AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Psychology FRQ Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13872101550Acetylcholine (LMM)A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction0
13872101551arousal theoryA theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.1
13872101552availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common2
13872101553belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited3
13872101554Big Five Personality Traitsopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism4
13872101555ExtraversionA personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive5
13872101556circadian rhythmthe biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle6
13872101557cognitive dissonanceunpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs7
13872101558context dependent memoryThe theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.8
13872101559CorrelationA measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. Can range from -1 to +1. Negative correlations the variables rise and fall inversely, positive correlations variables rise and fall together. Negative does not mean weak and positive does not mean strong9
13872101560Deindividuation (sports crowd)the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity10
13872101561difference thresholdthe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time11
13872101562distributed practicespacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods12
13872101563divergent thinking (New solutions to problems)a type of creative thinking in which one generates new solutions to problems13
13872101564Dopamine (MALR)A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.14
13872101565drive-reduction theorythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need15
13872101566encoding failurethe inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory16
13872101567episodic memoryA category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.17
13872101568ethics in research (CCDP)informed consent protection from harm/discomfort maintain confidentiality debriefing18
13872101569experimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process19
13872101570correlational researchresearch that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists. Does not manipulate variables.20
13872101571explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory)21
13872101572external locus of controlthe perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.22
13872101573extrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment23
13872101574GAS exhaustion phasebody runs out of adaption energy stores for adjusting to stressor, and disease resistance drops below normal; if we can stay in the stress it can have a negative effect24
13872101575gender rolessets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female25
13872101576gestalt principle of proximitywe group nearby figures together26
13872101577implicit memoryMemories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously27
13872101578incentive theoryA theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.28
13872101579intrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake29
13872101580normative social influence (gain social approval)influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval30
13872101581operational definitiona statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Must be recordable/countable/measurable.31
13872101582overjustification effectThe effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.32
13872101583positive reinforcementIncreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.33
13872101584postconventional moral reasoningKohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles34
13872101585prefrontal cortex (TPL)processing center in the frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language35
13872101586proactive interferenceBeing unable to retrieve new information because old information gets in the way36
13872101587procedural memorya type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits (tying shoes, eating with a fork)37
13872101588prospective memoryremembering to do things in the future38
13872101589random assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups39
13872101590random selectionA way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample40
13872101591retinal disparitya binocular cue for perceiving depth41
13872101592retroactive interferenceUnable to retrieve old information because of newly encoded information42
13872101593selective attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus43
13872101594self-efficacyone's sense of competence and effectiveness in a specific task.44
13872101595self-fulfiling prophecya prediction or expectation about our future behavior that is likely to come true because we believe it and thus act in ways that make it come true45
13872101596SerotoninA neurotransmitter helps mood and appetite. Increase in it helps depression as it is a mood booster.46
13872101597social facilitationimproved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, decreased performance on difficult or non well-learned tasks47
13872101598state-dependent memoryThe theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.48
13872101599statistical significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. Measured by p-value. To say something is statistically significant it must have a p value of less than .05 (p=<.05)49
