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Civil Rights & Other Social Movements Flashcards

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9878977808Women's Rightsequality for women, right to vote, equal pay, reproduction rights0
9878977809Civil Rights Act (1964)Banned discrimination in public accommodations; prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program; outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, helped give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal1
9878977810Cesar Chavez1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.2
9878977811American Indian MovementLed by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre3
9878977812Martin Luther King JrU.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)4
9878977813Robert F KennedyHe ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.5
9878977814BirminghamAlabama city; peaceful marches in 1963 were broken up brutally by city police.6
9878977815Voting Rights Act (1965)A law established to help obliterate barriers to African American suffrage. Hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered to vote and many African American officials were elected.7
9878977816Little Rock NineNine black teenagers who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 and became the focus of a national crisis that required the intervention of federal troops to resolve.8
9878977817Sit-InsProtests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. The aim of this tactic was to shame restaurant managers into integrating their business. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.9
9878977818Freedom Ridesa series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 196110
9878977819Warren CourtThe chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the Civil Rights Movement; judicial activism11
9878977820Burger CourtA conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs12
9878977821Brown v Board of Education1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal, and ordered all public schools desegregated.13
9878977822Great SocietyPresident Johnson's program to improve American society. The goal was to enact domestic programs to improve education (federal aid), provide medical care for the ages (Medicare), and eliminate poverty.14
9878977823War on PovertyPresident Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly15
9878977824Jackie RobinsonThe first African American to play Major League Baseball. He was the first man to integrate sports. Later on, African American music and actors became popular.16
9878977825Central High School in Little Rock, ArkansasThis was the first high school to be integrated. 9 African Americans started going to the all white high school. The military was there to protect them.17
9878977826Freedom RidersA group of young black and white people that rode buses that traveled south to Alabama. Their purpose was to protest the segregation of buses (public transportation). When they got to Alabama, they were met by people who were very angry; these people set a bus on fire!18
9878977827Protest in BirminghamThis was a protest that showed dogs attacking young, African American protesters; police spraying protesters with water from fire station hoses; and included the arrest of Martin Luther King. Later, a church was bombed and four girls were killed.19
9878977828"I Have a Dream" speechGiven at the March on Washington, and written by Martin Luther King Jr., this said that one day black and white boys and girls would hold hands as one.20
9878977829IntegrationRemoving all barriers (based on race, gender, color, creed), placing groups of people together21
9878977831Affirmative ActionGovernment policies or programs that seek to address past injustices against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities.22
9878977832Civil DisobedienceDisobeying certain laws in a non-violent way in order to make a point23
9878977833Civil LibertiesThe freedom of a citizen to exercise customary rights without unwarranted interference by the government. Protection FROM the government.24
9878977834Civil RightsThe rights to full legal, social, and economic equality. Protection BY the government.25
9878977836CORECongress of Racial Equality. A national interracial organization centered in NY that played a large role in organizing and advising protest demonstrations. It operated on the philosophy of nonviolence.26
9878977837De Facto SegregationSeparation caused by social conditions, such as poverty or race.27
9878977838De JureLiterally, "BY LAW"; legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South or the right to vote - THE LAW28
9878977839Equal Protection ClauseProvision by the 14th Amendment guaranteeing citizen's "the equal protection of the laws." This clause has served as the basis for the civil right of African Americans, women, and other groups.29
9878977840Jim CrowLaws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans30
9878977841Literacy TestsTests given to people who were registering to vote. These tests were often unfair to African Americans, as many times, they were legal documents and difficult for anyone to understand without legal training. Also, many of these tests were biased according to who was taking the test.31
9878977842Poll TaxA fee charged to voters. A method of keeping poor African Americans from voting in the South prior to the 24th Amendment32
9878977844SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference. Formed in 1957 to promote nonviolent direct action. Based in Atlanta - members would travel to any city requesting help to set up sit-ins, boycotts, etc.33
9878977845SNCCStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Organized in 1960 to coordinate protest sit-ins, etc.34
987897784624th AmendmentJanuary 23, 1964. Outlawed Poll Taxes. The South used to charge a voting poll tax to deter black voters. They were usually the poorest and couldn't afford the poll tax, therefore, they did not vote. The tax was usually compounded, meaning, the next time to vote, interest would be added to the original poll tax. This means someone who didn't pay for the last election now had to pay more. The poll tax was found to be unconstitutional, and poll taxes were prohibited for both state and federal elections.35
9878977848Rosa ParksActivist whose protest helped spark the Montgomery bus boycott.36
9878977849Lyndon B. JohnsonPresident who appointed a committee to study the causes of urban violence.37
9878977850John F. KennedyPresident who demanded that Congress pass a sweeping civil rights law but did not live to see it enacted.38
9878977852Dwight D. EisenhowerPresident who ordered soldiers to protect African American students trying to integrate a white high school in Little Rock, Arkansas.39
9878977853Malcolm XBlack Muslim leader who urged blacks to separate from white society.40
9878977855Thurgood MarshallNAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board of Education case before the Supreme Court.41
9878977856Stokely CarmichaelCivil rights leader who became impatient with nonviolence & called for "Black Power"42
9878977857Plessy v. FergusonAffirmed the legality of racial segregation & prompted the passage of Jim Crow laws.43
9878977858"Separate but equal"Doctrine relating to public education that was overturned by the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.44
9878977860Public accommodationsMade segregation illegal here due to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.45
9878977861Register votersVoting Rights Act of 1965 enabled federal officials to do this.46
9878977862NonviolenceThis was not advocated by the Black Panthers.47
9878977864Montgomery Bus BoycottFirst organized movement by African Americans to fight segregation.48
9878977866Freedom ridersOne accomplishment of the _______ was bringing about a federal ban on segregation in all interstate travel facilities.49
9878977868National Organization for WomenGroup founded specifically to address the grievances of women that were not adequately addressed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.50
