AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Forensic ScienceForensic Science Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8544085029Forensic Sciencethe applications to matters of science to law -As well as. . . The business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decisions makers in our criminal justice system.0
8544085030Criminalisticsthe scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes This term is synomous with forensic science1
8544085031Criminologyincludes the physcological angle, studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence2
8544085032Divisions of Crime Lab**Physical Science Unit -chemistry -physics **Geology **Biology Unit(DNA) **Firearms Unit(tool mark) **Document Examination Unit **Photography Unit3
8544085033Edmond Locard**French professor **Considered the father of: criminalistics( understood the importance of nature in crime scenes and other cases.) **Built the world's first forensic laboratory in France in 1910 Exchange Principle Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are exchanged.4
8544085034Mathieu OrfilaFather of: toxicology, spainish medical proffessor who developed a test for identifying arsenic in the body5
8544085035Alphonse BertillonFather of: criminal identification6
8544085036Francis GaltonFirst to develop a method of: first to develop a method using fringerprints as a means of identification.4f7
8544085037Dr. Karl LandsteinerAn Austrian physician that identified the A, B, AB, and O blood groups in 1901.8
8544085038Rudolf VirchowA German pathologist who standardized a way to preform autopsies one of two ways still used today. ** His cell theory, ("Omnis cellula e cellula") said that cells arise only from other cells.9
8544085039Eugene Francois VidocqConsidered the father of modern criminal investigation. Perhaps the greatest real life detective. He was a criminal that continually escaped from prison. Eventually, he was asked to lead a group of criminals that helped the police solve crimes. This group became the **Surete** which was the most effective police agency in all of France.10
8544085040scientific method1. Observe a problem 2. Consider a hypothesis or possible solution. 3. Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence. 4. Determine the significance of the evidence. 5. Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence11
8544085041Recongnitionability to distinguish important evidence from unrelated material(which doesn't belong)12
8544085042Preservationcollection of evidence(properly clothed for the contamtination of other evidence)13
8544085043Identificationuse of scientific testing14
8544085044Classmeasured against those of know standards or controls; If all measurements are equal, then the two samples are considered to have come from the same source or origin.(can you group it?)15
8544085045Individualization-demonstrating that the sample is unique, even among members of the same class.(allows you to indenitfy the one contribuator or person)16
8544085046Interpretationgives meaning to all the information(meaning of the labs)(in the court)17
8544085047Reconstructionthe case events( can be able to put the evidence in chronological order to present the evidence to a jury)(in the court)18
8544085048direct evidenceeyewitness statements, confessions( not always the best because of biased)19
8544085049Circumstantialrequires a indriect judegment or inference about what happened ***Circumstantial evidence is not absolute proof, but does provide a general idea of what happened. It may be more reliable than direct. Circumstantial is used in most cases.20
8544085050Testimonialalso known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence( a statement made underoath that may be given)21
8544085051Physicalany object or material that is relevant in a crime22
8544085052Transient Evidencetemporary; easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene23
8544085053Pattern Evidenceproduced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects; most are in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings fractures or deposits. -skid marks24
8544085054Conditional Evidenceproduced by a specific event or action; important in crime scene reconstruction and in determining the set of circumstances within a particular event **head light25
8544085055Transfer of Evidenceproduced by contact between person(s) or object(s), or between person(s) and object(s)26
8544085056Associative Evidence-items that may associated a victim or suspect with a scene or each other; ie, personal belongings27
8544085057Classcommon group of objects or persons -> blood type28
8544085058Individualcan be identified with a particular person or source(can isolate to one and only source) -> blood dna29
85440850591923 Frye v. United StatesScientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it was generallyaccepted by the scientific community. ****The Frye standard does not offer any guidance on reliability30
85440850601993 Daubert v. Dow Admissibility is determined by:***Whether the theory or technique can be tested ***Whether the science has been offered for peer review ***Whether the rate of error is acceptable ***Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread ****acceptence(scientific community-can an indendenat lab concuct the same evidence support in another lab) ***Whether the opinion is relevant to the to the issue31
8544085061probativeactually mean something32
8544085062materialaddress an issue in this particular crime33
8544085063Means—person has the ability to do the crime34
8544085064Motiveperson has a reason to do the crime35
8544085065Opportunityperson had the ability to be at the crime36
8544085066first officer on the sceneA—assess the scene D—detain the witness ask them questions--details to write down A—arrest the perpetrator P—protect the crime scene—take out crime tape and shut of certain areas no matter how large T—take notes—compile data, including presenting any fragile evidence at the scene37
8544085067Medicolegal death investigator-representative from the medical examiner or coroner's office. Responsible for the body.38
8544085068Police investigatorsideally, 5 respond to a scene. Police have jurisdiction of the crime scene.39
8544085069Case Detective-Document the crime scene -Interview the original or reporting patrol officer -Examine crime scene with crime scene investigator (CSI) -Pass on necessary info to assisting detectives40
8544085070Homicide Supervisor-Assign roles to the detectives -Arrange for necessary resources -Keep logs of assignments -Relay into to commanders41
8544085071documentation for the crime scene-notes -photographpy -sketches -videography42
8544085072Link methodBased on the linage theory of Locard; one type of evidence leads to another; experiential, logical and systematic; most common and productive type used43
8544085073Line or strip method-best in large, outdoor scenes44
8544085074Zone method-most effective in houses or buildings; teams are assigned small zones for searching45
8544085075Wheel or ray methodbest on small, circular crime scenes46
8544085076Spiral method-may move inward or outward; best used where there are no physical barriers47
8544085077grid methodbasically a double-line search; effective, but time-consuming48
8544085078Triangulationuses two points at the crime scene to map each piece of evidence49
8544085079Coordinate or grid-divides the crime scene into squares for mapping.50
8544085080Suspended Polar coordinate-coordinate-for use in mapping evidence in a hole51
8544085081Baselineset a north/south line and measures each piece of evidence from this line.52
8544085082Druggist Foldis used with larger pieces of paper folded around larger items to hold trace evidence in place. These are then placed insider other containers such as paper bags, plastic bags, canisters, packets and envelopes depending on the type and size of the evidence.53
8544085083chain of custodyA written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence.54
8544085084K-9 programsNarcotics--dogs that find illegal drugs Tracking--dogs that look for a fugitive or suspect that is would be near the crime scene Bomb detection--dogs that look for explosive devices Arson detection--dogs trained to detect various types of accelerants Search and rescue--dogs that look for people who are lost Body detector--dogs used in mass disasters Cadver--dogs trained to detect decomposition Human Remains Specialists--dogs that can detect any human remains.55
8544085085Juan Vucetichan Argentinian police officer, researched the science of fingerprints, corresponded with Galton, then devised his own system of fingerprint classification.56
8544085086Sir Edward HenryHe devised a workable classification system for fingerprints57
8544085087The Bertillon Systemdeveloped the first truly organized system of identifying individuals in 1883. He believed that everyone could be distinguished from one another by key measurements of their body. These measurements became known as berillonage.58
8544085088Thomas JenningsThe first person convicted in the US on fingerprint evidence.59
8544085089Brandon MayfieldA lawyer and convert of Muslim, was held for two weeks before the Spanish investigation revealed that the print instead belonged to Algerian, Ouhnane Daoud.60
8544085090Dactylosocopythe study of fingerprints61
854408509162
8544085092Fingerprint characteristics63
8544085093Arch fingerprintThey do NOT have type delta or cores64
8544085094arch tented archtented arch65
8544085095Loop fingerprintRadial --opens toward the thumb Ulnar --opens toward the "pinky" (little finger) ***Loops must have one delta or one core**.66
8544085096Plain WhorlThis print has 2 delta's and therefore it is a whorl67
8544085097Double loop whorl68
8544085098accidental whorl69
8544085099Primary Identification Numbers fingerprinting70
8544085100comparisonGenerally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity.71
8544085101IAFISThe Automated Fingerprint Identification System--a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints72
