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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13826575802	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13826575803	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13826575804	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13826575805	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13826575806	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13826575807	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13826575808	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13826575809	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13826575810	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13826575811	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13826575812	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13826575813	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13826575814	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13826575815	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13826575816	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13826575817	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13826575818	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13826575819	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13826575820	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13826575821	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13826575822	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13826575823	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13826575824	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13826575825	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13826575826	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13826575827	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13826575828	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13826575829	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13826575830	theory	general idea being tested	28
13826575831	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13826575832	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13826575833	mode	appears the most	31
13826575834	mean	average	32
13826575835	median	middle	33
13826575836	range	highest - lowest	34
13826575837	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13826575838	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13826575839	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13826575840	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13826575841	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13826575842	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13826575843	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13826575844	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13826576036	neuron		43
13826575845	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13826575846	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13826575847	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13826575848	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13826575849	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13826575850	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13826575851	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13826575852	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13826575853	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13826575854	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13826575855	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13826575856	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13826575857	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13826575858	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13826575859	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13826575860	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13826575861	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13826575862	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13826575863	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13826575864	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13826575865	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13826575866	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13826575867	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13826575868	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13826575869	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13826575870	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13826575871	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13826575872	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13826575873	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13826575874	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13826575875	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13826575876	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13826575877	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13826575878	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13826575879	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13826575880	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13826575881	occipital lobe	vision	80
13826575882	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13826575883	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13826575884	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13826575885	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13826575886	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13826575887	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13826575888	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13826575889	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13826575890	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13826575891	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13826575892	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13826575893	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13826575894	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13826575895	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13826575896	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13826575897	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13826575898	rods	night time	97
13826575899	cones	color	98
13826575900	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13826575901	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13826575902	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13826575903	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13826575904	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13826575905	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13826575906	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13826575907	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13826575908	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13826575909	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13826575910	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13826575911	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13826575912	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13826575913	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13826575914	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13826575915	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13826575916	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13826575917	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13826575918	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13826575919	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13826575920	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13826575921	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13826575922	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13826575923	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13826575924	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13826575925	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13826575926	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13826575927	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13826575928	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13826575929	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13826575930	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13826575931	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13826575932	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13826575933	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13826575934	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13826575935	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13826575936	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13826575937	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13826575938	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13826575939	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13826575940	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13826575941	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13826575942	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13826575943	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13826575944	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13826575945	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13826575946	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13826575947	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13826575948	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13826575949	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13826575950	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13826575951	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13826575952	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13826575953	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13826575954	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13826575955	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13826575956	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13826575957	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13826575958	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13826575959	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13826575960	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13826575961	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13826575962	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13826575963	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13826575964	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13826575965	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13826575966	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13826575967	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13826575968	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13826575969	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13826575970	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13826575971	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13826575972	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13826575973	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13826575974	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13826575975	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13826575976	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13826575977	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13826575978	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13826575979	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13826575980	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13826575981	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13826575982	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13826575983	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13826575984	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13826575985	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13826575986	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13826575987	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13826575988	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13826575989	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13826575990	encoding	information going in	189
13826575991	storage	keeping information in	190
13826575992	retrieval	taking information out	191
13826575993	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13826575994	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13826575995	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13826575996	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13826575997	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13826575998	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13826575999	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13826576000	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13826576001	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13826576002	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13826576003	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13826576004	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13826576005	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13826576006	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13826576007	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13826576008	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13826576009	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13826576010	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13826576011	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13826576012	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13826576013	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13826576014	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13826576015	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13826576016	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13826576017	context	environment helps with memory	216
13826576018	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13826576019	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13826576020	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13826576021	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13826576022	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13826576023	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13826576024	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13826576025	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13826576026	prototypes	generalize	225
13826576027	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13826576028	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13826576029	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13826576030	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13826576031	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13826576032	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13826576033	grammar is _________	universal	232
13826576034	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13826576035	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology- Unit 11 Flashcards

