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AP REVIEW Flashcards

13949086249	adaptation	characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments	0
13949102676	adaptative radiation	emergence of numerous species from single common ancestor introduced into an environment	1
13949105548	allele	different forms of a gene	2
13949108015	allopatric speciation	the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another	3
13949113534	analogous structures	similarities among unrelated species that result from convergent evolution	4
13949117534	antibiotic resistance	the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic	5
13949117535	artificial selection	selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring	6
13949119906	bottleneck effect	a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size	7
13949122875	cladogram	a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species	8
13949124929	clade	group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants	9
13949127163	common ancestor	the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved	10
13949131798	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	11
13949134774	directional selection	occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait	12
13949137805	disruptive selection	form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle	13
13949145703	divergent evolution	when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time	14
13949145704	emigration	movement of individuals out of an area	15
13949149512	evolution	descent with modification, change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation	16
13949154590	fertility	the production of offspring within a population	17
13949157155	founder effect	change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population	18
13949159014	gene flow	movement of alleles from one population to another	19
13949162486	gene pool	all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time	20
13949164877	genetic drift	random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations	21
13949167395	homologous structures	similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor	22
13949170374	hybrid	offspring that result from an interspecific mating	23
13949188237	immigration	migration to a new location	24
13949190802	isolation types	pre-zygotic includes sexual, geographic, ecological, behavioral, temporal, and mechanical & post-zygotic includes hybrid sterility, hybrid inviability, zygote mortality	25
13949199327	limited resources	the condition of there not being enough resources to fulfill all wants and needs	26
13949202616	mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to a change	27
13949205985	natural selection	individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits	28
13949210438	outgroup	generally, any group that one does not belong to	29
13949212697	phenotype	physical characteristics of an organism	30
13949218456	phylogenetic tree	diagram showing evolutionary relationships of organisms with a common ancestor; resembles a tree	31
13949218457	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	32
13949222000	protobiont	a collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure	33
13949224133	random mating	no selective mating in which animals choose mate depending on phenotype	34
13949227197	reproductive isolation	separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species	35
13949234612	serial endosymbiosis	supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events	36
13949236893	sexual selection	individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	37
13949243198	speciation	the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution	38
13949245571	species	a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	39
13949245572	stabilizing selection	form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end	40
13949251076	sterility	the inability to reproduce	41
13949251077	sympatric speciation	the formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area	42
13949256328	variation	differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs	43
13949258342	vestigial organs	organ that serves no useful function in an organism	44
13949261001	viability	ability to exist	45
13949312814	anabolic reactions	build up large chemicals and require energy	46
13949320270	apomixis	asexual production of seeds	47
13949324792	asexual reproduction	process by which a single parent reproduces by itself	48
13949327561	adenosine triphosphate	atp	49
13949330436	atp synthase	large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP	50
13949334281	binary fission	a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size	51
13949338743	biotic	living	52
13949338744	budding	a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent	53
13949340919	calvin cycle	reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars (light-independent)	54
13949349507	catabolic reactions	break down large chemicals and release energy	55
13949352935	chemiosmosis	a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme	56
13949355682	chloroplast	organelle found in cells of plants that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy	57
13949358592	community	all the different populations that live together in an area	58
13949360577	competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics	59
13949366587	concentration gradient	difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another	60
13949375311	consumer	organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms	61
13949379499	cooperativity	allosteric regulation where a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits	62
13949400355	courtship behavior	behavior that allows males and females of the same species to recognize each other and prepare to mate	63
13949405777	cryptic coloration	camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background	64
13949408730	cuticle	waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation	65
13949416548	photophosphorylation	process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis	66
13949422286	cytoskeleton	network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement	67
13949427593	diffusion	movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration	68
13949441368	ecosystem	biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment	69
13949443477	endergonic reaction	non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings	70
13949453724	energy coupling	the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one	71
13949455892	enthalpy	the heat content of a system	72
13949455893	entropy	a measure of the disorder of a system	73
13949457739	exergonic reaction	spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy	74
13949465502	facilitated diffusion	process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels	75
13949468261	feedback inhibition	a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway	76
13949474448	fermentation	catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid	77
13949481604	g protein	a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP	78
13949481605	glycolysis	the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid	79
13949486150	golgi apparatus	stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	80
13949510250	homeostasis	process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment	81
13949510251	hypertonic	solution with greater concentration of solutes (water leaving)	82
13949520234	hypotonic	solution with lesser concentration of solutes (water entering)	83
13949526499	isotonic	when the concentration of two solutions is the same	84
13949530352	krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)	second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions	85
13949533014	lysosome	an organelle containing digestive enzymes	86
13949533015	metabolism	all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism	87
13949542275	meiosis	a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell	88
