately depict the responsibilities of a CSI? MORE THAN ONE ANSWER MAY BE CHOSEN.Russell makes a break in the case when he solves an anagram that was engraved under a victim's skin, leading them to Jake and Matthew Chapman. After learning that CSI Morgan and Ellie Brass have both been taken captive by their still unknown murder suspect, the CSIs race to piece the clues together and solve the case before it's too late. Fortunately, the CSIs uncover that she was the one responsible for the murders and arrive in time to subdue and arrest Ellie.48
8981517224To forensic investigators, recognition means they must recognize the real evidence of the scene that is associated with the crime from other things that are not evidence.true49
8981517225_______________________ is a re-enactment of the entire event that is under investigation. Connections are made between the sequence of events and the evidence.Specific Incident Reconstruction50
8981517226Saying that every piece of evidence is unique is using the forensic process of _____________________.individualization51
8981517227Conducting ballistics testing and then analyzing your results would be using a technique calledpattern analysis52
8981517228The duty of the first officer on the scene is:To preserve life and property and to prevent contamination53
8981517229The written record of all of the individuals who have had any contact with the evidence is calledthe chain of custody54
8981517230The method used to support a likely sequence of events by observing and evaluation physical evidence and witness statements isreconstruction55
8981517231Making a guess when trying to explain how a crime scene was created is called__________________________.Conjecture56
8981517232What principle will provide the basis for the evaluation of the handwriting found on the post card?principle of individuality57
8981517233What will the examiner need from the family to complete an analysis?exemplar58
8981517234How will the initial comparisons be done?naked eye or hand lens59
8981517235If the postcards did NOT come from Linda Sohus, which expert conclusion would help support further investigation into this case?forgery by freehand60
8981517236The skeleton will be examined for a single point impression or striations indicative of movement across a surface by a tool.true61
8981517237Analysts will look most closely at the newest tools, as newer tools (released most recently from a factory and with the least use) increase the potential for individualization.false62
8981517238The suspect tools will be fitted into any tool marks present on the skeleton to see if it is a match.false63
8981517239The crime scene unit also turns up a bullet lodged into the back of the chimney. After examining the bullet, an expert reports that the bullet was shot from a Smith and Wesson revolver. Choose all of the following statements that would support this conclusion.The number of lands and grooves are characteristic of a particular product from a specific manufacturer. Five lands and grooves twisting to the right are observed on the bullet.64
8981517240When a forensic analyst determines the chemical composition of a preparation that may contain illicit drugs such as heroin, cocaine, or barbiturates, this is an example of what?identification65
8981517241If the laboratory can piece together broken glass from a window or headlight, then the evidence has _____ characteristics.individual66
8981517242When items of evidence have individual characteristics, this can lead to a determination of common origin (i.e., the conclusion that they are from a single source). Which type of evidence cannot yield such results?Cotton fibers on victim67
8981517243Can video be used to document the scene?true68
8981517244Which of the following is NOT a crime scene search pattern?square69
8981517245A forensic scientist receives an unknown liquid. Upon close observation, it appears there may be small objects floating in the liquid. What tools would use density to separate components of the liquid by spinning the liquid?centrifuge70
8981517246The two main goals of a chemist in a forensic lab is separation/isolation of chemicals in an unknown substance and identification of each chemical in an unknown substance. Which of the following tools would be the best choice for identification of a chemical?spectrometers71
8981517247Which tool is sometimes referred to as a "wet bench" because the chemicals used (solvents, corrosives, etc) are often liquid, and is essential for the safety of the forensics lab?Fume Hood72
8981517248You are touring a forensics lab and overhear a chemist discussing the stationary phase and the mobile phase of a test she is conducting. She states that she is waiting for baseline resolution before conducting the next test. She is most likely referring to ...Chromatography73