13872101600sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations50
13872101601Yerkes-Dodson Lawthe principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases51
13872101602cognitive restructuringa therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs52
13872101603kinesthetic sensesense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other53
13872101604basilar membraneA structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.54
13872101605somatosensory cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations55
13872101606motor neurons (efferent)neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands56
13872101607Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms57
13872101608secondary reinforcerany reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars58
13872101609AlgorithmA methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.59
13872101610social loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable60
13872101611Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.61
13872101612alarm stage of GASorganism recognizes stress, begins to respond. Fight or flight and sympathetic nervous system engages62
13872101613authoritarian parentingstyle of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child63
13872101614identity vs. role confusionErikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves64
13872101615unconditional positive regardaccording to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person65
13872101616elaborative rehearsalthe linking of new information to material that is already known66
13872101617central route persuasiongoing through rational mind, persuading using logic and evidence.67
13872101618source amnesiaattributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined68
13872101619fluid intelligenceour ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood69
13872101620agoraphobiafear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic70
13872101621EthnocentrismBelief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.71
13872101622Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond72
13872101623Broca's areaspeech production (mouth movement)73
13872101624gestalt principle of closurewe fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object74
13872101625double blind researcha research study in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of the predicted outcome75
13872101626myelin sheathA layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.76
13872101627punishmentan event that decreases the behavior that it follows77
13872101628Endorphinsnatural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure78
13872101629Introversion (introvert)dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation79
13872101630cognitive mapa mental representation of the layout of one's environment80
13872101631cocktail party effectability to attend to only one voice among many81
13872101632Cerebellumthe "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance82
13872101633observational learninglearning by observing others83
13872101634Human Factorsinteraction with people and machines84
13872101635reticular formationalertness and arousal85
13872101636predictive validityRefers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.86
13872101637semantic memorygeneral knowledge87
13872101638serial position effectour tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list88
13872101639functional fixednessthe tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use (not thinking outside the box)89
13872101640operant conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher90
13872101641Reinforcementany event that strengthens the behavior it follows91
13872101642Conformitycompliance with standards, rules, or laws.92
13872101643figure-ground (objects standing out from their surroundings)the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings93
13872101644occipital lobeA region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information94
13872101645Use of Phonemesin language, the smallest distinctive sound unit /k/ for cat95
13872101646Modelinglearning by imitating others; copying behavior96
13872101647age and language acquisitionolder students are less successful in acquiring a language.97
13872101648foveal visionsharp central vision98
13872101649feature detectorscells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of a stimulus99
13872101650compliancethe tendency to agree to do things requested by others100
13872101651crystallized intelligenceour accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age101
13872101652motor cortexcontrols voluntary movements102
13872101653conditioned responsea learned response to a previously neutral stimulus103
13872101654inattentional blindnessa failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention104
13872101655mnemonic devicesstrategies for enhancing memory105
13872101656external cuestime of day, social cues, sight and smell of food106
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Government Chapter 11 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8577395241incumbentsthose individuals who already hold office who are running for reelection. they usually win the election0
8577418743casework/ constituent servicesactivities of members of congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get1
8577442094pork barrelfederal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local governments, businesses, colleges, and other institutions in a congressional district2