9878977869SegregationIn Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court declares ______ in public schools unconstitutional.51
9878977870Voting Rights Act of 1965Eliminated the literacy test and stated that federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials.52
9878977871Selma MarchTelevised scenes of violence during this event convinced Lyndon B. Johnson to ask Congress for swift passage of a voting rights act.53
9878977874Betty FriedanAuthored the book The Feminine Mystique that inspired women to question their lives.54
9878977875BoycottIn response, the Montgomery Improvement Association is formed to organize a _____ of Montgomery buses, and Martin Luther King, Jr. is elected its leader.55
9878977876March on WashingtonIts goal was to persuade Congress to pass Kennedy's civil rights bill.56
9878977877Self-determinationThe right which Native American groups focused on in the 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose.57
9878977878Farm workersCesar Chavez used nonviolent means to organize Mexican-American ________.58
9879220258Rachel CarsonBiologist, wrote classic "Silent Spring", careful to document all of her findings about pesticides and herbicides affecting the environment, received much criticism on the book (even from respectable organizations)59
9879235948Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) wasgiven mandatory instructions to protect the environment and the public, and deals with air, water, solid waste, pesticides and radiation standards60
9879271206Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)Suspects are entitled to court-appointed attorney if unable to afford one on their own61
9879278727Miranda v. Arizona (1966)Police must inform suspects of their rights during the arrest process62
9879286012Engel v. Vitale (1962)State-mandated prayer in school banned63
9879298941New York Times co v USAPentagon papers cae devided nixons attempted prior restraint was unconstitutional interference with press freedom64
9879306286Roe v Wadelegalized abortion65
9879310606US v NixonRuled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege... NO MAN IS ABOVE THE LAW66
9879329137American Indian Movementa civil rights group organized to promote the interests of Native Americans67
9879339498Woodstock3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s68
9879374498FeminismBelief or acted on the theory in political, social, economical equality and social equality between men and women69
9879401367Occupation of AlcatrazMarch 1970 AIM lead by gained control of abandoned prison on a rock island in the San Francisco Bay70
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Unit 9: The Civil Rights Movement, Social Movements, and Vietnam Flashcards

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13505655053Beatnik Movementa social and artistic movement of the 1950s stressing unrestrained literary self expression and nonconformity with the mainstream culture0
13505656818Betty Friedan1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".1
13505659760Billie Jean KingAmerican tennis star, has been an advocate against sexism (wanted equal pay for women and men) in sports and society. She is known for the "The Battle of the Sexes" in 1973, in which she defeated 55-year-old Bobby Riggs, a former Wimbledon men's singles champion.2
13505661960Black Panther PartyOrganization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights and encourage cooperation within the black community. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965.3
13505666832Brown v. Board of Education1954 - The Supreme Court overruled the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregate4
13505672042Civil Rights Act of 1964This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.5
13505673400Credibility GapWhen the public does not trust statements made by the government; also used to refer to American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War6
13505679183Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures and was never ratified7
13505681747Fannie Lou Hamer(1917-1977) became a SNCC field worker in 1963; helped found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party; left SNCC in 1966 when the organization embraced Black Power but remained active in the civil rights movement in 1971; helped found the National Women's Political Caucus8
13505686691FeminismThe belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men9
13505688560Freedom Rides1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses10
13505690424Freedom Summer (1964)a voter registration drive in Mississippi spearheaded by the collaboration of civil rights groups; the campaign drew the activism of thousands of black and white civil rights workers, many of whom were students from the north, and was marred by the abduction and murder of three such workers at the hands of white racists11
13505693165Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.12
13505694867Gloria SteinemAn American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.13
13505696800Great SocietyPresident Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.14
13505698312Lavender ScareDimension of the red scare of the 1950s that targeted the homosexual community as disloyal because of their perceived lack of morality and as security risks because communist influences could use blackmailing threats of exposing closeted homosexuals for American intelligence.15
13505700452Little Rock Nine (1957)African American students admitted to Central High School, governor of Arkansas, prevent African American students, from attending the school and sent the Arkansas National Guard to the school. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by sending federal troops to school, and school was integrated.16
13505702037Malcolm Xrenamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separatist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality17
13505708513Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court's judicial activism.18
13505710459March on Washington for Jobs and FreedomAugust 28, 1963, rally by civil rights organizations in Washington, D.C., that brought increased national attention to the movement.19
13505712916Martin Luther King Jr.U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.20
13505714011Medicare and Medicaid (1965)Health care initiatives of President Lyndon Johnson. Medicare provided the elderly with universal compulsory medical insurance financed largely through Social Security taxes. Medicaid authorized federal grants to supplement state-paid medical care for low-income people under sixty-five. Both initiatives were passed as amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935.21
13505717604Miranda v. Arizona (1966)The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.22
13505718749Montgomery Bus Boycottprotest in 1955-1956 by African Americans against racial segregation in bus system of Montgomery, Alabama.23
13505720177NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)An agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico24
13505722445National Organization for Women (NOW)Founded in 1966; called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.25
13505724137National Urban LeagueFormerly known as the National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, is a nonpartisan Civil Rights organization based in New York City that advocates on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. It also helped African Americans moving from the South to find jobs and homes.26
13505727950United States v. Nixon (1974)The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions27
13505747395Phyllis SchlaflyAnti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the American family28
13505748438Regents of the University of California v. BakkeA 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.29
13505752360Roe v. Wade (1973)The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.30
