AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Biology Basics (100) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10153993234activation energyThe energy that must be possessed by atoms or molecules in order to react.0
10153993235active siteThe specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.1
10153993236active transportThe movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.2
10153993237adhesionThe tendency of different kinds of molecules to stick together.3
10153993238aerobicContaining oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.4
10153993239amino acidAn organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.5
10153993240anaerobicLacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.6
10153993241antibioticA chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth.7
10153993242asexual reproductionA type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.8
10153993243atomThe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.9
10153993244adenosine triphosphate (ATP)An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.10
10153993245autotrophAn organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms. The organisms use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.11
10153993246binary fissionThe type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.12
10153993247brain stemThe hindbrain and midbrain of the vertebrate central nervous system. In humans, it forms a cap on the anterior end of the spinal cord, extending to about the middle of the brain.13
10153993248carbohydrateA sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).14
10153993249catalystA substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction by forming a temporary association with the reacting molecules; as a result, the rate of the reaction is accelerated. Enzymes are this type of substance.15
10153993250cellA basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life.16
10153993251cell theoryAll living things are composed of cells; cells arise only from other cells. No exception has been found to these two principles since they were first proposed well over a century ago.17
10153993252cellular respirationThe most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.18
10153993253cerebellumPart of the vertebrate hindbrain; functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balance.19
10153993254cerebrumThe dorsal portion, composed of right and left hemispheres, of the vertebrate forebrain; the integrating center for memory, learning, emotions, and other highly complex functions of the central nervous system.20
10153993255chemical reactionA process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds.21
10153993256chloroplastAn organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.22
10153993257chromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin.23
10153993258cohesionThe binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.24
10153993259covalent bondA chemical bond formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.25
10153993260crossing overThe reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.26
10153993261denaturedestroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation.27
10153993262dependent variableIn an experiment, the factor that responds and is measured when another factor is manipulated.28
10153993263dermal tissue systemThe protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering young plant organs formed by primary growth.29
10153993264diffusionThe spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.30
10153993265diploid cellA cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.31
10153993266deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.32
10153993267endosymbiotic theoryA hypothesis about the origin of the eukaryotic cell, maintaining that the forerunners of eukaryotic cells were symbiotic associations of prokaryotic cells living inside larger prokaryotes.33
10153993268enzymeA class of proteins serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.34
10153993269eukaryoteAn organism whose cells contain membraine-bound organelles and whose DNA is enclosed in a cell nucleus and is associated with proteins.35
10153993270fatty acidA long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.36
10153993271feedback inhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end-product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.37
10153993272fermentationA catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.38
10153993273fluid mosaic modelThe currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.39
10153993274gameteA haploid egg or sperm cell; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.40
10153993275glycerolA three-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl (−OH) groups attached; a glycerol molecule can combine with three fatty acid molecules to form a fat or an oil.41
10153993276guard cellA specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata.42
10153993277haploid cellA cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).43
10153993278heterotrophAn organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.44
10153993279homeostasisThe steady-state physiological condition of the body.45
10153993280homologous chromosomesChromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.46
10153993281hydrogen bondA type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.47
10153993282hypertonic solutionA solution with a greater solute concentration than another, a hypotonic solution.48
10153993283hypothesisA temporary working explanation or supposition based on accumulated facts and suggesting some general principle or relation of cause and effect; a postulated solution to a scientific problem that must be tested and if not validated, discarded.49
10153993284hypotonic solutionA solution with a lesser solute concentration than another, a hypertonic solution.50
10153993285independent variableIn an experiment, when one factor is manipulated, a second factor responds. The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated.51