8577453744bicameral legislaturea legislature divided into houses. congress and all state legislatures except Nebraska's are this3
8577467287House Rules Committeethe committee in the House that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full house4
8577477750filibustera strategy only in the Senate where opponents of a piece of legislation use their right to unlimited debate to prevent the Senate form ever voting on a bill5
8577494285Speaker of the Housean office mandated by the Constitution. example: Paul Ryan6
8577507770majority leaderthe principle partisan all of the Speaker of the House or the majority party's manager in the Senate. responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes on behalf of the party's legislative positions7
8577524999whipparty leaders who work with the majority leader to count voted beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to the passage of a favored bill8
8577538103minority leaderprincipal leader of the minority part in the House or Senate9
8577546240standing committeescommittees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas10
8577550045joint committeescommittees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses11
8577558592conference committeescommittees formed when the Senate and the House pass a bill in different forms. members create a compromise bill12
8577569201select committeescommittees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation13
8577580965oversightcongress's monitoring of the executive branch bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through committee hearings14
8577600949committee chairsleader of committees who schedule hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house; have important influence on the congressional agenda15
8577621245seniority systema simple rule for picking committee chairs by the member who has served on the committee the longest and whose party controls the chamber becoming chair16
8577642187caucusa group of members of congress sharing some interest or characteristic17
8577650035billa proposed law drafted in legal language18
8577751042bipartisanof or involving the agreement or cooperation of two political parties that usually oppose each other's policies.19
8577754847Christmas Tree Billreferring to a bill that attracts many, often unrelated, floor amendments20
8577770465closed ruleis a procedural maneuver that prohibits any amendments to bills up for a vote on the House floor, unless they are recommended by the committee reporting the bill21
8577780731cloturea procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote.22
8577788967consitutentbeing a voting member of a community or organization and having the power to appoint or elect23
8577798868delegatea person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference24
8577806124discharge petitiona means of bringing a bill out of committee and to the floor for consideration without a report from the committee by "discharging" the committee from further consideration of a bill or resolution25
8577814389earmarka congressional directive that funds should be spent on a specific project26
8577823062Franking Privilegeallows Members of Congress to transmit mail matter under their signature without postage27
8577835634policy generalistshave vague and general ideals on policies28
8577835635policy specialistsparticular subject and become a subject matter expert to know about the laws and government in that area29
8577860904open rulea set of regulations for debate on the floor of the House of Representatives which permits general debate and allows members to offer amendments30
8577866770overrideuse one's authority to reject or cancel31
8577874674partisanstrong allegiance to one's own political party, often leading to unwillingness to compromise with members of the opposing party32
8577892413party caucusA meeting of the members of a political party to decide questions of policy33
8577909331pocket vetoA form of veto in which the president fails to sign a bill passed by both houses within ten days and Congress has adjourned during that time34
8577931990president pro temporea high-ranking senator of the majority party who presides over the US Senate in the absence of the vice president35
8577937963reapportionmentRedistribution of representation in a legislative body, especially the periodic re-allotment of US congressional seats according to changes in the census figures as required by the Constitution36
8577948870redistrictingdivide or organize into new political districts37
8577959153resolutiona firm decision to do or not to do something38
8577963526concurrent resolutiona resolution adopted by both houses of a legislative assembly that does not require the signature of the chief executive and that does not have the force of law39
8577971982rideran additional provision added to a bill or other measure under the consideration by a legislature, having little connection with the subject matter of the bill40
8577983377safe seatAn elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted41
8577991698senatorial courtesya system in which the president submits the name of a candidate for judicial appointment to the senators from the candidate's state before formally submitting it for full senate approval42
8577999471trusteecongressmen who use their own best interest43
