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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

11666600485	Ad Hominem Argument	Latin for "to or against the person," this fallacy involves switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	0
11666600486	Ad Populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
11666600487	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	2
11666600488	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something that is commonly known. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical.	3
11666600489	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	4
11666600490	Analogy	A similarity or relationship between two things. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with something more familiar.	5
11666600491	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	6
11666600492	Antithesis	A figure of speech that involves an opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	7
11666600493	Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise on a subject is cited as an authority.	8
11666600494	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.	9
11666600495	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	10
11666600496	Asyndenton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	11
11666600497	Attitude	A writer's position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing.	12
11666600498	Caricature	A representation in which the subject's features are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect.	13
11666600499	Concession	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	14
11666600500	Connotations	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition. Connotations are positive or negative.	15
11666600501	Context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	16
11666600502	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	17
11666600503	Chiasmus	A figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of terms.	18
11666600504	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order. Antimetabole is a type of chiasmus, but not all chiasmus are a type of antimetabole.	19
11666600505	Colloquialism	Slang or informality in speech or writing	20
11666600506	Claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	21
11666600507	Claim of Fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. Ex. Test scores accurately measure a student's success!	22
11666600508	Claim of Value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. Ex. Video games are corrupting today's youth.	23
11666600509	Claim of Policy	A claim of policy proposes a change. Ex. Legalize marijuana!	24
11666600510	Closed Thesis	A closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews major points the writer intends to make. Ex. The three-dimensional characters, exciting plot, and complex themes of the Harry Potter series makes them legendary children's books.	25
11666600511	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between two dissimilar objects.	26
11666600512	Concrete detail	Specific details, facts, or examples used to support the main idea of a text.	27
11666600513	denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word.	28
11666600514	diction	related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices. Examples of diction include, formal or informal, ornate or plain.	29
11666600515	didactic	didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially teaching moral or ethical principals	30
11666600516	ethos	A speaker's expertise, knowledge, experience, sincerity, and common purpose with the audience are examples of how a speaker demonstrates they are credible and trustworthy.	31
11666600517	euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts	32
11666600518	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length	33
11666600519	homily	This term literally means, "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	34
11666600520	hyperbole	a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	35
11666600521	imagery	the sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions	36
11666600522	infer	to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. Inferences are not directly stated.	37
11666600523	irony	the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	38
11666600524	juxtaposition	placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas closely together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.	39
11666600525	logical fallacy	A mistake in verbal reasoning. The reasoning must be potentially deceptive.	40
11666600526	metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of unlike things. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought-provoking, and meaningful.	41
11666600527	mode of discourse: exposition	writing that intends to inform and demonstrate a point	42
11666600528	mode of discourse: narration	writing that tells a story or relates a series of events	43
11666600529	mode of discourse: description	writing that creates sensory images, often evoking a mood or atmosphere	44
11666600530	mode of discourse: argumentation	writing that takes a stand on an issue and supports it with evidence and logical reasoning	45
11666600531	onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sound of words	46
11666600532	parallelism/parallel construction/parallel structure	the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs to give structural similarity	47
11666600533	parody	a work that closely imitates the style or content of another work with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule	48
11666600534	pathos	a speaker's intent to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience	49
11666600535	personification	a figure of speech in which the author endows an inanimate object with human qualities or characteristics	50
11666600536	point of view--first person	The perspective from which a story is told. 1st person--tells the story with the pronoun "I" and is a character in the story.	51
11666600537	point of view--third person limited omniscient	Uses "he," "she," and "it." Limited omniscient--the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character	52
11666600538	prose	Prose refers to fiction and nonfiction. Prose is written in ordinary language and most closely resembles everyday speech.	53
11666600539	repetition	The duplication of any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	54
11666600540	rhetoric	Greek for "orator" describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	55
11666600541	logos	employs logical reasoning, combining a clear idea with well-thought-out and appropriate examples and details	56
11666600542	rhetorical appeals	The persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to a given work.	57
11666600543	oxymoron	a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words	58
11666600544	persona	the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	59
11666600545	polemic	An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Ex. No concession to other arguments.	60
11666600546	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	61
11666600547	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause	62
11666600548	Qualifier	words used to temper a claim, making it less absolute Ex. usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely	63
11666600549	scheme	artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words	64
11666600550	second-hand evidence	evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation	65
11666600551	trope	artful diction; a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche	66
11666600552	metonymy	a figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it.	67
11666600553	synecdoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. Ex. "All hands on deck!"	68
11666600554	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify two or more words when it is appropriate to use only one of them or is appropriate to use each but in a different way. Ex. "To wage war and peace" or "On his fishing trip he caught three trout and a cold."	69
11666600555	rhetorical question	a question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply	70
11666600556	satire	a work that targets human vices and follies, or societal institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule	71
