Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Environmental Science Review Flashcards
Terms from APES for the exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 13865413320 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another. | 0 | |
| 13865413385 | El Niño (ENSO) | prevailing winds in the Pacific weaken and change direction every few years which results in above average warming of eastern Pacific waters, which changes distribution of plant nutrients and alters earth's weather for 2-3 years | 1 | |
| 13865413386 | Reason for seasons on Earth | Tilt of the axis ~23.5° | 2 | |
| 13865413321 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat). | 3 | |
| 13865413322 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons. | 4 | |
| 13865413323 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil. | 5 | |
| 13865413324 | Soil Conservation Methods | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers. | 6 | |
| 13865413325 | Soil Salinization | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US) | 7 | |
| 13865413326 | Hydrologic Cycle Components | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. | 8 | |
| 13865413387 | Watershed | all of the land that drains into a body of water | 9 | |
| 13865413327 | Aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground. | 10 | |
| 13865413328 | Salt Water Intrusion | near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer. | 11 | |
| 13865413329 | La Nina | "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America. | 12 | |
| 13865413330 | Nitrogen Fixation | because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants, it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria. | 13 | |
| 13865413388 | Ammonification | decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia. | 14 | |
| 13865413331 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO -). | 15 | |
| 13865413332 | Assimilation | inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins. | 16 | |
| 13865413333 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N. | 17 | |
| 13865413334 | Phosphorus | does not exist as a gas; released by weathering of phosphate rocks, it is a major limiting factor for plant growth. Phosphorus cycle is slow, and not atmospheric. | 18 | |
| 13865413474 | Soil Profile |  | 19 | |
| 13865413335 | Photosynthesis | plants convert CO2 (atmospheric C) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6). | 20 | |
| 13865413336 | Aerobic Respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | 21 | |
| 13865413337 | Biotic | living components of an ecosystem. | 22 | |
| 13865413389 | Abiotic | nonliving components of an ecosystem | 23 | |
| 13865413338 | Producer/Autotroph | organisms that make their own food—photosynthetic life. | 24 | |
| 13865413339 | Trophic Levels | producers → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer. | 25 | |
| 13865413340 | Energy Flow through Food Webs | 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. | 26 | |
| 13865413341 | Primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (ex. lava). | 27 | |
| 13865413390 | Secondary succession | life progresses where soil remains (ex. clear-cut forest, old farm). | 28 | |
| 13865413342 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish and anemone) | 29 | |
| 13865413343 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, such as many orchids, that grow on trees) | 30 | |
| 13865413344 | Parasitism | relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans) | 31 | |
| 13865413345 | Carrying Capacity | the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area. | 32 | |
| 13865413346 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). | 33 | |
| 13865413347 | K-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). | 34 | |
| 13865413348 | Natural Selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through mutations) pass them onto the next generation. | 35 | |
| 13865413349 | Thomas Malthus | The human population is kept in check by war, famine & disease. Did not foresee technological advancements like medicine. | 36 | |
| 13865413350 | Doubling Time | (rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years) | 37 | |
| 13865413351 | Replacement Level Fertility | the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing). | 38 | |
| 13865413352 | World Population | slightly over 7.4 billion. | 39 | |
| 13865413391 | Demographic Transition Model | preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and postindustrial stages |  | 40 |
| 13865413353 | Preindustrial stage | birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high. | 41 | |
| 13865413354 | Transitional stage | Aid from other countries and increase in industrialization lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high (from of the amount of people in the reproductive stage). | 42 | |