8544085102visible fingerprintsMade by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink.73
8544085103Plastic PrintsRidge impressions left on a soft material such as putty, wax, soap, or dust.74
8544085104Latent Printsare those that are "hidden" and are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist only of the natural secretions of human skin and require treatment to cause them to become visible.75
8544085105Lifting latent printspowders, iodine,Ninhydrin,sliver nitrate, cyanoacrylate76
8544085106powdersadhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background.77
8544085107Iodine--fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction. Iodine crystals sublime (go directly from solid to vapor).78
8544085108Ninhydrin--reacts with amino acids to produce a purple reaction.(works good with paper and styrofoam and takes a couple days and must be a little moist)79
8544085109Silver nitrateSilver nitrate--react with chlorides to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light.(does a lot of damage and should not be first choice)80
8544085110Cyanoacrylate- "super glue" fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit.(used on irregular surfaces)81
8544085111palmlines can be identified and may be used against suspects82
8544085112footprintsare taken at birth as a means of identification83
8544085113accidentalsare marks made on the soles of the shoes that would make the print unique84
8544085114biometrics*Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. --controls entry or access to computers or other structures; identifies persons for security; helps prevent identity theft or controls social services fraud85
8544085115Five Prongs of Daubert-Testability -General Acceptence -General Review -Known or Potential ErrorRate -Maintenance of Standard & Controls86
8544085116testabilityA critical evaluation process that supports or refutes a hypothesis87
8544085117types of handguns-revolvers -pistols88
8544085118types of Shoulder guns-Rifles -Shot Guns89
8544085119toolThe harder of two objects that comes into forceful contact with one another, resulting in the softer object being marked90
8544085120tool markFeatures imparted on an object by the contact and force exerted from a tool. -impressed -striated91
8544085121impressed tool markFeatures produced when a tool contacts an object with enough compressive force that it leaves an impression.92
8544085122Parts of a handgun93
8544085123striated toolmarkFeatures produced when a tool contacts an object with lateral force and motion.94
8544085124caliberCaliber is the diameter of the bullet, specifically the projectile, commonly called the slug.95
8544085125class characteristicsGeneral and/or measurable features of a specimen which indicate a Restricted group source. They result from design factors, and are therefore determined prior to manufacture.96
8544085126Individual CharacteristicsMarks or features produced by the random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces. These characteristics can be used to individually associate a tool to a toolmark. -from abuse -wear from use also97
8544085127Range of conclusions for identifying firearms-identification -inconclusive -elimination98
8544085128identificationIf the quality and character of the toolmark have sufficient detail, can be concluded based on the correspondence of individual characteristics99
8544085129inconclusiveIf the quality and character of the toolmark are lacking, an examiner may not be able to make an identification or elimination.100
8544085130elimination-lack of characteristics -If disagreement in individual characteristics of an exceptional nature exists, an elimination conclusion may be the appropriate response.101
8544085131Daubert Decision-is Testable -is Generally Accepted -is Peer Reviewed -has Known Error Rates maintains Standards & Controls102

Forensic Science Chapter 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10169019197Forensic ScienceThe application of science and technology to the criminal and civil laws enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system0
10169019198AnthropometryBertillon's system of bodily measurement used to identify an individual1
10169019199Locard's exchange principleWhen two objects come into contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs that can connect a criminal suspect to his or her victim2
10169019200FBI LaboratoryWorld's largest forensic science laboratory3
10169019201FBIFederal Bureau of Invesitgation4
10169019202GBIGeorgia Bureau of Investigation5
10169019203Basic services/units of a Full Service Crime LabPhysical science, biology, firearms, document examination, photography6
10169019204Toxicology unitLooks for the presence or absence of drugs and toxins in body fluids and organs7
10169019205Polygraph unitLie detector used mainly by police investigators8
10169019206Forensic odontologyAnalysis of teeth and bite marks left on a victim and the tooth structure of the suspect9
10169019207Frye v. United States, 1923Scientific evidence can be presented by expert witnesses as long as the procedures, techniques, and principles used to analyze the evidence are "generally accepted" by the scientific community10
10169019208Daubert v. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals, 1993The trial judge assumes the ultimate responsibility for acting as a "gate-keeper" in judging the admissibility and reliability of scientific evidence presented in their court11
10169019209WitnessA person who observes an event and can provide details to a police agency or court12
10169019210Expert witnessAn individual whom the court determines to have particular skills or knowledge in a trade or profession and that person's testimony will help the court determine the truth of a matter at trial13
10169019211TestimonyWhat a person says to a court or police agency; sometimes sworn to tell the truth under oath14
10169019212AAFSAmerican Academy of Forensic Science, the largest forensic science organization in the world15
10169019213Mathieu OrfilaFather of toxicology16
10169019214Civil caseLegal case between individuals and other parties usually suing monetary compensation17
10169019215Criminal caseLegal case where criminal charges are brought by the police or government agency18
10169019216Calvin GoddardFirst person to connect a bullet to a murder weapon19
10169019217Alec JeffriesDeveloped techniques for DNA fingerprinting for use in forensic science20
10169030474Edmond LocardDeveloped Locard's Exchange Principle - every contact leaves a trace21

Forensic Anthropology Study Guide (Forensic Science), Vocabulary (Forensic Science) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9631709171Rigor Mortisstiffness from muscles that occurs shortly after death0
9631709172Algor Mortisthe cooling of the body after death1
9631709179blunt force objectsbats, hammers, etc2
9631709180hypothermiaDangerously low body temperature3
9631709181postmortemafter death4
9631709182exsanguinationLoss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained5
9631709185asphyxiacondition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen. suffocation6
9631709186positionhow/where the body is when it is found7
9631709217skullcranium8
9631709218mandiblemovable part of the jaw9
9631709219cervical vertebrae7 vertebrae10
9631709220thoracic vertebrae12 vertebrae11
9631709221lumbar vertebrae5 vertebrae12
9631709222pelvisupper part of the hips13
9631709223sacrumMiddle of the hips14
9631709224coccyx"tail bone " lower section of the hips15
9631709225scapula16
9631709226sternumflat bone of the chest17
9631709227ribsSmooth curved bone , flattens and becomes sharp with age.18
9631709228ulnasmall bone of the lower arm19
9631709229carpalswrist20
9631709188metacarpalsmiddle of your fingers and toes21
9631709189phalangesthe ends of your fingers and toes22
9631709190patellaknee cap23
9631709191fibulaCalf Bone24
9631709192tibiaShin bone25
9631709193calcaneusheel bone26
9631709194tarsalsankle bones27
9631709195Forensic Anthropologya science that specializes in the human skeletal system identifying unknown remains28
9631709196Osteologythe study of bones29
9631709199Suturesimmovable joints where bones are joined30
9631709200Cause of Deathunderlying disease process, injury, that ultimately gives rise to death31
9631709202Livor Mortisthe pooling of blood caused by gravity after death32
9631709203Claviclethe collarbone33
9631709204Tibialong bone in the leg between the knee and the ankle34
9631709205Humeruslong bone in the arm between the shoulder and the elbow35
9631709206Femurlong bone in the leg between the hip and the knee36
9631709207Radiuslong bone in the arm between the elbow and the wrist37
9631709211Mechanism of Deathhow someone dies38
9631709212Penetrating WoundsWounds entering the interior of an organ or cavity39

Introduction to Forensic Science Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8740018083Ballisticsthe science of projectiles and firearms. the study of the effects of being fired on a bullet, cartridge, or gun.0
8740018084Entomologyis the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters1
8740018085Odontologythe proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidence, which will be then presented in the interest of justice.2
8740018086Statuatory Lawdefine written laws, usually enacted by a legislative body.3
8740018087Misdemeanora nonindictable offense, regarded in the US (and formerly in the UK) as less serious than a felony.4
8740018088FelonyInfraction, Nolo Contendere, Frye Standard, Preliminary Hearing, Junk Science, Criminalistics, Evidence, Palynology, Pathology, Polygraphy, Criminal Law, Common Law, Violation, Civil Law, Booking, Probative, Daubert Ruling, Indict, Arraignment, Expert Witness, Hearsay, Material, Bail, Grand Jury, Elements, Probable Cause5
8740018089InfractionThe definition of an infraction is a violation of the law that is less serious than a misdemeanor, or is a violation of rules you are supposed to follow. An example of an infraction is when you are speeding and given a traffic ticket.6