11666600557	simile	an explicit comparison, using "like" or "as"	72
11666600558	style	An evaluation of a sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	73
11666600559	syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents to premises--the first one called major and the second minor--that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	74
11666600560	symbol	An object, action, character, scene, or idea that represents something more abstract.	75
11666600561	syntax	the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences	76
11666600562	theme	the central idea or message of a work. Themes should be expressed in complete sentences by combining the topic with a verb. Ex. Forgiveness is earned through sacrifice.	77
11666600563	thesis	The thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly express the author's opinion, purpose, meaning or proposition.	78
11666600564	tone	tone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	79
11666600565	mood	The dominant impression or emotional atmosphere evoked by a text. Ex. Mood is how "you" feel after reading a text.	80
11666600566	transition	a word or phrase that links different ideas or effectively signals a shift from one idea to another.	81
11666600567	rhetorical strategies	A global term that refers to all the strategies an author can use. Ex. structure, purpose, style	82
11666600568	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	83
11666600569	Either/Or (false dilemma)	In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	84
11666600570	First-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience or observations.	85
11666600571	Hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate information. Ex. Smoking isn't bad for you; my aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90.	86
11666600572	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. Ex. "Let both sides explore what problem unite us..."	87
11666600573	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	88
11666600574	open thesis	an open thesis is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Ex. The popularity of the Harry Potter books demonstrates that both young and old readers value the fanciful world of wizardry.	89

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industrial america Flashcards

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11407250553	Seigneurial Reaction	The nobility's reassertion of their rights on land as a result of decreasing incomes and increasing costs of living; led to peasant discontent as communal lands were lost and landlords raised lands	0
11407250554	Enclosure Movement	practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings	1
11407250555	Turnip Townshend	The inventor of the four crop rotation system, learned for Dutch how to cultivate sandy soil with fertilizer	2
11407250556	Jethro Tull	English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.	3
11407250557	Convertible Husbandry	The new process farmers use to maintain the fertilness of their soil instead of fallowing which was not expedient and was wasteful; popularized by Jethro Tull and infamous in Norfolk by the late 18th century; in laymans terms it was called crop rotation	4
11407250558	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).	5
11407250559	Thomas Newcomen	developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines	6
11407250560	Adam Smith	Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.	7
11407250561	Wealth of Nations	18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.	8
11407250562	capital(money for investing)	the money paid to purchase buildings, tools, and machines to create goods and services	9
11407250563	Boston Associates	The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves.	10
11407250564	Improvements in transportation	The transcontinental railroad, steam engine, and national railroad	11
11407250565	The railroad	-improvements in mining, metallurgy, chemicals - Goods are being able to be transported much faster - Fuel economy -Unemployed people were given more opportunities for jobs - Since its one of the first big corporation made larger profit and gave others ideas of corporations	12
11407250566	Rhode Island( or Slater) System of labor	Slater's strategy of hiring families and dividing factory work into simple tasks	13
11407250567	The Waltham or Lowell System of labor	Labor system developed during the Industrial Revolution which utilized women and children as laborers	14
11407250568	Child labor	Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories b/c they don't get paid	15
11407250569	Textiles	economic activity connected with cloth making; the Industrial Revolution began in Britain with machines that improved cloth-making, making cloth faster and cheaper	16
11407250570	James Hargreaves	inventor of the spinning jenny	17
11407250571	Richard Arkwright	Invented the water frame	18
11407250572	Spinning Jenny	A machine that could spin several threads at once	19
11407250573	Spinning Mule	In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create a machine which produced a thread which was stronger, finer and more consistent	20
11407250574	Edmund Cartwright	invented the power loom	21
11407250575	Power loom	a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles	22
11407250576	Samuel Slater	He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.	23
11407250577	Moses Brown	A wealthy merchant who partnered with Slater to create the first factory(mill)with a spinning machine in America	24
11407250578	Francis Cabot Lowell	American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill	25
11407250579	putting-out system	system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England	26
11407250580	Proto-industrialism	Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.	27
11407250581	What economic and social developments caused the Industrial Revolution or allowed it to happen, and what economic and social developments or conditions does the Industrial Revolution refer to?	-Population growth, Bad economy, Need for cheap labor, Napoleon's costly wars, Agricultural revolution -A lot of natural resources, growing population, improved transportation, high immigration, new inventions, investment capital, government assistance -1. Agricultural Revolution 2. Population Explosion 3. Energy Revolution	28
11407250582	Why did it begin in Britain?	-an agrarian revolution beginning in the 1700s changed agricultural practices. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improve transportation, and new crops such as the potato increased food supply -with increased food supply, population grew -Britain had a plentiful supply of money (capital) to invest in new machines and factories -Britain had plentiful natural resources (iron) -a supply of markets gave britain manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods	29
11407250583	How did the IR spread from Britain to America?	1. Began in the textile industry i. Samuel Slater ii. Moses Brown iii. Frances Lowell 2. Shoe-making mechanized too	30
11407250584	what were the economic and social effects of the IR?	Economically: Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions. Britain's highly developed banking system also contributed to the country's industrialization. People were encouraged by the availability of bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand their operations. Growing overseas trade, prosperity, and a climate of progress increased the demand for goods. Socially: The middle class grew dramatically as some members became as wealthy as the aristocracy. Child labor laws were passed to protect children from being overworked in factories. Laws were passed to keep women and children from working in underground mines. Also, the workday of women and children in factories was limited to ten hours a day.	31
11407250585	Be able to outline the development of the textile industry. What were the technological development? How did each of these developments affect the industry's growth?	James hargreaves Spinning Jenny spinning 1764 Richard awkwright Water frame spinning 1769 Samuel crompton Mule spinning 1779 Edmund Cartwright Power loom weaving 1785	32
