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AP Review Flashcards

13341669067	House of Burgesses	first legislative body in the new world	0
13505734760	Act of Toleration	gave Catholics religious freedom in Maryland	1
13505764245	Bacon's Rebellion	Virgina farmer who rebelled over taxes & lack of protection from Native Americans	2
13505785455	Governor Berkeley	governor of virgina during bacons rebellion	3
13505790970	Indentured Servants	people who payed for their trip to the new world with labor ( average 7 years )	4
13505802770	Headright System	Virginia law that gives 200 acres of land to every household with a minimum of 5 people - start of the first great migration	5
13505818884	Anne Hutchinson	exiled from Massachusetts to New Hampshire- early symbol of religious freedom	6
13505834548	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	first written constitution in the new world	7
13505890347	Halfway Covenant	Massachusetts law that allowed partial membership in the church for the second generation	8
13505915121	New England Confederation	mutual defense group formed to protect new england from native americans	9
13505937446	Pequot War	war in connecticut that wiped out a significant amount of the pequot tribe	10
13522562417	Metacom (King Philip)	indian chief who united the tribes against the new england confederation	11
13522582607	Mercantilism	economic system that seeks a favorable balance of trade and to acquire colonies	12
13522598941	specie	gold or sliver- "hard" money	13
13522601190	soft money	trade or paper money	14
13522619406	Balance O' Trade	Export - Import = specie	15
13522628163	Tariff	tax on imports (south hates)	16
13522639339	Harvard	first university in the new world to train ministers	17
13522649583	John Peter Zenger	New Yorker famously accused of libel by the royal governor acquitted when he proved he wrote the truth - establishes freedom of the press in the new world	18
13522667521	Triangular Trade	england to north america- Tea, Spices, Manufactured goods africa to north america- slaves & gold england to africia- iron north america to europe- fish and tobacco	19
13522692616	middle passage	refers to the trips slaves made from africa to cuba	20
13522735585	Salutary neglect	when england and the colonies leave each other alone	21
13522750373	Navigation Acts	(1680s) first attempt by the crown to regulate the colonies	22
13522775586	Salem Witch Trials	1690 when Massachusetts hangs 18 people and 2 dogs were hanged for witch craft	23
13538720375	Zachary Taylor (12th president)	Whig 1849-1850 A. Signed Clayton-Bulwer Treaty w/ England promising to work together to build The Panama Canal B. Didn't support Compromise of 1850 C. Agreed to Gadsden Purchase (expansion of american soil for the purpose of railroads)	24
13538771164	Millard Fillmore (13th president)	Whig 1850-1852 A. Supported Compromise of 1850- had to be passed as several separate bills B. Last Whig pres. Appointed Brigham young gov. of Utah C. "Opened" Japan for trade by sending Matthew Perry D. Tried to retake pres in 1856 as a "Know- Nothing"	25
13538818080	Franklin Pierce (14th president)	Democrat 1852-1856 A. Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act - didn't act during "Bleeding Kansas". B. Sent Anthony Burns back into slavery and enforced the fugitive slave act C. President during the Sumner- Brooks Incident	26
13538883772	James Buchanan (15th President)	Democrat 1856-1860 A. Accepted Le Compton Const. in Kansas which protected slavery in state. Congress rejected it - Both regions unhappy. B. Privately asked Supreme Court to make a very broad ruling in Dread Scott Case. C. President during Panic o' 1857- Northern economy suffered while south was stable	27
13553232897	Abe Lincoln (16th president)	Republican 1860- 1865 A. President during the Civil War B. Lincoln fully implements a Whig internal infrastructure plan - Trans continental railroad - Canals - Telegraph - Give out land ( Home Stead Act) - Established Western Universities C. Issued Emancipation Proclamation -> frees slaves in rebellion states. Kept Britain out of war. Issued after the battle of Antietam D. Issued "paper currency" to pay for war "Greenbacks" E. Famously Shot by John Wilkes Booth	28
13776137766	Free soil	A party started to stop the spread of slavery Abe Lincoln was the most famous leader	29
13776144309	Compromise of 1850	(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas	30
13776157957	Kansas-Nebraska Act		31
13776185085	Missouri Compromise	"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.	32
13776187939	Slave Compromises	- 3/5 compromise - slavery protected slave trade "sunsets' (overseas) - Missouri compromise - Compromise of 1850 - Kansas Nebraska State	33
13776209020	Underground Railroad	a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada	34
13776224725	George Fitzhugh		35

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13862408858	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13862408859	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13862408860	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13862408861	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13862408862	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13862408863	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13862408864	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13862408865	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13862408866	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13862408867	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13862408868	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13862408869	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13862408870	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13862408871	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13862408872	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13862408873	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13862408874	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13862408875	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13862408876	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13862408877	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13862408878	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13862408879	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13862408880	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13862408881	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13862408882	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13862408883	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13862408884	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13862408885	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13862408886	theory	general idea being tested	28