| 13865413392 | Industrial stage | decline in birth rate, population growth slows. | 43 | |
| 13865413355 | Postindustrial stage | low birth & death rates. | 44 | |
| 13865413356 | Age Structure Diagrams | broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG) |  | 45 |
| 13865413393 | Most populous nations | 1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia | 46 | |
| 13865413357 | Low Economic/Social Status of Women | Most important factor keeping population growth rates high. | 47 | |
| 13865413358 | Methods to Decrease Birth Rates | Family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties. | 48 | |
| 13865413359 | Composition of Water on Earth | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023% readily available freshwater for use. | 49 | |
| 13865413394 | Aquaculture | farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia, oysters. | 50 | |
| 13865413360 | Point Source | from specific location such as pipe or smokestack | 51 | |
| 13865413361 | Non-Point Source | from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic. | 52 | |
| 13865413362 | Eutrophication | rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen & phosphorus. | 53 | |
| 13865413363 | Keystone Species | species whose role in an ecosystem is important for the ecosystem's stability (manatee, alligator, sea otter, etc). Impact outweighs relative abundance | 54 | |
| 13865413364 | Indicator Species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged (amphibians). | 55 | |
| 13865413365 | Pesticide Cons | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification. | 56 | |
| 13865413395 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; usually in an attempt to remove undesirable or create desirable characteristics in the new organism. | 57 | |
| 13865413396 | Electricity Generation | steam, from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy, or falling water is used to turn a turbine and generate a generator. | 58 | |
| 13865413397 | Coal Formation | prehistoric plants buried undecomposed in oxygen-depleted water of swamps/bogs converted by heat and pressure. | 59 | |
| 13865413366 | Nuclear Reactor | consists of a core, control rods, moderator, steam generator, turbine, containment building. | 60 | |
| 13865413398 | Alternate Energy Sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 61 | |
| 13865413399 | Troposphere | first layer of atmosphere 0-10 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains weather, greenhouse gases (bad ozone) | 62 | |
| 13865413400 | Stratosphere | second layer of atmosphere 10-30 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains protective ozone layer (good ozone) | 63 | |
| 13865413401 | Temperature Inversion | a warm layer of air above a cooler layer traps pollutants close to the Earth's surface. | 64 | |
| 13865413402 | Divergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates spreading apart, new crust being formed (Mid Ocean Ridge) | 65 | |
| 13865413403 | Convergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates with the oldest crustal material on Earth moving together, one moving under another. Mineral deposits and volcanoes are most abundant at convergent plate boundaries (Volcanic arc like Japan) | 66 | |
| 13865413404 | Transform Fault | tectonic plates sliding past one another (San Andreas Fault Line) | 67 | |
| 13865413405 | Most Endangered species | have a small range, require large territory, have long generations, have very specialized niche, or live on an island | 68 | |
| 13865413367 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals. | 69 | |
| 13865413368 | Tropical Rain Forests | characterized by the greatest diversity of species, believed to include many undiscovered species. Occur near the equator. Soils tend to be low in nutrients. Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry). | 70 | |
| 13865413369 | Temperate Forests | occur in eastern North America, Japan, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe. Dominated by tall deciduous trees. Well-defined seasons include a distinct winter. Logged extensively, only scattered remnants of original temperate forests remain. | 71 | |
| 13865413370 | Boreal Forests or Taiga | represent the largest terrestrial biome. Dominated by needleleaf, coniferous trees. Found in the cold climates of Eurasia and North America: two-thirds in Siberia with the rest in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada. Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters. Extensive logging may soon cause their disappearance. | 72 | |
| 13865413371 | Temperate Shrub Lands | occurs along the coast of Southern California and the Mediterranean region. Characterized by areas of Chaparral-miniature woodlands dominated by dense stands of shrubs. | 73 | |