8981517249Digital evidence can be stored or transmitted in binary form. Which of the following locations would you LEAST likely be able to extract digital evidence as a forensic scientist?DNA74
8981517250You are an intern at a digital forensics lab. Your supervisor asks you to reseach CODIS, a database that you will be using often in the lab. You are excited because you learned all about CODIS in your forensics class! Which of the following is NOT true of CODIS?CODIS is an acronym for Criminal DNA Index System and contains the DNA of all convicted felons.75
8981517251A questioned document is any signature, handwriting, typewriting, or other mark whose source or authenticity is in dispute or doubtful. The document must be on paper to be considered a questioned document.false76
8981517252The principle of individuality forms the basis for handwriting analysis. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of that principle and NOT a principle of the scientific analysis of handwriting?Your handwriting reveals your personality through characteristics such as slant and embellishments.77
8981517253You analyze two samples, and exemplar and an signature unknown sample, and conclude that there are differences in line quality, connecting strokes, pen lifts, starts and stops and retouching. What is the best conclusion based on these observations?Forged Signatures/Writing by Freehand78
8981517254Indented writing is when someone writes on top of another sheet of paper and the pressure of the pen transfers to the paper below. It is possible to lightly rub the indented paper with pencil to reveal the writing.false79
8981517255Made in imitation of something else with intent to deceivecounterfeiting80
8981517256Comparison of documents made using a machine, such as typewriters, photocopiers, and computer printers, in which the specific machine used is analyzed for differencesmechanical comparisons81
8981517257known sampleexemplar82
8981517258A false representation of a matter of fact—whether by words or by conduct, by false or misleading allegations, or by concealment of what should have been disclosed—that deceives and is intended to deceive another so that the individual will act upon itfraud83
8981517259Any mark made in a softer surface by a harder implement or tool is calledimpression evidence84
8981517260Why do tire treads and shoe soles only produce class evidence?they are mass produced with few variations85
8981517261What type of instrument is used to magnify tool mark impressions and allow two pieces of evidence to be viewed side by sidecomparison microscope86
8981517262What type of firearm will continue to fire and expend cases as long as the trigger is depressed and ammunition is availableautomatic87
8981517263The rifled barrel has a series of spiral cutouts that include ___________________ or depressions and __________________________ or raised areas.grooves and lands88
8981517264Identification stamps or logos are used to solve crimes and are found on:drug tablets89
8981517265Biometric Databases exist for each of the following except:body odor90
8981517266Conducting ballistics testing and then analyzing your results would be using a technique calledpattern analysis91
8981517267Determining when a person entered or left a crime scene is an example ofSpecific Event Reconstruction92
8981517268For all of the following types of evidence, indicate whether the evidence is likely to display individual or class characteristics: A well-developed and collected latent fingerprint Random striations on a discharged bullet A footwear impression with irregular and random wear patterns Irregular edges of a broken knife fitted togetherindividual characteristic93
8981517269Analyzing blood spatter evidence and trying to decide what type of weapon was used in a crime is an example ofSpecific Physical Evidence Reconstruction94
8981517270palynologythe study of particulate in the air (such as pollen)95
8981517271plant successionprocess of change in the species structure of ecological community over time96
8981517272pollen rainexpected production and dispersal patterns of spores and pollen for a given area97
8981517273diatom testingperformed to determine if a victim drowned and time of death, present in fresh water98
8981517274Tree rings indicate the age of a tree, but are not useful in solving crimes.false99
8981517275Which of the following is NOT a role of a forensic botanist?Create a toxicology profile using blood from the victim100
8981517276Which of the following causes of death would best be supported by the presence of diatoms in the victim?drowning101
8981517277forensic entomologistuse their knowledge of insect life cycles to answer questions about a crime scene102
8981517278accumulated degree hour (ADH)tecnique used to measure a fly development in a corpse; used to determine TOD103
8981517279species successionthe order in which species show up on remains; for example, some species show up on a fresh corpse104