13949555474	mitochondria	bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA (power house of the cell)	89
13949558162	mitosis	part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides	90
13949560516	negative feedback	a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus	91
13949564030	net primary productivity	the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem	92
13949567616	nucleus	control center of the cell	93
13949582087	osmoconformer	organism that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water	94
13949584214	osmoregulatory	control of levels of solutes in cells	95
13949587976	osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	96
13949587977	passive transport	the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell	97
13949589884	periodic disturbances	a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem	98
13949592089	pheromones	odorless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species	99
13949594694	photosynthesis	conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy	100
13949594695	phylogeny	evolutionary history of a species or group of species	101
13949596933	positive feedback	feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output	102
13949602460	primary succession	succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists	103
13949605686	producer	organism that makes its own food	104
13949607623	regeneration	replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells	105
13949607624	ribosome	site of protein synthesis	106
13949613048	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes	107
13949618209	endoplasmic reticulum	system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids	108
13949620912	RuBisCo	the most abundant protein on earth -- performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle	109
13949626631	secondary succession	type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances	110
13949650793	sexual reproduction	type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism	111
13949652794	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	112
13949655595	transcription factor	regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes	113
13949656962	trophic levels	levels of nourishment in a food chain	114
13949665549	vegetative reproduction	a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant	115
13949802295	alternative splicing	splicing of introns in a pre-mRNA that occurs in different ways, leading to different mRNAs that code for different proteins -- increases the diversity of proteins	116
13949808869	aneuploidy	the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell	117
13949811049	cell plate	the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two	118
13949813512	centromere	region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	119
13949816882	cleavage furrow	area of the animal cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell	120
13949822601	codominance	condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive	121
13949826533	conjugation	temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer	122
13949829977	crossing over	the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring	123
13949833356	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm	124
13949833357	DNA	complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	125
13949836637	DNA ligase	an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments	126
13949839214	DNA methylation	adding a methyl group to DNA	127
13949839215	DNA polymerase	enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the new DNA strand	128
13949844562	DNA replication	process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself	129
13949855075	epistasis	a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus	130
13949855077	genotype	genetic makeup of an organism	131
13949856980	helicase	enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks	132
13949860163	hemizygous	gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition	133
13949863215	heterochromatin	eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed	134
13949865484	heterozygous	having two different alleles for a trait	135
13949865485	homologous chromosomes	chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure	136
13949870822	homozygous	having two identical alleles for a trait	137
13949873072	incomplete dominance	situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele	138
13949877106	independent assortment	independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes	139
13949881375	inducible operon	operon under positive control, usually "off" but can be turned "on"	140
13949884632	kinetochore	specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle	141
13949889475	lagging strand	discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork	142
13949892446	leading strand	the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction	143
13949894691	linked traits	genes that do NOT assort independently because they are on the same chromosome	144
13949894692	lysogenic cycle	a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA	145
13949897232	lytic cycle	a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses	146
13949897233	mendelian genetics	pattern of inheriting characteristics that follows the laws formulated by Gregor Mendel	147
13949915451	nondisjunction	error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate	148
13949915452	nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base	149
13949917062	operon	group of genes operating together	150
13949918906	pilus	a protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells (hair-like)	151
13949924919	polygenic inheritance	combined effect of two or more genes on a single character	152
13949924920	polyploidy	condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes	153
13949928507	purine	a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine	154
13949928525	pyrimidine	a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil	155
13949930368	repressible operon	transcription is usually on, but can be inhibited (repressed) when a specific small molecule binds allosterically to a regulatory protein	156
13949932283	RNA	single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose	157
13949962146	sex-linked traits	traits that are inherited with sex chromosomes	158
13949962147	splicing	removal of introns and connection of exons	159
13949964876	synapsis	the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis	160
13949967065	telomere	repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome	161
13949967066	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another	162
13949968979	transformation	process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria	163
13949974264	active site	a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction	164
13949977271	alimentary canal	digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus	165
13949991649	allosteric regulation	binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site	166
13949994034	alveoli	air sacs in the lungs	167
13949996472	amino acid	monomer of protein	168
13950001521	atom	the basic unit of a chemical element	169
13950001522	atomic mass	the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element	170
13950006086	atomic number	number of protons	171
13950006087	atomic weight	the number of protons plus the number of neutrons	172
13950011940	atrium	upper chamber of the heart	173
13950011941	carbohydrate	compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body	174
13950014539	cell wall	strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells	175
13950018771	centriole	structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division	176
13950018772	cholesterol	lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids	177
13950025249	coenzyme	organic cofactor	178
13950025250	cofactor	nonprotein component	179
13950028476	covalent bond	a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons	180
13950034232	disaccharide	any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues	181
13950036646	electron	negatively charged particle	182