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8564963487	reification	viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing.	0
8564963488	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.	1
8564963489	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations)	2
8564963490	general intelligence (g)	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.	3
8564963491	Thurston's primary mental abilities	our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.	4
8564963492	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	5
8564963493	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.	6
8564963494	Gardner's Eight Intelligences	linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), naturalist (p. 525)	7
8564963495	Sternberg's Three Intelligences	analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence	8
8564963496	emotional intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.	9
8564963497	neural plasticity	ability during childhood and adolescence to adapt and grow neural connections in response to their environment.	10
8564963498	Francis Galton	English scientist with a fascination of measuring human traits. When his cousin Charles Darwin proposed that nature selects successful traits through the survival of the fittest, Galton wondered if it might be possible to measure "natural ability" and to encourage those of high ability to mate with one another. His quest failed, but he gave us the technique of nature vs. nature. (	11
8564963499	Alfred Binet	With his collaborator, Théodore Simon, they began by assuming that all children follow the same course of intellectual development but that some develop more rapidly. On tests, therefore, a "dull" child should perform as does a typical younger child, and a "bright" child as does a typical older child. Thus, their goal became measuring each child's mental age.	12
8564963500	mental age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.	13
8564963501	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.	14
8564963502	intelligence quotient (IQ)	defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.	15
8564963503	eugenics	a much-criticized nineteenth-century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce.	16
8564963504	achievement tests	tests designed to assess what a person has learned.	17
8564963505	aptitude tests	tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.	18
8564963506	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.	19
8564963507	standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.	20
8564963508	normal curve	(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	21
8564963509	reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.	22
8564963510	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	23
8564963511	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.	24
8564963512	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)	25
8564963513	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	26
8564963514	The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age.	By age 4, scores fluctuate somewhat but begin to predict adolescent and adult scores. At about age 7, scores become fairly stable and consistent.	27
8564963515	intellectual disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.	28
8564963516	down syndrome	a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	29
8564963517	ethnic similarities and differences	Racial groups differ in their average intelligence test scores. High-scoring people (and groups) are more likely to attain high levels of education and income.	30
8564963518	stereotype threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.	31