8981517280postmortem interval (PMI)the time since death105
8981517281carriondead decaying flesh of an animal106
8981517282Entomology is the study of pollen.false107
8981517283Which of the following is one of the two classes of important insects used in forensics?diptera108
8981517284Which of the following correctly orders the life cycle of a blowfly?Egg -> Larva -> Pupa -> Adult109
8981517285If it takes 23 hours for an egg to go to first instar at 70 degrees F, what is the correct ADH?1610 ADH110
8981517286Carpet Beetles, Rove Beetles, Carrion Beetles, Hister Beetles, and Black Scavenger Flies are known as "insects of death".True111
8981517287What phrase describes a location that places donated deceased individuals in different environments and then records multiple types of data to describe the decomposition of the body?Body Farm112
8981517288The suspect claims that he was never at the scene of the crime. The evidence says different. The pollen rain suggests that a truck of his size was there. There were also seed pods that were found on his tires, that had to be from the scene of the crime; because the DNA in them matched the DNA of one of the trees there, perfectly. This is just some of the evidence that pinpoints him to the crime scene. Which forensic expert witness likely provided this testimony?Forensic Botanist113
8981517289Insects are mostly found with remains outside of a structure (such as a house) because insects are not likely to be present inside a house and decomposing remains are not a valuable food source to insects adapted to live inside a structure.False114
8981517290Forensic Facial Recognitionthe process in which forensic scientists work with artists to recreate the face of an individual115
8981517291anatomical positioningthe position with the body erect with arms at the sides and palms forward116
8981517292Universal System of ID for Teeththe standard system developed by the American Dental Association117
8981517293Identification of Victim by Teethvictims may be identified by radiographs of dental records or by DNA found in teeth118
8981517294biological profiledetermination fo age, sex, ancestry, and stature form skeletal remains119
8981517295Which of the following is NOT a clue that would likely be gathered from an individual skeleton found separated from his/her normal environment?who the person knew120
8981517296Human remains were found near the banks of a local river. The body had undergone major decay so that only the skeleton remained. It was found that the humerus was 34.9 centimeters. If the standard calculation for height (in cm) based on the humerus is H = humerus length x 2.97 + 73.57, how tall would this human be if it were male?approximately 177 cm121
8981517297The female ilium and public arch are wider than a male ilium and pubic arch.true122
8981517298Skeletal characteristics of the remains: 1. There is one set of teeth with the skull. The teeth indicate poor dental care and mineral deficiencies. 2. Several of the rib bones are broken inward, toward the chest/abdominal cavity. 3. The pubic arch is wide and the distance between the ischium bones is larger than average. 4. Four arm bones and two leg bones are missing. No indications of damage on the remaining and arm and leg bones. 5. The height of the individual based on the femur is estimated to be 155 cm.The skeleton belonged to an adult female, possibly from an earlier time period or possibly one who lived for some time in poverty, who died of some type of compression or fall, and whose skeleton was disturbed by animals after death.123
8981517299A body is found in the woods and all you have left to analyze are bones and teeth. Explain what isotopes would be helpful to you as you seek to identify these remains and match them to a missing person's report. How would these isotopes help in the identification of this person?carbon-12, carbon-13, nitrogen-14, and nitrogen-15124
8981517300Isotopic analysis is an exciting new field of forensics and can help investigators solve crimes from long ago. But the field has some limitations and concerns. Which of the following is NOT an area of concern in this field?new technology is helping scientists analyze samples125
8981517301The Phadebas/RSID test is used as a presumptive test for detecting the enzyme amylase. A positive test for amylase will cause a ________ after adding the Phadebas tablet.Blue color change126
8981517302The test that was created in 1836 to detect arsenic is called theThe Marsh Test127
8981517303The only blood type that does not have any antigens on the red blood cells isType O128
8981517304The universal blood donors for the ABO system are typeO129
8981517305If one of your parents is blood type A and the other is blood type B, which of the following blood types would you likely be?any of the ABO blood types130