10153993286inflammatory responseA line of defense triggered by penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, in which small blood vessels in the vicinity of an injury dilate and become leakier, enhancing the infiltration of leukocytes; may also be widespread in the body.52
10153993287ionAn atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.53
10153993288isotonic solutionSolutions of equal solute concentration.54
10153993289joule (J)A unit of energy equal to 0.239 cal55
10153993290lipidOne of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.56
10153993291lymphocyteA white blood cell. The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow are called B cells, and those that mature in the thymus are called T cells.57
10153993292meanThe average of a set of numbers. You find the average of a set of numbers by adding them up and dividing by the number of numbers in the set.58
10153993293macromoleculeA giant molecule of living matter formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis). Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.59
10153993294mechanisman explanation of how a process or phenomenon works or might work.60
10153993295meiosisA two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in gametes with half the chromosome number of the original cell.61
10153993296metabolismThe totality of an organism's chemical processes, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways.62
10153993297mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.63
10153993298mitosisA process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.64
10153993299moleculeTwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.65
10153993300monomerThe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.66
10153993301monosaccharideThe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.67
10153993302nucleic acidA polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.68
10153993303nucleotideThe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.69
10153993332nucleus(1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.70
10153993304organelleOne of several formed bodies with a specialized function, suspended in the cytoplasm and found in eukaryotic cells.71
10153993305organicPertaining to (1) organisms or living things generally, or (2) compounds formed by living organisms, or (3) the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.72
10153993306osmosisThe diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.73
10153993307passive transportThe diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.74
10153993308pathogenAn organism or a virus that causes disease.75
10153993309pH scaleA measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to −log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.76
10153993310phenotypeThe physical and physiological traits of an organism.77
10153993311phospholipidsMolecules that constitute the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.78
10153993312plasma membraneThe membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.79
10153993313polar moleculeA molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on opposite sides.80
10153993314polymerA large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together.81
10153993315polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.82
10153993316polysaccharideA polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis.83
10153993317prokaryotic cellA type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.84
10153993318proteinA three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids.85
10153993333rateA measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity or measure.86
10153993319reactantA starting material in a chemical reaction.87
10153993320ribosomeA cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus, functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.88
10153993321ribonucleic acid (RNA)A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.89
10153993322selective permeabilityA property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.90
10153993323sexual reproductionA type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.91
10153993324solutionA homogeneous, liquid mixture of two or more substances.92
10153993325somatic cellAny cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.93
10153993326specific heatThe amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1°C.94
10153993327stoma (pl. stomata)A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.95
10153993328transpirationThe evaporative loss of water from a plant.96
10153993329vaccineA harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.97
10153993330valence shellThe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.98
10153993331vascular tissuePlant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.99
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13437142701Antithesisthe j uxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure0
13437142703Imagerya vivid description that creates a strong sensory impression1
13437142704irony (verbal)use of a word in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning of the word2
13437142705litotesdeliberate use of understatement3
13437142706metaphorimplied comparison4
13437142707metonymysubstitue of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant5
13437142708Paradoxa statement that itially appears to be contradictory but then on closer inspection, turns out to make sense6
13437142709parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or seies of related words, phrases, or clauses7
13437142710personificationinvesting abstratiosn or inanimate objects with human qualities8
13437142711simileexplicit comparison between two things of unlike nature9
13437142713tropeone of the two major divisions of figures of speech (the other being rhetorical figures) which refers to the figurative turn or twisting of some word or phrase to make it mean something else. For example, metaphor, metonymy, simile, personfication, and synecdoche10
13437142714foot (poetry)a pair of syllables11
13437142715iamb or iambic foota pair of syllables, with the first syllable less prominent than the second12