13950041493	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	183
13950250005	flame cell	specialized cell that filters and removes excess water from the body of a flatworm	184
13950257962	glycolipids	carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids	185
13950260054	hormone	the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect	186
13950260055	hydrogen bond	weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom	187
13950262563	hydrophilic	water loving	188
13950264441	hydrophobic	water hating	189
13950267041	invasive species	plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native	190
13950267042	ionic bond	the attraction between oppositely charged ions	191
13950268846	isotope	atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	192
13950270924	keystone species	a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically	193
13950273213	kidney	organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter	194
13950275159	malphigian tubule	saclike organs that extract waste from blood.	195
13950279108	nephridia	excretory organs that filter fluid in the coelom	196
13950283263	neuron	nerve cell	197
13950285561	neurotransmitter	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	198
13950285562	neutron	no charge	199
13950285563	niche	an organism's particular role in an ecosystem	200
13950300431	nonpolar covalent bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	201
13950304640	nucleolus	produces ribosomes	202
13950311479	peptide bond	covalent bond formed between amino acids	203
13950311480	phagocytosis	process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell	204
13950313025	phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	205
13950321547	plasma membrane	selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells	206
13950325419	polar covalent bond	covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	207
13950325420	polysaccharide	large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides	208
13950328133	proton	positive charge	209
13950330197	radioactive isotope	isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy	210
13950333085	steroid	lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings	211
13950336445	substrate	reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	212
13950339433	triglyceride	a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule	213
13950339434	valence electrons	electrons in the outermost shell	214
13950341527	Van der Waals interactions	individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together	215
13950361181	ventricle	lower chamber of the heart	216

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AP Terms Flashcards

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13871116706	allegory	a story or image with a second meaning partially hidden behind its literal meaning	0
13871122831	alliteration	repetition of the same sounds	1
13871160102	analogy	illustration of an idea by means of amore familiar idea that is similar or parallel	2
13871167885	anaphora	repetition of the same word or phrase (usually at the beginning)	3
13871172981	anecdote	a short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident	4
13871179645	antithesis	contrast or opposition	5
13871185608	allusion	indirect or passing reference to some event, person, or artistic work	6
13871190242	apostrophe	a rhetorical figure in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person	7
13871193776	blank verse	unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter	8
13871199979	colloquialism	the use of informal expressions appropriate to everyday speech	9
13871205992	diction	the choice of words in a literary work	10
13871205993	elegy	an elaborately formal lyric poem lamenting a death or reflecting on a serious subject	11
13871214872	epigram	a short and witty saying in either poetry or prose	12
13871220693	epiphany	sudden realization or revelation	13
13871225871	euphemism	characterized by the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that might offend or upset	14
13871236753	expository	characterized by a systematic explanation of or argument about any subject	15
13871251544	genre	a recognized and established category of written work	16
13871256935	hyperbole	exaggeration for the sake of emphasis	17
13871256936	melodrama	emotionally exaggerated or sensationalist dramas	18
13871263959	metaphor	the implied comparison between two things	19
13871269727	meter	the patterns of measured sound units	20
13871274578	mixed metaphor	an illogical or ridiculous combination of two metaphors	21
13871279511	motif	a situation, incident, idea, or image that is repeated significantly in a literary work	22
13871285744	omniscient	all knowing	23
13871293358	onomatopoeia	words that imitate the sounds to which they refer	24
13871299274	oxymoron	contradictory words used together	25
13871302960	panegyric	a public speech or written composition offering prolonged and effusive praise	26
13871311246	paradox	self-contradictory statements or expressions	27
13871316385	parallelism	the arrangement of similarly constructed clauses, sentences, or verse lines to show correspondence	28
13871321286	parody	mocking imitation of the style of a work	29
13871327691	pastoral	a highly conventional description of rural, innocent shepherds	30
13871337348	peripatheia	a sudden reversal of a character's circumstances and fortunes	31
13871343693	personification	the practice of assigning human characteristics to inanimate objects	32
13871358480	point of view	the vantage-point from which the stories are told	33
13871364993	polemic	a thorough written attack on some opinion or policy	34
13871370883	rhetoric	the deliberate exploitation of eloquence for the most persuasive effect in public speaking or in writing	35
13871380812	rhetorical question	a question asked for this are of persuasive effect, not for the actual answer	36
13871387888	satire	a mode of writing that exposes the failings of individuals, institutions, or societies to ridicule - it can range from tolerant amusement to bitter scorn	37
13871401139	simile	an explicit comparison using the words "like" or "as"	38
13871407594	syllogism	a form of logical argument that derives a conclusion from two propositions	39
13871415400	syntax	the way in which words and clauses are ordered and connected to form sentences	40
13871420667	understatement	the representation of a thing as less than it actually is	41

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13917084048	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13917084049	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13917084050	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13917084051	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13917084052	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13917084053	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13917084054	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13917084055	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13917084056	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13917084057	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13917084058	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13917084059	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13917084060	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13917084061	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13917084062	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13917084063	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13917084064	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13917084065	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13917084066	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13917084067	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13917084068	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13917084069	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13917084070	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13917084071	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13917084072	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13917084073	dependent variable	measured variable	25