| 13865413372 | Savannas | grassland with scattered individual trees. Cover almost half the surface of Africa and large areas of Australia, South America, and India. Warm or hot climates where the annual rainfall is 20-50 inches per year. The rainfall is concentrated in six or eight months of the year, followed by a long period of drought when fires can occur. | 74 | |
| 13865413373 | Temperate Grasslands | dominated by grasses, trees and large shrubs are absent. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less than in savannas. Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters. Occur in South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, the steppes of the former Soviet Union, and the plains and prairies of central North America. | 75 | |
| 13865413374 | Deserts | covers about one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. Soils may have abundant nutrients, need only water to become productive, and have little or no organic matter. Common disturbances include occasional fires or cold weather, and sudden, infrequent, but intense rains that cause flooding. | 76 | |
| 13865413375 | Tundra | treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes. Occur in the arctic and Antarctica. Dominated by lichens, mosses, sedges, and dwarfed shrubs Characterized by extremely cold climate, permanently frozen ground (permafrost) low biotic diversity, simple vegetation structure, limitation of drainage, short season of growth and reproduction. | 77 | |
| 13865413376 | Wetlands | areas of standing water that support aquatic plants including marshes, swamps, and bogs. Reduce flooding. Species diversity is very high. | 78 | |
| 13865413377 | Fresh Water | defined as having a low salt concentration (less than 1%). Plants and animals are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e., ocean). There are different types of regions: ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and estuaries. | 79 | |
| 13865413378 | Oceans | the largest of all the ecosystems. Regions are separated into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. | 80 | |
| 13865413379 | Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. | 81 | |
| 13865413380 | Clean Water Act | Aim: to make all US waterways safe for fishing and swimming. set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. Require the repairment of damaged wetlands. | 82 | |
| 13865413381 | Clean Air Act | NAAQS for 6 criteria pollutants. Set emission standards for mobile and stationary sources, and limits release of air pollutants. Multiple amendments, most influential modern env. law | 83 | |
| 13865413382 | Montreal Protocol | global agreement to phase out of ozone depleting substances. | 84 | |
| 13865413383 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. | 85 | |
| 13865413384 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) | regulates the use and effectiveness of pesticides | 86 | |
| 13865413406 | Herbicide | a toxic chemical that kills plants | 87 | |
| 13865413407 | Insecticide | a toxic chemical that kills insects | 88 | |
| 13865413408 | Rodenticide | a toxic chemical that kills rodents | 89 | |
| 13865413409 | Fungicide | a toxic chemical that kills fungi | 90 | |
| 13865413410 | Niche | organism's role in the ecosystem of which it lives | 91 | |
| 13865413411 | Invasive Species | introduced into an ecosystem and out-compete native species | 92 | |
| 13865413412 | NO2, SO2, Pb, PM (2.5 and 10), O3, CO | 6 criteria air pollutants | 93 | |
| 13865413413 | Top 4 indoor air pollutants in DEVELOPED countries | Tobacco smoke, Formaldehyde, Radon Gas, Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter | 94 | |
| 13865413414 | saltwater intrusion | an infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells | 95 | |
| 13865413415 | rock cycle | A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another | 96 | |
| 13865413416 | Erosion | Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation) | 97 | |
| 13865413417 | soil conservation | a method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss | 98 | |
| 13865413418 | edge effect | different environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem. May observe higher biodiversity | 99 | |
| 13865413419 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 100 | |
| 13865413420 | ecosystem services | the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced | 101 | |
| 13865413421 | ecological succession | gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance. Primary (no soil, much longer) or Secondary | 102 | |
| 13865413422 | nitrogen cycle | The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere | 103 | |
| 13865413423 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use (Ammonia/Ammonium: NH3/NH4+) | 104 | |
| 13865413424 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates across four stages | 105 | |