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ap gov Flashcards

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13837360374	McCulloh v. Maryland	Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on national bank. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay the tax. Decision- Supremacy clause established, federal government is supreme over the states. Necessary and Proper Clause (Article 1, Section 8) gave Fed right to make the bank. States don't have the power to interfere with National Govt.	0
13837360375	United States v. Lopez	Alfonzo Lopez, a 12th grade high school student, carried a concealed weapon into his San Antonio, Texas high school. Federal agents charged Lopez with violating a federal criminal statute, the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. Decision- The Commerce Clause of the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8) does not give Congress the power to prohibit mere possession of a gun near a school	1
13837360376	Engel v. Vitale	The New York State Board of Regents authorized a short, voluntary prayer for recitation at the start of each school day. A group of organizations joined forces in challenging the prayer. Decision-State officials violated the First Amendment prohibition on the establishment of religion	2
13837360377	Wisconsin v. Yoder	Three Amish parents refused to send their children school after the eighth grade, arguing that high school attendance was contrary to their religious beliefs. Decision- Requiring Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the free exercise clause of the First Amendment	3
13837360378	Tinker v. Des Moines	Students wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War Decision- Armbands are symbolic speeches protected by the First Amendment right to freedom of speech	4
13837360379	New York Times Co. v. United States	Nixon Administration attempted to prevent the New York Times and Washington Post from publishing materials belonging to a classified Defense Department study regarding the history of United States activities in Vietnam. The President argued that prior restraint was necessary to protect national security. Decision- First Amendment gave the freedom of press	5
13837360380	Schenck v. United States	During World War I, socialists Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer distributed leaflets declaring that the draft violated the Thirteenth Amendment prohibition against involuntary servitude. The leaflets urged the public to disobey the draft Decision- Speech creating "clear and present danger" is NOT protected by the First Amendment Freedom of Speech	6
13837360381	Gideon v. Wainwright	Clarence Earl Gideon was charged with felony breaking and entering. When he appeared in court without a lawyer, Gideon requested that the court appoint one for him, but the trial court did not appoint one. Decision- Right to an attorney for the poor is protected by the Sixth Amendment	7
13837360382	Roe v. Wade	Roe, a Texas resident, sought to terminate her pregnancy by abortion. Texas law prohibited abortions except to save the pregnant woman's life. Decision- Extended the 14th Amendment right to privacy to cover a woman's decision to have an abortion	8
13837360383	McDonald v. Chicago	Chicago laws prohibited private gun ownership within city limits, Otis McDonald sues Decision- Incorporated the Second Amendment right to bear arms for self defense to the states	9
13837360384	Brown v. Board of Education	African American students had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. Decision- Race-based school segregation violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment; overturned "separate but equal" ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson	10
13837360385	Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission	Citizens United sought out against the FEC who wanted to prevent Citizens United from advertising their movie "Hillary: The Movie" under the BCRA Decision-Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is protected speech under the First Amendment	11
13837360386	Baker v. Carr	Charles W. Baker and other Tennessee citizens alleged that a 1901 law designed to apportion the seats for the state's General Assembly was virtually ignored. Baker's suit detailed how Tennessee's reapportionment efforts ignored significant economic growth and population shifts within the state. Decision- One man one vote; created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state. The Court ruled that state reapportionment claims are viable in federal court - 14th amendment equal protection clause issues merited judicial evaluation	12
13837360387	Shaw v. Reno	North Carolina established strangely shaped, black-only legislative districts. Decision- reapportionment must be conscious of race and ensure compliance, equal protection clause	13
13837360388	Marbury v. Madison	Outgoing president Adams nominated Marbury to judgeship, confirmed by senate on his last day of office. Incoming president Jefferson did not honor the nomination Decision-the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 enabling Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional Established Judicial Review (Supreme Court has the final say in the law)	14
13837360411	Preamble	establishes purposes of the Constitution	15
13837360412	Article I	Legislative Branch	16
13837360413	Article II	Executive Branch	17
13837360414	Article III	Judicial Branch	18
13837360415	Article IV	Federalism	19
13837360416	Article V	amending the Constitution	20
13837360417	Article VI	supremacy of the Constitution	21
13837360418	Article VII	ratification procedure	22
13837360419	Bill of Rights	amendments 1-10	23
13837360420	Amendment 1	freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and right to petition gov	24
13837360421	Amendment 2	right to bear arms	25
13837360422	Amendment 3	gov may not require ppl to house soldiers during peacetime	26
13837360423	Amendment 4	prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures	27
13837360424	Amendment 5	right when accused, "due process clause"; declares that no one may be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law	28
13837360425	Amendment 6	right to trial by jury in criminal cases	29