8740018090Preliminary HearingWithin some criminal justice systems, a preliminary hearing, preliminary examination, evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding, after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor, to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial.7
8740018091Criminalisticsanother term for forensics8
8740018092Evidencethe available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.9
8740018093Pathologythe science of the causes and effects of diseases, especially the branch of medicine that deals with the laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.10
8740018094Polygraphyan instrument for recording variations of several different pulsations (as of physiological variables) simultaneously — compare lie detector.11
8740018095Criminal LawCriminal law or penal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws.12
8740018096Common Lawthe part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Often contrasted with statutory law.13
8740018097Violationthe action of violating someone or something.14
8740018098Civil LawCivil law, civilian law or Roman law is a legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the framework of late Roman law, and whose most prevalent feature is that its core principles are codified into a referable system which serves as the primary source of law15
8740018099IndictTo accuse of wrongdoing; charge. a book that indicts modern values. (law) To make a formal accusation or indictment against (a party) by the findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.16
8740018100Arraignmentthe action of arraigning someone in court.17
8740018101Expert Witnessa person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case.18
8740018102Hearsayinformation received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor.19
8740018103Materialimportant; essential; relevant.20
8740018104BailBail is cash, a bond, or property that an arrested person gives to a court to ensure that he or she will appear in court when ordered to do so.21
8740018105Grand JuryA grand jury is a legal body that is empowered to conduct official proceedings to investigate potential criminal conduct and to determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it.22
8740018106Probable Causereasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.).23
8740018107Analytical SkillsThe ability to identify a concept or problem, to isolate its component parts, to organize information for decision making, to establish criteria for evaluation, and to draw appropriate conclusions24
8740018108Deductive ReasoningDeriving the consequences from the facts using a series of logical steps25
8740018109Eyewitnessa person who has seen someone or something and can communicate these facts.26
8740018110FactA statement of information that can be verified27
8740018111Forensicrelating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions28
8740018112Logicalcapable of or characterized by clear or valid reasoning from facts29
8740018113Observationwhat a person perceives using his or her senses (touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell)30
8740018114Opinionpersonal belief founded on judgment rather than on direct experience or knowledge31
8740018115Perceptioninterpreting information received from the senses32
8740018116Forensic Investigatorfirst, observes, collects, interprets and reports observations clearly without making judgements as to the importance of each piece of evidence33
8740018117how information is processed in the brainsenses --> what we pay attention to--> perception-->short term memory--> long term memory.34
8740018118understanding the brains limitationshelps us learn to improve our observation skills, and inspires us to capture events quickly through photo's and writing information down35
8740018119Innocence ProjectProject which re-examined post conviction cases often based on faulty eyewitness accounts using DNA to clear innocent people.36
8740018120factors affecting accuracy of witnesses observation skillsalone or in a group, number of people, type of activity, how much activity, emotional state and level of anxiety37
8740018121how to be a good observerexamine your environment systematically, don't judge small details to be unimportant, be aware of jumping to conclusions, write down and photograph memories and evidence38
8740018122forensics scienceis not debate, it relies on evidence and uses fact to help in legal matters39
8740018123strategies for building observation skillsPractice logic puzzles and games, increase focus with meditation, complete memory exercises like recalling details from your day, try new things and learn through trial and error40
8740018124techniques to improve a police line upBlind/Blinded administration Line up Composition/Blank line-ups Sequential viewing Confidence Statements41
8740018125forms of evidencePhysical Documentary Judicial notice Testimonial42
8740018126Cross Race Effecta phenomenon in which people are better at recognizing faces of their own race rather than those of other races.43
8740018127qualitativeThings you notice using your senses that can't be measured44
8740018128quantitativeMeasurable characteristics Anything that can be measured with something like a ruler, scale, thermometer, or graduated cylinder45
8740018129inferencean idea formed from facts or evidence.46

Forensic Science Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9769164291AutopsyThe internal and external examination of a body after death. An autopsy is performed to confirm or determine the cause of death and establish other pre-death conditions, such as the type of food last consumed and the time it was consumed.0
9769164292BallisticsThe study of the motion of bullets and their examination for distinctive characteristics after being fired. Examiners can use this evidence to match bullets or bullet fragments to specific weapons.1
9769164293Blood SplatterThe pattern of blood that has struck a surface. This pattern can provide vital information about the source of the blood. Can help determine the size and type of wound, the direction and the speed with which the perpetrator or victim was moving, and the type of weapon used to create the blood spill.2
9769164294CaliberThe diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm, usually expressed in hundredths of an inch or in millimeters.3
9769164295Composite DrawingA sketch of a suspect produced from eyewitness descriptions of one or more persons.4
9769164296CriminologyThe study of criminal activity and how it is dealt with by the law.5
9769164297DNADeoxyribonucleic acid. Double helix strand. Genetic code (fingerprint). 50% from mom and 50% from dad. ACGT.6
9769164298DNA ElectrophoresisThe technique by which DNA fragments are placed in a gel and charged with electricity. An applied electric field then separates the fragments by size, as part of the process of creating a genetic profile.7
9769164299DNA ProfilingThe process of testing to identify DNA patterns or types. In forensic science this testing is used to indicate parentage or to exclude or include individuals as possible sources of bodily fluid stains (blood, saliva, semen) and other biological evidence (bones, hair, teeth)8
9769164300EvidenceAnything that has been used, left, removed, altered, or contaminated during the commission of a crime or other event under investigation9
9769164301FingerprintThe unique patterns created by skin ridges found on the palm sides of fingers and thumbs.10
9769164302Forensic ScienceThe application of science to law. The application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system. The focus of forensics is the crime lab. The crime lab uses the principles and technique of biology, chemistry, physics, geology, anthropology, and other sciences in order to place physical evidence into a professional discipline.11
9769164303Gas Chromatograph (GC)A forensic tool used to identify the chemical makeup of substances used in the commission of crimes. The questioned substance is burned at high temperatures. The temperature at which this material becomes gas is then charted to determine its makeup.12
9769164304GeneA unit of inheritance consisting of a sequence of DNA that determines a particular characteristic in an organism.13
9769164305HemoglobinA red blood cell protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the bloodstream. Provides the red coloring of blood.14
9769164306Latent fingerprintA fingerprint made by deposits of oils and/or perspiration, not usually visible to the human eye.15
9769164307Lie DetectorA machine that charts how respiration and other bodily functions change as questions are asked of the person being tested. Also known as a polygraph. An attempt to knowingly provide false answers can cause changes in bodily functions.16
9769164308LuminolA chemical that is capable of detecting bloodstains diluted up to 10,000 times. Is used to identify blood that has been removed from a given area.17
9769164309Physical EvidenceAny object that can help explain an event under investigation, Can establish that a crime has been committed, and Sometimes can provide a link between a crime and its victim or between a crime and its perpetrator.18
9769164310Ridge CharacteristicsRidge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details, which must match in two fingerprints for their common origin to be established.19
9769164311SerologyA technology dealing with the properties and actions of serums in blood20
9769164312Super Glue FumingTechniques used to develop latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces. A chemical in the glue reacts with and adheres to the finger oils, and then exposes latent prints.21
9769164313ToxicologyThe study of poisons and drugs and their effect on human and animal populations. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.22