13862408887	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13862408888	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13862408889	mode	appears the most	31
13862408890	mean	average	32
13862408891	median	middle	33
13862408892	range	highest - lowest	34
13862408893	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13862408894	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13862408895	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13862408896	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13862408897	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13862408898	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13862408899	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13862408900	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13862409093	neuron		43
13862408901	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13862408902	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13862408903	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13862408904	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13862408905	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13862408906	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13862408907	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13862408908	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13862408909	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13862408910	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13862408911	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13862408912	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13862408913	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13862408914	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13862408915	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13862408916	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13862408917	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13862408918	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13862408919	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13862408920	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13862408921	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13862408922	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13862408923	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13862408924	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13862408925	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13862408926	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13862408927	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13862408928	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13862408929	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13862408930	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13862408931	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13862408932	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13862408933	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13862408934	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13862408935	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13862408936	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13862408937	occipital lobe	vision	80
13862408938	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13862408939	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13862408940	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13862408941	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13862408942	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13862408943	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13862408944	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13862408945	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13862408946	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13862408947	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13862408948	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13862408949	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13862408950	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13862408951	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13862408952	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13862408953	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13862408954	rods	night time	97
13862408955	cones	color	98
13862408956	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13862408957	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13862408958	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13862408959	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13862408960	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13862408961	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13862408962	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13862408963	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13862408964	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13862408965	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13862408966	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13862408967	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13862408968	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13862408969	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13862408970	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13862408971	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13862408972	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13862408973	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13862408974	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13862408975	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13862408976	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13862408977	