13437142716accent or stressthe sound of a syllable as affected by a change in pitch when spoken13
13437142717duration or quantityshortness or length of a syllable when pronounced relative to the syllables surrounding it14
13437142718line (of poetry)the characters that appear on a single line regardless of grammatical structure15
13437142719syntaxthe words in their arrangement, and the dynamic energy the arrangement creates16
13437142720syntactical unita sentence, phrase, or clause17
13437142721Enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.18
13437142722trocheea inverted iamb, where the first syllable is more prominent that the second19
13437142723anapestthree-syllable foot, stress on third20
13437142724sprung rhythmThe omission of an unstressed syllable resulting in the jamming of two stressed syllables together as in "saw, who." in the line "Wonders I saw, who can tell" rather than "Wonders I saw, that who can tell?"21
13437142725spondeea foot of two long syllables, as in the spondaic line "And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste"22
13437142726caesuraA natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line, usually indicated by punctuation23
13437142727dimetertwo feet per line24
13437142728trimeter3 feet per line25
13437142729tetrameter4 feet per line26
13437142730pentameter5 feet per line27
13437142731hexameter6 feet per line28
13437142732assonanceRepetition of similar vowel sounds29
13437142733consonanceRepetition of consonant sounds30
13437142734alliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds31
13437849204anachronisma thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned.32
13437852420SoliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage33
13437854196Hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.34
13437856520foilA character who acts as a contrast to another character35
13437858472synechdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa36
13437861744EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant37
13437864037ambiguousunclear or doubtful in meaning38
13437866970OxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.39
13437868527AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event40
13437868528paradoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.41
13437870387Jargonspecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.42
13437872632LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite43
13437876512ArchetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response44
13437878904AphorismsShort statements of truth45
13437880619ParableA simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson46
13437880620Sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt47
13437882561Colloquialismsa word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.48
13437887057Dramatic Ironywhen a reader is aware of something that a character isn't49
13437889000MoodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader50
13437891953RepetitionRepeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis51
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 2 AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
12714142998What was Plato's main assertions about the head versus the heart?Plato believed that the mind and was located in the brain in the spherical head—his idea of the perfect form.0
12714146691What was Aristotle's main assertions about the head versus the heart?Aristotle believed the mind was in the heart, which pumps warmth and vitality to the body. People function and feel emotions in their brains and not the heart.1
12714160984Franz Gallearly german comparative brain anatomist physician; developed phrenology2
12714162280PhrenologyThe study of the conformation (bumps) of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental abilities and character traits. IT DOES NOT WORK3
12714187958Localization of Functionspecialization of particular brain areas for particular functions4
12714195936Biological psychologythe scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes5
12714207411Biopsychosocial systemsa system composed of subsystems that are in turn composed of even smaller subsystems. Tiny cells organize to form body organs. These organs form larger systems for digestion, circulation, and information processing. And those systems are part of an even larger system—the individual, who in turn is a part of a family, culture, and community.6
12714223197NeuronsIndividual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. They are the basic building blocks of the nervous system7
12714231060Dendritesa neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body8
12714232958AxonA threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body into axon terminals. They can be very long.9
12714237538Axon TerminalsThreadlike branches of an axon that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body and sends information to other neurons, muscles, or glands10
12714258841Myelin sheathA layer of fatty tissue segment-ally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.11
12714263191Multiple Sclerosismyelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction12
12714267868Action poentiala brief electrical charge that travels down a neurons axon axon. This is triggered when stimulated by signals from our senses or when triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons13
12714582074Chemistry to Electricity process-The exchange of electrically charged atoms (ions) -Positive outside/negative inside fluid around the axon -This positive-outside/negative-inside state is called the resting potential.14
12714599509DepolarizationThe process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.15
12715137515Refractory periodthe time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated. The neuron pumps the positively charged sodium ions back outside.16
12715144764Exitatory signalsincrease membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved17
12715151269Thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse18
12715145874Inhibitory signalshyper polarize the cell, decreasing the likelihood that the neuron will fire19