9769164314Trace EvidenceMaterial deposited at a crime or accident scene that can only be detected through a deliberate processing procedure. An individual entering any environment will deposit traces of his or her presence, and this material can be used as evidence. Examples- hairs and fibers23
9769164315TrajectoryThe path of a projectile. A trajectory can be described mathematically either by the geometry of the path, or as the position of the object over time.24
9769164316Locard's Exchange PrincipleDr Edmund Locard, a French police officer and forensic scientist. Any physical contact between a suspect and victim will result in physical evidence being exchanged between them.25
9769164317Mass SpectrometryA technique used by toxicologist to identify chemical compositions. The instrument breaks a chemical down into its ions and accelerates them in a magnetic field that produces a unique spectrum.26
9769164318Mitochrondrial DNA (mtDNA)Used to trace ancestry. Type of DNA located in the mitochondrion of most cells. Last longer than nuclear DNA. Only comes from the mother27
9769164319Nuclear DNAThe unique DNA that is inherited from each parent28
9769164320Modus Operandi (MO)The usual method of operation used by a perpetrator. Particular weapon used or taking "trophy" items from victims29
9769164321Professional WitnessA professional person who testifies at a trial. Police officer or security guard30
9769164322Reenactment of a crimeThe use of ordinary people or actors to recreate a crime.31
9769164323Reconstruction of a crimeDetermining the way a crime happened, pieced together using evidence at the crime scene.32
9769164324Antemortem"Before death"33
9769164325PerimortemAt or around the time of death34
9769164326Postmortem"After death"35
9769164327Presumptive testCheap, simple test that shows that a sample probably contains the substance the test aims to identify36
9769164328SuspectAn individual who might possibly have committed the crime under investigation. Guilt is presumed or has been proven37
9769164329CoronerPublic official who is responsible for investigating any death that may not have had a natural cause38
9769164330Medical ExaminerTrained medical practitioner who devotes some or all of their time to forensic work39
9769164331OdontologyForensic dentistry, The examination of bile marks and dental identification of corpses.40
9769164332PathologyThe study of the causes and consequences of disease and injury in relation to crime and the law41
9769164333AbrasionAn injury in which the skin has been scraped off.42
9769164334AFISAutomated Fingerprint Identification System. Scans fingerprints electronically and plots the positions of their ridge characteristics, comparing them with prints in a database.43
9769164335ArchesFingerprint ridges that rise above one another at their center like an arch.44
9769164336WhorlsFingerprint patterns that resemble small whirlpools revolving around a point.45
9769164337LoopsFingerprint patterns consisting of ridges that double back on themselves.46
9769164338Cadaveric SpasmA type of instant rigor mortis in which muscle stiffness occurs just after death because the muscles were being used with great exertion while dying.47
9769164339CARTComputer Analysis and Response Team; FBI; Examines computers during investigations.48
9769164340CCTVClosed-circuit television; Surveillance camera used to record crimes being committed, to find lost persons, or to prevent crime.49
9769164341Chain of CustodyA list that records every official person who handles a piece of evidence. Those in the chain put their initials and the date on the evidence container.50
9769164342CODISCombined DNA Index System (FBI). Used to share DNA profiles kept in the FBI's National DNA Index System (NDIS) with law enforcement bodies.51
9769164343Cold CaseAn old unsolved criminal case. Many are now being solved with the advent of DNA test.52
9769164344Comparison MicroscopeA microscope that has two compound light microscopes with an optical bridge, so that two samples can be viewed in a single eyepiece. It is used to match trace evidence such as fibers and bullet casings.53
9769164345ContaminationThe act of ruining evidence by accidentally depositing outside trace evidence, including DNA, on items from a crime scene or suspect.54
9769164346ContusionA bruise in which the skin is not broken.55
9769164347CPRFirst aid method of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is combined with chest compressions.56
9769164348Expert WitnessA specialist witness, such as a forensic scientist, who testifies at a trial.57
9769164349FISHForensic Information System for Handwriting. A database for handwriting samples58
9769164350FOAFirst officer attending a crime scene59
9769164351FractureA break, crack, or shattering of a bone60
9769164352GenomeThe complete set of DNA within a cell61
9769164353Henry SystemA system used for classifying 10-fingerprint collections. Developed in 1899 by Sir Edward R. Henry with the British police in India62
9769164354IAFISIntegrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (FBI's). Police forces can submit samples to be compared to those on this computerized database63
9769164355LacerationA cut that is deep enough to need stitches64
9769164356ADHAccumulated degree hours. Time x temp. Amount of energy required for insects to move from one developmental stage to the next.65
9769164357TODTime of death, The time a body died66
9769164358PMIPostmortem interval, Time since death67
9769164359DOA"Dead on arrival"68
9769164360PCRPolymerase chain reaction. A "molecular photocopying" technique that amplifies specific regions of a DNA strand, used to copy DNA69
9769164361SOCOScene of Crime Officer70
9769164362Rigor MortisA stiffening of the body that occurs about 30 minutes after death and continues for up to 18 hours.71
9769164363Livor mortisA coloration of the skin of the lower parts of a corpse caused by the settling of the red blood cells as the blood ceases to circulate72
9769164364Algor MortisThe postmortem cooling of the body.73
9769164365NinhydrinReagent that turns latent fingerprints purple74
9769164366Pattern evidenceEvidence in which the shape or distribution of a substance provides information rather than the substance itself.75
9769164367Gunshot residueUnburned primer powder sprayed on to the hands of someone firing a gun, and possibly on to the target76
9769164368LigatureA cordlike object used for strangulation77
9769164369SkeletalizationThe process of a body's soft tissues completely decomposing to leave only the bones.78
9769164370Staged crime sceneA crime scene where the perpetrator has left false clues to mislead investigators79
9769164371TraumaA wound or a physical or emotional shock to the body80
9769164372Witness of factA member of the general public who testifies at a trial81
9769164373Manner of DeathLegal classification of how someone died determined by the coroner. Suicide, natural, accidental, or homicide82
9769164374AccelerantFuel used to make a deliberately set fire burn more vigorously83
9769164375Cause of deathThe action that resulted in death, a blow to the head or brain hemorrhage84
9769164376Class EvidenceEvidence that is specific enough to identify overall characteristics but too general for a unique identification85
9769364147CriminalisticsThe examination of physical evidence.86
9769393775EntomologyThe study of insects.87
9769403927PalynologyThe study of pollen and spores.88
9769410278Statuatory LawLegislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.89
9769415860Common (case) LawThe body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents.90
9769420345Stare Decisis"to stand by the decision" meaning previous legal decisions are to be followed.91

Forensic Science Vocabulary - EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8582592713Evidenceanything that tends to establish or disprove a fact.0
8582592714Circumstantial evidenceevidence based on suggestion rather than personal knowledge or observation.1
8582592715Questioned sampleMaterial collected from a known location but is of unknown origin.2
8582592716Known Samplematerial that comes from a proven or known source.3
8582592717Coral Eugene WattsConfessed serial killer, convicted on eye witness accounts.4
8582592718Transient Evidenceevidence that is temporary, or easily changed. can be lost; warm car, footprints in snow5
8582592719Conditional Evidenceproduced by a specific action or event at the scene and must also be observed and recorded.6
8582592720Testimonial EvidenceEvidence said in court by a competent witness7
8582592721Physical Evidenceany object or material relevant in a crime.8
8582592722Indirectevidence providing only a basis for inference about the disputed fact.9
8582592723Controlmaterial that is similar to the questioned and unknown sample, used to validate the test method and procedure.10
8582592724Probative Valuehow useful something is to prove something in a trial.11
8582592725Individual EvidenceMaterial that can be related to a single source.12
8582592726Class EvidenceMaterial that can be associated with a group of items that share characteristics or properties.13
8582592727Trace Evidencematerials that can be transferred during the action of a violent crime typically invisible to the naked eye.14
8582592728Pattern Evidenceproduced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects.15
8582592729Probabilitya way a forensic scientist can assess the likelihood of a specific event16
8582592730Associative Evidenceevidence used to provide links between evidence and individuals involved in a crime; perfume scent or cigar small known to a certain individual.17
8582592731Richard CraftKilled his wife and convicted due to the findings of tissues, fibers, and hair. Was one of the first cases where a person was convicted without a body18
8582592732Transfer Evidenceany evidential substance or particle such as blood, fluids, hairs, fibers, paint, and skin that is exchanged between an assailant and the victim or the scene of the crime19
8582592733Hemoglobinthe oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color20
8582592734Chemiluminescencethe emission of light from a chemical reaction21