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13862408978	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13862408979	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13862408980	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13862408981	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13862408982	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13862408983	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13862408984	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13862408985	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13862408986	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13862408987	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13862408988	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13862408989	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13862408990	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13862408991	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13862408992	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13862408993	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13862408994	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13862408995	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13862408996	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13862408997	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13862408998	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13862408999	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13862409000	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13862409001	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13862409002	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13862409003	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13862409004	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13862409005	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13862409006	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13862409007	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13862409008	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13862409009	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13862409010	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13862409011	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13862409012	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13862409013	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13862409014	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13862409015	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13862409016	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13862409017	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13862409018	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13862409019	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13862409020	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13862409021	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13862409022	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13862409023	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13862409024	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13862409025	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13862409026	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13862409027	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13862409028	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13862409029	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13862409030	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13862409031	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13862409032	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13862409033	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13862409034	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13862409035	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13862409036	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13862409037	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13862409038	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13862409039	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13862409040	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13862409041	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13862409042	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13862409043	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13862409044	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13862409045	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13862409046	encoding	information going in	189
13862409047	storage	keeping information in	190
13862409048	retrieval	taking information out	191
13862409049	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13862409050	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13862409051	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13862409052	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13862409053	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13862409054	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13862409055	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13862409056	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13862409057	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13862409058	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13862409059	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13862409060	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13862409061	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13862409062	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13862409063	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13862409064	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13862409065	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13862409066	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13862409067	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13862409068	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13862409069	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13862409070	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13862409071	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13862409072	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13862409073	context	environment helps with memory	216