12715161415All-or-none responseA neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing at all. A strong stimulus doesn't cause a stronger firing of the neuron but can cause more neurons to fire20
12715171289Synapse (Synaptic Cleft)the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron where neurotransmitters are exchanged.21
12715177910Neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons and transmit information22
12715181980ReuptakeA process in which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed from the synaptic cleft by the synaptic membrane of the sending neuron.23
12715196167Endorphins"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.24
12715202804AgonistA chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to a receptor25
12715206192AntiagonistA chemical that mimics neurotransmitters and binds to a receptor to blocks neurotransmitter functions.26
12715289972Central nervous systemcontrols most of the body's sensory and motor functions through the brain and the spinal chord.27
12715327319Nervesbundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs28
12715298956Somatic nervous systemenables voluntary control of skeletal muscles; voluntary funtions29
12715293529Peripheral Nervous Systemresponsible for transmitting central nervous system signals and decisions to other body parts30
12715303283Autonomic Nervous Systemcontrols our glands and muscles of organs; all involuntary functions31
12715310083Sympathetic nervous systemarouses and expends energy32
12715315585Parasympathetic nervous systemcalms down the body in order to conserve energy33
12715322145How are hormones different from neurotransmittersHormones and neurotransmitters are both chemical messengers, however, neurotransmitters travel through neurons, are very fast, and have short-lasting effects. Hormones travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body, are slow, and have long-lasting effects.34
12715331232Sensory neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord35
12715331999Motor neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands36
12715333609Interneuronsthe brain's internal communication system where information is processed. Billions of inter-neurons in the brain.37
12715373708Spinal Chorda two-way information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain. Ascending neural fibers send up sensory information, and descending fibers send back motor-control information.A simple spinal reflex pathway is composed of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron.38
12715383748Endocrine Systemthe collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.39
12715388996Hormoneschemical messengers which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain40
12715396738Adrenal Glandlocated on top of the kidneys to release epinephrine and norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline). These hormones increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar, providing us with a surge of energy, known as the fight-or-flight response.41
12715400468Pituitary Gland-a pea-sized structure located in the core of the brain, where it is controlled by an adjacent brain area, the hypothalamus - responsible for growth hormones and pituitary secretions also influence the release of hormones by other endocrine glands.(Master Gland)42
12715406648Hypothalmusbrain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. Controls pituitary gland43
12715409024Thyroid glandproduces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth44
12715410265Parathyroid glandssmall pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues45
12715411462PancreasRegulates the level of sugar in the blood46
12715412056Testesmale sex glands47
12715416149Ovaryfemale sex glands48
12715438835Lesiontissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue49
12715448331Electroencephalogram (EEG)An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.50
12715450248Computer Tomography (CT)a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images51
12715452932PET scan (positron emission tomography)a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task52
12715454396MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.53
12715459327fMRI (functional MRI)A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.54
12715469615Brainstemthe oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brain stem is responsible for automatic survival functions and is comprised of the pons and medulla.55
12715470785Medullathe base of the brain stem; controls heartbeat and breathing56
12715472808PonsA brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and coordinates movement57
12715479649Reticular formationa nerve network that travels through the brain stem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal58
12715485461Cerebellumthe "little brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance59
12715493208Limbic systemneural system (including the hippo-campus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.60
12715495977Amygdalatwo Lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to aggression and fear61
12715505723Thalmussensory perception and regulation of motor functions62
12719651920How are brain capacities or talents indicated by the development of it's brain structures?The increasing complexity arises from new brain stem built on top of the old. The capacities come from the complexity of brain structure.63
12719784524How is the thalamus different from the HypothalamusThe thalamus' function is to transfer the information it collects from other parts of the brain to the part called the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland and regulates homeostasis64
12719886807Cerebral cortexthe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center65
12719923374Frontal lobeA region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgment (behind the forehead)66
12719929251Parietal lobeback of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It functions in processing sensory information regarding the location of parts of the body as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics.67