13917084074	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13917084075	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13917084076	theory	general idea being tested	28
13917084077	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13917084078	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13917084079	mode	appears the most in a set	31
13917084080	mean	average	32
13917084081	median	middle	33
13917084082	range	highest - lowest	34
13917084083	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13917084084	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13917084085	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13917084086	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13917084087	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13917084088	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13917084089	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13917084090	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13917084285	neuron		43
13917084091	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13917084092	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13917084093	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13917084094	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13917084095	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13917084096	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13917084097	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13917084098	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13917084099	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13917084100	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13917084101	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13917084102	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13917084103	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13917084104	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13917084105	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13917084106	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13917084107	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13917084108	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13917084109	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13917084110	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13917084111	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13917084112	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13917084113	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13917084114	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13917084115	cerebellum	controls walking and coordinating	68
13917084116	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13917084117	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13917084118	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13917084119	hippocampus	part of brain that processes new memory	72
13917084120	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13917084121	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13917084122	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13917084123	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13917084124	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13917084125	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13917084126	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13917084127	occipital lobe	vision	80
13917084128	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13917084129	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13917084130	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13917084131	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13917084132	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13917084133	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13917084134	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13917084135	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13917084136	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13917084137	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13917084138	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13917084139	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13917084140	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13917084141	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13917084142	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13917084143	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13917084144	rods	helps see during the night time	97
13917084145	cones	color	98
13917084146	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13917084147	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13917084148	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13917084149	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13917084150	human voice	frequency we hear most	103
13917084151	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13917084152	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13917084153	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13917084154	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13917084155	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13917084156	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13917084157	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13917084158	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13917084159	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13917084160	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13917084161	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13917084162	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13917084163	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13917084164	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13917084165	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13917084166	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13917084167	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13917084168	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13917084169	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13917084170	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13917084171	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13917084172	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13917084173	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13917084174	dreams	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 3. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13917084175	purpose of dreaming	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13917084176	What does hypnosis do?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13917084177	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13917084178	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13917084179	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13917084180	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13917084181	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13917084182	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13917084183	caffeine	((stimulant)) people forget that it is addictive	136
13917084184	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13917084185	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13917084186	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13917084187	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13917084188	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13917084189	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13917084190	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13917084191	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13917084192	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13917084193	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13917084194	observational psychologist	Bandura	147