8578011721mark-upprocess by which a U.S congressional committee or state legislative session debates, amends, and rewrites proposed legislation44
8578022209logrollinglegislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support in his or her45
8578043123power, salary, and health benefitswhy would someone want to be a congressman?46
857805236325 years old and citizen for 7 yearsrequirements to be a US House representative47
857806069630 years old and citizen for 9 yearsrequirements to be US Senator48
8578065710reside in statecharacteristic required for both House and Senate members49
8578072892nois the makeup of congress proportional to American society?50
8578076901noare men and women seen equally in elections?51
8578088914election of incumbentwhat is the most predictable aspect of congressional elections?52
8578103158yesare incumbents successful in reelection bids?53
8578108377scandal/corruption, gerrymandering, and party favor flipswhen are incumbents most vulnerable at election time?54
8578123248senateis filibustering in the Senate or House?55
8578130052House Rules Committee in the House and filibustering in the Senatewhat is a major difference in passing a bill between senate and House56
8578139356conference, joint, standing, special/selectname all the committees in congress57
8578151037long termare standing committees long term or short term?58
8578158584bothare joint committees long term or short term?59
8578165547short termare conference committees long term or short term?60
8578173073long termare special/ select committees long term or short term?61
8578186226anyonewho can write a bill?62
8578188030an elected memberwho can purpose a bill to congress?63
8578193226white house and interest groupswhere does congress get ideas for bills?64
8578227142polarized politicsrefers to the divergence of political attitudes to ideological extremes65
8578250712listen, ignore, or ideologywhat are the three "roles" legislators can play when deciding their position on a policy?66
8578262360lobbyistsformer congress members who take part in trying to influence legislators67
8578272784435how many representatives in the House?68
8578277199100how many senators?69
8578282660descriptive representationrepresenting constituents by reflecting their personal, politically relevant characteristics70
8578288933substantive representationspeak for the interests of groups to which they do not belong71
8578300828childcare, bias, consideration of riskwhy are there not more women running/elected for congress?72
8578312992advertising, credit claiming, position taking, weak opponents, and campaign spendingname the five advantages of incumbency73
8578332014when an incumbent is not runningwhen does the most overturn occur?74
8578337938the Housewhere do bills dealing with revenue originate?75
857834650060how many votes are required for cloture?76
8589489365by the majority partyhow is the Speaker of the House elected?77
8589497452vice presidentwho is president of the senate?78
8589503624majority leaderwho is the most powerful leader in the senate?79
8589511958ways and means committeecommittee that deals with taxes for the House80
8589519369rules committeecommittee that creates rule for the House81
8598136750what do my constituents want?what do delegates think of when they are participating in law?82
8598155941combonationwhat do politicos think of when they are participating in law?83
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: Ecosystems Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7290848553ecological communitya group of actually or potentially interacting species living in the same place0
7290848554community level interactionswhen the interaction between two species leads to changes in the presence or absence of other species or to a large change in abundance of other species, then a community effect is said to have occurred1
7290848556food chainthe linkage of who feeds on whom2
7290848557food weba network of who feeds on whom or a diagram showing feeds on whom3
7290848558trophic levelin an ecological community, all the organisms that are the same number of food-chain steps from the primary source of energy4
7290848559autotrophan organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds and a source of energy5
7290848560carnivoreorganisms that feed on other live organisms; usually applied to animals that eat other animals; a meat eater.6
7290848561herbivorean organism that feeds on an autotroph; a plant eater7
7290848562omnivoreorganisms that eat both plants and animals8
7290848563decomposeran organism that obtains its energy and nutritional requirements by feeding on dead organisms; or, a feeder on dead organisms.9
7290848564producerany of the various organisms which produce their own organic compounds from simple precursors and many of which are food sources for other organisms10
7290848565primary consumeran organism which is found near the very bottom of the food chain who consumes plant material11
7290848566secondary consumeran organism that feeds on primary consumers, usually a carnivore12
7290848567tertiary consumera high-level consumer, which is usually the top predator in an ecosystem and/or food chain13
7290848568carbon cyclecombined biochemical cycle of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen14
7290848569nitrogen cyclea complex biogeochemical cycle responsible for moving important nitrogen components through the biosphere and other Earth systems15
7290848570nitrogen fixationthe process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia, nitrate ion, or amino acids16
