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AP US History, Chapter 20 Flashcards

8515372609	Fort Sumter	South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.	0
8515372610	Border States	Five slave states - Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia - that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union.	1
8515372611	West Virginia	Admitted to the Union in 1863. Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause.	2
8515372612	Trent affair	1861; Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board.	3
8515372613	Alabama	1862 - 1864; British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.	4
8515372614	Laird rams	1863; Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.	5
8515372615	Dominion of Canada	Established in 1867. Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.	6
8515372616	writ of habeas corpus	Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.	7
8515372617	New York draft riots	1863; Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish Americans, in protests of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.	8
8515372618	Morrill Tariff Act	1861; Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.	9
8515372619	greenbacks	Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War. Inadequately supported by gold, greenbacks fluctuated un value throughout the war, reaching a low of 39 cents on the dollar.	10
8515372620	National Banking System	1863; Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.	11
8515372621	Homestead Act	1862; A federal law that sold settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.	12
8515372622	US Sanitary Comission	Established 1861; Government agency founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell that trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.	13
8515372623	Charles Francis Adams	Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South.	14
8515372624	Napoleon III	Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers, he sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximilian during the Civil War. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the US sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.	15
8515372625	Maximilian	French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the US invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.	16
8515372626	Jefferson Davis	An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.	17
8515372627	Elizabeth Blackwell	Northern woman who was the first woman to become a licensed doctor in the US and helped run the US Sanitary Commission	18
8515372628	Clara Barton	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.	19
8515372629	Sally Tompkins	Confederate nurse who ran a hospital in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War.	20

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AP Terms 3 Flashcards

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12746346675	Aphorism	a concise, pithy statement of an opinion or a general truth. ("power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely").	0
12746386392	malapropism	the unintentional use of a word that resembles the word intended but that has a very different meaning ("he was a man of great stature").	1
12746398931	circumlocution	talking around a subject	2
12746403927	Euphemism	a word or words that are used to avoid employing an unpleasant or offensive term.	3
12746420820	prosaic	dull, lacking in distinction and originality; matter-of-fact, straightforward; not poetic	4
12746431787	adage/proverb	a short statement expressing a general truth ("nothing ventured, nothing gained").	5
12746440518	maxim	a general truth or rule of conduct; a short saying ("where there's life, there's hope.")	6
12746446325	motto	brief statement used to express a principle ("where there's life, there's hope.")	7
12746458765	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	8
12746462039	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	9
12746473584	Sarcasm	verbal irony used with the intent to injure	10
12746477841	situational irony	a situation that runs contrary to what was expected	11
12746483993	Satire	something portrayed in a way that's deliberately distorted to achieve comic effect.	12
12746502044	Parody	imitation for comic effect	13
12746504143	lampoon	sharp ridicule of the behavior or character of a person or institution	14
12746508385	caricature	a ludicrous exaggeration of the defects of persons or things	15
12746518587	cogent	clear, logical, and convincing	16
13527106977	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	17