| 13865413425 | age structure diagram | graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population. Helps project population change over time | 106 | |
| 13865413426 | One Child Policy | A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth. | 107 | |
| 13865413427 | malnourished | Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. | 108 | |
| 13865413428 | undernourished | having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition | 109 | |
| 13865413429 | Green Revolution | a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, machines, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. | 110 | |
| 13865413430 | genetic engineering | Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms | 111 | |
| 13865413431 | Irrigation methods | Aquifer/well withdrawal, ditches and canals, drip, spray, flooding | 112 | |
| 13865413432 | IPM | Pest management using a variety of techniques, agricultural, biological and use of minimal amount of pesticides when necessary to limit pest damage to economically tolerable level | 113 | |
| 13865413433 | old growth/primary forest | an uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more | 114 | |
| 13865413434 | tree plantation (aka tree farm or commercial forest) | a large area typically planted with a single rapidly growing tree species | 115 | |
| 13865413435 | crown fire | Extremely hot fire that leaps from treetop to treetop - occurs in forests with no surface fires for several decades (an excessive amount of deadwood has built up) - this kills most vegetation, wildlife, buildings and contributes to soil erosion | 116 | |
| 13865413436 | surface fires | fires that typically burn only the forest's underbrush and do little damage to mature trees. May actually serve to protect the forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperatures. | 117 | |
| 13865413437 | Overgrazing | Destruction of vegetation caused by too many animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover | 118 | |
| 13865413438 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 119 | |
| 13865413439 | suburban sprawl | low-population-density developments that are built outside of a city. Think strip malls, parking lots, spread out houses, lots of roads/highways | 120 | |
| 13865413440 | urban heat island | Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. Tall buildings block air flow, machines release heat, abundant dark surfaces | 121 | |
| 13865413441 | National Parks System | established by the United States to preserve historic sites & habitats of many plants & animals | 122 | |
| 13865413442 | wildlife refuge | an area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly regulated | 123 | |
| 13865413443 | wilderness | An area where there are few people living; an area still in its natural state | 124 | |
| 13865413444 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) | this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it | 125 | |
| 13865413445 | TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) | act that regulates existing chemicals that pose an unreasonable health risk. Its objective is to allow EPA to regulate new commercial chemicals | 126 | |
| 13865413446 | RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) | developed a comprehensive program to ensure that hazardous waste is managed safely from the moment it is generated to its final disposal (cradle-to-grave) | 127 | |
| 13865413447 | purse-seine fishing | an effective fishing method for species that school near the surface; a large net is encircled around the targeted catch, after which the bottom of the net is drawn tight, thus confining the catch in the net. | 128 | |
| 13865413448 | longline fishing | a commercial fishing technique that uses a long line with baited hooks attached at intervals. | 129 | |
| 13865413449 | bottom trawling | a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path to collect bottom dwellers | 130 | |
| 13865413450 | hydroponics | a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients | 131 | |
| 13865413451 | Tragedy of the Commons | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available (public) but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community | 132 | |
| 13865413452 | unit of energy | Wh or kWh (Watt-hour or Kilowatt-hour) | 133 | |
| 13865413453 | unit of power | Watt | 134 | |
| 13865413454 | 1000 | number of watts (W) in a kilowatt (kW) or number of kilowatts in a megawatt (MW) | 135 | |
| 13865413455 | formation of coal | Peat is the raw material from which coal is formed. Over time and under increasing heat and pressure, various types of coal are formed | 136 | |
| 13865413456 | anthracite | coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke. | 137 | |
| 13865413457 | Bituminous | the second-purest form of coal. | 138 | |
| 13865413458 | Lignite | the least pure coal, soft, brownish | 139 | |