7290848571denitrificationthe conversion of nitrate to molecular nitrogen by the action of bacteria (an important step in the nitrogen cycle)17
7290848572phosphorus cyclemajor biochemical cycle involving the movement of phosphorus throughout the biosphere and lithosphere; important because phosphorus is important to life and for plant growth18
7290848573photosynthesissynthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide and water by living organisms using light as energy; oxygen is byproduc19
7290848574respirationthe complex series of chemical reactions in organisms that make energy available for use20
7290848575aerobicliving or occurring only in the presence of oxygen21
7290848576anaerobicliving, active or occurring in the absence of oxygen; without oxygen22
7290848578zooplanktonsmall aquatic invertebrates that live in the sunlit waters of streams, lakes, and oceans and feed on algae and other invertebrate animals23
7290848579phytoplanktonmicroscopic floating plants, mainly algae, that live suspended in bodies of water and that drift about because they cannot move by themselves or because they are too small or too weak to swim effectively against a current24
7290848580keystone speciesloosely speaking, a species, such as the sea otter, that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem so that its removal or addition to the community leads to major changes in the abundances of many or all other species25
7290848582biological diversitythe variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part26
7290848586speciesa group of individuals capable of species27
7290848593species diversitythe number and variety of species found in a given area in a region28
7290848598habitatwhere an individual, population or species exists or can exist29
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Microeconomics Unit 3 Flashcards

Theory of the Firm

Terms : Hide Images
10841460622Marginal physical product (MPP)change in total output resulting from the firm adding an extra unit of labor MPP = ∆Q/∆L MPP > 0, total output increases when an extra labor unit is added MPP = 0, total output is at its maximum value MPP < 0, total output decreases when an extra labor unit is added0
10841460623Total product (TP) or total output (Q)total number of units of output produced by the firm per period of time slope of the Q curve = MPP1
10841607580Average physical product (APP)amount of output produced per unit of labor per period of time APP = Q/L MPP > APP, APP increases MPP < APP, APP decreases2
10841466215Diminishing marginal productivity (DMP)MPP diminishes as the firm uses additional units of labor marginal cost in output increases and the marginal product of labor decreases as each additional unit of input is added bottom of MC curve3
10842987676Total product curve (Q curve)curve showing the relationship between the quantity of labor and the quantity of output produced, ceteris paribus inflection point is the point before diminishing marginal returns and is the maximized slope average is at its highest wherever the slope of Q touches the Q curve Q is maximized at the highest point4
10843001052Marginal product and average product curveshows the change in output from one input extra, ceteris paribus MPP highest at diminishing marginal returns MPP and APP intersect when the APP is at its highest MPP is 0 when Q is maximized5
10932383868Per-unit cost curveshows the change in per unit cost from one input extra, ceteris paribus MC lowest at diminishing marginal returns and crosses ATC and AVC at their lowest points MC below ATC, ATC falls, vice versa MC below AVC, AVC falls, vice versa MC falls, MPP rises, vice versa AVC falls, APP rises, vice versa6
10932681377Total cost curveshows the change in total cost from one input extra, ceteris paribus7
10857389835Fixed costscosts that do not vary with the quantity of output produced8
10861885467Total fixed costs (TFC)total costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced TFC = fixed costs per day9
10857389836Average fixed costs (AFC)fixed cost per unit produced AFC = TFC/Q AFC = ATC - AVC10
10857390704Variable costscosts that vary with the quantity of output produced11
10861885468Total variable costs (TVC)total costs that vary with the quantity of output produced TVC = (labor cost × L) + (raw material cost × Q)12
10857390705Average variable costs (AVC)variable cost per unit produced AVC = TVC/Q AVC = ATC - AFC AVC = wage/APP13
10857418886Total cost (TC)sum of fixed costs and variable costs TC = TVC + TFC14
10857419934Average total cost (ATC)total cost per unit produced ATC = TC/Q ATC = AVC + AFC15
10857418887Marginal cost (MC)cost of producing an additional unit of a good (variable cost) MC = ∆TC/MPP MC = wage/MPP16
10861901408Marginal revenue (MR)additional income from selling one more unit of a good MR = price of good per unit17
10968922568Economic profitprice is above the minimum of the ATC curve total revenue - (implicit costs + explicit costs)18
10968922569Economic lossprice below the minimum of the ATC curve19
10968924606Normal profitprice on the minimum of the ATC curve demand tangent to ATC curve implicit cost of ownership20
10969071627What are the characteristics of perfect competitionmany firms with no entry barriers firms maximize profits and are price takers identical products (perfect substitutes) no long run profit and have perfect information no control over price or advertisements21