8981517306You have gathered some blood evidence from a crime scene and you type the blood. You get the following results: clumping in Anti-A serum clumping in Anti-B serum clumping in Anti-D serum What is the blood type of the sample?AB Positive131
8981517307The Brentamine spot test is a presumptive test forseminal fluid132
8981517308Blood evidence has to be tested to determine if it is human blood. The confirmatory test for human blood isABA Hematrace test133
8981517309In order to be an isotope the element would have to have a different number ofneutrons134
8981517310The analysis of _________________________ can give you information about a person's most recent past.Hair and fingernails135
8981517311A substance that requires you to ingest a large amount for it to be lethal is called a(n)Intoxicant136
8981517312The process of where the body breaks down a substance so that it can be eliminated by the body is calledBiotransformation137
8981517313This tissue is very slow to decay so it will retain toxins longer than any other organ, It is also called "eyeball fluid".Vitreous humor138
8981517314The two methods for alcohol elimination includeOxidation and excretion139
8981517315What is the name of a common poison used for executions that causes a bright cherry red blood?Cyanide140
8981517316The most widely used confirmatory tests for toxins and poisons isGas Chromatography141
8981517317A person with blood type AB can receive blood from which of the following blood types?A, B and O142
8981517318A person with the blood type O negative can receive blood from which of the following?Type O negative143
8981517319Which of the following terms refers to the cooling of a body after deathalgor mortis144
8981517320Which of the following body changes occurs to a corpse first? eyes liquify, dehydration, rigor mortis, putrefactionrigor mortis145
8981517321Prior to each cell division, the DNA must replicate. If one strand of DNA has the base sequence, ATCGCC, the complementary (matching) side will beTAGCGG146
8981517322Once DNA is collected at a crime scene, it must be processed in the lab. If there is a limited quantity of DNA available, what step must the technician take in this process?PCR is used to amplify the DNA.147
8981517323STR analysis is used in the lab to visualize DNA. It uses short, repeated sequences of DNA to produce a DNA fingerprint. In the sequence below, how many repeats are present? ACGACGACGACGACG5148
8981517324The inner part of the hair that gives it flexibility and is in the middle of the hair shaft is called themedulla149
8981517325Nothing about hair is comparable to the specificity of fingerprintstrue150
8981517326Which of the following evidence would a forensic botanist use to determine if a victim has been killed by drowning:diatoms151
8981517327Which profession would study pollen and particulate matter?palynologist152
8981517328All of the following are stages in the Blowfly life cycle exceptthe cocoon stage153
8981517329When entomologists use insects to determine PMI (postmortem interval), they must consider environmental conditions. These environmental conditions includeAll of the above (exposure of body, presence of rain, temperature)154
8981517330If it takes 23 hours for the egg of a Green Bottle fly to develop into the first instar stage at 70°F, and 27 hours for the 1st instar to develop into the 2nd instar at the same temperature, calculate the total ADH.3500 ADH155
8981517331There is a femur bone found in a shallow grave. Forensic scientists measure the bone and find it to be 35.2 cm. How tall would this person be if it were from a male? Male H = femur length x 2.23 + 69.08147.6cm156
8981517332Which part of the skeleton is most often used to determine the sex of a body found at a crime scene?pelvis157
8981517333Second level details use friction ridge features on each fingerprint to aid in identification. These features are collectively called______.Minutiae158
8981517334_____prints are clearly visible on surfaces and can be made by someone with paint or blood on their hands.Patent159
8981517335A bloodstain pattern where the blood has been released under pressure as opposed to being formed from an impact with an object is called____.Projected Blood Spatter160
8981517336IN medical and forensic science a ________test tells you if a substance is present on a surface.Presumptive Test161
8981517337Animal hairs have never been used to solve crimes as they very much resemble human hairs.false162
8981517338Measures from the front center of a tire to the back center of a tire.wheelbase163
8981517339Three-dimensional structure which can provide a positive reproduction of the footwear.casting164
8981517340During the course of a trial, the defense suggests that the fiber evidence used to match the car used to transport stolen goods (and thus bring charges against the owner of that car) were not collected properly. Who will the prosecutor most likely bring in to testify regarding that defense strategy?Crime Scene Invesetigator165