| 13865413459 | silting | When sediment becomes clogged behind a dam. | 140 | |
| 13865413460 | CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) | these standards set mile per gallon standards for a fleet of cars; increased fuel economy = lower energy usage | 141 | |
| 13865413461 | Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) | A car that combines the engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, allowing it to achieve higher fuel economy than a conventional car | 142 | |
| 13865413462 | Biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level, can be used as alternative/renewable fuel source | 143 | |
| 13865413463 | tidal energy | The energy captured by transforming the wave motion of water into electrical energy using a turbine | 144 | |
| 13865413464 | photochemical smog | A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with each other in the presence of sunlight | 145 | |
| 13865413465 | industrial smog | Type of air pollution consisting mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and suspended solid particles, mostly due to burning coal | 146 | |
| 13865413466 | noise pollution | Any unwanted, disturbing, or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency, or causes accidents. | 147 | |
| 13865413467 | light pollution | brightening of the night sky caused by street lights and other man-made sources, which has a disruptive effect on natural cycles and inhibits the observation of stars and planets. | 148 | |
| 13865413468 | Water pollution | oil spills, excess fertilizer, excess sediment, plastic particles, thermal, dumping of chemicals etc. | 149 | |
| 13865413469 | primary sewage treatment | Mechanical sewage treatment in which large solids are filtered out by screens and suspended solids settle out as sludge in a sedimentation tank. | 150 | |
| 13865413470 | secondary sewage treatment | a biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen-demanding organic wastes | 151 | |
| 13865413471 | tertiary sewage treatment | Advanced (expensive) Sewage Treatment: series of specialized chemical and physical processes used to remove specific pollutants left in the water such as nitrogen, phosphorus, bacteria and viruses. May use UV, ozone, chlorine or send through sand or activated carbon layers. | 152 | |
| 13865413472 | septic system | A relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas | 153 | |
| 13865413473 | CFCs and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) | Both greenhouse gas and contribute to ozone depletion when they break down in the stratosphere | 154 |
AP Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 6772264409 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. | 0 | |
| 6772264410 | catabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. | 1 | |
| 6772264411 | anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds. | 2 | |
| 6772264412 | bioenergetic | The study of energy flow or energy transformations into and within living systems. | 3 | |
| 6772264413 | energy | The ability to cause change. | 4 | |
| 6772264414 | kinetic energy | The energy an object has due to its motion. | 5 | |
| 6772264415 | thermal energy | Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. | 6 | |
| 6772264416 | potential energy | The energy that an object has because it's position, shape, structure, location, or condition. | 7 | |
| 6772264417 | chemical energy | A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms. | 8 | |
| 6772264418 | thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. | 9 | |
| 6772264419 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 10 | |
| 6772264420 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. | 11 | |
| 6772264421 | second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 12 | |
| 6772264422 | spontaneous process | A process that can occur without an input of energy. | 13 | |
| 6772264423 | free energy | Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell. | 14 | |
| 6772264424 | exergonic reaction | Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy. | 15 | |
| 6772264425 | endergonic reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. | 16 | |
| 6772264426 | energy coupling | The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. | 17 | |
| 6772264427 | ATP | A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes. Contains the sugar ribose, with the nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it. | 18 | |
| 6772264428 | enzyme | A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction. | 19 | |
| 6772264429 | catalyst | A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected | 20 | |
| 6772264430 | activation energy | The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. | 21 | |
| 6772264431 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | 22 | |