13505757410Sexual Revolutionthe widespread changes in men's and women's roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development during the 1960s and 1970s31
13505762050SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)national group of student activists that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights movements and Anti-Vietnam movements of the 1960s and 1970s32
13505764517Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)civil rights activist that was active in the Black Power movement, SNCC, the Black Panther Party, and a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party33
13505771479Tallahassee Bus Boycott (1956)Started as a protest against segregation and the unfair seating arrangements of busses. It started due to the arrest of two female students from FAMU, Wilhelmina Jakes and Carrie Patterson, who refused to give up their seats in the "whites only" section of the bus. They were charged with 'inciting riots."34
13505774634Title IX (1972)Forbids gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs35
13505776196Thurgood MarshallNAACP legal counsel and the first African-American Supreme Court Justice36
13505777150Voting Rights Act of 19651965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised African Americans37
13505782597War on PovertyLyndon Johnson declared War on Poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.38
13505785671War Powers ActPassed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period.39
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Civil Rights Flashcards

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9376383425Plessy vs Ferguson1896 US Supreme Court said "Separate but Equal" is constitutional0
9376383426Civil Right's Act of 1957Civil Rights President Eisenhower attempted to increase African American voting in the south. It was so hard to register & vote that the act failed1
9376383438Voting Rights Act 1965LBJ signed this law which ended poll taxes and literacy tests in all states, helping everyone, especially African Americans, to be able to vote.2
9376383439Orval Faubus1955-1967 Governor of Arkansas, who stood against the Little Rock Nine and opposed desegregation.3
9376383440Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism. Boycotts and sit-ins were performed.4
9376383441Cesar ChavezHispanic leader, that helped form the United Farm Workers Union and led migrant workers on a strike against the grape growers of California.5
9376383448freedom ridersCivil Rights Era integrated buses came from the north to the south to register African Americans to vote in 19616
9376383449Lester MaddoxCivil Rights Era 1966 - Governor of Georgia, he was a supporter of segregation He previously had used an ax against a black man trying to eat at his "whites only" restaurant.7
9376383450Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Era Lyndon B Johnson signed this in to law. It banned segregation based on color, religion, race, and ethnic origin, in all public places.8
9376383451Thurgood MarshallCivil Rights Era American civil rights lawyer. He was the NAACP attorney on Brown vs Board of Education. First African American Supreme Court Justice of the United States.9
9376383452Dolores HuertaCivil Rights Era In 1970 created the United Farm Workers Association to protect the rights of migrant workers along with Cesar Chavez.10
9376383474Billy GrahamCivil Rights Era Supporter of civil rights, a Christian preacher. A spiritual advisor to some presidents and friend of MLK.11
9376383475Black PanthersCivil Rights Era Founded in 1966 in Oakland, California the party's original purpose was to patrol African American neighborhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality.12
9376383476Hector P. GarciaCivil Rights Era World War 2 veteran. Fought for Mexican rights. Was the first Mexican American to serve on the US commission on Civil Rights.13
9376383479Jackie RobinsonCivil Rights Era 1947 - the first African American to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball.14
9376383497George WallaceGovernor of Alabama. He was a segregationist. He tried to prevent black students from entering the University of Alabama15
9376383703United Farm WorkersCivil Rights Era started by Chicano migrant farm workers because they wanted better wages ($$) & to improve or better their work conditions Led by Cesar Chavez16
9376383705Little Rock NineCivil Rights Era 9 African American children wanted to enroll at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas They were initially prevented from doing so by angry, white mobs and the Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus17
9728498607Civil Rights MovementThe movement in the 1950s and 1960s, by minorities and concerned whites, to end racial segregation.18
9728542814Martin Luther King, Jr.Baptist preacher and civil rights leader who advocated nonviolent protest against segregation Assassinated in 196819
9728553070Rosa ParksNAACP secretary who prompted the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat in 195520
9728559897Letter from a Birmingham JailMLK wrote a letter while in jail, "it is your job to disobey unjust laws", 1963, responding to clergy criticisms of protests21
9728585392Malcolm XA one-time Nation of Islam leader, and advocate for African American civil rights. African American Muslim minister and human rights activist. He believed in black power and equal rights, but thought violence was necessary22
972862318716th Street Baptist ChurchChurch that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the March on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls23
9728695833Affirmative ActionSpecial consideration is given to minorities for jobs and college entrance. Women were eventually added to this.24
9728716431Montgomery Bus Boycotta 1955 boycott that resulted in the integration of Montgomery, Alabama's bus system. It began when Rosa Parks refused to move for a white man.25
9728733873March on WashingtonCivil rights demonstration in Washington, D.C., led by Martin Luther King, Jr., in 1963, where he gave his "I Have a Dream" speech26
9728749728Black Power Movementmovement of the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy27
9728759977CORECongress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights28
9729629020Jim Crow LawsLaws that separated people of different races in public places in the south after the end of slavery.29
9729643719Brown vs Board of Educationthe 1954 Supreme Court ruling declaring that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional30
9729650822Sweatt vs Painterseparate black law school at University of Texas was inherently unequal31
9729660897Sit-In MovementSit-ins started in Greensboro, North Carolina to peacefully protest segregation in restaurants, etc.32
9729669199civil disobedienceA nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.33
9729690146SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership Conference Churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr.,34
972969780724th AmendmentThe constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void.35
9729727905Betty FriedanAmerican Feminist, writer of The Feminine Mystique, cofounded NOW (National Organization for Women)36
9729739218Feminist Movementthe movement aimed at equal rights for women the movement aimed at equal rights for women37
9729753421Title IXA law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds38
9729759026Chicano Mural MovementWhat artistic movement spread an appreciation for Mexican-American culture?39
9729780681American Indian Movement (AIM)a civil rights group organized to promote the interests of Native Americans40
9729786458Mendez v Westminstersegregation of Mexican students violated equal protection clause of 14th amendment41
9729791670Hernandez vs Texasexclusion of jurors based on race violates the 14th amendment42
9729855114Delgado vs Bastrop ISDMade the segregation of Mexican American children in Texas illegal43
9729863230Edgewood ISD vs KirbyForced Texas to better fund schools in poor areas44
9729872863Roe vs. WadeSupreme Court declared abortion to be a private decision, Right to Abortion45