13837360426	Amendment 7	right to trial by jury in most civil cases or common-law suits	30
13837360427	Amendment 8	prohibits cruel and unusual punishments; bail	31
13837360428	Amendment 9	rights not mentioned in Constitution belong to the ppl; unenumerated rights protected	32
13837360429	Amendment 10	powers not given to national gov belong to states or to ppl; powers reserved for the states	33
13837360430	Supremacy Clause	1. U.S. Constitution 2. Acts of Congress/Treaties 3. State Constitutions 4. State Statutes 5. City and County Charters/Ordinances	34
13837360431	Elastic Clause	-Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18 -states that Congress can make all laws "necessary and proper" for carrying out tasks listed in Constitution	35
13837360432	Checks and Balances	-system in which no branch of federal gov has more power than the others -each branch is checked by the other two	36
13837360436	Delegated Powers (examples)	-maintain army and navy -declare war -coin money -regulate trade between states and with foreign nations -make all laws necessary for carrying out delegated powers	37
13837360437	Reserved Powers(examples)	-conduct elections -establish schools -regulate businesses within a state -establish local gov -regulate marriages -assume other powers not given to the federal gov or denied to states	38
13837360438	Concurrent Powers(examples)	-enforce laws -establish courts -borrow money -protect safety of people -build roads -collect taxes	39
13837360439	Expressed Powers of Congress	-explicitly said in Constitution ---Peace Powers ---War Powers	40
13837360440	Implied Powers of Congress	-not explicitly said in Constitution	41
13837360389	Republicanism	A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws	42
13837360390	Census	the official count of a population	43
13837360391	appeal	To ask a higher court to review the decision and determine if justice was done	44
13837360392	amendment 15	Gave any man of color the right to vote	45
13837360393	amendment 19	Gave women the right to vote	46
13837360394	Declaration of Independence	-Thomas Jefferson -Writing for freedom and putting life in danger -Colonist of America want their freedom and give numerous examples of the king violating their freedoms -Gave power to the ppl for govt control	47
13837360395	Articles of Confederation	-Ben Franklin and 13 Colonies -Not Bias -Established the functions of the new US national and state govt from 1777-1781 -Encourages coordination and cooperation b/w different states	48
13837360396	Brutus 1	-Group of Anti Federalist authors -anti federalist, weak central govt, opposed constitution -Govt will become too powerful if the constitution is ratified -ppl wont get their liberties bc of strong central govt	49
13837360397	Federalist 51	-James Madison -Federalist, strong central govt -Checks and balances and seperation of powers is vital to the govt -Congress divided into 2 parts, to prevent fm becoming too powerful	50
13837360398	Federalist 10	-James Madison -Federalist, strong central govt -US constitution deals with the threat of factions -Inevitable but can be controlled	51
13837360399	Federalist 70	-Alexander Hamilton -Federalist, strong central govt -Its best to have a strong, powerful president leading the country -Powerful president best protects liberty against factions and anarchist	52
13837360400	Federalist 78	-Alexander Hamilton -Federalist, strong central govt - Power of judicial review. Federal courts have the duty to determine where acts of congress are constitutional or not -Citizens insured bill of rights freedoms	53
13837360401	Letter from Birmingham Jail	-MLK -Fighting for rights -Segregation violated constitution bc it went against the ideal that all citizens are treated equal -Powerful wording imagery	54
13837360402	delegate powers of congress	Power to tax, borrow money, regulate currency and commerce, declare war,	55
13837360403	delegate powers of president	Commander in Chief, grant pardons, make treaties, appoint govt officials, sign/ veto legislation, state of union	56
13837360441	delegate powers of judiciary	-to determine if all laws made by Congress and President are constitutional, final authority on the interpretation of the Constitution, final authority on federal cases	57
13837360404	amendment 14	rights of citizens: 1)all persons born in the united states are granted citizenship, 2) no state can deny any person the equal protection of the laws, 3)no state can deny any person life, liberty, property without due process of law	58
13837360405	amendment 16	Gave Congress power to collect taxes on income	59
13837360406	amendment 24	Abolition of poll taxes	60
13837360407	amendment 26	Voting Age Set to 18 Years	61
13837360408	bully pulpit	a conspicuous position that provides an opportunity to speak out and be listened to	62
13837360409	electoral college	a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.	63
13837922483	speaker of the house	elected by the majority party, third in line of succession, assigns bills to committees	64
13837937323	majority leader	The legislative leader selected by the majority party who helps plan party strategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.	65
13837948292	majority whip	responsible for party discipline, keeping members "in line" and generally enforcing "proper" party behavior	66
13837968950	minority leader/ minority whip	same as majority positions but elected by minority party	67
13838015910	President Pro Tempore	ceremonial title, presides when the vice president is unavailable, otherwise same power as any other senator	68
13838126127	taxation	the levying of tax	69
13838140911	bi-partisan	both political parties working together	70
13858162812	Equal Protection Clause	14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination	71
13858162813	Due Process Clause	14th amendment clause stating that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law	72
13864183392	delegated powers	Those powers, expressed, implied, or inherent, granted to the National Government stated in the constitution	73
13864193969	concurrent powers	powers shared by the national and state governments	74
13864196153	reserved powers	Powers given to the state government alone	75