11277412151What are the characteristics of a pure competition graphdemand is perfectly elastic labeled MR = D = AR = P supply is MC above AVC ATC touches the MC at its lowest point and is always above AVC and AFC AVC touches the MC at its lowest point and approaches (but never touches) the ATC AFC is perpetually decreasing MC is shaped like a swoosh22
10995758536Optimal output (profit maximization)wherever marginal revenue (MR) = marginal cost (MC)23
11282390549Total revenue maximizationwherever marginal revenue (MR) = 024
10969095130Short run average total cost (SRATC)period of time during which at least one of a firm's inputs is fixed25
10969095131Long run average total cost (LRATC or planning curve)period of time in which a firm has paid off all of its fixed costs consists of many increasing then decreasing SRATC curves of various plant sizes available to a firm price = minimum ATC26
10972865578Productive efficiencyproducing a good in the least costly way (minimal use of resources) P = minimum ATC27
10972865579Allocative efficiencydistribution of resources towards the production of products most wanted by society P = MC28
10973011556Shutdown pointpoint where price is less than minimum AVC and the firm must shut down to minimize its losses firm should continue to produce as long as it's price is above the AVC29
10995715683Increase in demand in the short run (perfect competition)market price and market quantity increases firm price and firm quantity increases profit occurs30
10995854394Increase in supply in the short run (perfect competition)market price decreases and market quantity increases firm price and firm quantity decreases encourages entry into the market31
10995811097Decrease in demand in the short run (perfect competition)market price and market quantity decreases firm price decreases and firm quantity decreases loss occurs32
10995936650Decrease in supply in the short run (perfect competition)market price increases and market quantity decreases firm price and firm quantity increases encourages exiting out of the market33
11017332381When will only the ATC shift upwardsfixed costs increase once price and quantity remain the same34
11017335572When will only the ATC shift downwardsfixed costs decrease once price and quantity remain the same35
11017345223When will only the MC, AVC, and ATC shift upwardsfixed costs increase per unit price increases and quantity decreases36
11017345224When will only the MC, AVC, and ATC shift downwardsfixed costs decrease per unit price decreases and quantity increases37
11122863143What are the characteristics of a pure monopolysingle firm that is a price searcher firm has no substitutes market entry is blocked (no competition) legality dependent on government approval earns a profit in the long run by maximizing total profit and selling where price is elastic causes income inequality38
11138736678What are the characteristics of a pure monopoly graphMR slopes downwards from left to right at a faster rate ATC below MR = MC profit-maximizing price is the point on the demand curve of the profit-maximizing quantity at MR = MC D = P ≠ MR D = P is the demand curve and slopes downwards from left to right no supply curve exists creates deadweight loss, has no productive or allocative efficiency in the long run, and an unfair market price demand is elastic where MR > 0, inelastic where MR < 0, and unitary elastic where MR = 039
11154300760Simultaneous (nonrivalous) consumptionproduct's ability to satisfy a large number of people at the same time40
11154256035Why do costs differ in a monopolyeconomies of scale x-inefficiency need for monopoly preserving expenditures very long run41
11154318379Network effectsincreases in the value of a product to each user, including existing users, as the total number of users rises42
11154325578X-inefficiencyoccurs when a firm produces output at a higher cost than is necessary to produce it43
11154949073Rent-seeking expendituresany activity designed to transfer income or wealth to a particular firm or resource supplier at someone else's, or even society's, expense44
11155602689Price discriminationpractice of selling the same good at different prices but not justified by cost differences leading to greater profits and output45
111577643171st degree price discrimination (perfect price discrimination)seller charges each buyer maximum consumer surplus46
111577643182nd degree price discriminationseller charges less to buyers who buy more but does not extract all of the consumer surplus47
111577667713rd degree price discriminationseller charges different prices to elastic and inelastic consumer groups based on who and when they buy to obtain more profits48
11156726759When can price discrimination be possiblemonopoly power market segregation no resale possible49
11157057251Price regulation (rate regulation)limits the price that a monopolist is allowed to charge and will result in increased output50
11157157157Socially optimal priceprice of a product that results in allocative efficiency with possible losses P = MC51
11157159743Fair rate of return priceprice of a product that results in a normal profit without allocative efficiency P = ATC52
11157202280Dilemma of regulationtrade off faced by a regulatory agency in setting the maximum legal price a monopolist may charge53
11207163312Natural monopolymonopoly that runs most efficiently when one large firm supplies all of the output54