13862409074	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13862409075	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13862409076	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13862409077	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13862409078	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13862409079	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13862409080	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13862409081	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13862409082	prototypes	generalize	225
13862409083	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13862409084	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13862409085	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13862409086	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13862409087	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13862409088	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13862409089	grammar is _________	universal	232
13862409090	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13862409091	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Pyschology Flashcards

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9847650956	structuralism	used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind	0
9847650957	introspection	act of looking inward to examine mental experience	1
9847650958	functionalism	need to analyze the purpose of the behavior	2
9847650959	evolutionary perspective	key word: genes	3
9847650960	humanistic perspective	key words: free will, choice, ideal, actualization	4
9847650961	biological perspective	key words: brain, neurotransmitters	5
9847650962	cognitive perspective	key words: perceptions, thoughts	6
9847650963	behavioral perspective	key words: learned, reinforced	7
9847650964	psychoanalytic/dynamic	key words: unconscious, childhood	8
9847650965	sociocultural perspective	key word: society	9
9847650966	biopyschosocial	key words: combo of bio, psychoanalytic, and socio	10
9847650967	mary calkins	first female president of the APA	11
9847650968	Charles darwin	natural selection & evolution	12
9847650969	dorothea dix	reformed mental institutions in the US	13
9847650970	stanley hall	first president of the APA, first journal	14
9847650971	William james	father of American psychology - functionalist	15
9847650972	wilhem wundt	father of modern psychology - structuralist	16
9847650973	Margaret floy washburn	first female with a PhD	17
9847650974	experiment	advantage: researcher controls variable to establish CAUSE AND EFFECT; disadvantage: difficult to generalize	18
9847650975	independent variable	manipulated by the researcher	19
9847650976	experimental group	received the treatment	20
9847650977	control group	placebo, baseline	21
9847650978	placebo effect	shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received a plaebo	22
9847650979	double-blind	experiment where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to	23
9847650980	dependent variable	measured variable (it depends on the independent var.)	24
9847650981	operational definition	clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication	25
9847650982	cofound variable	error/flaw in the study	26
9847650983	random assignment	assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation	27
9847650984	random sample	method for choosing participants - minimizes bias	28
9847650985	validity	accurate results	29
9847650986	reliability	same results every time	30
9847650987	naturalistic observation	advantage: real world validity (observing people in their natural setting); disadvantage: no cause and effect	31
9847650988	correlation	advantage: identify relationship between two variable; disadvantage: no cause and effect	32
9847650989	positive correlation	variable in the same direction (both increasing or both decreasing)	33
9847650990	negative correlation	variables vary in opposite directions (one up and one down or vice versa)	34
9847650991	strong correlation	-.8 is stronger than .2	35
9847650992	weak correlation	.4 is weaker than .7	36
9847650993	case study	advantage: studies ONE person (usually) in great detail- lots of info; disadvantage: no cause and effect	37
9847650994	descriptive stats	shape of the data	38
9847651130	positive skew		39
9847651131	negative skew		40
9847651132	normal distribution		41
9847650995	inferential stats	establishes significance (meaningfulness); significant results = NOT due to chance	42
9847650996	neuron	basic cell of the nervous system	43
9847650997	dendrites	receive incoming signal	44
9847650998	soma	cell body (includes nucleus)	45
9847650999	axon	action potential travels down this	46
9847651000	myelin sheath	speeds up signal now the axon	47
9847651001	terminals	release neurotransmitters - send signal to the next neuron	48
9847651002	synapse	gap between neurons	49
9847651003	action potential	movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane, sends an electrical charge down the axon	50
9847651004	all or nothing law	stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response	51
9847651005	refractory period	neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential	52
9847651006	sensory neurons	receive signals	53
9847651007	afferent neurons	accept signals	54
9847651008	motor neurons	send signals	55
9847651009	efferent neurons	signal exits	56
9847651010	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	57
9847651011	peripheral nervous system	everything in the nervous system but the brain and spinal cord	58
9847651012	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	59
9847651013	autonomic nervous system	involuntary (heart, lungs, etc.)	60
9847651014	sympathetic nervous system	arouses the body for fight or flight	61
9847651015	parasympathetic nervous system	established homeostasis after a sympathetic response	62
9847651016	neurotransmitters	chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons	63
9847651017	GABA	major inhibitory NT	64
9847651018	glutamate	major excitatory NT	65
9847651019	dopamine	reward & movement	66
9847651020	serotonin	moods and emotions	67
9847651021	acetylcholine (ACh)	memory	68
9847651022	epinephrine & norepinephrine	sympathetic NS arousal	69