8582592735Precipitin Testtest that distinguishes between human and animal blood22
8582592736Seruma liquid that separates from clotted blood23
8582592737Antigensforeign substance in the body that are capable of causing disease24
8582592738Agglutinatean allergic reaction where red blood cells clump together, usually in response to a particular antibody25
8582592739AntiserumHuman or animal serum containing antibodies that are specific for one or more antigens26
8582592740Serologythe laboratory study of body fluids using specific antigens27
8582592741Plasmathe fluid portion of blood, obtaining by centrifuging a sample of whole blood28
8582592742Erythrocytesred blood cells29
8582592743Leukocyteswhite blood cells30
8582592744ABOa basic classification system for blood types based upon the reaction of antigens and antibodies31
8582592745Rh Factora basic blood factor, independent of ABO types32
8582592746Blood Factora specific combination of antigens, enzymes, and proteins in the blood33
8582592747Secretorspeople whose blood type antigens are also found in other body fluids34
8582592748Angle of ImpactThe acute angle formed between the direction of a blood drop and the plane of the surface it strikes35
8582592749Arterial Spurting PatternBloodstain pattern(s) resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery36
8582592750Back SpatterBlood directed back towards the source of energy or force that caused the spatter.37
8582592751Blood Spatter Analysisa field of forensic science that deals with the physical properties of blood and the pattern produced under different conditions as a result of various forces applied to the source of blood38
8582592752BloodstainEvidence that liquid blood has come into contact with a surface39
8582592753Cast-off PatternA bloodstain pattern created when blood is released or thrown from a blood-bearing object in motion40
8582592754Contact StainBlood deposited from direct contact between two surfaces, at least one of which is bloody41
8582592755Direction of FlightThe trajectory of a blood drop which can be established by its angle of impact and directionality angle42
8582592756Draw-back EffectBlood in the barrel of a firearm that has been drawn backward into the muzzle43
8582592757Drip PatternA bloodstain pattern which results from blood dripping into blood44
8582592758Expirated BloodBlood that is blown out of the nose, mouth, or a wound as a result of air pressure and/or air flow which is the propelling force45
8582592759Flight PathThe path of the blood drop, as it moves through space, from the impact site to the target46
8582592760Flow PatternA change in the shape and direction of a bloodstain due to the influence of gravity or movement of the object47
8582592761Forward SpatterBlood which travels in the same direction as the source of energy or force which caused the spatter48
8582592762HVISA bloodstain pattern caused by a high velocity impact /force to a blood source such as that produced by gunshot or high speed machinery49
8582592763Impact SiteBloodstain pattern created when blood receives a blow or force resulting in the random dispersion of smaller drips of blood50
8582592764LVISA bloodstain pattern that is caused by a low velocity impact/force to a blood source51
8582592765MVISA bloodstain pattern caused by a medium velocity impact/force to a blood source52
8582592766MistingBlood which has been reduced to a fine spray, as a result of the energy or force applied to it53
8582592767Parent DropA drop of blood from which a wave, cast-off, or satellite spatter54
8582592768Passive DropBloodstain drop(s) created or formed by the force of gravity acting along55
8582592769Satellite SpatterSmall droplets of blood that are distributed around a drop or pool of blood as a result of the blood impacting the target surface56
8582592770SpineThe pointed or elongated stains which radiate away from the central area of a bloodstain57
8582592771Swipe PatternThe transfer of blood from a moving source onto an unstained surface58
8582592772TargetA surface upon which blood has been deposited.59
8582592773Transfer PatternA bloodstain pattern created when a wet, bloody surface comes in contact with a second surface60
8582592774VoidAn absence of strains in an otherwise continuous bloodstain pattern61
8582592775Wipe PatternA bloodstain pattern created when an object moves through an existing stain, removing and/or altering its appearance62
8582592776AnthropometryThe study of human body measurements. The word ___________ means man in Greek.63
8582592777LoopFingerprint pattern with one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, then going out on the same side it entered. If even one ridge exists on the same side, it is a ______.64
8582592778DeltaTriangular area found in all loop and whorl patterns. A _______ is shaped like the slit formation near the mouth of a river flowing into the sea.65
8582592779CoreArea found near the center of all loop and whorl patterns. The relative location of _____ and delta must be known for complete individual classification.66
8582592780WhorlFingerprint pattern found with at least two deltas and a core. A _____ can be subdivided into four groups.67
8582592781ArchLeast common and simplest fingerprint patterns. _____ have no delta or core. All ridges enter one side and exit the other.68
8582592782FingerprintsAn impression or mark made by a person's fingerprint on a surface. __________ cannot lie, but the analysis and identification are subject to error.69
8582592783MicronsOne-millionth of a meter or one-thousandth of a millimeter. Fingers are so sensitive that a vibration with a movement of .02 _______ can be detected.70
8582592784DactyloscopyThe study of fingerprints. The Greek word of ________ means finger.71
8582592785Latent printFingerprint made by the deposit of perspiration or body oils. ________ is invisible to the naked eye until developed.72
8582592786NinhydrinA biochemical reagent used to detect free amino and carboxyl groups in proteins and peptides. The resulting color of ________ is called Ruhemann's purple.73
8582592787BifurcationsCommon minutiae, shaped like a two-pronged fork. ___________ are good to use because they are easy to see and there are many of them.74
8582592788MinutiaeIn descriptions of fingerprints, ridge characteristics. Some common __________ are dot and spur.75
8582592789Plastic printThree-dimensional print made as indentations in soft material such as fresh paint, putty, or wax. ________ is also called an indented or molded print.76
8582592790Visible printFingerprint left by a finger that has touched blood, paint, ink, or the like. A __________ is left when a finger has touched colored material.77
8582592791Plain ArchA fingerprint with an arch that is more flat. A __________ is more common than a tented arch.78
8582592792Tented ArchA fingerprint with an arch that is more dramatic. A _________ is less common than a plain arch.79
8582592793Ulnar LoopA type of loop. A _____________ is more common than a radial loop.80
8582592794Radial LoopA type of loop. A ________ is less common than a ulnar loop.81
8582592795Accidental WhorlA whorl where a print is too irregular to fall into any other group. ____________ make up about 10 percent of all fingerprints.82
8582592796Double Loop WhorlConsist of two separate and distinct loop formations with two separate and distinct shoulders for each core. A __________ has two deltas and one or more ridges which make a complete circuit.83
8582592797Central Pocket Whorlmake one complete circuit which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle. A ___________ has two deltas.84
8582592798Alphonse BertillonSuggested using certain body measurements as discriminating characteristics to identify habitual offenders. ____________________ first recommended recording 11 measurements.85
8582592799Henry ClassificationA simplified version of the Galton's classification system. The _____________ was established by Edward Richard Henry.86
8582592800HemoglobinComposed of 4 globin protein chains; oxygen carrier that gives red blood cells their color.87
8582592801Precipitin TestDistinguishes between human and animal blood.88
8582592802PlasmaFluid portion of blood.89
8582592803LeukocytesScientific name for white blood cells.90
8582592804Rh FactorBasic blood characteristic independent of ABO types91
8582592805SecretorsPeople whose blood type antigens are also found in other body fluids.92
8582592806Arterial spurting patternBlood stain patterns resulting from blood existing under high pressure in the body such as a breached artery.93
8582592807Blood splatter analysisField of forensic science that deals with the physical properties of blood and patterns produced under different conditions.94
8582592808Forward SpatterBlood that travels in the same direction as the force that caused the spatter.95
8582592809Parent DropDrops of blood that casts off a wave or satellite spatter.96
8582592810Satellite SpatterSmall droplets of blood around a drop or pool of blood.97
8582592811Swipe patternTransfer of blood from a moving source onto an unstained surface.98
8582592812Transfer patternBlood stain pattern created when a wet, bloody surface comes in contact with a second surface.99
8582592813ChemiluminesenceThe emission of light from a chemical reaction.100
8582592814Serumliquid that separates from clotted blood.101
8582592815AgglutinateAllergic reaction where red blood cells clump together.102
8582592816SerologyStudy of body fluids using specific reactions.103
8582592817ErythrocytesScientific name for red blood cells.104
8582592818ABOBlood classification system.105
8582592819Angle of ImpactAcute angle formed between the direction of a blood drop and the surface it strikes.106
8582592820Back spatterBlood directed back towards the source of energy or force that caused the spatter.107
8582592821Expirated bloodBlood that is blown out of the nose, mouth or a wound as a result of air pressure or air flow.108
8582592822HVISBlood stain pattern caused by a high speed impact or force;109
