Forensic ScienceForensic Science Flashcards
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| 8544085029 | Forensic Science | the applications to matters of science to law -As well as. . . The business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decisions makers in our criminal justice system. | 0 | |
| 8544085030 | Criminalistics | the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes This term is synomous with forensic science | 1 | |
| 8544085031 | Criminology | includes the physcological angle, studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence | 2 | |
| 8544085032 | Divisions of Crime Lab | **Physical Science Unit -chemistry -physics **Geology **Biology Unit(DNA) **Firearms Unit(tool mark) **Document Examination Unit **Photography Unit | 3 | |
| 8544085033 | Edmond Locard | **French professor **Considered the father of: criminalistics( understood the importance of nature in crime scenes and other cases.) **Built the world's first forensic laboratory in France in 1910 Exchange Principle Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, traces of each are exchanged. | 4 | |
| 8544085034 | Mathieu Orfila | Father of: toxicology, spainish medical proffessor who developed a test for identifying arsenic in the body | 5 | |
| 8544085035 | Alphonse Bertillon | Father of: criminal identification | 6 | |
| 8544085036 | Francis Galton | First to develop a method of: first to develop a method using fringerprints as a means of identification.4f | 7 | |
| 8544085037 | Dr. Karl Landsteiner | An Austrian physician that identified the A, B, AB, and O blood groups in 1901. | 8 | |
| 8544085038 | Rudolf Virchow | A German pathologist who standardized a way to preform autopsies one of two ways still used today. ** His cell theory, ("Omnis cellula e cellula") said that cells arise only from other cells. | 9 | |
| 8544085039 | Eugene Francois Vidocq | Considered the father of modern criminal investigation. Perhaps the greatest real life detective. He was a criminal that continually escaped from prison. Eventually, he was asked to lead a group of criminals that helped the police solve crimes. This group became the **Surete** which was the most effective police agency in all of France. | 10 | |
| 8544085040 | scientific method | 1. Observe a problem 2. Consider a hypothesis or possible solution. 3. Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence. 4. Determine the significance of the evidence. 5. Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the significance of the evidence | 11 | |
| 8544085041 | Recongnition | ability to distinguish important evidence from unrelated material(which doesn't belong) | 12 | |
| 8544085042 | Preservation | collection of evidence(properly clothed for the contamtination of other evidence) | 13 | |
| 8544085043 | Identification | use of scientific testing | 14 | |
| 8544085044 | Class | measured against those of know standards or controls; If all measurements are equal, then the two samples are considered to have come from the same source or origin.(can you group it?) | 15 | |
| 8544085045 | Individualization- | demonstrating that the sample is unique, even among members of the same class.(allows you to indenitfy the one contribuator or person) | 16 | |
| 8544085046 | Interpretation | gives meaning to all the information(meaning of the labs)(in the court) | 17 | |
| 8544085047 | Reconstruction | the case events( can be able to put the evidence in chronological order to present the evidence to a jury)(in the court) | 18 | |
| 8544085048 | direct evidence | eyewitness statements, confessions( not always the best because of biased) | 19 | |
| 8544085049 | Circumstantial | requires a indriect judegment or inference about what happened ***Circumstantial evidence is not absolute proof, but does provide a general idea of what happened. It may be more reliable than direct. Circumstantial is used in most cases. | 20 | |
| 8544085050 | Testimonial | also known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence( a statement made underoath that may be given) | 21 | |
| 8544085051 | Physical | any object or material that is relevant in a crime | 22 | |
| 8544085052 | Transient Evidence | temporary; easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene | 23 | |
| 8544085053 | Pattern Evidence | produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects; most are in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings fractures or deposits. -skid marks | 24 | |
| 8544085054 | Conditional Evidence | produced by a specific event or action; important in crime scene reconstruction and in determining the set of circumstances within a particular event **head light | 25 | |
| 8544085055 | Transfer of Evidence | produced by contact between person(s) or object(s), or between person(s) and object(s) | 26 | |
| 8544085056 | Associative Evidence- | items that may associated a victim or suspect with a scene or each other; ie, personal belongings | 27 | |
| 8544085057 | Class | common group of objects or persons -> blood type | 28 | |
| 8544085058 | Individual | can be identified with a particular person or source(can isolate to one and only source) -> blood dna | 29 | |