9847651023	endorphins	pain control, happiness	70
9847651024	oxytocin	love and bonding	71
9847651025	agonist	drug that mimics a NT	72
9847651026	antagonist	drug that blocks a NT	73
9847651027	reuptake	unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron; SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block reuptake - treatment for depression	74
9847651028	hindbrain	oldest part of the brain; includes cerebellum, pons and medulla	75
9847651029	cerebellum	coordinates and regulates muscular movement	76
9847651030	medulla	control center for the heart and lungs	77
9847651031	pons	sleep/arousal; links medulla to the thalamus	78
9847651032	reticular formation	mediates the overall level of consciousness	79
9847651033	forebrain	higher thought processes	80
9847651034	limbic system	controls basic emotions and drives; also concerned with instinct and mood	81
9847651035	amygdala	emotions and fear	82
9847651036	hippocampus	memory	83
9847651037	thalamus	relay center for sensory info	84
9847651038	hypothalamus	reward/ pleasure center, eating behaviors	85
9847651039	broca's area	inability to produce speech	86
9847651040	Wernicke's area	inability to comprehend speech	87
9847651041	cerebral cortex	outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes	88
9847651042	occipital lobe	back of the head - vision	89
9847651043	frontal lobe	decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality	90
9847651044	parietal lobe	top of the head - sensations	91
9847651045	temporal lobe	sides of the head - hearing and face recognition	92
9847651046	somatosensory cortex	map of our sensory receptors - in parietal lobe	93
9847651047	motor cortex	map of motor receptors - in frontal lobe	94
9847651048	corpus callosum	bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres - sometimes severed in patients with seizures - leads to split-brain patients	95
9847651049	lateralization	the brain has some specialized features - language is processed in the left hemisphere	96
9847651050	split-brain patients	done by Sperry & Gazzanaga; images shown to the right hemisphere will be processed in the left (and vice versa), patients can verbally identify what they saw	97
9847651051	brain plasticity	brain can modify its own structure and functions of the internal or external environment changes	98
9847651052	endocrine system	sends hormones throughout the body	99
9847651053	pituitary gland	controlled by the hypothalamus; release growth hormones	100
9847651054	adrenal glands	related to sympathetic NS; releases adrenaline	101
9847651055	EEG	can observe brain activity - not specific	102
9847651056	XRAY	doesn't show tissues; not useful	103
9847651057	CT/MRI	shows structure of the brain	104
9847651058	PET	glucose shows brain activity	105
9847651059	fMRI	glucose shows activity in real time	106
9847651060	absolute threshold	detection of signal 50% of the time	107
9847651061	difference threshold	aka just noticeable difference; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion	108
9847651062	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (don't feel your clothes on you)	109
9847651063	perceptual set	tendency to see something as a part of a group - speeds up signal processing	110
9847651064	inattentional blindness	failure to notice something because you're so focused on another task	111
9847651065	cocktail party effect	notice your name across the room when its spoken when you were not previously paying attention	112
9847651066	pathway of vision	light - cornea - pupil/iris - lens - retina - rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - occipital lobe	113
9847651067	cornea	protects the eye	114
9847651068	pupil/iris	controls the amount of light entering the eye	115
9847651069	lens	focuses light on retina	116
9847651070	fovea	area of best vision (cones here)	117
9847651071	rods	black/white; dim light	118
9847651072	cones	color; bright light	119
9847651073	bipolar cells	connects rod/cones and ganglion cells	120
9847651074	ganglion cells	opponent-processing occurs here	121
9847651075	blind spot	occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye	122
9847651076	feature detectors	specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc.	123
9847651077	trichromatic theory	three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green); explains color blindness (missing a cone)	124
9847651078	opponent process theory	complementary colors are processed in the ganglion cells - explains why we see an after image	125
9847651079	visual capture	visual system overwhelms all the others	126
9847651080	constancies	recognize the objects do not physically change despite changes in sensory input	127
9847651081	phi phenomenon	adjacent lights blink on/off in succession - looks like movement (traffic signs with arrows)	128
9847651082	stroboscopic movement	motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation)	129
9847651083	interposition	overlapping images appear close (monocular cue)	130
9847651084	relative size	two objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away (monocular cue)	131
9847651085	relative clarity	hazy objects appear further away (monocular cue)	132
9847651086	texture gradient	coarser objects are closer (monocular cue)	133
9847651087	relative height	things higher in our field of vision look further away (monocular cue)	134
9847651088	linear perspective	parallel lines converge with distance (monocular cue)	135
9847651089	retinal disparity	image is cast slightly different on each retinal, location of image helps us determine depth (binocular cue)	136
9847651090	convergence	eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw near (binocular cue)	137
9847651091	top-down processing	whole to smaller parts	138
9847651092	bottom-up processing	smaller parts to whole	139
9847651093	pathway of sound	sound - pinna - auditory canal - ear drum (tympanic membrane) - hammer, anvil, stirrup - oval window - cochlea - auditory nerve - temporal lobes	140
9847651094	outer ear	pinna (ear), auditory canal	141
9847651095	middle ear	ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup (bones vibrate to send signals)	142
9847651096	inner ear	cochlea	143
9847651097	place theory	location where hair cells bends to determine sound (high pitches)	144