12719932341Occipital lobeA region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information(back of your head)68
12719936617Temporal lobeA region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language(just above the ears)69
12719942347Glial cellscells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons70
12719980897Ventriclesfluid filled spaces in the brain71
12720017110Nucleus accumbensa sub-cortical structure that participates in reward and addiction72
12720124630Motor cortex (frontal lobe)controls voluntary movement; motor cortex of left hemisphere controls right side of body and cortex of right hemisphere controls left side of the body.73
12720275868Cognitive neural prostheticmay give motor control to patients with computers that respond to thinking74
12720305061Somatoensory Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes, parallel to and just behind the motor cortex, specializes in receiving information from the skin senses and from the movement of body parts75
12720332081Visual cortexThe visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.76
12720341509Auditory cortexthe area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information77
12720396424Association areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking78
12720418251Prefrontal cortexpart of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language79
12720599367Plasticitythe brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development80
12720688632Nurogenesisthe formation of new neurons as an attempt from the brain to mend brain cells.81
12742963334Corpus callosumthe large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them82
12743058769Split braina condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.83
12743245692Phillip Vogel and Joseph Bogentried to alleviate seizures in epileptic patients by severing the corpus callosum and causing "split brain" patients84
12743256126Roger Sperry, Ronald Myers, and Michael Gazzanigadivided the brains of cats and monkeys with no serious ill effects. Set the stage to study split brain in people. -Gazzaniga concluded that the conscious left hemisphere is an "interpreter" or press agent that instantly constructs theories to explain our behavior.85
12743260602Split Brain Experiment-The word heart was spelled on a screen/paper and there was a line through the middle of it. People with a split brain SEE the ART half and POINT to the HE half. This is because the left part of the brain process things going on on the right and vise versa. Since the left part of the brain is in charge of speech, the person said art but the right side of the brain is in charge of movement of the left hand so the person pointed to HE with the left hand.86
12744668427Right side of brain-controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions. -excels in making inferences -helps us modulate our speech to make meaning clear -helps orchestrate our sense of self. -Higher activity in the right side for perceptual activities87
12744697919Left side of brainseems to control language, writing, logical thought, analysis, and mathematical abilities processes information sequentially, and enables one to speak88
12744878765ConciousnessAwareness of ourselves and our environment89
12744902758Cognitive neuroscienceA field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.90
12744973381Dual processingthe principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks91
12745258308Brain lateralizationThe organization of the brain into right and left hemispheres, with each hemisphere performing unique and specialized functions92
12779282620behavior Geneticiststudy our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment93
12779291033DNAA complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.94
12779308475Chromosomesa threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.95
12779311329GenesChemical factors that determine traits. The environment can activate genes if inactive.96
12779331739Protien moleculeour body's building blocks97
12779339337Genomethe complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes98
12779375699identical (monozygotic) twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms99
12779394618fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.100
12779569743Molecular geneticsthe sub-field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes.101
12779627029Heritabilitythe ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next.Heritability refers instead to the extent to which differences among people are attributable to genes.102
12779730630Epigeneticsthe study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change103
12785918102Epigenetic markschemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off104
12786847486Evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection105
12786887689natural SelectionA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.106
12792573307Mutationsa random error in gene replication that leads to a change107
12792929755Aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).108
12792932562AstrocytesNerve growth109
12792942975CerebrumThe two large hemispheres that cover the upper part of the brain; 85% of the weight110
12792953024Constraint-Induced therapyaims to rewire brains and improve dexterity of brain-damaged people; use of "bad hand"111
12792956256Macrophageclears away dead tissue112
12792972217Salcivalleys of the cortex113
12792975854Serial conscious processingslower than parallel processing, but skilled at solving new problems requiring focused attention114
12792984429Visual perception trackenables us to recognize things and plan future actions115
12826259550angular gyrustransforms visual representations into an auditory code116
12826286514HippocampusA neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.117
12826428799cerebral hemispherestwo halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions118
Powered by Quizlet.com

Ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13935169286Blood vessel blood back to heart from lungsPulmonary vein0