9729884421NOWNational Organization for Women A leading feminist organization.46
9729911759Women's Liberation MovementA campaign begun in the 1960s aimed at attaining equal rights for women47
9729922046Equal Pay Act1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work48
9731400058White vs RegesterBoundaries for Texas legislature cannot discriminate by setting up multi-member districts (1973)49
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AP Chemistry Final Review Flashcards

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12501615468STP Conditions0 degrees Celsius, 22.4 L0
12501615469Densitymass / volume1
12501615470Molaritymoles / L2
12501615471DistillationDepends on differences in volatility3
12501615472FiltrationSeparating a solid from a liquid4
12501615473ChromatographySeparating substances through differences in rates5
12501615474Law of conservation of massMass is neither created nor destroyed6
12501615475Dalton's Atomic TheoryEach element is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of a given element are identical. Chemical compounds are forms when atoms of different elements combine with each other. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms (changes in the way they are bound together.)7
12501615476JJ ThomsonCathode Ray, discovered the electron8
12501615477MillikanOil Drop Experiment, determined mass and magnitude of the electron9
12501615478RutherfordGold Foil Experiment, discovered nuclei, atoms have a lot of space10
12501615479Solubility RulesChlorates, Acetates, Sulfates, Halogens, Nitrates, Group IA11
12501615480Solubility Rules ExceptionsCalcium, Barium, Strontium, Mercury, Silver, Lead (Sulfates) Mercury, Silver, Lead (Halogens)12
12501615481Strong ElectrolytesGood conductors, easily ionized13
12501615482Weak ElectrolytesConduct currents very weakly14
12501615483Strong AcidsHF, HBr, HCl, HClO4, HI, HClO3, HNO315
12501615484Strong BasesAll Group IA elements with OH- Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2,16
12501615485Dilution FormulaM1V1 = M2V217
12501615486Types of Chemical ReactionsPrecipitation reactions, Acid-Base reactions, and Redox reactions18
12501615487Precipitation reactionAn insoluble substance is formed as a result of the reaction19
12501615488Spectator ionsIons that do not participate in the reaction20
12501615489Bronsted-Lowry acidProton donor21
12501615490Bronsted-Lowry baseProton acceptor22
12501615491Arrhenius acidProduces H+ (H3O+) in water23
12501615492Arrhenius baseProduces OH- in water24
12501615493Lewis acidElectron pair donor25
12501615494Lewis baseElectron pair acceptor26
12501615495Equivalence pointEnough titrant added to analyte27
12501615496EndpointIndicator changes color28
12501615497Redox reactionElectrons are transferred29
12501615498OxidationLoss of electrons (LEO)30
12501615499ReductionGain of electrons (GER)31
12501615500Oxidizing agentCauses oxidation (is often reduced)32
12501615501Reducing agentCauses reduction (is often oxidized)33
125016155021 standard atmosphere1 atm, 760 mm Hg, 760 torr, 101,325 Pa34
12501615503Pressureforce / area35
12501615504Boyle's LawP1V1 = P2V236
12501615505Charles's LawV1 / T1 = V2 / T237
12501615506Ideal Gas LawPV = nRT38
12501615507Molar mass of a gasdRT / P39
12501615508Dalton's law of partial pressuresPtot = P1 + P2 + P3...40
12501615509Mole fractionn1 / ntot41
12501615510KMTVolume of individual particles is negligible Particles are in constant motion Particles exert no forces on each other Collisions of particles with container walls are cause of pressure from gas42
12501615511Root mean square velocityAverage velocity of gas particles43
12501615512DiffusionMixing of gases44
12501615513EffusionGas into a vacuum45
12501615715Graham's law of effusion46
12501615514Law of conservation of energyEnergy can be converted but never destroyed47
12501615515Potential energyEnergy from position or composition48
12501615516Kinetic energyEnergy from motion49
12501615517HeatTransfer of energy with temperature50
12501615518WorkForce acting over a distance51
12501615519ExothermicEnergy out of the system52
12501615520EndothermicEnergy into the system53
12501615521First law of thermodynamicsThe energy of the universe is constant54
12501615522Internal energy (delta E)delta E = q + w55
12501615523Enthalpy (delta H)delta H = delta E + P(delta V)56
12501615524Heat capacityheat absorbed / increase in temperature57
12501615525Calorimetry equationq = mCAT58
12501615526Hess's Law RulesIf a reaction is reversed, the sign of delta H is reversed delta H is proportional to the quantities of reactions and products59
12501615527Standard enthalpy of formationchange in enthalpy with formation of one mole of compound from its elements60
12501615528Change in enthalpy for reactionsum of heat of formations of products - sum of heat of formations of reactions61
12501615529Wavelengthdistance between two peaks or troughs in a wave62
12501615530Frequencynumber of cycles per second63
12501615531Basic wave equationspeed of light = wavelength x frequency64
12501615532Energy of a photon equationPlanck's constant x speed of light / frequency65
12501615533Photoelectric effectEffect occurring when electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when light strikes it66
12501615534Dual nature of lightLight acts as a wave and as particulate matter67
12501615535de Broglie's equationWavelength of a particle68
12501615536DiffractionLight is scattered from points or lines69
12501615537Types of electromagnetic radiation (smallest to largest)gamma, X-rays, UV, visible, IR, micro, radio70
12501615538Types of electromagnetic radiation (largest to smallest)radio, micro, IR, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma71
12501615539Heisenberg Uncertainty PrincipleWe cannot know both the position and momentum of an electron (the more we know one, the less we know the other)72
12501615540Pauli exclusion principleElectrons with the same spin cannot occupy the same space73
12501615541Aufbau principleProgressively add electrons to each sub level74
12501615542Hund's ruleDifferent electrons to different orbitals, same spin75
12501615543Ionization energyEnergy required to remove a valence electron from an atom76
12501615544Electron affinityEnergy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom77
12501615545Atomic radius trendDecreases across a period (more effective nuclear charge), increases down a group (more electron shielding)78
12501615546Ionization energy trendIncreases across a period (electron shielding not complete), decreases down a group (more electron shielding)79
12501615547Coulomb's lawEnergy of interaction between a pair of ions80
12501615548Bond energyEnergy needed to break bond81
12501615549Covalent bondingElectrons are shared by nuclei82
12501615550ElectronegativityAbility of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself83
12501615551Dipolar or dipole momentHas center of positive and center of negative charge84
12501615552Lattice energyChange in energy when separated gas ions form an ionic solid Equation: LE = k(Q1Q2 / r) k is proportionality constant, Q is charge of ions, r is shortest distance between centers of ions85
12501615553Localized electron modelMolecule is composed of atoms bound together by sharing pairs of electrons86
12501615554Lone pairsPairs of electrons localized87
12501615555Localized electron model partsLewis diagram, VSEPR model (geometry), type of atomic orbitals88
12501615556ResonanceMore than one valid Lewis structure89
12501615557Bond angle of a linear shape?18090
12501615558Hybridization of a linear shape?sp91
12501615559Number of bonds in a linear shape?292
12501615560Name of a linear shape?MX293
12501615561Bond angle of a trigonal planar shape?12094
12501615562Hybridization of a trigonal planar shape?sp295
12501615563Number of bonds in a trigonal planar shape?396
12501615564Name of a trigonal planar shape?MX397
12501615565Bond angle of a bent shape?<12098
12501615566Hybridization of a bent shape?sp299
12501615567Number of bonds in a bent shape?2100