8582592823SpinePointed or elongated stains that radiate from a blood drop.110
8582592824VoidAn absence of stains in an otherwise continuous blood stain patter.111
8582592825contact stain112
8582592826FibersUsually made up of many filaments twisted or bonded together to form a thread of yarn.113
8582592827TextilesFabrics woven in distinctive pattern.114
8582592828GenericRelated to an entire group or class of products.115
8582592829FabricA cloth material made up of fibers woven or bonded together in a distinctive manner.116
8582592830FilamentsSingle strands of material.117
8582592831InorganicSubstance not composed primarily of hydrocarbons118
8582592832YarnA continuous strand of fibers or filaments119
8582592833WarpThe lengthwise of yarn in a weave120
8582592834WeftThe crosswise of yarn or thread.121
8582592835BlendA fabric made up of 2 or more different types of fiber.122
8582592836PolypeptideA biochemical polymer formed by linking amino acids123
8582592837HelixA spiral arrangement ,like a corkscrew124
8582592838KeratinThe main protein in hair125
8582592839PlasticsSubstances that flow under heat and pressure and can fold into many shapes126
8582592840CatalystA small amount of substance that increase the rate of reaction without being used up.127
8582592841ViscosityThe resistance of fluid to flow128
8582592842HomopolymersPolymers made up of one type of repeating unit.129
8582592843PolyethersA series of carbon atoms connected to oxygen atoms130
8582592844DensityA physical property of matter131
8582592845Becke lineA halo like shadow appearing around an object immersed in a liquid of a different refractive index.132
8582592846Optical brightenersColorless dye that causes blue light to be reflected133
8582592847Chromatographythe separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or as a vapor through a medium in which the components move at different rates.134
8582592848EluteTo extract one material from another135
8582592849ChromatogramThe record of chromatography separation136
8582592850Retention factorA ratio used to characterize and compare components of samples in liquid chromatography137
8582592851Undulationslight waviness in hair morphology.138
8582592852Associationlink between an unknown and known evidence139
8582592853Exemplarterm used in forensics when the sample is from a known origin.140
8582592854TelogenFinal phase of hair growth before hair falls out.141
8582592855Anagenperiod of growth in hair lasting from 3-5 years.142
8582592856Medullathe spongy interior core of hair that gives it flexibility; absent in some humans.143
8582592857Interference Patternspattern that demonstrate the wave nature of light.144
8582592858Catagenintermediate period of growth in the hair cycle, lasting about 3 weeks or longer; hair is at a resting phase.145
8582592859PolymerA molecule consisting of many identical repeating units; can be naturally occurring or synthetic146
8582592860False Positivea test result that comes out positive when it should not.147
8582592861Cuticletough, clear outside covering of a hair shaft.148
8582592862Cortexmiddle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength; comprises most of the hair's mass.149
8582592863Questionedterm used in forensics when the sample is from an unknown origin.150
8582592864Morphologyreferring to the form and structure of an item.151
8582592865Keratintough protein polymer made up of about 20 amino acids.152
8582592866Melanina natural pigment in the skin; UV rays make it more concentrated.153
8582592867Metabolitea specific product of a substance formed by chemical processes in the human body.154
8582592868Micro Meterone millionth of a meter.155
8582592869Locard Exchange Principlethere is always a cross transfer of evidence between suspect and victim or locale.156
8582592870CriminalisticsThe examination of physical evidence.157
8582592871EvidenceAnything that tends to establish or disprove a fact.158
8582592872BallisticsThe science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of its projectiles.159
8582592873OdontologyExamination of bite marks and dental identification of corpses.160
8582592874PathologyInvestigation of sudden, unexplained, or violent death.161
8582592875EntomologyThe study of insects.162
8582592876PalynologyThe study of pollen and spores.163
8582592877PolygraphyThe use of the lie detector.164
8582592878Statutory lawLegislative acts declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something.165
8582592879Common lawThe body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents.166
8582592880Stare decisisTo stand by the decision, meaning previous legal decisions are to be followed.167
8582592881Civil lawLaw that deals with noncriminal suits brought to protect or preserve a civil or private right or matter.168
8582592882Criminal lawRegulation and enforcements of rights, setting the acceptable limits of conduct in society.169
8582592883MisdemeanorA minor crime, usually punished with a fine or confinement other than in prison.170
8582592884FelonyA serious crime, punishable by more than one year of imprisonment up to execution.171
8582592885Probable causeSituation in which a reasonable and prudent person, viewing the available information, would conclude that a crime has been committed and that the suspect committed it.172
8582592886ViolationA breach of a right, duty, or law.173
8582592887InfractionViolation of a rule or law that is not punishable by prison.174
8582592888ElementsThe specific factors or parts of crime.175
8582592889BookingA police procedure following arrest that records basic information about the suspect.176
8582592890Miranda rightsRights guaranteed by the Constitution that police must tell arrestees about.177
8582592891ArraignmentThe first act in a criminal proceeding, where the defendant is brought before the court to hear chargers and enter a plea.178
8582592892BailMoney put up to guarantee that the defendant will appear in court as directed.179
8582592893Nolo contendereIn a criminal lawsuit, when a defendant neither admits or denies committing a crime but accepts punishment as though he or she is guilty.180
8582592894Preliminary hearingA hearing before a magistrate or a judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial.181
8582592895Grand juryA group of people sworn to inquire into a crime and bring accusations against the suspect.182
8582592896IndictTo formally accuse a person of a crime.183
8582592897Plea bargainingAn agreement in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutor in return drops more serious charges to avoid the cost and time of a trial.184
8582592898ProbativeIn evidence law, tending to prove something.185
8582592899MaterialIn evidence law, relevant and significant.186
8582592900HearsayTestimony given by a witness who relates not what he or she heard or saw, but what others have said.187
8582592901Expert witnessA person that is an expert in a subject that is usually technical, who may present his or her professional opinion without actually witnessing any occurrence relating to the case.188
8582592902Frye standardA test to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence.189
8582592903Daubert rulingRevision of the Frye standard for admissibility of expert scientific evidence.190
8582592904Junk scienceTheories based on flawed or untested hypothesis not derived from or tested by the scientific method.191

AP Macroeconomics Unit 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13778092565Aggregate"Added all together" We combine all prices and all quantities0
13778092566Aggregate DemandAll the goods and services (real GDP) that buyers are willing and able to purchase at different price levels1
13778092568The Interest Rate EffectWhen the price level increases, lenders need to charge higher interest rates to get a REAL return on their loans Higher interest rates decrease C and I spending2
13778092569Foreign Trade EffectWhen the United States's prices increase, foreign buyers purchase fewer U.S. goods and Americans buy more foreign goods Exports down, imports up, real GDP down3
13778092571Shifters of Aggregate DemandC + I + G + Xn4
13778092572AD Shifter: Change in Consumer Spending-Increase in disposable income -Consumer expectations -Household indebtedness -Taxes5
13778092573AD Shifter: Change in Investment Spending-Real interest rates (prices of borrowing money) -Future business expectations -Technology6
13778092574AD Shifter: Change in Government SpendingGovernment expenditures7
13778092575AD Shifter: Net Exports-Exchange rates -National income compared to abroad8
13778092576Aggregate SupplyThe amount of goods and services (real GDP) that firms will produce in an economy at different price levels9
13778092577Short Run Aggregate SupplyWages and resource prices will not increase as price levels increase Curved/upwards sloping10
13778092578Long Run Aggregate SupplyWages and resource prices will increase as price levels increase Straight line Producing at full employment11
13778092580AS Shifter: Change in Resource Prices-Prices of domestic and imported resources -Supply shock -Inflationary expectations12
13778092581AS Shifter: Change in Actions of the Government-Taxes on producers -Subsides for domestic products -Government regulations13
13778092582AS Shifter: Change in Productivity-Technology -Labor (more skilled workforce, etc.)14
13778092583Inflationary GapIn the long run, wages increase and SRAS decreases Output is high and unemployment is less than the NRU15
13778092584Recessionary GapIn the long run, wages decrease and SRAS increases Output is low and unemployment is more than NRU16
13778092585StagflationStagnate economy and inflation17
13778092586Capital StockMachinery and tools purchased by businesses that increase their output Only investment causes growth since firms increase their capital stock18
13778092587Classical Theory1. A change in AD will not change output even in the short run because prices of resources (wages) are very flexible 2. AS is vertical so AD can't increase without causing inflation No government involvement needed (will make prices go up) Recessions caused by a fall in AD are temporary Graph is vertical at physical capacity19