13917084195	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13917084196	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13917084197	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13917084198	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13917084199	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13917084200	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13917084201	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13917084202	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13917084203	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13917084204	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13917084205	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13917084206	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13917084207	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13917084208	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13917084209	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13917084210	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13917084211	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13917084212	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13917084213	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13917084214	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13917084215	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13917084216	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13917084217	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13917084218	shows mirroring	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13917084219	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13917084220	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13917084221	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13917084222	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13917084223	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13917084224	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13917084225	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13917084226	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13917084227	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13917084228	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13917084229	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13917084230	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13917084231	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13917084232	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13917084233	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13917084234	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13917084235	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13917084236	encoding	information going in	189
13917084237	storage	keeping information in	190
13917084238	retrieval	taking information out	191
13917084239	time sensory memory is stored	stored for seconds	192
13917084240	short-term memory	stored for less than a minute	193
13917084241	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13917084242	4	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	195
13917084243	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13917084244	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13917084245	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13917084246	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13917084247	long-term memory	amount stored is LIMITLESS	200
13917084248	implicit memory	retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection	201
13917084249	explicit memory	retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare	202
13917084250	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13917084251	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13917084252	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13917084253	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13917084254	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13917084255	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13917084256	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13917084257	semantic encoding	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13917084258	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	if we can't remember a memory	211
13917084259	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13917084260	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13917084261	source amnesia	can not remember where the memory/information comes from	214
13917084262	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13917084263	context	environment helps with memory	216
13917084264	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13917084265	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13917084266	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13917084267	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13917084268	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13917084269	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13917084270	3	children can't remember before age	223
13917084271	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13917084272	prototypes	generalize	225
13917084273	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13917084274	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13917084275	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13917084276	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13917084277	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13917084278	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13917084279	grammar is	universal	232
13917084280	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13917084281	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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12088746219	atmospheric pressure	Force or mass per unit area of air, caused by the bombardment of a surface by the molecules in air.	0
12088848518	Biome	Terrestrial regions inhabited by certain types of life, especially vegetation. Examples include various types of deserts, grasslands, and forests.	1
12299051649	climate	The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time	2
12299060284	cold front	Leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air.	3
12299064053	convection	Process by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink.	4
12299075883	convection cell	Cycle in which heated material rises and cooler material sinks	5
12299080043	Coriolis effect	the deflection	6

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AP Terns #1- 4, AP Terms #5 Flashcards

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11568269123	Epigraph	a short quotation or saying at the beginning of a book or chapter, intended to suggest its theme ex: Four score and seven years ago	0
11568269124	Epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight Ex:I am your father	1
11568269125	Epistolary novel	A novel comprised of journal entries or letters Ex: Anne Frank	2
11568269126	Epithet	A characterizing word or phrase accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a person or thing "Ruler or All"	3
11568269127	Epizeuxis	The repetition of a word with no others between for emphasis Ex: O horror, horror, horror	4
11568269128	euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing Ex: Instead of the word "die" use passed away	5
11568269129	periphrasis	Use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression Ex: Saying "vitamin- laden liquid" instead of "milk"	6
11568269130	circumlocution	The use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language to avoid getting to the point.	7
11568269131	exposition/ setting	a literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters etc. to the audience or readers. ex: "once upon a time in a land far, far away (setting) there lived a lonely girl (character)	8
11568269132	Figurative language / Figure of speech	Language that is used to describe one thing in terms of something else; language that is not intended to be taken literally. ex: It's raining cats and dogs	9
11568269133	Frame Story	Story within a story. ex:	10
11568269134	Comparison and contrast	Bringing together two things in order to emphasize similarities or differences	11