8981517341Chain of custody is a procedure used in crime scene investigations to:Verify every person who handled or examined the evidence166
8981517342You are touring a forensics lab and overhear a chemist discussing the stationary phase and the mobile phase of a test she is conducting. She states that she is waiting for baseline resolution before conducting the next test. She is most likely referring to ...Chromatography167

Forensic Science Chapter 11 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9123573604Kastle-Meyer TestA presumptive test for blood that reacts with the hemoglobin in red blood cells to turn pink0
9123576937LuminolA presumptive test for blood that reacts with the iron in blood to produce a glow1
9123585978Precipitin testThe test that uses serum with human antibodies and that reacts to agglutinate human blood2
9123598084SerumA liquid that separates from clotted blood, and usually contains antibodies that could cause agglutination3
9123603236AntigenA foreign substance in the body that stimulates it to make antibodies. These are also found on a person's red blood cells and determine their blood type.4
9123623453AntibodyA substance that reacts with a specific antigen5
9123626510AgglutinationA clumping of red blood cells that results when an antibodies reacts with antigens6
9123639464PlasmaThe fluid portion of the blood7
9123642016ErythrocytesRed blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen throughout the body8
9123646417LeukocytesWhite blood cells that produce antibodies and are the primary cells of the immune system9
9123650673PlateletsBlood cells that function in the formation of blood clots when a blood vessel is damaged10
9249141073SatellitesTiny droplets radiating off of a parent blood drop when the drop is from a high height11
9249144301SpinesTiny lines radiating outward from a parent drop when the drop is from a tall height12
9249147027TailPointed end of an oval-shaped blood drop formed at a very small angle of impact13
924915114630The angle of impact where tails are present on blood drops14
924915370890The angle of impact where blood drops are completely spherical15
9249155322Cast-offA bloodstain pattern formed by a bloody object in motion, such as a swinging knife16
9249162223Contact/transfer stainA bloodstain pattern formed when a bloody surface comes into contact with a non-bloody surface17

Forensic Science Chapter 5: Hair Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9344224246Cuticleoutside covering of hair shaft made of overlapping scales (A in the image)0
9344224247CortexMiddle layer of hair made of keratin and embedded with melanin pigment (B in the image)1
9344224248MedullaInnermost layer of hair shaft running down the center (C in the image)2
9344231480Medullary IndexA characteristic of hair determined by measuring the diameter of the medulla and dividing it by the diameter of the hair.3
9344231481Medullary Index for HumansLess than 1/3 (the medulla is thin compared to the rest of the hair shaft)4
9344233712Medullary Index for AnimalsGreater than 1/2 (the medulla is thick compared to the rest of the hair shaft)5
9344237984Frizzy or "kinky" hair textureType of hair resulting from a crescent-moon shaped hair shaft6
9344237985Straight hairType of hair texture resulting from a round hair shaft7
9344242560AnagenPeriod of active hair growth in a follicle (up to 5 years)8
9344242561CatagenPeriod where hair is not growing (resting phase)9
9344242562TelogenPeriod where hair follicle is getting ready to push the hair out (final phase of the hair)10
9344246361Melaninbrown pigment that gives hair its color (people with less of the pigment have a lighter hair color)11
9344246362FollicleThe cells in the skin that surround the root of a hair and the site of new hair growth12
9344246363Hair root13
9344249811Nuclear DNAtype of DNA only found in living cells (hair follicle).14
9344249812Mitochondrial DNAtype of DNA found in the hair shaft that is very expensive to analyze. It is inherited from the mother only.15
9344249813Dyed hair16
9344249814Bleached hair17
9344254162Hair collection18
9344256265Curly or wavy hair texture19
9344256266Continuous medullaThe pattern shown in the image20
9344269706Interrupted medullaThe pattern shown in the image21
9344284535From hair, one can determine...whether the hair is human or animal, sometimes race, whether the hair was forcibly removed, if the hair has been treated with chemicals, if drugs have been ingested22
9344341097Hair shaftThe visible part of hair that is composed of 3 layers: the cuticle, cortex, and medulla23
9344360537Fragmentary medullaThe pattern shown in the image24
9344417794Stacked medullaThe pattern shown in the image25
9344491068Growth rate for hair1 cm/month26
9344543928Hair that fell out naturallyWhat type of hair is this, based on the shape of the follicle?27
9344549974Hair that was pulled outWhat type of hair is this, based on the shape of the follicle?28