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AP Psychology RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP

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13949265152	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it	0
13949265153	Double Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies	1
13949265154	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied	2
13949265155	Dependent Variables	The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable	3
13949265156	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution	4
13949265157	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores	5
13949265158	Median	The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it	6
13949265159	Standard Deviations	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score	7
13949265160	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups	8
13949265161	Random Sampling	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion	9
13949265162	Scatter plot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation	10
13949265163	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists	11
13949265164	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	12
13949265165	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	13
13949265166	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	14
13949265167	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1	15
13949265168	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable	16
13949265169	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances	17
13949265170	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance	18
13949265171	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures.	19
13949265172	Critical Thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	20
13949265173	Theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations	21
13949265174	Hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory	22
13949265175	Population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study	23
13949265176	Sample	items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population	24
13949265177	Correlation Coefficient	a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)	25
13949265178	Placebo	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	26
13949265179	Placebo Effect	any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo	27
13949265180	Experimental Group	in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	28
13949265181	Control Group	in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	29
13949265182	Confounding Variable	a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	30
13949265183	Range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution	31
13949265184	Normal Curve/distribution	a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes	32
13949265185	Inferential Statistics	numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance	33
13949265186	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	34
13949265187	Informed Consent	an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate	35
13949265188	Debriefing	the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants	36
13949265189	Kenneth and Mamie Clark	Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.	37
13949265190	Daniel Kahneman	an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology.	38
13949265191	longitudinal study	researchers follow the same subjects over an extended period of time.	39
13949265192	Amos Tversky	A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias	40
13949265193	confirmation bias	experimenter might consciously or unconsciously look to confirm what they already believe about their hypothesis	41
13949265194	Null hypothesis	Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis.	42
13949265195	confidentiality	researchers may not release or publish the names of anyone participating in the experiment.	43
13949265196	protection of participants	All participants are protected from physical mental and emotional harm.	44
13949265197	Right to discontinue	Participants have the right to end their participation during any phase of an experiment.	45
13949265198	minimum of deception	Researchers have an obligation to avoid deceiving participants whenever possible.	46
13949265199	framing	the way questions are worded can dramatically impact the results of your survey.	47
13949265200	Descriptive Statistics	describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.	48
13949265207	Skewed distribution to the left		49
13949265208	Skewed distribution to the right		50
13949265201	variance	measures how far a data set is spread out. The technical definition is "The average of the squared differences from the mean."	51
13949265202	Mary Whiton Calkins	Denied a PhD by Harvard though she met the doctoral requirements, but later became first female president of the APA.	52
13949265203	Margaret Floy Washburn	First woman to receive a PhD in psychology. Later became the 2nd female president of the APA.	53
13949265204	Francis Sumner	First African American man to receive a PhD in psychology in 1920.	54
13949265205	Inez Prosser	First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology in 1933.	55
13949265206	Edward Titchener	Studied with Wilhelm Wundt prior to becoming a psychology professor. His ideas created the basis for a school of thought called structuralism.	56

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AP Psychology Biology of Psychology Flashcards