12501615568Number of nonbonding pairs in a bent shape?1101
12501615569Bond angle of a tetrahedral shape?109.5102
12501615570Hybridization of a tetrahedral shape?sp3103
12501615571Number of bonds in a tetrahedral shape?4104
12501615572Name of a tetrahedral shape?MX4105
12501615573Bond angle of a trigonal pyramidal shape?<109.5106
12501615574Hybridization of a trigonal pyramidal shape?sp3107
12501615575Number of bonds in a trigonal pyramidal shape?3108
12501615576Number of nonbonding pairs in a trigonal pyramidal shape?1109
12501615577Name of a trigonal pyramidal shape?asily ionizedMX3110
12501615578Bond angle of a V shape?<109.5111
12501615579Hybridization of a V shape?sp3112
12501615580Number of a bonds in a V shape?2113
12501615581Number of nonbonding pairs in a V shape?2114
12501615582Name of a V shape?M2X115
12501615583Bond angles of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?120, 90116
12501615584Hybridization of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?sp3d117
12501615585Number of bonds in a trigonal bipyramidal shape?5118
12501615586Name of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?MX5119
12501615587Bond angle of a see-saw shape?<120, <90120
12501615588Hybridization of a see-saw shape?sp3d121
12501615589Number of bonds in a see-saw shape?4122
12501615590Number of nonbonding pairs in a see-saw shape?1123
12501615591Bond angle of a T-shape?<90124
12501615592Hybridization of a T-shape?sp3d125
12501615593Number of bonds in a T-shape?3126
12501615594Number of nonbonding pairs in a T-shape?2127
12501615595Bond angle of a linear (2) shape?180128
12501615596Hybridization of a linear (2) shape?sp3d129
12501615597Number of bonds in a linear (2) shape?2130
12501615598Number of nonbonding pairs in a linear (2) shape?3131
12501615599Bond angle of an octahedron?90132
12501615600Hybridization of an octahedron?sp3d2133
12501615601Number of bonds in an octahedron?6134
12501615602Name of an octahedron?MX6135
12501615603Bond angle of a square pyramidal shape?<90136
12501615604Hybridization of a square pyramidal shape?sp3d2137
12501615605Number of bonds in a square pyramidal shape?5138
12501615606Number of nonbonding pairs in a square pyramidal shape?1139
12501615607Name of a square pyramidal shape?MX5140
12501615608Bond angle of a square planar shape?90141
12501615609Hybridization of a square planar shape?sp3d2142
12501615610Number of bonds in a square planar shape?4143
12501615611Number of nonbonding pair in a square planar shape?2144
12501615612Name of a square planar shape?MX4145
12501615613Metallic bondDelocalized electron146
12501615614Nonpolar covalent bondEqual sharing of electrons147
12501615615Polar covalent bondUnequal sharing of electrons148
12501615616Ionic bondTransfer of electrons149
12501615617Electronegativity differencesNonpolar covalent (0-0.4), polar covalent (0.4-1.67), ionic (above 1.67)150
12501615618Sigma bondBond between the s orbitals151
12501615619Pi bondBond between the p orbitals152
12501615620Hydrogen bondSpecial type of dipole, hydrogen with N, F, or O atom153
12501615621London dispersion forcesBetween non polar molecules154
12501615622AlloyContains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties155
12501615623Substitutional alloyMetal atoms replaced by metal atoms of same size156
12501615624Interstitial alloySmall atoms in holes157
12501615625Vapor pressurePressure of vapor at equilibrium158
12501615626Vapor pressure formula (Hg column)Patmosphere = Pvapor +Pmercury column159
12501615627Temperature and vapor pressure?Vapor pressure increases significantly with temperature160
12501615628IMFs and vapor pressure?High IMFs --> low vapor pressure, Low IMFs --> high vapor pressure161
12501615629Crystalline solidsComponents organized in a lattice162
12501615630Amorphous solidsComponents frozen in place with no arrangement163
12501615631Heat of fusionEnthalpy change which occurs at the melting point when a solid melts164
12501615632SublimationSolid directly to gas165
12501615633Triple pointWhere all three states exist166
12501615634Critical temperatureTemperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no matter the pressure167
12501615635Critical pressurePressure required to produce liquefaction at the critical temperature168
12501615636Critical pointCritical temperature and critical point169
12501615637Phase diagramRepresentation of phases of a substance170
12501615638Heat of solutionEnthalpy change formation of a solution, sum of enthalpy values from each step171
12501615639Positive delta HEnergy absorbed172
12501615640Negative delta HEnergy released173
12501615641Pressure and solubilityIncreases solubility of a gas174
12501615642Henry's LawAmount of gas dissolved proportional to pressure of gas above solution175
12501615643Temperature and solubilityIncreases solubility of solid, decreases solubility of gases176
12501615644Raoult's LawNonvolatile solute simply dilutes the solvent177
12501615645Negative deviation from Raoult's lawMore IMFs, lower vapor pressure178
12501615646Positive deviation from Raoult's lawLess IMFs, more molecules escape, higher vapor pressure179
12501615647Colligative propertiesFreezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure180
12501615648Tyndall effectScattering of light by particles181
12501615649ColloidSuspension of particles182
12501615650CoagulationDestruction of colloid by heating or adding electrolyte183
12501615651Reaction rateChange of concentration over time (Rate = delta [A] / delta t)184
12501615652Rate lawRate depends on concentration185
12501615653Integrated rate lawConcentrations depends on time186
12501615654Initial rateInstantaneous rate after reaction begins187
12501615655CatalystIncreases rate of reaction but not consumed188
12501615656Surface area and rateMore surface area increases rate189
12501615657Temperature and rateHigher temperature increases rate190
12501615658Zeroth order rate lawRate = k191
12501615659Zeroth order integrated rate law[A] = -kt + [A]0192
12501615660Zeroth order plot[A] vs. t193
12501615661Zeroth order slopeSlope = -k194
12501615662Zeroth order half lifet1/2 = [A]0 / 2k195
12501615663First order rate lawRate = k[A]196
12501615664First order integrated rate lawln[A] = - kt + ln[A]0197
12501615665First order plotln[A] vs. t198
12501615666First order slopeSlope = -k199
12501615667First order half lifet1/2 = 0.693 / k200
12501615668Second order rate lawRate = k[A]2201
12501615669Second order integrated rate law1/[A] = kt + 1/[A]0202
12501615670Second order plot1/[A] vs. t203
12501615671Second order slopeSlope = k204
12501615672Second order half lifet1/2 = 1 / k[A]0205
12501615673Reaction mechanismSeries of steps206
12501615674A --> productsRate = k[A]207
12501615675A + A --> productsRate = k[A]2208
12501615676A + B --> productsRate = k[A][B]209
12501615677A + A + B --> productsRate = k[A]2[B]210
12501615678A + B + C --> productsRate = k[A][B][C]211
12501615679Rate determining stepSlowest step212
12501615680Reaction mechanism requirementsSum must give balanced equation, mechanism must agree with rate law213
12501615681Equilibrium expressionProducts raised to coeffs over reactants raised to coeffs214
12501615682Q = kEquilibrium, no shift215
12501615683Q > kShift to reactants216
12501615684Q < kShift to products217
12501615685Le Chatlier's PrincipleChange imposed, equilibrium shifts to lessen change218
12501615686More product addedShift to reactants219
12501615687More reactant addedShift to product220
12501615688How to change the pressure of a reaction system?Add or remove gas, add an inert gas, change volume221
12501615689KaAcid dissociation constant222
12501615690Strong acidEquilibrium is far to the right, has weak conjugate base223
12501615691Weak acidEquilibrium is far to the left224
12501615692Monoprotic acidsOne acidic proton225
12501615693AmphotericCan behave as an acid or a base (water)226
12501615694KwWater dissociation constant227
12501615695pH-log[H+]228
12501615696pOH-log[OH-]229
12501615697pK-logK230
12501615698pH of strong acidsDepends on concentration of H+ ions231