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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10811518010	unreliable narrator	a narrator whose account of events appears to be faulty, misleadingly biased, or otherwise distorted	0
10811518011	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	1
10811518012	Villanelle	A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern	2
10811518013	Metafiction	fiction that concerns the nature of fiction itself, either by reinterpreting a previous fictional work or by drawing attention to its own fictional status.	3
10811518014	vignette	a short scene or story	4
10811518015	Subplot	a minor plot that relates in some way to the main story	5
10811518016	elegy	a sad or mournful poem	6
10811518017	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	7
10811518018	narrative frame	a story within a story	8
10811518019	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	9
10811518020	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	10
10811518021	pastoral	A work of literature dealing with rural life	11
10811518022	Epithet	an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.	12
10811518023	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.	13
10811518024	end-stopped line	A line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation	14
10811518025	Anapest	unstressed, unstressed, stressed	15
10811518026	colloquial	conversational	16
10811518027	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	17
10811518028	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	18
10811518029	parallel structure	the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures	19
10811518030	Iconography	the study of a group of representative pictures or symbols	20
10811518031	Skene	building used as dressing room	21
10811518032	dissonance	harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds	22
10811518033	Passive voice/active voice	Passive: The fence was damaged by the wind. Active: The wind damaged the fence.	23
10811518034	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	24
10811518035	euphony	beautiful sound	25
10811518036	cadence	Rhythmic rise and fall	26
10811518037	Ekphrastic	related to a literary description of or response to a visual work of art	27
10811518038	Exposition	a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory.	28
10811518039	cocophany	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	29
10811518040	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	30
10811518041	denouement	an outcome; result	31
10811518042	temporal setting	when the story takes place	32
10811518043	Indirect and Direct Characterization	Indirect: the process by which the personality of a fictitious character is revealed through the character's speech, actions, appearance, etc. Direct: he author literally tells the audience what a character is like.	33
10811518044	Sibilance	Repetition of the 's' sound	34
10811518045	anachronism	something out of place in time	35
10811518046	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	36
10811518047	suspension of disbelief	a willingness to suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of enjoyment	37
10811518048	Hamartia	tragic flaw	38
10811518049	pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	39
10811518050	Zeugma	use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings	40
10811518051	Epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	41
10811518052	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	42
10811518053	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	43
10811518054	invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	44
10811518055	Hubris	excessive pride	45
10811518056	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	46
10811518057	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	47
10811518058	metaphysical conceit	A type of simile which establishes a striking parallel between startlingly dissimilar things.	48
10811518059	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	49
10811518060	Alleory	a symbolic story in which people, settings, or actions represent ideas or moral qualities	50
10811518061	tragic hero	A literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy	51
10811518062	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	52
10811518063	an act/scene	division elements of plays	53
10811518064	declarative, imperative, interrogative	Three types of sentences	54
10811518065	Octet	8 lines of poetry	55
10811518066	Ars Poetica	the art of poetry	56
10811518067	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	57
10811518068	Sonnet	a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.	58
10811518069	heroic couplet	two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc with the thought usually completed in the two-line unit	59
10811518070	Epigraph	a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.	60
10811518071	sextet	musical group of six	61
10811518072	Soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	62
10811518073	parallel structure	the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures	63
10811518074	Catharsis	a release of emotional tension	64
10811518075	Caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	65
10811518076	inverted sentence	A sentence in which the subject follows the verb	66
10811518077	Reversal	The point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist.	67
10811518078	Resolution	End of the story where loose ends are tied up	68
10811518079	Trochee	stressed, unstressed	69
10811518080	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	70
10811518081	Tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	71
10811518082	Tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	72
10811518083	slant rhyme	rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme	73
10811518084	sight rhyme	words that look like they should rhyme but don't	74
10811518085	archaic language	Old-fashioned, out-of-date language and expressions.	75
10811518086	Shakespearean sonnet	a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg	76
10811518087	social setting	the place where the action unfolds	77
10811518088	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	78
10811518089	Spring Rhythm	lost of variations/isolations	79
10811518090	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	80
10811518091	metric foot/meter	the smallest unit of meter; a combination of stressed/unstressed syllables	81
10811518092	Petrarchan sonnet	a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	82
10811518093	stream of consciousness	a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.	83
10811518094	Iamb	unstressed, stressed	84
10811518095	carpe diem	seize the day	85
10811518096	subordinate character	less important or minor characters	86
10811518097	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	87
10811518098	farce	(n.) a play filled with ridiculous or absurd happenings; broad or far-fetched humor; a ridiculous sham	88
10811518099	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	89
10811518100	refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	90
10811518101	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	91
10811518102	wit	intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	92
10811518103	Pun	A play on words	93
10811518104	Trope	The generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor.	94
10811518105	epigram	a witty saying expressing a single thought or observation	95
10811518106	Plot	Sequence of events in a story	96
10811518107	versimilitude	the quality of appearing to be true, real, likely, or probable	97
10811518108	in media res	in the middle of things	98
10811518109	Quatrain	A four line stanza	99
10811518110	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	100
10811518111	trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter	We name a metrical line according to the number of "feet," such as an iamb or a trochee, in it. If a line has four feet, it is tetrameter (If that line is iambic or trochaic, there will usually be eight syllables). If a line has five feet, it is pentameter. Six feet, hexameter, and so on. English verse tends to be pentameter, French verse tetrameter, and Greek verse, hexameter.	101
10811518112	loose sentence	A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows	102
10811518113	overplot	a main plot in fiction or drama.	103
10811518114	Parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	104
10811518115	Monologue	(n.) a speech by one actor; a long talk by one person	105
10811518116	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	106
10811518117	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	107
10811518118	Motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	108
10811518119	temporal setting	The era(s), year(s), season(s), day(s), and/or particular hour(s) in which a work of literature is set.	109
10811518120	spatial setting	where the story takes place	110
10811518121	caricature	an exaggerated portrayal of one's features	111
10811518122	prose poem	usually a short composition having the intentions of poetry but written in prose rather than verse	112
10811518123	Tercet	three line stanza	113
10811518124	abstract	existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.	114
10811518125	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	115
10811518126	Archetype	a very typical example of a certain person or thing	116
10811518127	complex-compound sentence	A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.	117
10811518128	Subplot	a minor plot that relates in some way to the main story	118
10811518129	sililoquy	a speech when a character is alone on a stage and expresses thoughts aloud	119
10811518130	Persona	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting	120
10811518131	Foil	A character who acts as a contrast to another character	121
10811518132	cadence	rhythm	122
10811518133	situational irony	An outcome that turns out to be very different from what was expected	123
10811518134	dramatic irony	when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't	124
10811518135	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	125
10811518136	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	126
10811518137	Ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	127
10811518138	Comedy of Manners	a comedy that satirizes behavior in a particular social group, especially the upper classes.	128
10811518139	comedy	A humorous work of drama	129
10811518140	dynamic character	A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action	130
10811518141	Couplet	Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme	131
10811518142	word play	Playing on words or speech sounds	132
10811518143	loose sentence	A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows	133
10811518144	Bildungsroman	A coming of age story	134
10811518145	Rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	135
10811518146	Mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	136
10811518147	inciting incident	event that introduces the central conflict	137
10811518148	shaped verse	another name for concrete poetry: poetry that is shaped to look like an object	138
10811518149	feminist literature	literary works that explore women's identity and role in society	139
10811518150	Colonial Literature	The assumption that European ideas, ideals, and experiences are universal and a standard of all humankind	140
10811518151	Impressionism	An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing	141
10811518152	Naturalism	a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.	142
10811518153	Kafkaesque	absurdity we have to deal with living in a world of faceless bureaucracies	143
10811518154	Dramatic unities	time, action, place	144
10811518155	non sequitur	something that does not logically follow	145
10811518156	spatial setting	where the story takes place	146
10811518157	Aside	a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage	147
10811518158	static character	A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end	148
10811518159	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	149
10811518160	oeuvre	the complete work of an artist, composer, or writer	150
10811518161	Modernism	A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.	151
10811518162	Minimalism	an attitude of doing only the least that is required by law in our moral life	152
10811518163	Harlem Renaissance	A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished	153
10811518164	Postmodernism	Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.	154
10811518165	Synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	155
10811518166	Romanticism	19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason	156
10811518167	Beat Movement	a social and artistic movement of the 1950's stressing unrestrained literary self expression and nonconformity with the mainstream culture	157
10811518168	Realism	A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be	158
10811518169	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.	159
10811518170	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	160
10811518171	psychological realism	the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life	161
10811518172	Regionalism	an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot	162