11252961786Economies of scalefactors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises and can alter the quantity of all inputs LRATC decreasing55
11267789621Constant economies of scaleall inputs can be increased equally to maintain the lowest cost per unit LRATC constant56
11252962334Diseconomies of scaleaverage cost per unit increases in the long run due to size LRATC increasing57
11234127683Accounting profittotal revenue - explicit costs58
11271580970Explicit costcost that involves spending money for production59
11271580971Implicit costopportunity cost when a firm uses owner-supplied resources60
11274878234Minimum efficient scale (MES)lowest level of output that a firm can minimize long-run average total cost61
11274921447Geographic monopolymonopoly based on the absence of other sellers in a certain geographic area62
11278551278What are the characteristics of monopolistic competitionmany firms that are price searchers no entry barriers products are similar but not identical constant advertising (fixed cost that increases demand and becomes more inelastic) normal long run profit market demand curve different (lowering prices does not instantly mean more market share for a firm) has no productive or allocative efficiency in the long run63
11278551279What are the characteristics of an oligopolyfew firms that are price searchers difficult entry barriers products are similar but not identical firms are interdependent (decisions dependent on each firm's actions) firms make their own price64
11279649511What are the barriers of entry for a monopolypatents and copyrights legal restrictions control of key resources high startup costs65
11279685484Fair market priceprice a producer is willing to sell a product at and a consumer is willing to buy it D = ATC66
11282978512Changing cost industry in the long run (perfect competition)quantity remains the same in the firm and quantity increases in the market after prices stabilize67
11285813653When will firms enter a marketeconomic profit > 068
11285813654When will firms exit a marketeconomic profit < 069
11287904207Excess capacitydifference between a firm's profit-maximizing quantity and the productively efficient quantity occurs when the firm is producing quantity left of the productively efficient curve70
11292493539Game theorystudy of alternate strategies when outcome of an individual is interdependent71
11307016579Government monopolymonopoly that exists only when the government provides a certain good or service72
11307016580Technological monopolymonopoly that exists when the government grants a patent or copyright to an individual or firm73
11307847674Collusionrival companies cooperate for their mutual benefit74
11307847675Cartelorganization of colluding oligopolists that agree to fix prices75
11307935919Payoff matrixgrid that shows the possible combinations and outcomes when two firms make a decision76
11307935920Nash equilibriumsituation in which firms each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other firms have chosen77
11308069146Dominant strategystrategy that is the best response (highest profit) for a firm no matter what strategies opposing firms use for the firm on the left check the top and bottom rows to see if both are greater than the other on the same side (repeat for the firm on the top this time left and right)78
11310072869Price fixingagreement among firms to charge one price for the same good79
11331132297Increasing cost industryindustry that faces higher per-unit production costs as industry output increases in the long run long run industry supply curve slopes upward80
11331139525Decreasing cost industryindustry that faces lower per-unit production costs as industry output decreases in the long run long run industry supply curve slopes downward81
11331139526Constant cost industryindustry that faces no change in per-unit production costs as industry output stays the same in the long run long run industry supply curve horizontal82
11331142213Autonomous demandquantity being demanded when income equals zero expenditure for which the level does not depend on the level of output in the economy83
Powered by Quizlet.com

APES 23 Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8530372093global warmingnatural or human-induces increase in the average global temperature of the atmosphere near Earth's surface0
8530372094Earth system scienceincludes understanding processes and linkages between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere1
8530374080greenhouse gasesthe suite of gases that produce a greenhouse effect, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor2
8530374081general circulation modelsattempts to reproduce and predict atmospheric changes on a global scale3
8530375783greenhouse effectoccurs when water vapor and several other gases warm the Earth's atmosphere by trapping some of the heat radiating from Earth's atmospheric system4
8530375784climate forcingimposed perturbation on the energy balance of Earth5
8530377844climatethe representative or characteristic conditions of the atmosphere at particular place on Earth. Refers to the average or expected conditions over long period.6
8530377845polar amplificationprocesses in which global warming causes greater temperature increases at polar regions7
8530380175weatherthe particular conditions in one time at one place8
8530380176atmosphere1. layer of gases surrounding the earth9
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!