Forensic Science Chapter 12 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9893000683DrugA substance that produces a physiological or psycological affact that is significant, occurs within a reasonable amount of time after dosing and results from an easily ingested dose.0
9893023391PhysiologicalRelating to or arising from the functioning of an organism.1
9893027713PsychologicalRelating to or arising from the mind or emotions.2
9893041024DependenceWhen an individual becomes so strongly attached to a drug that the individual either becomes physically sick or mentally disoriented when its use is discontinued.3
9893058356NarcoticA drug found as a natural constituent of the opium poppy or a derivative thereof.4
9893069517AnalgesicsDrugs used to eliminate a patient's perception of pain.5
9893077914StimulantsDrugs taken to produce feelings of high energy and to suppress the desire to sleep.6
9893088299HallucinogensDrugs taken to cause a significantly altered mental state, often including hallucinations.7
9893098806Club drugsAny group of drugs whose primary abuse is associated with marathon youthful dance parties.8
9893112481LicitNot prohibited by law.9
9893126576IllicitProhibited by law.10
9893135134Drug-facilitated sexual assaultA sexual encounter where one party, the victim, has been rendered unable to resist or voluntarily participated by ingestion of a drug, often in conbination with alcohol.11
9893159738Controlled substanceA drug that is named in either federal or state controlled substances statues as illegal to possess except when prescribed by a physician.12
9893192366PurificationThe physical or chemical process whereby a substance is separated from other accompanying substances or impurities to obtain the pure chemical substance.13
9893203694DiluentsMaterials that are added to a drug to add bulk and thereby make it easier to handle.14
9893220861Under the influenceActing while significant quantities of a drug are in an individual's system.15
9893236634Driving while impairedOperating a motor vehicle while one's judgment or physical capabilities are reduced by alcohol or drugs.16

Forensic Science: Chapter 9 - Forensic Toxicology - Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9500894638AddictionA physical process associated with drug use whereby a person craves a drug; failure to take the drug can result in withdrawal symptoms0
9500894639Controlled substanceA drug or other chemical compound whose manufacture, distribution, possession, and use are regulated by the legal system1
9500894641DependencyPowerful craving for a drug; unlike addiction, dependency does not result in physical withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation of the drug2
9500894642DepressantA substance that decreases or inhibits the nervous system, reducing alertness - Ex. Alcohol3
9500894643HallucinogenA drug that changes a person's perception and thinking - Ex - LSD4
9500894644Illegal drugA drug that causes addiction, habitutation, or a marked change in consciousness, has limited or no medical use, and is listed in Schedule 1 of the U.S. Controlled Substances Act5
9500894645NarcoticAn addictive, sleep- inducing drug, often derived from opium, that acts as a central nervous system depressant and suppresses pain6
9500894646PoisonA natural or manufactured substance that can cause severe illness or death if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin7
9500894647StimulantA substance affevting the nervous system by increasing alertness, attention, and energy, as well as elevating blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration8
9500894648ToleranceA condition occurring with consistent use of one drug whereby a person needs more and more of the drug to produce the same effect9
9500894649ToxicityThe degree to which a substance in poisonous or can cause illness10
9500894650ToxicologyThe study of drugs, poison, toxins, and other substances that harm a person when used for medical, recreational, or criminal purposes11
9500894651ToxinA substance naturally produced by a living thing that can cause illness or death in humans12
9501044803Schedule 1 DrugMost addictive on the scale of drug classification. Includes heroine, meth, and marijuana13
9501048273Schedule 5 DrugLeast addictive on the scale of drug classification. Includes over-the-counter medication.14
9501052369Schedule 2-4 DrugsDrugs that are legal with prescription from a doctor.15
9616254591HemlockPoison that paralyzes its victims, but allows them to remain conscious.16
9616254592MercuryPoison that is found in fish and some older thermometers17
9616254593CyanidePoisons that causes blood to not carry oxygen around the body18
9616257324BotulismPoison that is used for cosmetic surgery, but also one of the most toxic organisms on earth.19
9616257325ArsenicPoison that causes diarrhea, sometimes with blood.20

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