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13490603579	Action potential	A neural impulse: a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon, The action potential is generated by the movement of positively changed atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.	0
13490603580	Adrenal glands	A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.	1
13490603581	Amygdala	Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion.	2
13490603582	Antagonist	Inhibit neural impulses by blocking receptor sites or diminishing their release.	3
13490603583	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	4
13490603584	Autonomic nervous system	The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses: its parasympathetic division calms.	5
13490603585	Axon	The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons of to muscles or glands.	6
13490603586	Biopsychology (biological psychology)	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior genetics, physiological psychologists, or bio-psychologists.)	7
13490603587	Behavioral genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetic ad environmental influences on behavior.	8
13490603588	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull: the brain-stem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	9
13490603589	Central nervous system (CNS)	The brain and spinal cord.	10
13490603590	Cerebellum	The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brain-stem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.	11
13490603591	Cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres: the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	12
13490603592	Corpus callosum	The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	13
13490603593	Dendrites	The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	14
13490603594	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	15
13490603595	Endocrine system	The body's 'slow" chemical communication system:set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	16
13490603596	Endorphins	"Morphine within"-natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to plain control and to pleasure.	17
13490603597	Forebrain	The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including he thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.	18
13490603598	Glial call	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protects neurons.	19
13490603599	Hindbrain	Includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain-stem, the medulla and pons.	20
13490603600	Hormones	Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and effect another.	21
13490603601	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus: is directs several maintenance activities (eating,drinking,body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.	22
13490603602	Interneurons	Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	23
13490603603	Lesioning	Tissue destruction, a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	24
13490603604	Limbic system	A doughnut-shaped system of neuronal structures at the border of the brain-stem and cerebral hemispheres: associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and dives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.	25
13490603605	(MRI) Magnetic resonance imaging	A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues: allows us to see structures within the brain.	26
13490603606	Medulla	The base of the brain-stem: controls heartbeat and breathing.	27
13490603607	FMRI) Functional MRI	A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain actity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy: FMRI scans show brain function.	28
13490603608	Midbrain	The segment of the brain-stem that lies between the hindbrian and forebrain.	29
13490603609	Myelin sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers pf many neurons: enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	30
13490603610	Nerves	Neural "cables' containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	31
13490603611	Neural networks	Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer stimulation's or neural networks show analogous learning.	32
13490603612	Neuron	A nerve cell: the basic building block of the nervous system	33
13490603613	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing weather that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	34
13490603614	Parasympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.	35
13490603615	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.	36
13490603616	Pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Master gland	37
13490603617	Plasticity	The brain's capacity for modification, s evidence in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experiments on brain development.	38
13490603618	(PET) Positron emission tomography	A visual display of the brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	39
13490603619	Reflex	A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.	40
13490603620	Resting potential	Neuron is in its normal, resting state. Ions within the cell give the axon a small negative charge, fluid outside is positive charged.	41
13490603621	Reticular Formation	A nerve network in the brain-stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	42
13490603622	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.	43
13490603623	sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	44
13490603624	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.	45
13490603625	Synapse cleft	The gap at the junction of the synapse.	46
13490603626	Terminal buttons	Enlarged area at the end of the axon; contains the synaptic vesicle.	47
13490603627	Thalamus	The brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain-stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.	48
13490603628	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	49
13490603629	motor neurons	a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland.	50
13490603630	Broca's Area	part of the brain that is responsible for speech production	51
13490603631	wernicke's area	part of the brain that is responsible for understanding spoken language	52
13490603632	split brain patients	corpus collosum is severed, two hemispheres of the brain don't communicate as effectively	53
13490603633	afferent neurons	carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.	54
13490603634	efferent neurons	Neurons that send impulses from the central nervous system to your limbs and organs	55
13490603635	occipital lobe	The occiptial lobe is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing.	56
13490603636	temporal lobe	mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening.	57
13490603637	parietal lobe	processes sensory information	58
13490603638	absolute refractory period	the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no matter how great a stimulus is applied	59
13490603639	all or none principle	states that the strength of a response of a neuron or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a stimulus is above a certain threshold, a neuron or muscle fiber will fire.	60
13490603640	Sir Francis Gaulton	According to this psychologist traits were inherited. He did early studies on intelligence and introduced the field of Inheritable traits	61
13490603641	Homozygous	same gene (allele types) on both chromosomes	62
13490603642	Heterozygous	different genes (allele types) on chromosomes	63
13490603643	cell body	life support center of the neuron	64
13490603644	synapse	the gap between two neurons were nuerotransmitters are released	65
13490603645	Fight or Flight	activated by the Sympathetic Nervous system. When a person is "aroused" pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase to prepare body for action	66
13490603646	Rest and Digest	activated by the Parasympathetic, calms the body	67
13490603647	Pons	this structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum and releases chemicals for sleep and regulates brain activity during sleep	68
13490603648	Hippocampus	structure that helps forming long term memories and spatial memories	69
13490603649	Frontal Lobe	Lobe chiefly associated with cognition, memory, personality, judgment, and problem solving	70

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APES Math Formulas Flashcards

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13832283146	population density	Population ____________________ area	0
13832287261	Birth/death rate	# of births or deaths per year -------------------------------- Total population	1
13832296657	Crude birth/death rate	multiply the rate by 1,000 example: 23,452 births ----------------- = 0.025 = 2.5% birth rate 942,721 people 25 = crude birth rate	2
13832329669	r (growth rate) - from crude figures	crude births - crude deaths -------------------------------- = r 10 (we divide by 10 because we multiplied by 1000 to get the crude rate - this makes it the same as multiplying by 100 which give us the percent)	3
13832356718	r (growth rate) - from actual population numbers	births - deaths ---------------- = r (or multiply by 100 to express as r%) total pop.	4
13832377559	r (growth rate) - from crude figures including I and E	(CBR + I) - (CDR + E) ----------------------- = r (or multiply by 100 for r%) 10	5
13832398271	r (growth rate) - from actual population numbers including I and E	(Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration) ------------------------------------------------- = r total pop. *(multiple r by 100 for r%)	6
13832406061	Doubling time (rule of 70)	70 0.7 ------------------- OR --------------- r (in percent form) r (in decimal form)	7
13832449068	Percent change	new - old ----------- x 100% old *remember NOO	8
13832457732	Net Primary Productivity	NPP = Gross Primary Productivity - Respiration OR NPP = GPP - R *Remember, if you get stuck in a NET you would say GRR	9
13832487985	Trophic levels	90% of energy/biomass is lost as you move up a trophic level OR 10% of energy is passed onto the next trophic level	10
13832503501	Density	mass ------ volume	11
13832518113	pH scale	1 # decrease on scale = 10x H+ (acidity) Example: A solution with pH of 2 has 1000 times more H+ ions than a solution with a pH of 5. This is because 5-2 = 3. So three tens multiplied = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000	12
13832528908	half-life	length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay	13
13832537720	Watts	Joules ------- second	14
13832817343	kWh (kilowatt hour)	Usually, we combine kW and h to get kWh. Your electricity bill is in kWh. Example: A TV uses 200 watts and runs for 6 hours. This is 1200Wh OR 1.2kWh.	15