| 8544085059 | 1923 Frye v. United States | Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it was generallyaccepted by the scientific community. ****The Frye standard does not offer any guidance on reliability | 30 | |
| 8544085060 | 1993 Daubert v. Dow Admissibility is determined by: | ***Whether the theory or technique can be tested ***Whether the science has been offered for peer review ***Whether the rate of error is acceptable ***Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread ****acceptence(scientific community-can an indendenat lab concuct the same evidence support in another lab) ***Whether the opinion is relevant to the to the issue | 31 | |
| 8544085061 | probative | actually mean something | 32 | |
| 8544085062 | material | address an issue in this particular crime | 33 | |
| 8544085063 | Means— | person has the ability to do the crime | 34 | |
| 8544085064 | Motive | person has a reason to do the crime | 35 | |
| 8544085065 | Opportunity | person had the ability to be at the crime | 36 | |
| 8544085066 | first officer on the scene | A—assess the scene D—detain the witness ask them questions--details to write down A—arrest the perpetrator P—protect the crime scene—take out crime tape and shut of certain areas no matter how large T—take notes—compile data, including presenting any fragile evidence at the scene | 37 | |
| 8544085067 | Medicolegal death investigator- | representative from the medical examiner or coroner's office. Responsible for the body. | 38 | |
| 8544085068 | Police investigators | ideally, 5 respond to a scene. Police have jurisdiction of the crime scene. | 39 | |
| 8544085069 | Case Detective | -Document the crime scene -Interview the original or reporting patrol officer -Examine crime scene with crime scene investigator (CSI) -Pass on necessary info to assisting detectives | 40 | |
| 8544085070 | Homicide Supervisor | -Assign roles to the detectives -Arrange for necessary resources -Keep logs of assignments -Relay into to commanders | 41 | |
| 8544085071 | documentation for the crime scene | -notes -photographpy -sketches -videography | 42 | |
| 8544085072 | Link method | Based on the linage theory of Locard; one type of evidence leads to another; experiential, logical and systematic; most common and productive type used | 43 | |
| 8544085073 | Line or strip method- | best in large, outdoor scenes | 44 | |
| 8544085074 | Zone method- | most effective in houses or buildings; teams are assigned small zones for searching | 45 | |
| 8544085075 | Wheel or ray method | best on small, circular crime scenes | 46 | |
| 8544085076 | Spiral method- | may move inward or outward; best used where there are no physical barriers | 47 | |
| 8544085077 | grid method | basically a double-line search; effective, but time-consuming | 48 | |
| 8544085078 | Triangulation | uses two points at the crime scene to map each piece of evidence | 49 | |
| 8544085079 | Coordinate or grid- | divides the crime scene into squares for mapping. | 50 | |
| 8544085080 | Suspended Polar coordinate- | coordinate-for use in mapping evidence in a hole | 51 | |
| 8544085081 | Baseline | set a north/south line and measures each piece of evidence from this line. | 52 | |
| 8544085082 | Druggist Fold | is used with larger pieces of paper folded around larger items to hold trace evidence in place. These are then placed insider other containers such as paper bags, plastic bags, canisters, packets and envelopes depending on the type and size of the evidence. | 53 | |
| 8544085083 | chain of custody | A written record of all people who have had possession of an item of evidence. | 54 | |
| 8544085084 | K-9 programs | Narcotics--dogs that find illegal drugs Tracking--dogs that look for a fugitive or suspect that is would be near the crime scene Bomb detection--dogs that look for explosive devices Arson detection--dogs trained to detect various types of accelerants Search and rescue--dogs that look for people who are lost Body detector--dogs used in mass disasters Cadver--dogs trained to detect decomposition Human Remains Specialists--dogs that can detect any human remains. | 55 | |
| 8544085085 | Juan Vucetich | an Argentinian police officer, researched the science of fingerprints, corresponded with Galton, then devised his own system of fingerprint classification. | 56 | |
| 8544085086 | Sir Edward Henry | He devised a workable classification system for fingerprints | 57 | |
| 8544085087 | The Bertillon System | developed the first truly organized system of identifying individuals in 1883. He believed that everyone could be distinguished from one another by key measurements of their body. These measurements became known as berillonage. | 58 | |
| 8544085088 | Thomas Jennings | The first person convicted in the US on fingerprint evidence. | 59 | |
| 8544085089 | Brandon Mayfield | A lawyer and convert of Muslim, was held for two weeks before the Spanish investigation revealed that the print instead belonged to Algerian, Ouhnane Daoud. | 60 | |
| 8544085090 | Dactylosocopy | the study of fingerprints | 61 | |
| 8544085091 |  | 62 | ||