12501615699pH of weak acidsFind Ka and use an ice chart232
12501615700Percent dissociationAmount dissociated M / initial concentration M x 100%233
12501615701Polyprotic acidsDissociates in a stepwise manner, find Ka of each step234
12501615702Bond strength and acid strengthLess bond strength, more acid strength235
12501615703Common ion effectShift in equilibrium because of addition of common ion236
12501615704BufferResists a change in pH237
12501615705Henderson Hasselbach EquationUsed to find the pH of a buffer238
12501615706Strong acid-strong base titration curveEquivalence point is 7239
12501615707Weak acid-strong base titration curveEquivalence point is greater than 7, has a halfway equivalence point240
12501615708Acid-base indicatorChanges color at the end point (not same as equivalence point)241
12501615709pH of indicatorKa/[H+] = [In-]/[HIn] = 1/10, ratio reversed for bases242
12501615710KspSolubility product243
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AP Government Chapter 14 Flashcards

Chapter 14 AP Government for the Wilson textbook

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947514998425 amendmentLegislation that specifies the conditions and order of succession to the presidency and vice presidency when the president leaves office before completion of his term0
9475149985in and outersPeople who alternate between jobs in the federal government and employment in the private sector1
9475149986White House OfficePresidential staff who oversee the policy interests of the president2
9475149987veto messageA statement sent to Congres by the president giving the reasons for vetoing a bill3
9475149988Executive privilegeThe president assertion of the right to withhold certain info from Congress4
9475149989Office of Management and BudgetThe organization responsible for preparing the federal budget and for central clearance of legislative proposals from federal agencies5
9475149990independent agenciesAgencies headed by appointees who serve for fixed terms and can be removed only "for cause"6
9475149991impoundment of fundsA presidential refusal to spend money appropriated by Congress7
9475149992Executive Office of the PresidentAgencies that perform staff services for the president but are not part of the White House8
9475149993delegateView of the presidential decision-making which stresses what the public wants9
9475149994line item vetoThe power of some governors (and the president in a limited way between 1996 and 1998) to veto portions of a bill instead of having to veto the entire bill10
9475149995electoral collegeA legal system by which states select electors who then vote for the president and vice president11
9475149996ad hoc structureA method of organizing a president's staff in which several task forces, committees, and informal groups deal directly with the president12
9475149997cabinetA president's council of advisers13
9475149998circular structureA method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president14
9475149999trusteeView of presidential decision making which stresses what the public interest requires15
9475150000direct democracyA political system in which all or most citizens participate directly by either holding office or making policy16
9475150001divided governmentA government in which one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress17
9475150002lame duckA politician who is still in office after having lost an reelection bid18
9475150003legislative vetoThe rejection of a presidential or administrative action by a vote of one or both houses within ten days and Congress has adjourned during that time19
9475150004perksThe fringe benefits of holding an office20
9475150005pocket vetoThe form of veto in which the president fails to sign a bill passed by both houses and Congress has adjourned during that time21
9475150006pyramid structureA method of organizing a president's staff in which most presidential assistants report through a hierarchy to the president's chief of staff22
9475150007representative democracyA political system in which leaders and representatives acquire political power by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote23
9475150008unified governmentA government in which the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress24
9475150009Prime MinisterThe chief executive in a parliamentary system who is chosen by the legislature.25
9475150010ImpeachmentA constitutional procedure by which federal judges and civil officers can be removed from office before their terms expire. (can also apply against a high official of Government.)26
9475150011Article IIAn article of the United States Constitution in which makes the executive branch of the government. It states and defines the constitutional powers of the president.27
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Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Flashcards

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7534368951Matteranything that takes up space and has mass0
7534368952Elementany substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance1
7534368953Compounda substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio2
7534368954Trace Elementsan element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts3
7534368955Atomthe smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element4
7534368956Neutronan electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom5
7534368957Electrona subatomic particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom6
7534368958Protona subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom7
7534368959Atomic Nucleusan atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons8
7534368960Atomic Numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol9
7534368961Atomic Mass; Atomic Weightthe total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom10
7534368962Mass Numberthe sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus11
7534368963Daltona measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles12
7534368964Isotopeone of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass13
7534368965Radioactive Isotopean isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy14
7534368966Energythe capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)15
7534368967Energy Levelsthe different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom16
7534368968Potential Energythe energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement17
7534368969Electron Shellan energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom18
7534368970Valence Shellthe outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom19
7534368971Valence Electronsthe electrons in the outermost electron shell20
7534368972Orbitalthe three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time21
7534368973Moleculetwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds22
7534368974Single Bonda chemical bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms23
7534368975Chemical Bondan attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms; the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells24
7534368976Double Bonda chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms25
7534368977Nonpolar Covalent Bonda chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms26
7534368978Polar Covalent Bondthe shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive27
7534368979Valencethe bonding capacity of an atom generally equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost shell28
7534368980Electronegativitythe attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond29
7534368981Cationan ion with a positive charge, produced by the loss of one or more electrons30
7534368982Aniona negatively charged ion31
7534368983Ionan atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge32
7534368984Ionic Bonda chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions33
7534368985Ionic Compoundcompounds resulting from the formation of ionic bonds; a salt34
7534368986Hydrogen Bonda type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule35