11568269135	Conceit	Fanciful writing; elaborate metaphor. Far-fetched simile or metaphor Ex: Shall I compare thee to a summer day	12
11568269136	connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning Ex: You are a dog suggests that you are ugly or morally detestable	13
11568269137	denotation	Literal or explicit meaning Ex: You are a dog suggests a literal canine	14
11568269138	deductive reasoning	general --> specific	15
11568269139	inductive reasoning	specific case --> generalization (starts from "inside") Think about "I" --> I/me = my experience but reveal truth about all experiences ex: My teacher yesterday and today uses PPTs tomorrow she will use a PPT	16
11568269140	diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing Ex: It was the best of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the worst of times	17
11568269141	didactic	moral lesson ex: Aesop's fables	18
11568269142	pedantic	shallow, someone who is concerned with precision, formalism, accuracy, detail to make an arrogant show of learning	19
11568269143	Either/Or Fallacy	Two alternative points of view are presented as the only options; there really exists one or more than one additional possibilities. Ex: We either ban hairspray or the world will end	20
11568269144	Ellipsis	the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues	21
11568269145	Epic	a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation	22
11568269146	Epigram	Brief, pithy, clever statement or poem. (compared to aphorism): An epigram is a short, rhyming poem while an aphorism is a witty remark about life Ex: Never complain never explain	23
11568269147	Autotelic	Having a purpose in and not apart from itself.	24
11568269148	Bathos	An insincere and excessively sentimental appeal to emotion, or an abrupt transition in style from elevated to ordinary. ex: In the US Osama Bin laden is known for terrorism, killings, mirder, and unpaid parking tickets.	25
11568269149	Begging the question	Premises of the conclusion are presumed; circular argument. Ex: You have to believe me because what I'm saying is the truth	26
11568269150	Caesura	rhetorical break in the, sound of flow in the middle, of a line of verse. A pause in writing in a line of poetry to add rhythm is indicated by - The sunrise -- sire --	27
11568269151	Canon (literary & fiction)	a collection or list of books	28
11568269152	Catharsis	the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions ex: In Oedipus, he finds out that he killed his father and married his mother, and gouges out his eye	29
11568269153	Chiasmus	a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form	30
11568269154	Clause	unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.	31
11568269155	Cliché	trite; overly familiar, overused phrases that lost it's meaning ex: what goes around comes around, life happens	32
11568269156	Colloquial/colloquialism	(of language) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary. ex: she was recently dumped by her fiance	33
11568269157	ad hominem	Marked by or being an attack on an opponent's character rather than by an answer to the argument made - Attacks the person arguing rather than the argument	34
11568269158	allegory	A sustained metaphor continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse.	35
11568269159	alliteration	repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of 2 or more neighboring words.	36
11568269160	allusion	a passing reference, without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person/place/event, or literary work	37
11568269161	ambiguity	intentional or unintentional multiple meanings of a word/phrase/etc (usually bad, but can definitely be used rhetorically... sometimes to deceive a reader)	38
11568269162	anachronism	a thing belonging to a different time period (esp. something that is conspicuously old fashioned)	39
11568269163	analepsis	flashing back to an earlier point in the story	40
11568269164	prolepsis	"flashing forward" to a moment later in the chronological sequence of events	41
11568269165	anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of a preceding clause	42
11568269166	analogy	Comparing similarities.	43
11568269167	anaphora	parallel structure starting with the same words	44
11568269168	antecedent	a word, phrase, or clause, to which another word refers	45
11568269169	aphorism	a pithy and pointed statement of a serious maxim, opinion, or general truth	46
11568269170	Aporia	An expression of doubt or perplexity; placing a claim in doubt by developing arguments on both sides of an issue.	47
11568269171	Aposiopesis	an unfinished thought or broken sentence.	48
11568269172	Appositive	two units that are grammatically parallel	49
11568269173	Apostrophe	In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation "O." A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech. -addressing the dead	50
11568269174	Assonance	repetition of vowel sounds; non-rhyming - fleet feet sweep by sleeping streets	51
11568269175	Asyndeton	A writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.	52
11568269176	atmosphere	Emotion created by an entire work, including setting and authorial tone.	53
11568269177	mood	The emotions elicited in the reader as a result of reading a text.	54
11568269178	Attitude	Approach, disposition, stance	55
11568269179	Audience	* Readers or listeners of a "text"	56
11568269180	Genetic Fallacy	Origin of the claim is used as evidence to discredit or credit claim itself. Ex: The nazi regime developed the VS wagon, therefore you shouldn't buy it	57
11568269181	Genre/ Generic Conventions	a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter the features shown by texts that allow them to be put into a specific genre. ex: almost all Westerns use the Iconography of cowboy hats, six shooters, horses and spurs to place them in their genre.	58
11568269182	Homily	a religious discourse that is intended primarily for spiritual edification rather than doctrinal instruction; a sermon	59
11568269183	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally ex: There is still 10 hours left of class	60
11568269184	hypotactic sentence	the subordination of one clause to another Ex:	61
11568269185	paratactic	the placing of clauses one after another without the use of words to indicate coordination or subordination	62
11568269186	image/ imagery	visually descriptive / figurative language ex= She walked cautiously with her long red dress that had a small rip on the bottom, and her hands well maintained...	63
11568269187	Inference/infer	a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning	64
11568269188	Invective	insulting, abusive, or highly critical language ex: You slime, gooey piece of squirming tentacle, get your visually stinking self away from me	65
11568269189	Inversion	a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter ex: The seagulls fly through the air. Through the air the seagulls fly (inversion)	66
11568269190	verbal irony	A trope in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express. It's not what you say, it's how you say it. ex: Its no big deal my cat just died	67
11568269191	situational irony	irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected - Ex: A fire station on fire	68
11568269192	dramatic irony	The audience knows something the character does not.	69
11568269193	structural irony	Pervasive irony created by a structural feature such as a naive protagonist whose viewpoint is consistently wrong, shared by neither author nor reader.	70
11568269194	Romantic irony	The narrator of a literary work creates an illusion of reality but then destroys the illusion by revealing that he is arbitrarily making up the story as he goes. ex:	71
11568269195	Socratic irony	a pose of ignorance assumed in order to entice others into making statements that can then be challenged ex: when your parents pretend not to know about something you've done, only to ask you a series of seemingly innocent questions leading to your inevitable confession	72