11407250586	What changes and advances in the way man harnessed energy were made during the industrial revolution? How did these affect the IR?	coal and steam replaces wind water, and human/animal labor	33
11407250587	What were the ways manufacturing had traditionally taken place? How did this change in the time period now as the IR? What effect did this have on labor?		34
11407250588	What developments in transportation and communication affected the IR, and how did they affect it?		35
11407250589	What factors led t population growth in England? How did this population growth compare with that of other European countries? How did this population growth affect the IR?		36
11407250590	To what degree would you say the IR was the result of new inventions and to what extent was it the result of new systems and ways of doing things? Explain		37
11407250591	What responsibility would you say the owners of factories had( or should have had) towards the welfare of their workers? Are there examples of times when they had this? When they abandoned it, why did they do so?		38

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Industrial America Flashcards

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7382904455	Entrepreneurs	People who invest money or time in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit	0
7382911547	Protective Tariffs	taxes that make imported goods cost more than those made locally	1
7382916956	Laissez-faire	"hands off" policies which allowed business to operate under minimal government regulation	2
7382924658	Thomas Edison	received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions	3
7382929099	Bessemer Process	created strong but lightweight steel	4
7382934335	Suspension Bridges	made possible with lightweight steel and cable technology	5
7382938095	Mass Production	large scale manufacturing	6
7382945191	Corporation	a number of people share ownership of a business	7
7382949145	Cartels	businesses agree to limit their production in order to keep prices high	8
7382958202	Horizontal Integration	consolidation many firms in the same business	9
7382968787	Vertical Integration	gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development	10
7382977794	John D. Rockefeller	Founded Standard Oil and the world's all-time richest man	11
7382981422	Andrew Carnegie	Founder of U.S. Steel and famous philanthropist	12
7383000647	Social Darwinism	"Survival of the Fittest" applied to society	13
7383003747	Trusts	giant corporations	14
7383008854	Sherman Antitrust Act	outlawed any corporation that operated in restraint of trade or commerce	15
7443488555	Sweatshops	rough, dirty, sometimes dangerous workhouses	16
7443508612	Company towns	owned by the business and rented to employees	17
7443516196	Socialism	economic and political philosophy that favors public instead of private control of property and income	18
7443540224	Knights of Labor	labor union founded in 1869, included workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled	19
7443553991	Terrance Powderly	Head of the Knights of Labor	20
7443847677	Samuel Gompers	formed the AFL (American Federation of Labor)	21
7443855834	American Federation of Labor	formed in 1886, focused on specific workers' issues such as wages, hours, and working conditions	22
7443878109	Haymarket Riot	resulted in many Americans associating union activities with violence	23
7443907179	Homestead Strike	part of a number of steelworkers' and miners' strikes where federal troops were called in	24
7443927252	Eugene Debs	leader of the American Railway Union	25
7443930584	Pullman Strike	strike which halted both railroad traffic and mail delivery	26
7445917811	Collective Bargaining	attempting to bargain for higher wages and better working conditions as a group	27

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AP Government - Unit 2 Flashcards

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10871497127	Political socialization	the process by which political values are formed and passed from one generation to the next	0
10871497128	Political culture	a patterned and ongoing way of thinking about how politics and government ought to be carried out	1
10871497129	Equality of outcome	guarantee of equal wealth for all citizens, regardless of education or job; not a priority of the USA	2
10871497130	Equality of opportunity	every person has the same chances in life; a goal in the USA	3
10871497131	Individualism	the focus on individual rights and responsibilities; each person achieves their own success through hard work; a defining value in the USA	4
10871497132	Rule of law	The Constitution and legal codes apply equally to all citizens and are accepted by people without question	5
10871497133	Free enterprise	an economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control	6
10871497134	Evangelicals	conservative Christians who are pro-life on the abortion issue; strong bloc of the Republican Party	7
10871497135	Demographics	statistical data related to the population (e.g. age, race, religion, etc.)	8
10871497136	Gender gap	the difference between men and women in their opinions or voting behavior	9
10871497137	Political ideology (ideological)	a consistent set of beliefs about what policies the government ought to pursue	10
10871497138	Partisan (Partisanship)	strong loyalty to one political party	11
10871497139	Liberal	political ideology espousing an active and powerful national government for the purpose of economic equality, environmental regulation, and other social problems; pro-choice on abortion and personal freedom issues	12
10871497140	Moderate	A person who is non-ideological; mixed views	13
10871497141	Conservative	political ideology espousing a limited role for the government in order to protect individual liberty; most social and economic problems can be solved by the marketplace (supply and demand), private charities, or religious institutions; pro-life (government should make abortion illegal)	14
10871497142	Libertarian	political ideology espousing an extremely limited role for the government in both social and economic areas; the national government should only do those things that the marketplace cannot handle (ie. national defense, currency, etc.)	15
10871497143	Public opinion	how people feel or think about issues or candidates for office	16
10871497144	Opinion Poll	a tool used to measure public opinion about issues or candidates	17
10871497145	Random sample	method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal chance of being selected; essential for accurate polling	18
10871497146	Sample size (of a poll)	the number of people that are questioned and included in a poll	19
10871497147	Margin of error (of a poll)	the difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time; measures the accuracy of a poll...the lower the better	20
10871497148	Exit Poll	poll based on interviews conducted on Election Day as voters are leaving their voting precinct	21
10871497149	Tracking Poll	a type of poll repeated periodically with the same group of people to check and measure changes of opinion or knowledge	22
10871497150	Rational-choice voting	Voting based on what is perceived to be in the citizen's individual interest	23
10871497151	Retrospective voting	Voting to decide whether the party or candidate in power should be re-elected based on the recent past	24
10871497152	Prospective voting	Voting based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future	25
10871497153	Party-line voting	Supporting a party by voting for candidates from one political party for all public offices across the ballot	26
10871497154	15th Amendment (1870)	prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)	27
10871497155	19th Amendment (1920)	prohibited voting restrictions based on gender	28
10871497156	24th Amendment	outlawed the use of poll taxes at any level of government	29
10871497157	26th Amendment (1971)	required all states to set a voting age of no more than 18 years old	30
10871497158	Activist (Political Activism)	A person who tends to participate on all forms of politics; influential	31
10871497159	Civil Rights Act of 1964	banned segregation in public places; banned discrimination in employment	32
10871497160	Disenfranchise	to take away the right to vote by law or intimidation	33