13778092588Keynesian Theory1. A decrease in AD will lead to a persistent recession because prices of resources (wages) are NOT flexible 2. Increase in AD during recession doesn't cause inflation "Sticky wages" prevent wages from falling Government can increase spending to close the gap Graph is horizontal at low output20
13778092589The Phillips Curve shows the trade off between...Inflation and unemployment21
13778092591What happens when AS falls causing stagflation?Increase in unemployment and inflation22
13778092592What happens to the SRPC if AD shifts?AD increase, move up SRPC AD decrease, move down SRPC23
13778092593If GDP increases what happens to unemployment?Decreases24
13778092594If GDP decreases what happens to unemployment?Increases25
13778092596Disposable IncomeIncome after taxes26
13778092599Contractionary Fiscal Policy(BRAKE) Laws that reduce inflation, decrease GDP (close inflationary gap) Decrease government spending Increase Taxes27
13778092600Expansionary Fiscal Policy(GAS) Laws that reduce unemployment, increase GDP (close recessionary gap) Increase government spending Decrease taxes28
13778092601Discretionary Fiscal PolicyCongress creates a new bill that is designed to change AD through government spending or taxation Problem = time lags/takes time Ex. Congress increasing spending29
13778092602Non-Discretionary Fiscal PolicyLegislation that acts counter cyclically without explicit action by policy makers Automatic stabilizers Permanent spending or taxation laws enacted to work counter cyclically to stabilize the economy Ex. welfare, unemployment, minimum wage Ex. When high unemployment, the unemployment benefits is paid to citizens to increase consumer spending30
13778092604Multiplier EffectShows how spending is magnified in the economy If they save a lot, spending and AD will increase a little If they save a little, spending and AD will increase a lot31
13778092605Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)How much people consume rather than save when there is a change in income (change in consumption)/(change in income)32
13778092606Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)How much people save rather than consume when there is a change income (change in savings)/(change in income)33
13778092607MPC + MPS =134
13778092608Total change in GDP for Government Spending =Multiplier (Ms) x Initial change in Spending35
13778092609Spending Multiplier =(1/MPS)36
13778092610Does changing taxes have a greater or lesser of an I'm pact than government spending?Lesser37
13778092611Simple Tax Multiplier =Spending Multiplier (Ms) - 138
13778092612Total Change in GDP for Tax Changes =Tax Multiplier (Mt) x Initial Change in Taxes39
13778092614Budget DeficitWhen the government's expenditures exceeds its revenue40
13778092615National DebtThe accumulation of all the budget deficits over time If the government increases spending without increasing taxes they will increase the annual deficit and national debt41
13778092618Crowding-Out EffectGovernment spending may cause unintended effects that weaken the impact of the policy42
13778092619Net Export EffectInternational trade reduces the effectiveness of fiscal policies43
13778092623Phillips Curveindicates a short-run inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment rates44
13778092624AD-AS modelthe basic model used to understand fluctuations in aggregate output and the aggregate price level. It uses the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve together to analyze the behavior of the economy in response to shocks or government policy.45
13778092625Business cycleAlternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession46
13778092626PPC curvethe potential total output combinations of any two goods for an economy given the available factors of production and the available production technology that firms use to turn their inputs into outputs47

Ap Psych Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13495249681cognitive psychologythe scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating0
13495257004community psychologya branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups1
13778589913Behavioral Focuses on effects of learning on our personality development2
13778589914Biological Scientific study of links between biological and psychological processes3
13778589915Cognitive study of all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communciating4
13778589916Evolutionary study of evolution of behavior and mind5
13778589917Humanistic emphasized growth potential of healthy people6
13778589918Psychoanalytic Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Techniques used to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Freud's therapeutic technique-reveals repressed feelings7
13778589919Social Study of how we think about influence and relate to one another8
13778589920What researchers are associated with the different approaches? (such as Watson, Skinner, Freud, Jung, Maslow)9
13778589921Clinical10
13778589922Counseling,11
13778589923Educational12
13778589924I/O13
13778589925Positive14
13778589983Case studydescriptive technique in which individual or group is studied to reveal universal principles15
13778589984Correlational studymeasure of extent to which two variables affect each other16
13778589985Experiment investiagatormanipulates one or more factors to observes effect on a behavior or mental process17
13778589986Naturalistic observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change anything18
13778589926Survey19
13778589927Self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a certain group20
13778589928Independent variable21
13778589929Dependent variable22
13778589930Control group group not being tested in an experiment23
13778589931Experimental group group being tested in an experiment24
13778589932Random assignment25
13778589933Assigning participants to groups by change minimizing bias26
13778589934Representative sample27
13778589935normal curve28
13778589936Correlation coefficients (positive and negative correlations)29
13778589937Mean average, add then divide by # of #'s30
13778589938Median middle of numbers31
13778589939Mode32
13778589940most frequent #33
13778589941Effects of split brain procedure34
13778589942Agonist Molecule that by binding to a receptor site stimulates a response35
13778589943Antagonists binds to receptor site and blocks a response36
13778589944Neurotransmitters37
13778589945Hormones38
13778589946Chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands travel through bloodstream and affect other tissues39
13778589947Divisions of the nervous system40
13778589948Amygdala two lima-bean neural clusters in limbic system linked to emotions41
13778589949Cerebellum "little brain", at rear of brainstem, process sensory input, coordinate movement output and balance and enable nonverbal learning and memory42
13778589950Corpus callosum large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between43
13778589951Hypothalamus neural structure below thalamus, directs several maintenance activities and helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland.44
13778589952Medulla base of brainstem, control heart-beat and breathing45
13778589953Reticular formation nerve network that travels through brainstem and thalamus and plays important role in controlling arousal46
13778589954Thalamus47
13778589955Brain's sensory control center, located on top of brainstem and directs messages to sensory receiving areas in cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla48
1377859008949
13778589987Frontal part of cerebral cortex, lying just behind forehead. Involved in speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgements50
13778589988Occipital part of cerebral cortex at back of head including areas that receive info from visual fields51
13778589989Parietal cerebral cortex lying at top of head toward rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position52
13778589990Temporal53
13778589956Cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears, includes auditory areas each receiving info from opposite ear54
13778589957Brain imaging techniques, such as:55
1377859009056
13778589991CT scan series of x-ray photographs taken at differing angles combined by computer into a slice of brain structure57
13778589992EEG recording of waves of electrical activity across brain's surface. Electrodes placed on scalp58
13778589993fMRI technique for revealing bloodflow and brain activity. Show function and structure59
13778589994MRI technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. Show brain anatomy60
13778589995PET scan61
13778589958Visual display of brain activity. Detects glucose when brain does task62
13778589959Unit 4 - Sensation and Perception (6-8%)63
13778589960Key terms, such as:64
1377859009165
13778589996Absolute threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus 50% of time66
13778589997Difference threshold minimum difference between 2 stimuli needed for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)67
13778589998Bottom-Up processing begins with sensory receptors and works up to brain's integration of sensory info68
13778589999Top-Down processing information processing guided by higher level mental processes. Construct perceptions drawing on experience and expectations69
13778590000Opponent process theory opposing retinal processes enable color vision.70
13778590001Trichromatic theory retina contains 3 colored cones which can produce perception of any color (red, green, blue)71
13778590002Sensory interaction principle that one sense may influence another. Ex: smell influencing taste72
13778590003Gate control theory spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pain signals and allows them to pass onto the brain. Opened by pain signals traveling up nerve fibers. Closed by large fibers or information in brain.73
13778590004Frequency theory rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone enabling us to sense pitch.74