| 8544085092 | Fingerprint characteristics | | 63 | |
| 8544085093 | Arch fingerprint | They do NOT have type delta or cores |  | 64 |
| 8544085094 | arch tented arch | tented arch |  | 65 |
| 8544085095 | Loop fingerprint | Radial --opens toward the thumb Ulnar --opens toward the "pinky" (little finger) ***Loops must have one delta or one core**. |  | 66 |
| 8544085096 | Plain Whorl | This print has 2 delta's and therefore it is a whorl |  | 67 |
| 8544085097 | Double loop whorl |  | 68 | |
| 8544085098 | accidental whorl |  | 69 | |
| 8544085099 | Primary Identification Numbers fingerprinting |  | 70 | |
| 8544085100 | comparison | Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. | 71 | |
| 8544085101 | IAFIS | The Automated Fingerprint Identification System--a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints | 72 | |
| 8544085102 | visible fingerprints | Made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink. |  | 73 |
| 8544085103 | Plastic Prints | Ridge impressions left on a soft material such as putty, wax, soap, or dust. |  | 74 |
| 8544085104 | Latent Prints | are those that are "hidden" and are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist only of the natural secretions of human skin and require treatment to cause them to become visible. | 75 | |
| 8544085105 | Lifting latent prints | powders, iodine,Ninhydrin,sliver nitrate, cyanoacrylate | 76 | |
| 8544085106 | powders | adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast the background. | 77 | |
| 8544085107 | Iodine | --fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow brown reaction. Iodine crystals sublime (go directly from solid to vapor). | 78 | |
| 8544085108 | Ninhydrin | --reacts with amino acids to produce a purple reaction.(works good with paper and styrofoam and takes a couple days and must be a little moist) | 79 | |
| 8544085109 | Silver nitrate | Silver nitrate--react with chlorides to form silver chloride, a material which turns gray when exposed to light.(does a lot of damage and should not be first choice) | 80 | |
| 8544085110 | Cyanoacrylate | - "super glue" fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit.(used on irregular surfaces) | 81 | |
| 8544085111 | palm | lines can be identified and may be used against suspects | 82 | |
| 8544085112 | footprints | are taken at birth as a means of identification | 83 | |
| 8544085113 | accidentals | are marks made on the soles of the shoes that would make the print unique | 84 | |
| 8544085114 | biometrics | *Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. --controls entry or access to computers or other structures; identifies persons for security; helps prevent identity theft or controls social services fraud | 85 | |
| 8544085115 | Five Prongs of Daubert | -Testability -General Acceptence -General Review -Known or Potential ErrorRate -Maintenance of Standard & Controls | 86 | |
| 8544085116 | testability | A critical evaluation process that supports or refutes a hypothesis | 87 | |
| 8544085117 | types of handguns | -revolvers -pistols | 88 | |
| 8544085118 | types of Shoulder guns | -Rifles -Shot Guns | 89 | |
| 8544085119 | tool | The harder of two objects that comes into forceful contact with one another, resulting in the softer object being marked | 90 | |
| 8544085120 | tool mark | Features imparted on an object by the contact and force exerted from a tool. -impressed -striated | 91 | |
| 8544085121 | impressed tool mark | Features produced when a tool contacts an object with enough compressive force that it leaves an impression. |  | 92 |
| 8544085122 | Parts of a handgun |  | 93 | |
| 8544085123 | striated toolmark | Features produced when a tool contacts an object with lateral force and motion. |  | 94 |
| 8544085124 | caliber | Caliber is the diameter of the bullet, specifically the projectile, commonly called the slug. | 95 | |
| 8544085125 | class characteristics | General and/or measurable features of a specimen which indicate a Restricted group source. They result from design factors, and are therefore determined prior to manufacture. | 96 | |
| 8544085126 | Individual Characteristics | Marks or features produced by the random imperfections or irregularities of tool surfaces. These characteristics can be used to individually associate a tool to a toolmark. -from abuse -wear from use also | 97 | |
| 8544085127 | Range of conclusions for identifying firearms | -identification -inconclusive -elimination | 98 | |
| 8544085128 | identification | If the quality and character of the toolmark have sufficient detail, can be concluded based on the correspondence of individual characteristics | 99 | |
| 8544085129 | inconclusive | If the quality and character of the toolmark are lacking, an examiner may not be able to make an identification or elimination. | 100 | |
| 8544085130 | elimination | -lack of characteristics -If disagreement in individual characteristics of an exceptional nature exists, an elimination conclusion may be the appropriate response. | 101 | |
| 8544085131 | Daubert Decision | -is Testable -is Generally Accepted -is Peer Reviewed -has Known Error Rates maintains Standards & Controls | 102 |