10871497161	Grandfather clause	legal method used to exclude whites from poll taxes and literacy tests	34
10871497162	Literacy test	an arbitrary test used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote (ex. "How many bubbles on a bar of soap?")	35
10871497163	Minority rights	rights that cannot be taken away, even if a majority of citizens would like to	36
10871497164	Motor Voter Law of 1993	made voter registration easier by requiring states to allow people to register to vote when getting or renewing their driver's license	37
10871497165	Photo ID Voting Requirement	law in some states that requires voters to show a form of identification in order to vote	38
10871497166	Political efficacy	a person's belief that they can make a difference in the political process	39
10871497167	Political participation	a variety of ways that citizens choose and influence government policy makers	40
10871497168	Poll tax	a required payment for voting; used to disenfranchise black citizens	41
10871497169	Suffrage	the right to vote	42
10871497172	Voter Registration	citizens must register to vote (fill out form) before they can vote; #1 predictor of whether someone will actually vote	43
10871497170	Voter Turnout	percentage of voting-age citizens that actually vote in any given election	44
10871497171	Voting Rights Act of 1965	abolished literacy tests and all other methods used to deny a person the right to vote on the basis of race or color; it's preclearance requirement on states with histories of discrimination was undone by the Supreme Court	45

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13597708282	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13597708283	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13597708284	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13597708285	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13597708286	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13597708287	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13597708288	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13597708289	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13597708290	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13597708291	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13597708292	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13597708293	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13597708294	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13597708295	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13597708296	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13597708297	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13597708298	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13597708299	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13597708300	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13597708301	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13597708302	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13597708303	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13597708304	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13597708305	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13597708306	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13597708307	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13597708308	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13597708309	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13597708310	theory	general idea being tested	28
13597708311	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13597708312	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13597708313	mode	appears the most	31
13597708314	mean	average	32
13597708315	median	middle	33
13597708316	range	highest - lowest	34
13597708317	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13597708318	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13597708319	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13597708320	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13597708321	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13597708322	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13597708323	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13597708324	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13597708516	neuron		43
13597708325	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13597708326	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13597708327	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13597708328	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13597708329	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13597708330	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13597708331	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13597708332	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13597708333	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13597708334	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13597708335	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13597708336	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13597708337	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13597708338	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13597708339	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13597708340	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13597708341	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13597708342	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13597708343	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13597708344	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13597708345	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13597708346	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13597708347	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13597708348	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13597708349	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13597708350	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13597708351	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13597708352	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13597708353	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13597708354	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13597708355	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13597708356	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13597708357	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13597708358	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13597708359	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13597708360	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13597708361	occipital lobe	vision	80
13597708362	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13597708363	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13597708364	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13597708365	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13597708366	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13597708367	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13597708368	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13597708369	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13597708370	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13597708371	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13597708372	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13597708373	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13597708374	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13597708375	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13597708376	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13597708377	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13597708378	rods	night time	97
13597708379	cones	color	98