| 6772264432 | enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). | 23 | |
| 6772264433 | active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | 24 | |
| 6772264434 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. | 25 | |
| 6772264435 | cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. | 26 | |
| 6772264436 | coenzyme | If the cofactor is an organic molecule. | 27 | |
| 6772264437 | competitive inhibitor | An enzyme inhibitor that competes with substrate for binding at the active site of teh enzyme. When the it is bound, no product can be made. | 28 | |
| 6772264438 | noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. | 29 | |
| 6772264439 | allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. | 30 | |
| 6772264440 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | 31 | |
| 6772264441 | Exergonic reaction |  | 32 | |
| 6772264442 | Endergonic reaction |  | 33 | |
| 6772264443 | ATP |  | 34 | |
| 6772264444 | Normal binding |  | 35 | |
| 6772264445 | Competitive inhibition |  | 36 | |
| 6772264446 | Noncompetative inhibition |  | 37 | |
| 6772264447 | Feedback inhibition |  | 38 | |
| 6772264448 | Allosteric regulation |  | 39 |
AP World History Period 4 Test Flashcards
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| 12964901268 | Black Death | One of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe in the years 1347-51. | 0 | |
| 12969180993 | Ethnocentrism | Judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group | 1 | |
| 12969184121 | Core Nations | The industrialized capitals countries on which periphery countries and semi-periphery countries depend. These countries control and benefit from the global market. | 2 | |
| 12969205183 | Peripheral Nations | These countries are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. These countries usually receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth. | 3 | |
| 12969232153 | Potosi | The largest silver mine the New World. | 4 | |
| 12969243622 | Mita | A form of mandatory public service that was done as a tribute to the Incan government. | 5 | |
| 12969273123 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system | 6 | |
| 12969314605 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan | 7 | |
| 12969314606 | Hispaniola | First island in Carribean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to the New World. | 8 | |
| 12969319906 | Columbian Exchange | The Exchange of plants, animals, ideas, people, and diseases after 1492. | 9 | |
| 12969343056 | Treaty of Tordesillas | concluded in 1494 between Castille and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the new World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain | 10 | |
| 12969373657 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. Led to the removal of Arawaks from the Bahamas who were then put in to slavery. Expanded Spanish conquest and exploration in South and North America. | 11 | |
| 12969381802 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. | 12 | |
| 12969389713 | Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority. | 13 | |
| 12969409667 | John Calvin | Presbyterian version of Martin Luther | 14 | |
| 12969418054 | Treaty of Nantes | A French royal edict allowing the practice of Protestantism even though France was officially Catholic. | 15 | |
| 12969433565 | Renaissance | This was essentially a flowering of literature and art. | 16 | |
| 12969444802 | Michelangelo | Painter, a sculptor, architect, and poet; painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, sculptures of David, Moses and Pieta; designed the Dome of St. Peter's Cathedral | 17 | |
| 12969486580 | Da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 18 | |
| 12969492025 | Atlantic Slave Trade | The trade of human beings taken from Africa and transported to Europe, the Caribbean and primarily the Americas./This practice forever changed the societies of all its participants. | 19 | |
| 12969506586 | Plantation | large estate farmed by many workers | 20 | |
| 12969511558 | Haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumerism America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy | 21 | |
| 12969530378 | Encomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. | 22 | |
| 12969547854 | Creole | New race: Spanish and American | 23 | |
| 12969563132 | Chattel Slavery | ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property. | 24 | |
| 12969570134 | Mestizo | New race: European and Native American | 25 | |
| 12969576735 | Mulatto | New race: European and African America | 26 | |
| 12969589451 | Indentured Servitude | A person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time (often to pay off a debt) in exchange for passage to America. They have little rights and were treated similarly to slaves. | 27 | |