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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10847805909	What are the subatomic particles of an atom?	protons, neutrons, electrons	0
10847808924	Where in the atom do you find protons?	nucleus	1
10847810330	Where in an atom do you find electrons?	On the outside of the nucleus	2
10847813179	What charge does a proton have?	positive	3
10847813180	What charge does an electron have?	negative	4
10847814568	What charge does a neutron have?	neutral	5
10847816984	Where do you find neutrons?	nucleus	6
10847819031	How many elements are known to scientist?	More than 100	7
10847820894	How many elements are found in living organisms?	Around 24 elements	8
10847823966	What is an element?	a pure substance that contains only ONE type of atom.	9
10847824711	What is a compound?	a substance that contains TWO or more elements (Salt/NaCl)	10
10847830822	What are the two main types of chemical bonds?	ionic and covalent	11
10847831600	How does an ionic bond form?	when electrons are transferred from one atom to another	12
10847832659	How does a covalent bond form?	when electrons are shared	13
10847835447	What is a macromolecule?	a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, carbohydrate or nucleic acid, .	14
10847837683	What are the four groups of organic molecules found in living things?	Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins	15
10847840306	What is an atom?	the most basic unit of matter	16
10847843866	How do you find out the number of protons an atom has?	atomic number	17
10847845950	How do you find out the number of electrons an atom has?	The number of electrons are equal to the number of protons	18
10847848083	How do you find out the number of neutrons an atom has?	Mass Number - protons = neutrons	19
10847863549	How do you find out the mass number of an atom?	Use the periodic table; it is usually below the atomic symbol	20
10847873777	How many electrons can fit in the first orbital/shell of an atom?	two (2)	21
10847867907	How many hydrogen atoms does a water molecule have? How many oxygen atoms does a water molecule have?	Two hydrogen atoms; one oxygen atom	22
10847884170	How many electrons can fit in the third orbital/shell of an electron?	eight (8)	23
10847887131	How many electrons can fit in the second orbital/shell of an electron?	eight (8)	24