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APES Ch 19 Flashcards

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13476995914	global climate change	changes in the average weather that occurs in an area over a period of years of decades	0
13476995915	global warming	the warming of the oceans, land masses, and atmosphere of the earth	1
13476995916	greenhouse effect	absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases and reradiation of the energy back to Earth	2
13476995936	greenhouse effect picture		3
13476995917	global change affects	rising sea levels, more fossil fuel extraction, more contamination, biogeochemical cycle altered, less biodiversity, emerging infectious diseases, overharvesting/ exploitation of plants and animals	4
13476995918	global climate change affects	more storm intensity, altered patterns of ocean circulation	5
13476995919	global warming affects	the warming of the oceans, land masses, and atmosphere of the earth, increased heat waves, reduced cold spells	6
13476995920	greenhouse warming potential	an estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to global warming over a period of 100 years relative to the molecule of CO2	7
13476995921	greenhouse warming potential calculation	calculated by the amount of infrared energy that a given gas can absorb and how long the molecule of gas can persist in the atmosphere	8
13476995922	Charles David Keeling	the first person to properly measure CO2, tested the levels of CO2 throughout the year and saw a change in seasonal concentrations	9
13476995923	Kyoto protocol	an international agreement that sets a goal for global emissions of greenhouse gases from all industrial countries to be reduced by 5.2% below their 1990 levels by 2012	10
13476995924	ocean acidification	the process by which an increase in ocean temperatures causes more CO2 to be converted to carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the water and makes it more acidic	11
13476995925	ocean acidification (positive feedback loop)	it would still happen if CO2 wasn't a greenhouse gas, but warmer oceans absorb less CO2, therefore more CO2 ends up in the atmosphere and causes more global warming which causes oceans to warm in a continuous positive feedback loop	12
13476995926	carbon sequestration	an approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere	13
13476995927	methane natural source	comes from termite mounds and wetlands	14
13476995928	water vapor natural source	comes from trees through transpiration and wetlands	15
13476995929	nitrous oxides natural source	comes from wetlands and fire burning forests	16
13476995930	CO2 natural source	comes from termite mounds, wetlands, trees, and fire burning forests	17
13476995931	methane anthropogenic source	energy production and combustion, livestock digestion	18
13476995932	nitrous oxides anthropogenic source	most from agricultural soils (in fertilizers)	19
13476995933	CO2 anthropogenic source	combustion to generate electricity, for transportation, for homes and businesses, industrial processes	20
13476995934	water vapor	not a big greenhouse gas because it doesn't last long in the atmosphere and humans don't influence it much	21

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AP Gov Foundational Documents Flashcards

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12427505668	Federalist No. 10 (James Madison)	Political factions are undesirable but inevitable; factions need to be controlled and that would happens better in a large republic	0
12427505669	Federalist No. 51 (James Madison)	People in power will always try to become more powerful; separation of powers with checks and balances will preserve a limited government; "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition"	1
12427505670	Brutus No. 1	Antifederalist paper; the Constitution would create a federal government that would "possess absolute and uncontrollable power..." because of the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Supremacy Clause	2
12427505671	Federalist No. 70	Hamilton argued for a unitary executive (one person-not a counsel) to lead the executive branch for both "energy and safety" [good government, efficiency, and national security]	3
12427505672	Federalist No. 78	discusses the merits of life tenure and the power of judicial review; argues that the federal courts have the duty to determine whether acts of Congress are unconstitutional	4
12427505673	Letter from a Birmingham Jail	Open letter from Martin Luther King Jr. that defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism	5

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