13935169287The left ventricle contracts and forces were out of theAorta1
13935169288Blood high in carbon dioxideRight2
13935169289Blood high in oxygenLeft3
13935169290Chamber receives blood from all body veinsRight atrium4
13935169291Chamber receives blood from lungsLeft atrium5
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psych Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
12148041394biological perspectivethe psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior0
12148083684psychoanalytic perspectivethe perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior1
12148130386behavioral perspectivethe approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.2
12148149063cognitive perspectivea psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior3
12148207231humanistic perspectivethe psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices4
12168575508experimental researchresearch designed to discover causal relationships between various factors5
12195803943nonexperimental researcha descriptive study that does not exhibit a great amount of control over variables6
12195806454ethical principles of research1) protecting the rights of participants 2) research is consistent with organization's rules, standards of practice, and all laws 3) the counselor is responsible for actions taken by those under their supervision 4) respect of the culture of participants 5) minimize the harm done to participants7
12195808596debriefthe post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants8
12195809589correlation coefficienta statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)9
12195813600corpus callosumthe large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them10
12195816896pituitary glandthe endocrine system's most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.11
12195819483adrenal glandsglands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies12
12195821742sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations13
12195826290parts of a neuroncell body, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath14
12195831972PETa visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task15
12195835472CAT scana method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography16
12195836354MRIa technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain17
12195839775EEGan amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.18
12195841418rods and conesin the retina, receives images that have passed through the lens of the eye19
12195846787sensory adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation20
12195848402absolute thresholdthe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time21
12195848403gate-control theorythe theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.22
12195851599signal detection theorythe response to a stimulus depends both on a person's sensitivity to the stimulus and on the person's physical and psychological state23
12195862933REM sleepa stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity24
12195862934non-REM sleepa quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements and more regular, slow brain waves, breathing, and heart rate25
12195866979physical dependencea physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued26
12195869653Pavlovian conditioninga type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (classical conditioning with dogs)27
12195881632Skinner BoxNamed for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response (operant conditioning)28
12195885802Watson and Skinnerredefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior" (behaviorism)29
12195891593Bandura's Social Learning Theoryemphasizing learning through observation, vicarious learning and modeling30
12195896687positive and negative reinforcement/punishmentpositive reinforcement- give good when desired behavior performed negative reinforcement- remove bad when desired behavior performed positive punishment- give bad when desired behavior not performed negative punishment- remove good when desired behavior not performed31
12195907632long-term potentiation (LTP)an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.32
12195922767Carl Rogershumanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person33
12195926598Alfred AdlerNeo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order34
12195931474Erik Eriksonneo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"35
12195938117Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scalea test for determining a person's intelligence quotient, or IQ36
12195940093dissociative fuguedisorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity37
12195944328SSRIsselective serotonin reuptake inhibitors38
12195946653electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient39
12195950501Stanley Milgramobedience to authority; electric shock experiment40
12195955499fundamental attribution errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition41
12195962541Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndromeselye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.42
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Bio viruses Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13890310484viral transductioncontributes to bacterial genetic variation0
13890313051horizontal gene transferThe transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms.1
13890315206lytic cyclea viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses2
13890328373lysogenic cycleA phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.3
13890344834Which cycle allows for genetic variation in viruses?Lysogenic cycle4
13890357422prophageA phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.5
13890363036BacteriophageA virus that infects bacteria6
13890372090retrovirusAn RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.7
13890375889reverse transcriptaseAn enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.8
13890375890vertical gene transfertransfer of genes from an organism to its offspring9
13890402133sex piliappendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other10