7534368987Structural Formulaa type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds36
7534368988Molecular Formulaa type of molecular notation indicating only the quantity of the constituent atoms37
7534368989van der Waals interactionsweak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations38
7534368990Chemical Reactionsa process leading to chemical changes in matter; involves the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds39
7534368991Reactanta starting material in a chemical reaction40
7534368992Productan ending material in a chemical reaction41
7534368993Chemical Equilibriumin a reverse chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction42
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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13554922432psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
13554922433psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
13554922434psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
13554922435biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
13554922436evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
13554922437psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
13554922438behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
13554922439cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
13554922440humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
13554922441social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
13554922442two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
13554922443types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
13554922444descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
13554922445case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
13554922446surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
13554922447naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
13554922448correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
13554922449correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
13554922450experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
13554922451populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
13554922452sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
13554922453random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
13554922454control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
13554922455experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
13554922456independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
13554922457dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
13554922458confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
13554922459scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
13554922460theorygeneral idea being tested28
13554922461hypothesismeasurable/specific29
13554922462operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
13554922463modeappears the most31
13554922464meanaverage32
13554922465medianmiddle33
13554922466rangehighest - lowest34
13554922467standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
13554922468central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
13554922469bell curve(natural curve)37
13554922470ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
13554922471ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
13554922472sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
13554922473motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
13554922474interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
13554922666neuron43
13554922475dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
13554922476myelin sheathprotects the axon45
13554922477axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
13554922478neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
13554922479reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
13554922480excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
13554922481inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
13554922482central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
13554922483peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
13554922484somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
13554922485autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
13554922486sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
13554922487parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
13554922488neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
13554922489spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
13554922490endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
13554922491master glandpituitary gland60
13554922492brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
13554922493reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
13554922494reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
13554922495brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
13554922496thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
13554922497hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
13554922498cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
13554922499cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
13554922500amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
13554922501amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
13554922502amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
13554922503hippocampusprocess new memory72
13554922504cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
13554922505cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
13554922506association areasintegrate and interpret information75
13554922507glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
13554922508frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
13554922509parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
13554922510temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
13554922511occipital lobevision80
13554922512corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
13554922513Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
13554922514Broca's areaspeaking words83
13554922515plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
13554922516sensationwhat our senses tell us85
13554922517bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
13554922518perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
13554922519top-down processingbrain to senses88
13554922520inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
13554922521cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
13554922522change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
13554922523choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
13554922524absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
13554922525signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
13554922526JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
13554922527sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
13554922528rodsnight time97
13554922529conescolor98
13554922530parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
13554922531Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
13554922532Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
13554922533trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
13554922534frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
13554922535Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
13554922536frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
13554922537Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
13554922538Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
13554922539gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
13554922540memory of painpeaks and ends109
13554922541smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
13554922542groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
13554922543grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
13554922544make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
13554922545perception =mood + motivation114
13554922546consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