9847651098	frequency theory	rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches)	145
9847651099	pathway of touch	mechanoreceptors - spinal cord - thalamus - somatosensory cortex	146
9847651100	gate-control theory	we have a "gate" to control how much pain is experienced	147
9847651101	kinesthetic sense	sense of body position	148
9847651102	vestibular sense	sense of balance (semicircular canals in inner ear effect this)	149
9847651103	taste (gustation)	5 receptors: bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami (savory)	150
9847651104	smell (olfaction)	only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus, first goes to temporal lobe and amygdala	151
9847651105	gestalt psychology	whole is greater than the sum of its parts	152
9847651106	figure/ground	organize info into figures objects (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (background)	153
9847651107	closure	tendency to mentally fill in gaps	154
9847651108	proximity	tendency to group things together that appear near each other	155
9847651109	similarity	tendency to group things together based off looks	156
9847651110	continuity	tendency to mentally form a continuous line	157
9847651111	higher-level of consciousness	controlled processes - totally aware	158
9847651112	lower-level of consciousness	automatic processing (daydreaming, phone numbers)	159
9847651113	altered state of consciousness	produced through drugs, fatigue, and hypnosis	160
9847651114	subconscious	sleeping and dreaming	161
9847651115	metacognition	thinking about thinking	162
9847651116	beta waves	awake	163
9847651117	alpha waves	high amplitude; drowsy	164
9847651118	stage 1 of sleep	light sleep	165
9847651119	stage 2 of sleep	bursts of sleep spindles	166
9847651120	stages 3 of sleep	delta waves; deep sleep	167
9847651121	stage 4 of sleep	extremely deep sleep	168
9847651122	Rapid Eye Movement (REM)	dreaming	169
9847651123	length of a sleep cycle	90 minutes	170
9847651124	circadian rhythm	24 hour biological clock	171
9847651125	insomnia	inability to fall asleep (due to stress/anxiety)	172
9847651126	sleep walking	due to fatigue, drugs, or alcohol	173
9847651127	night terrors	extreme nightmares - not in REM sleep - typically in children	174
9847651128	narcolepsy	fall asleep out of nowhere; due to deficiency in orexin	175
9847651129	sleep apnea	aka snoring; stop breathing suddenly while asleep; due to obesity usually	176

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AP Vocabulary List #1 Flashcards

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11303347036	pernicious (adj)	having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way	0
11303347037	crass (adj)	lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence	1
11303347038	cogent (adj)	convincing, reasonable	2
11303347039	terse (adj)	abrupt	3
11303347040	propitious (adj)	favorable	4
11303347041	transience (n)	the state or fact of lasting only for a short time; transitory nature	5
11303347042	turgid bombast (adj, n)	swollen, pompous, pretentious person	6
11303347043	sardonic (adj)	grimly mocking or cynical	7
11303347044	addendum (n)	an item of additional material, typically omissions, added at the end of a book or other publication	8
11303347045	syllogistic (adj)	having a conclusion which follows from two statements that are assumed to be true	9
11303347046	laudable (adj)	deserving praise and commendation	10
11303347047	argument of authority (n)	using the opinion of position of an authority figure or institution of authority, in place of an actual argument	11
11303347048	erudite (adj)	scholarly	12
11303347049	intransigent (adj)	refusing to compromise	13
11303347050	ad hominem (n)	an argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack	14
11303347051	dejected (adj)	sad, depressed	15
11303347052	Scriblerians (n)	an informal association of authors based in London in the early 18th century	16
11303347053	panegyric (n)	expressing elaborate praise	17

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AP Art History: Artists Flashcards

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13715813267	Polykleitos	Doryphoros	0
13715813268	Iktinos and Kallikrates	Acropolis, Athens	1
13715813269	Apollodorus of Damascus	Forum and Markets of Trajan, Rome	2
13715813270	Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus	Hagia Sophia, Istanbul	3
13715813271	Giotto di Bondone	Arena Chapel, Padua	4
13715813272	Roger Campin	Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece)	5
13715813273	Filippo Brunelleschi	Pazzi Chapel, Florence	6
13715813274	Jan van Eyck	The Arnolfini Portrait	7
13715813275	Donatello	David	8
13715813276	Leon Battista Alberti	Palazzo Rucellai, Florence	9
13715813277	Fra Filippo Lippi	Madonna and Child with Two Angels	10
13715813278	Sandro Botticelli	Birth of Venus	11
13715813279	Leonardo da Vinci	The Last Supper	12
13715813280	Albrecht Dürer	Adam and Eve	13
13715813281	Michelangelo	Sistine Chapel, Vatican City	14
13715813282	Raphael	School of Athens	15
13715813283	Matthias Grünewald	Isenheim Altarpiece	16
13715813284	Jacopo da Pontormo	Entombment of Christ	17
13715813285	Lucas Cranach	Allegory of Law and Grace	18
13715813286	Titian	Venus of Urbino	19
13715813287	Giacomo da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta	Il Gesù, Rome	20
13715813288	Giovanni Battista Gaulli	Triumph of the Name of Jesus	21
13715813289	Pieter Bruegel the Elder	Hunters in the Snow	22
13715813290	Sinan	Mosque of Selim II, Edirne	23
13715813291	Caravaggio	Calling of Saint Matthew	24
13715813292	Peter Paul Rubens	Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de' Medici	25
13715813293	Rembrandt van Rijn	Self-Portrait with Saskia	26
13715813294	Francesco Borromini	San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome	27
13715813295	Gian Lorenzo Bernini	Ecstasy of Saint Teresa	28
13715813296	Asiel Timor Dei	Angel with Arquebus	29
13715813297	Diego Velázquez	Las Meninas	30
13715813298	Johannes Vermeer	Woman Holding a Balance	31
13715813299	Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart	Palace at Versailles	32
13715813300	Circle of the González family	Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and a hunting scene	33