13890406880Viral recombinationMultiple strains of virus infect a host simultaneously and swap genes.11
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Macroeconomics Section 8 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9786454808Balance of Payments AccountsA summary of the country's transactions with other countries Connection: A simplified version of the U.S. balance of payment accounts can be represented in a table with sources of cash for the U.S. as a whole (as well as payments out). This would include sales and purchases of goods and services, factor income, transfers, official asset sales and purchases, and private sales and purchases of assets.0
9786454809Balance of Payments on the Current AccountCurrent Account; A country's balance of payments on goods and services plus net international transfer payments and factor income (don't create liabilities) Connection: As depicted in the table format, the current account value is the sum of sales and purchases of goods and services, factor income, and transfers. -$534 + $224 + -$130 = -$4401
9786454810Balance of Payments on Goods and ServicesThe difference between the value of a country's exports and imports in a given period Connection: The balance of payments on goods and services is one of the key components of the current account. In the table, it is given a value of -$534, as there are $2211 payments from foreigners and $2745 payments to foreigners.2
9786454811Merchandise Trade BalanceTrade Balance; The difference between a country's exports and imports of goods Connection: Economists often focus on the merchandise trade balance, even though it is an incomplete measure, because data on international trade in services aren't as accurate as data on trade in physical goods, and they are also slower to arrive.3
9786454812Balance of Payments on the Financial AccountFinancial Account; The difference between a country's sales of assets to foreigners and its purchases of assets from foreigners during a given period (create liabilities) Connection: Until a few years ago, this account was referred to as the capital account. The financial account value is the sum of official asset sales and purchases and private sales and purchases of assets. $475 + -$28 = $447.4
9786454813Foreign Exchange MarketWhere currencies are traded Connection: In general, goods, services, and assets produced in a country must be paid for in that country's currency. Thus, the foreign exchange market is needed to convert currencies. It is a global electronic market that traders around the world use to buy and sell currencies.5
9786454814Exchange RatesThe prices at which currencies are traded Connection: One example of an exchange rate is that 1 U.S. dollar can be exchanged for 103.97 Yen and 0.7269 Euros, as of April 3, 2014 at 12:50 AM. Exchange rates change constantly.6
9786454815AppreciationWhen a currency becomes more valuable in terms of other currencies Connection: If the value of 1 Euro went from 1 U.S. dollar to 1.25 U.S. dollar, we say that the Euro appreciated.7
9786454816DepreciationWhen a currency becomes less valuable in terms of other currencies Connection: If the value of 1 Euro went from 1 U.S. dollar to 1.25 U.S. dollar, we say that the U.S. dollar depreciated.8
9786454817Equilibrium Exchange RateThe exchange rate at which the quantity of a currency demanded in the foreign exchange market is equal to the quantity supplied Connection: The equilibrium exchange rate is found by observing the intersection between the supply for a currency and the demand for a currency in the Foreign Exchange Market. The exchange rate is on the y-axis and the quantity of the currency is on the x-axis.9
9786454818Real Exchange RatesExchange rates adjusted for international differences in aggregate price levels Connection: The formula to find the real exchange rate is (Amount of Currency per U.S. Dollar) x (Price Level of U.S. / Price Level of Other Country). The exchange rate that is not adjusted for aggregate price levels is often referred to as the nominal exchange rate.10
9786454819Purchasing Power ParityThe nominal exchange rate at which a given basket of goods and services would cost the same amount in each country Connection: If a basket of goods and services that costs $100 in the U.S. costs 1000 Pesos in Mexico, the purchasing power parity is 10 Pesos per U.S. dollar: at that exchange rate, 1000 Pesos=$100, so the market basket costs the same amount in both countries. Nominal exchange rates almost always differ from purchasing power parities, but in the long run purchasing power parities are good at predicting actual changes in nominal exchange rates.11
9786454820Exchange Rate RegimeA rule governing policy toward the exchange rate Connection: There are two kinds of exchange rate regimes: fixed exchange rate and floating exchange rate. With so much power to influence prices, governments adopt a variety of exchange rate regimes to fit different scenarios.12
9786454821Fixed Exchange RateWhen the government keeps the exchange rate against some other currency at or near a particular target Connection: For example, Hong Kong has an official policy of setting the exchange rate of HK$7.80 per US$1. Countries fix their exchange rates in a variety of ways, but fixing exchange rates is not always the best idea.13
9786454822Floating Exchange RateWhen the government lets the exchange rate go wherever the market takes it Connection: Britain, Canada, and the Unites States all have floating exchange rates, allowing the exchange rates to rise and fall according to other market behavior.14
9786454823Exchange Market InterventionGovernment purchases or sales of currency in the foreign exchange market Connection: One way a government can support their currency is to "soak up" the excess of currency by buying its own currency. Similarly, they can also sell their currency to other foreign nations for other currencies (to fix a shortage).15
9786454824Foreign Exchange ReservesStocks of foreign currency that governments maintain to buy their own currency on the foreign exchange market Connection: Most countries maintain these foreign exchange reserves (usually as U.S. dollars or euros) so they can buy their own currency to support its price.16