| 12969593958 | Thirty Years War | 1618-1648, fought between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain,; caused great destruction | 28 | |
| 12969613492 | Treaty of Westphalia | ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence | 29 | |
| 12969629168 | Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 30 | |
| 12969704578 | Samarai | Warriors who were loyal to a feudal lord in Japan./The samurai helped feudal lords maintain conflict in Japan for many years. | 31 | |
| 12969743189 | Ottoman Empire | Gunpowder Empire founded in 1300s and will last until after WWI | 32 | |
| 12969749847 | Janissaries | Conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century | 33 | |
| 12969762268 | Grand Vizier | Head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan | 34 | |
| 12969776596 | Akbar the Great | son and successor of Hymayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority -good ruler (tolerant) - 1556- 1605 - sound and enduring foundation - gave all non-muslims same rights as muslims - did away with Jiyza | 35 | |
| 12969792871 | Safavid Empire | Gunpowder Empire comprising modern day Iran/Persia | 36 | |
| 12969805100 | Mughal | Founded by Babur; This empire dominated India after the fall of the Delhi Sultanate before being intimately usurped (taken over) by the British. Descended from Timur and Genghis Khan. Lasted from the 16th to 18th century. Why were they important? For their tolerance and Muslim Rule Empire declined due to Rebellions | 37 | |
| 12969844149 | Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 38 | |
| 12969847098 | Moors | The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (Spain) and the Maghreb (northwest African coast, west of Egypt). They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492 | 39 | |
| 12969861071 | Old Believers | Conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia | 40 | |
| 12969872295 | Boyars | Land owning aristocracy in early Russia. They had authority and were part of the higher class in the social hierarchy. | 41 | |
| 12969876886 | Cossacks | peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia | 42 | |
| 12969879576 | Ivan the Great | Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government | 43 | |
| 12969892161 | Ivan the Terrible | This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He did not, however, conquer Livonia, a port on the Baltic sea which he desperately wanted. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. | 44 | |
| 12969897666 | Peter the Great | czar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models | 45 | |
| 12969912759 | Ming | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 46 | |
| 12969912760 | Absolute Monarchy | a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written law, legislature, or customs. These are often hereditary | 47 | |
| 12969922110 | Royal Chartered European Monopoly Companies | From the sixteenth century onwards, groups of European investors formed companies to underwrite and profit from the exploration of Africa, India, Asia, the Caribbean and North America, usually under the patronage of one state, which issued the company's charter. But chartered companies go back into the medieval period | 48 | |
| 12969925406 | Joint-stock companies | a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders. | 49 | |
| 12969933680 | Mercantilism | an economic system in which you export more than you import | 50 | |
| 12969959716 | Christopher Columbus | Italian mariner who sailed for Spain; landed in the Caribbean thinking he'd sailed west to Asia. | 51 | |
| 12969968733 | Battle of Chaldiran | The Safavids vs. Ottomans | 52 | |
| 12970001374 | Johannes Gutenberg | Invented the movable type printing press | 53 | |
| 12970018572 | Shah jahan | had the Taj Mahal built in 1650 | 54 | |
| 12970030496 | Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas | a split in the land between Portugal and Spain | 55 | |
| 12970044288 | ZhangHe | Born in 1371 in China; fought and captured pirates and controlled 300 ships; had his voyages ended because the emperor said we must spend money on the wall | 56 | |
| 12970231238 | Military, Taxes, and Indian Princes (Rajput) | Techniques used by Mughals to build and maintain their empire | 57 | |
| 12970242826 | Zamindars | tax collectors in Mughal Empire taxed agriculture and trade | 58 | |
| 12970322282 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor - said to have ruined the empire - not tolerant - forced muslim views on Hindu - No music or art - regular burial | 59 | |
| 12970371470 | British East India Company | gained control over India in 1757- up until after WWII | 60 | |
| 12970925421 | School of Athens Raphael 1510 Rome | 5 Art Pieces to Know |  | 61 |
| 12970947391 | St Basils Cathedral 1561 Moscow | 5 Art Pieces to Know |  | 62 |
| 12970958884 | Taj Mahal 1650 India | 5 Art Pieces to Know |  | 63 |