13778590005Place theory theory that links pitch we hear with place where cochlea's membrane is stimulated75
13778590006Phi phenomenon illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession76
13778590007Transduction conversion of one form of energy into another.77
13778590008Selective attention78
13778589961Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus79
13778589962Structures of the eye, and pathway of vision, including structures such as:80
1377859009281
13778590009Cones retinal receptor cells concentrated near center of retina and function in daylight or well lit conditions.82
13778590010Fovea central focal point in retina around which eye cones cluster83
13778590011Iris ring of muscle tissue that forms colored portion of eye around pupil and controls size of pupil84
13778590012Lens transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on retina85
13778590013Optic nerve nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to the brain86
13778590014Rods87
13778589963Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight88
13778589964Structures of the ear and pathway of hearing, including structures such as:89
1377859009390
13778590015Auditory canal91
13778590016Cochlea coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in inner ear sound waves traveling through trigger nerve impulses92
13778590017Eardrum93
13778590018Middle ear94
13778589965Chamber between eardrum and cochlea contraining three tiny bones that concentrate vibrations of eardrum on cochlea's oval window95
13778589966Unit 5 - States of Consciousness (2-4%)96
13778589967Key terms, such as:97
1377859009498
13778590019Hypnosis social interaction in which one person responds to another person's suggestion that certain perceptions, feelings thoughts or behaviors will occur99
13778590020Dream analysis100
13778590021Activation synthesis101
13778590022REM rebound tendency for REM sleep to increase with REM sleep deprivation102
13778590023Free association103
13778589968Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind104
13778589969Characteristics of stages of sleep, such as:105
13778590095106
13778590024NREM - 1, 2, and 3 non-rapid eye movement107
13778590025REM sleep108
13778589970Rapid eye movement, dreams occur109
13778589971Sleep disorders, such as:110
13778590096111
13778590026Insomnia recurring problems falling asleep112
13778590027Sleep apnea113
13778590028Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks114
13778590097115
13778589972Effects of drugs, such as:116
13778590098117
13778590029Depressants (alcohol, barbituates, opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions118
13778590030Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions119
13778590031Alcohol120
13778590032Cocaine addictive stimulant, temporary increased alertness and eurphoria121
13778590033Ecstasy synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition122
13778590034Nicotine123
13778590035THC124
13778590099125
13778589973Unit 6 - Learning (7-9%)126
13778589974Classical conditioning, including characteristics such as:127
13778590100128
13778590036US, UR, CS, CR129
13778590037Acquisition130
13778590038Discrimination131
13778590039Extinction132
13778590040Spontaneous recovery133
13778590101134
13778589975Operant conditioning, including key terms such as:135
13778590102136
13778590041Positive reinforcement137
13778590042Negative reinforcement138
13778590043Positive punishment (aka punishment by application)139
13778590044Negative punishment (aka punishment by removal/withdrawal)140
13778590045Schedules of reinforcement141
13778590103142
13778589976Key terms, such as:143
13778590104144
13778590046Observational learning145
13778590047Shaping146
13778590048Habituation147
13778590049Primary Reinforcer148
13778590050Secondary Reinforcer149
13778590051Latent earning150
13778590105151
13778589977Contributions of researchers, such as:152
13778590106153
13778590052Bandura154
13778590053Pavlov155
13778590054Skinner156
13778590055Thorndike157
13778590056Watson158
13778590107159
13778589978Unit 7 - Cognition (8-10%)160
13778589979Key concepts, such as:161
13778590108162
13778590057Proactive interference163
13778590058Retroactive interference164
13778590059Anterograde amnesia165
13778590060Retrograde amnesia166
13778590061Availability heuristic167
13778590062Representativeness heuristic168
13778590063Confirmation bias169
13778590064Serial positon effect170
13778590065Mental set171
13778590066Functional fixedness172
13778590067Repression173
13778590068Encoding failure174
13778590069Hindsight bias175
13778590070Morphemes176
13778590071Phonemes177
13778590072Convergent thinking178
13778590073Divergent thinking179
13778590109180
13778589980Contributions of key researchers, such as:181
13778590110182
13778590074Broca183
13778590075Chomsky184
13778590076Ebbinghaus185
13778590077Loftus186
13778590078Sperling187
13778590079Wernicke188
13778590080Whorf189
13778590111190
13778589981Unit 8 - Motivation and Emotion (6-8%)191
13778589982Key concepts, such as:192
13778590112193
13778590081Homeostasis194
13778590082Drive-reduction theory195
13778590083Intrinsic motivation196
13778590084Extrinsic motivation197
13778590085Internal locus of control198
13778590086External locus of control199
13778590087Maslow's hierarchy of needs200
13778590088Type A personality201
13778596518Type B personality202
13778596519Hypothalamus (including ventromedial and lateral)203
13778596616204
13778596645Contributions of key researchers, such as:205
13778596617206
13778596520Ekman207
13778596521Maslow208
13778596522James-Lang209
13778596523Cannon-Bard210
13778596524Schachter-Singer211
13778596525Zajonc-LeDoux212
13778596526Selye213
13778596618214
13778596646Unit 9 - Developmental Psychology (7-9%)215
13778596647Contributions of key researchers, such as:216
13778596619217
13778596527Ainsworth218
13778596528Baumrind219
13778596529Erikson220
13778596530Gilligan221
13778596531Kohlberg222
13778596532Piaget223
13778596620224
13778596648Key terms, such as:225
13778596621226
13778596533Parenting styles227
13778596534Piaget's stages228
13778596535Accommodation229
13778596536Assimilation230
13778596537Imprinting231
13778596538Object permanence232
13778596539Theory of mind233
13778596622234
13778596649Unit 10 - Personality (5-7%)235
13778596650Theories of personality development, such as:236
13778596623237
13778596540Trait theory238
13778596541Psychoanalytic theory239
13778596542Humanistic theory240
13778596543Social-cognitive241
13778596544Big 5242
13778596624243
13778596651Tests of personality, such as:244
13778596625245
13778596545MMPI246
13778596546Rorschach247
13778596547TAT248
13778596548WAIS249
13778596626250
13778596652Contributions of key researchers to the study of personality, such as:251
13778596627252
13778596549Eysenck253
13778596550Freud254
13778596551Bandura255
13778596552Rogers256
13778596628257
13778596653Key terms, such as:258
13778596629259
13778596553Self260
13778596554Self-esteem261
13778596555Self-efficacy262
13778596556Self-actualization263
13778596630264
13778596654Unit 11 - Testing and Individual Differences (5-7%)265
13778596655Types of tests, including:266
13778596631267
13778596557Intelligence - calculating IQ and the normal curve as it relates to IQ268
13778596558Achievement269
13778596559Aptitude270
13778596632271
13778596656Contributions of key researchers, such as:272
13778596633273
13778596560Binet274
13778596561Gardner275
13778596562Spearman276
13778596563Terman277
13778596564Weschler278
13778596634279
13778596657Key terms, such as:280
13778596565Savant syndrome281
13778596658Unit 12 - Abnormal Behavior (7-9%)282
13778596659Perspectives for understanding different disorders, such as:283
13778596635284
13778596566Biological285
13778596567Cognitive286
13778596568Learning (behavioral)287
13778596569Psychoanalytical288
13778596570Social (social-cognitive)289
13778596636290
13778596660Disorders and their symptoms, such as:291
13778596637292
13778596571Mood disorders293
13778596572Bipolar294
13778596573Major depressive disorder295
13778596574Anxiety disorders296
13778596575GAD297
13778596576OCD298
13778596577Panic disorder299
13778596578Phobias300
13778596579Dissociative disorders301
13778596580DID302
13778596581Somatoform disorders303
13778596582Conversion disorder304
13778596583Psychotic disorders305
13778596584Schizophrenia (positive and negative symptoms)306
13778596638307
13778596661Unit 13 - Treatment of Abnormal Behavior (5-7%)308
13778596662Perspectives for understanding different treatment options, such as309
13778596639310
13778596585Biological311
13778596586Cognitive312
13778596587Learning (behavioral)313
13778596588Psychoanalytical314
13778596589Social (social-cognitive)315
13778596640316
13778596663Specific therapy types/techniques and how they work, such as:317
13778596641318
13778596590Humanistic therapy characteristics319
13778596591Behavioral therapy types (based on principles of classical and operant conditioning)320
13778596592Cognitive therapy types321
13778596593Group therapy322
13778596594Biomedical, such as ECT323
13778596595Psychopharmacology (types of drugs and how they work)324
13778596642325
13778596664Unit 14 - Social Psychology (8-10%)326
13778596665Key terminology, such as:327
13778596643328
13778596596Altruism329
13778596597Bystander effect330
13778596598Companionate and passionate love331
13778596599Conformity332
13778596600Deindividuation333
13778596601Foot-in-the-door phenomenon334
13778596602GRIT335
13778596603Group norms336
13778596604Group polarization337
13778596605In-group and out-group biases338
13778596606Mere-exposure effect339
13778596607Normative and informational social influence340
13778596608Peripheral and central route persuasion341
13778596609Reciprocity norm342
13778596610Self-fulfilling prophesy343
13778596611Social-exchange theory344
13778596612Social facilitation345
13778596613Social loafing346
13778596666Superordinate goals347
13778596667Asch348
13778596614Milgram349
13778596615Zimbardo350

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!