13715813301	Miguel González	Virgin of Guadalupe	34
13715813302	Rachel Ruysch	Fruit and Insects	35
13715813303	Attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez	Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo	36
13715813304	William Hogarth	The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode	37
13715813305	Miguel Cabrera	Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz	38
13715813306	Joseph Wright of Derby	A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery	39
13715813307	Jean-Honoré Fragonard	The Swing	40
13715813308	Thomas Jefferson	Monticello, Charlottesville VA	41
13715813309	Jacques-Louis David	The Oath of the Horatii	42
13715813310	Jean-Antoine Houdon	George Washington	43
13715813311	Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun	Self-Portrait	44
13715813312	Francisco de Goya	Y no hai remedio (And there's nothing to be done)	45
13715813313	Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres	La Grande Odalisque	46
13715813314	Eugène Delacroix	Liberty Leading the People	47
13715813315	Thomas Cole	The Oxbow	48
13715813316	Louis Daguerre	Still Life in Studio	49
13715813317	J. M. W. Turner	Slave Ship	50
13715813318	Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin	Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), London	51
13715813319	Gustave Courbet	The Stone Breakers	52
13715813320	Honoré Daumier	Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art	53
13715813321	Édouard Manet	Olympia	54
13715813322	Claude Monet	The Saint-Lazare Station	55
13715813323	Eadweard Muybridge	The Horse in Motion	56
13715813324	Jose María Velasco	The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel	57
13715813325	Auguste Rodin	The Burghers of Calais	58
13715813326	Vincent van Gogh	The Starry Night	59
13715813327	Mary Cassatt	The Coiffure	60
13715813328	Edvard Munch	The Scream	61
13715813329	Paul Gauguin	Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?	62
13715813330	Louis Sullivan	Carson, Pirie, Scott, and Company Building, Chicago IL	63
13715813331	Paul Cézanne	Mont Sainte-Victoire	64
13715813332	Pablo Picasso	Les Demoiselles d'Avignon	65
13715813333	Alfred Stieglitz	The Steerage	66
13715813334	Gustav Klimt	The Kiss	67
13715813335	Constantin Brancusi	The Kiss	68
13715813336	Georges Braque	The Portuguese	69
13715813337	Henri Matisse	Goldfish	70
13715813338	Vassily Kandinsky	Improvisation 28 (second version)	71
13715813339	Ernst Ludwig Kirchner	Self-Portrait as a Soldier	72
13715813340	Käthe Kollwitz	Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht	73
13715813341	Le Corbusier	Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine	74
13715813342	Piet Mondrian	Composition with Red, Blue, and Yellow	75
13715813343	Varvara Stepanova	Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year Plan	76
13715813344	Meret Oppenheim	Object (Le déjeuner en fourrure)	77
13715813345	Frank Lloyd Wright	Fallingwater, Bear Run PA	78
13715813346	Frida Kahlo	The Two Fridas	79
13715813347	Jacob Lawrence	The Migration of the Negro, panel 49	80
13715813348	Wilfredo Lam	The Jungle	81
13715813349	Diego Rivera	Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park	82
13715813350	Marcel Duchamp	Fountain (second version)	83
13715813351	Willem de Kooning	Woman I	84
13715813352	Mies van der Rohe	Seagram Building, New York City	85
13715813353	Andy Warhol	Marilyn Diptych	86
13715813354	Yayoi Kusama	Narcissus Garden	87
13715813355	Helen Frankenthaler	The Bay	88
13715813356	Claes Oldenburg	Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks	89
13715813357	Robert Smithson	Spiral Jetty	90
13715813358	Robert Venturi, John Rauch, Denise Scott Brown	House in New Castle County, Delaware	91
13715813359	Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cazdi Cody)	Painted elk hide	92
13715813360	María Martinez and Juan Martínez	Black-on-black ceramic vessel	93
13715813361	Olowe of Ise	Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife	94
13715813362	Muhammad ibn al-Zain	Basin (Baptistère de St. Louis)	95
13715813363	Sultan Muhammad	The Court of Gayumars	96
13715813364	Maqsud of Kashan	The Ardabil Carpet	97
13715813365	Fan Kuan	Travelers among Mountains and Streams	98
13715813366	Imperial Bureau of Painting	Portrait of Sin Sukju	99
13715813367	Bichitr	Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings	100
13715813368	Ustad Ahmad Lahori (lead architect)	Taj Mahal, Agra	101
13715813369	Ogata Korin	White and Red Plum Blossoms	102
13715813370	Katsushika Hokusai	Under the Wave off Kanagawa (The Great Wave)	103
13715813371	Unknown artist, based on a painting by Lin Chunhua	Chairman Mao en route to Anyuan	104
13715813372	Gottfried Lindauer	Tamati Waka Nene	105
13715813373	Christo and Jeanne-Claude	The Gates	106
13715813374	Maya Lin	Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington DC	107
13715813375	Jean-Michel Basquiat	Horn Players	108
13715813376	Song Su-nam	Summer Trees	109
13715813377	Magdalena Abakanowicz	Androgyne III	110
13715813378	Xu Bing	A Book from the Sky	111
13715813379	Jeff Koons	Pink Panther	112
13715813380	Cindy Sherman	Untitled (#228)	113
13715813381	Faith Ringgold	Dancing at the Louvre	114
13715813382	Jaune Quick-to-See Smith	Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People)	115
13715813383	Emily Kame Kngwarreye	Earth's Creation	116
13715813384	Shirin Neshat	Rebellious Silence	117
13715813385	Pepon Osorio	En la Barberia no se Llora (No Crying Allowed in the Barbershop)	118
13715813386	Michel Tuffery	Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000)	119
13715813387	Nam June Paik	Electronic Superhighway	120
13715813388	Bill Viola	The Crossing	121
13715813389	Frank Gehry	Guggenheim Museum Bilbao	122
13715813390	Mariko Mori	Pure Land	123
13715813391	Kiki Smith	Lying with the Wolf	124
13715813392	Kara Walker	Darkytown Rebellion	125
13715813393	Yinka Shonibare	The Swing (after Fragonard)	126
13715813394	El Anatsui	Old Man's Cloth	127
13715813395	Julie Mehretu	Stadia II	128
13715813396	Wangechi Mutu	Preying Mantra	129
13715813397	Doris Salcedo	Shibboleth	130
13715813398	Zaha Hadid	MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts, Rome	131
13715813399	Ai Weiwei	Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds)	132