| 12970976009 | Las Castas 1700 Mexico | 5 Art Pieces to Know |  | 64 |
| 12971017741 | Palace of Versailles 1710 France | 5 Art Pieces to Know |  | 65 |
Flashcards
AP Literature Week 1 Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14331404110 | Acerbic | Sharply or bitingly critical, sarcastic, or ironic in temper mood or tone | 0 | |
| 14331404111 | Alacrity | Cheerful and readiness | 1 | |
| 14331404112 | Auspicious | Showing or suggesting that future success is likely | 2 | |
| 14331404113 | Capricious | Impulsive | 3 | |
| 14331404114 | Confluence | A coming or flowing together, meeting or gathering at one point | 4 | |
| 14331404115 | Credulous | Readiness to believe especially on uncertain evidence | 5 | |
| 14331404116 | Desultory | Marked by a lack of a definite plan, regularity or purpose; disappointing in progress | 6 | |
| 14331404117 | Disingenuous | Giving a false appearance of simple frankness; calculating | 7 | |
| 14331404118 | Duplicity | Contradictory doubleness of thought, speech, or action | 8 | |
| 14331404119 | Ebullience | lively or enthusiastic expression : exuberance | 9 | |
| 14331404120 | ensue | To strive to attain | 10 | |
| 14331404121 | Exorbitant | exceeding the customary or appropriate limits in intensity, quality, amount, or size | 11 | |
| 14331404122 | fatuous | (adj.) stupid or foolish in a self-satisfied way | 12 | |
| 14331404123 | inculcate | to teach; impress in the mind | 13 | |
| 14331404124 | laudatory | full of praise | 14 | |
| 14331404125 | Misanthropy | a hatred or distrust of mankind | 15 | |
| 14331404126 | ostensibly (adv) | To all outward appearances | 16 | |
| 14331404127 | pedantic | Unimaginative and dull | 17 | |
| 14331404128 | reticent | Reserved in expression, presentation, or appearance | 18 | |
| 14331404129 | temerity | recklessness; a foolish disregard of danger | 19 |
Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8765249368 | Nose | (nostrils) nares external | 0 | |
| 8765249369 | Nasal cavity | Filters, warms, moistens incoming air; passageway to pharynx. | 1 | |
| 8765249370 | Paranasal sinuses | Produces mucus, acts as resanators for sound; lightens skull. | 2 | |
| 8765249371 | Nasal conchae | Bony prominences that provide space for nasal meatuses through which incoming air is warmed and humidified. | 3 | |
| 8765249372 | Pharynx | Chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory system, passageway for air between nose and larynx and food from mouth to esophagus. | 4 | |
| 8765249373 | Larynx | Inferior to hyoid bone and superior to trachea. Cartilaginous structure surrounding glottis and vocal cords; passageway for air between the pharynx and the rest of respiratory tract; produces sound; protects trachea from foreign objects. | 5 | |
| 8765249374 | Thyroid cartilage(Adam's apple) | Largest laryngeal cartilage | 6 | |
| 8765249375 | Mediastinum | Region between the two pleural cavities, aslo contains thymus, esophagus, and trachea | 7 | |
| 8765249376 | Pleura | Protect, compartmentalize, and lubricate outer surfaces of lung; enclose pleural cavities. | 8 | |
| 8765249377 | Lungs | Major respiratory organs | 9 | |
| 8765249378 | Alveoli | Site of gas exchange; functional unit of lung. | 10 | |
| 8765249379 | Bronchioles | Passageways to and from the alveoli. | 11 | |
| 8765249380 | Bronchus | Passageways for air to and from the lungs; filter air | 12 | |
| 8800741575 | Muscle separating thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity, enlarges thoracic cavity to allow for inspiration, returns to original position for expiration. | 13 | ||
| 8800741576 | Passageway for air to and from thoracic cavity; traps and expels foreign matter. | 14 | ||
| 8800741577 | Process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through lungs and tissues. | 15 | ||
| 8800741578 | (Breathing) process by which air enters the lungs and is expelled by the lungs. | 16 | ||
| 8800741579 | Pertaining to the lungs | 17 | ||
| 8800741580 | Dyspnea | Difficulty breathing | 18 | |
| 8800741581 | Apnea | Period of no respiratory activity | 19 | |
| 8800741582 | Hyperventilation | Excessive intake and elimination of O y Co2, respectively. Can lead to respiratory alkalosis. | 20 | |
| 8800741583 | Hypoventilation | Slow and shallow breathing which can lead to respiratory acidosis. | 21 | |
| 8800741584 | Technique for moving an object blocking the airway; forcefully elevated the diaphragm by compression of the abdomen. | 22 | ||
| 8800741585 | Voice box | 23 | ||
| 8800741586 | Thyroid cartilage | Adam's apple | 24 | |
| 8800741587 | Windpipe | 25 | ||
| 8800741588 | Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx | 26 | ||
| 8800741589 | Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli | 27 |
Flashcards
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