13554922547circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
13554922548circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
13554922549What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
13554922550The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
13554922551sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
13554922552purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
13554922553insomniacan't sleep122
13554922554narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
13554922555sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
13554922556night terrorsprevalent in children125
13554922557sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
13554922558dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
13554922559purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
135549225601. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
13554922561depressantsslows neural pathways130
13554922562alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
13554922563barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
13554922564opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
13554922565stimulantshypes neural processing134
13554922566methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
13554922567caffeine((stimulant))136
13554922568nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
13554922569cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
13554922570hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
13554922571ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
13554922572LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
13554922573marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
13554922574learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
13554922575types of learningclassical operant observational144
13554922576famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
13554922577famous operant psychologistSkinner146
13554922578famous observational psychologistsBandura147
13554922579classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
13554922580Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
13554922581Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
13554922582generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
13554922583discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
13554922584extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
13554922585spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
13554922586operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
13554922587Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
13554922588shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
13554922589reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
13554922590punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
13554922591fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
13554922592variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
13554922593organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
13554922594fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
13554922595variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
13554922596these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
13554922597Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
13554922598criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
13554922599intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
13554922600extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
13554922601Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
13554922602famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
13554922603famous observational psychologistBandura172
13554922604mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
13554922605Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
13554922606observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
13554922607habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
13554922608examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
13554922609serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
13554922610LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
13554922611CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
13554922612glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
13554922613glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
13554922614flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
13554922615amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
13554922616cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
13554922617hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
13554922618memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
13554922619processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
13554922620encodinginformation going in189
13554922621storagekeeping information in190
13554922622retrievaltaking information out191
13554922623How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
13554922624How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
13554922625How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
13554922626How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
13554922627How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
13554922628short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
13554922629working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
13554922630working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
13554922631How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
13554922632implicit memorynaturally do201
13554922633explicit memoryneed to explain202
13554922634automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
13554922635effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
13554922636spacing effectspread out learning over time205
13554922637serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
13554922638primary effectremember the first things in a list207
13554922639recency effectremember the last things in a list208
13554922640effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
13554922641semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
13554922642if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
13554922643misinformation effectnot correct information212
13554922644imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
13554922645source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
13554922646primingassociation (setting you up)215
13554922647contextenvironment helps with memory216
13554922648state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
13554922649mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
13554922650forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
13554922651the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
13554922652proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
13554922653retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
13554922654children can't remember before age __3223
13554922655Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
13554922656prototypesgeneralize225
13554922657problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
13554922658against problem-solvingfixation227
13554922659mental setwhat has worked in the past228
13554922660functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
13554922661Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
13554922662Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
13554922663grammar is _________universal232
13554922664phonemessmallest sound unit233
13554922665morphemessmallest meaning unit234
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13594550393Souel is a city in __ in the ___ blank region of ____South Korea east Asia0
13594550394Jakarta is a city in ___ in the ___ region of ___Indonesia SE Asia1
13594550395São Paulo is a city in ___ in the __region of ___Brazil South America2
13594550396Bangkok is a city in __ in the region of ___Thailand SE Asia3
135945503976 hearts of urbanizationFertile Crescent, Nile river, Indus River , yellow river , Peru and mesoamerican4
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