9786454825Foreign Exchange ControlsLicensing systems that limit the right of individuals to buy foreign currency Connection: Other things equal, foreign exchange controls increase the value of a country's currency. Foreign exchange controls limit the supply of currency to foreign markets by requiring domestic residents who want to buy foreign currency to get a license (and only giving licenses for approved transactions).17
9786454826DevaluationA reduction in the value of a currency that is set under a fixed exchange rate regime Connection: Devaluation is essentially a depreciation (a downward move in currency) that is due to a revision in a fixed exchange rate target. This makes domestic goods cheaper in terms of foreign currency, which leads to higher exports. Still, it makes foreign goods more expensive in terms of domestic currency, which reduces imports. *Increases aggregate demand18
9786454827RevaluationAn increase in the value of a currency that is set under a fixed exchange rate regime Connection: A revaluation makes domestic goods more expensive in terms of foreign currency, which leads to reduced exports. And, it makes foreign goods less expensive in terms of domestic currency, which increases imports. *Reduces aggregate demand19
9786454828ProtectionismThe practice of limiting trade to protect domestic industries Connection: Tariffs and import quotas are the primary tools of protectionism. The motivation for protectionism comes from the idea that some industries may not initially be competitive at the international level, but they could attain a comparative advantage after a period of protection from lower-priced imports.20
9786454829TariffsTaxes on imports Connection: Tariffs make prices higher for domestic consumers and can spark trade wars. In American history, tariffs provided a majority of revenue for the U.S. government, but this gradually decreased as income and payroll taxes were adopted.21
9786454830Import QuotaA limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported within a given period Connection: By restricting the supply of imports, import quotas reduce equilibrium quantity and increase the equilibrium price. These quotas help domestic firms compete with foreign suppliers, but they can also cause prices to be higher for domestic consumers.22
9786454831Preventing DepreciationBuy Currency Raise Interest Rates Restrict Individuals from Buying Foreign Currency23
9786454832Preventing AppreciationSell Currency Lower Interest Rates Restrict Foreigners from Buying Currency24
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Physics chapter 16 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9179975521beatsperiodic variation in the loudness of sound abs value (F1 - F2) -when two waves of slightly different freq are superimposed0
9179982744double slit experimentproved that electrons have wave like properties (wave length) -the strips of electrons are called maxima (1st order, 2nd order, etc) CENTRAL MAXIMA -the strips w/o electrons are called minimum (1st order etc) -central maxima is 0 wL -each maxima add 1 wL -each min is 5 wL1
9180039349interference examplesrainbow on a CD, oil on top of waer -interference produces a brightness or a color2
9180061508constructive/destructive interference examplesmoving back and forth, or side to side and hearing sound get louder or softer3
9180074037perfectly constructive/destructivewhen the waves perfectly line up4
9180083649when you're equal distance from two speakersconstructive interference5
9180119443when you're equal distance from two speakers + .5wLdestructive interference6
9180125313when you're equal distance from two speakers + 1 wLconstructive interference7
9180130930multiple of .5 wLdestructive interference8
9180153838VstringwLf or (Ft/m/l)^.59
9180166079what mainly affects speed of a wavemedium10
9180175305antinodeA point of maximum amplitude on a standing wave -constructive11
9180178462nodeA point of zero amplitude on a standing wave -destructive12
9180183256standing wavetwo identical traveling waves moving in opposite directions create a standing wave -peaks and troughs stay in place as it oscillates -also produced on a string when both ends are fixed -.5wL between nodes -displacement at both ends must be 013
9180269791open-open tube1st harmonic, 2nd harmonic, 3rd harmonic, etc .5 wL, 1 wL, etc.14
9180294108open closed tube1st harmonic, 3rd harmonic, 5th harmonic .25 wL15
9180352607fundamental frequencythe lowest frequency of vibration of a standing wave16
9180363935resonanceA phenomenon that occurs when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency -standing waves have series of frequences it "wants" to oscillate at (the frequencies of different standing wave modes)17
9186033721sound wavelongitudinal, mechanical18
9186035375light wavetransverse, em19
9186063155wL of standing wave2x the distance between nodes or antinodes20
9186093397the amplitude of a wave reflected from a boundary isunchanged21
9186122254wL=2L/m22
9186134191Fm=mode(v/2L)23
9186140936the mode number is equal tothe number of antinodes of the standing wave24
9186167369Fm=mf1 (f1 is fundamental freq) -allowed standing wave frequencies are all integer multiples of the fundamental freq25
9186173799harmonicsthe sequences of possible frequencies26
9186268526node in open tubethe open end of a column of air must be a node of the pressure wave27
9186285932for open-closed tubeyou find the harmonic by doubling the number of antinodes28
9186296381the fundamental freq of an open closed tub ishalf that of an open open tube of the same length29
9187144807two waves will be in phase and will produce constructive interference any time their path length difference isa whole number of wavelengths (d2 - d1)30
9187161683two waves will be out of phase and will produce destructive interference any time their path length difference isa whole number of wavelengths plus half a wavelength31
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!