13597708380	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13597708381	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13597708382	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13597708383	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13597708384	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13597708385	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13597708386	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13597708387	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13597708388	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13597708389	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13597708390	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13597708391	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13597708392	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13597708393	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13597708394	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13597708395	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13597708396	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13597708397	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13597708398	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13597708399	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13597708400	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13597708401	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13597708402	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13597708403	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13597708404	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13597708405	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13597708406	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13597708407	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13597708408	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13597708409	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13597708410	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13597708411	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13597708412	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13597708413	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13597708414	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13597708415	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13597708416	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13597708417	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13597708418	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13597708419	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13597708420	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13597708421	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13597708422	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13597708423	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13597708424	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13597708425	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13597708426	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13597708427	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13597708428	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13597708429	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13597708430	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13597708431	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13597708432	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13597708433	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13597708434	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13597708435	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13597708436	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13597708437	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13597708438	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13597708439	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13597708440	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13597708441	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13597708442	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13597708443	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13597708444	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13597708445	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13597708446	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13597708447	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13597708448	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13597708449	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13597708450	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13597708451	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13597708452	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13597708453	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13597708454	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13597708455	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13597708456	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13597708457	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13597708458	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13597708459	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13597708460	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13597708461	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13597708462	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13597708463	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13597708464	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13597708465	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13597708466	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13597708467	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13597708468	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13597708469	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13597708470	encoding	information going in	189
13597708471	storage	keeping information in	190
13597708472	retrieval	taking information out	191
13597708473	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13597708474	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13597708475	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13597708476	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13597708477	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13597708478	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13597708479	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13597708480	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13597708481	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13597708482	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13597708483	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13597708484	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13597708485	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13597708486	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13597708487	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13597708488	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13597708489	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13597708490	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13597708491	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13597708492	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13597708493	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13597708494	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13597708495	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13597708496	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13597708497	context	environment helps with memory	216
13597708498	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13597708499	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13597708500	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13597708501	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13597708502	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13597708503	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13597708504	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13597708505	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13597708506	prototypes	generalize	225
13597708507	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13597708508	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13597708509	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13597708510	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13597708511	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13597708512	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13597708513	grammar is _________	universal	232
13597708514	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13597708515	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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