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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

12124526440	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
12124526441	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
12124526442	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
12124526443	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
12124526444	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
12124526445	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
12124526446	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
12124526447	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
12124526448	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
12124526449	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
12124526450	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
12124526451	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
12124526452	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
12124526453	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
12124526454	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	14
12124526455	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	15
12124526456	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	16
12124526457	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	17
12124526458	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	18
12124526459	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	19
12124526460	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	20
12124526461	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	21
12124526462	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	22
12124526463	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	23
12124526464	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	24
12124526465	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	25
12124526466	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	26
12124526467	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	27
12124526468	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	28
12124526469	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	29
12124526470	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	30
12124526471	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	31
12124526472	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	32
12124526473	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	33
12124526474	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	34
12124526475	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	35
12124526476	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	36
12124526477	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	37
12124526478	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	38
12124526479	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	39
12124526480	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	40
12124526481	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	41
12124526482	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	42
12124526483	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	43
12124526484	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	44
12124526485	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	45
12124526486	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	46
12124526487	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	47
12124526488	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	48
12124526489	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	49
12124526490	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	50
12124526491	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	51
12124526492	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	52
12124526493	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	53
12124526494	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	54
12124526495	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	55
12124526496	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	56
12124526497	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	57
12124526498	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	58
12124526499	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	59
12124526500	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	60
12124526501	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	61
12124526502	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	62
12124526503	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	63
12124526504	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	64
12124526505	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	65
12124526506	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	66
12124526521	Silk Road Trade system		67
12124526522	Kingdom of Mali		68
12124526507	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	69
12124526508	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	70
12124526509	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	71
12124526510	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	72
12124526511	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	73
12124526512	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	74
12124526513	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	75
12124526514	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	76
12124526523	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		77
12124526515	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	78
12124526516	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	79
12124526517	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	80
12124526524	Bantu Migrations		81
12124526518	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	82
12124526519	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	83

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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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12168109451	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
12168109452	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	1
12168109453	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	2
12168109454	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	3
12168109455	Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	4
12168109456	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	5
12168109457	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	6
12168109458	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	7
12168109459	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	8
12168109460	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	9
12168109461	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	10
12168109462	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	11
12168109463	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	12
12168109464	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	13
12168109465	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	14
12168109466	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script	15
12168109467	Huang he (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	16
12168109468	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	17
12168109469	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	18
12168109470	Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era	From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	19
12168109471	Egalitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	20
12168109472	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	new weapons modes of transportation	21
12168109473	Mediterranean Sea	Sea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa	22
12168109474	Polytheism	Belief in more than one god	23
12168109475	Nile River	Principal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process	24
12168109476	city-state	A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area	25
12168109477	Babylon	an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice.	26
12168109478	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE)	27
12168109479	scribe	a person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper	28
12168109480	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.	29
12168109481	paleolithic	stone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging	30
12168109482	pastoralism	the process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals	31
12168109483	specialization of labor	people in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food	32
12168109484	patriarchy	the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families	33
12168109485	civilization	large scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology	34
12168109486	Euphrates and Tigris	two principle Mesopotamian rivers	35
12168109487	Sumer	earliest Mesopotamian city state	36
12168109488	Hammurabi's Code	first law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing	37
12168109489	wheel	round object used to move heavy weights and to create vehicles first in Sumer	38
12168109490	Epic of Gilgamesh	epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization	39
12168109491	Egypt	a founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa	40
12168109492	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas)	41
12168109493	Indus River	River in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner	42
12168109494	China	earliest civilization in Asia	43
12168109495	Shang Dynasty	The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.	44
12168109496	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	45
12168109497	Zoroastrianism	Founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Marked by dualism between God = Good and the Evil. Influenced Christianity. Was one of the first monotheistic religions.	46
12168109498	Judaism	Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam.	47
12168109499	Confucianism	The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.	48
12168109500	Mandate of Heaven	A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule	49
12168109501	Oracle bones	bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class	50
12168109502	irrigation systems	replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops	51
12168109503	Indus River Valley Civilization	an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro	52
12168109504	Alexander the Great	United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire.	53
12168109505	Socrates and Plato	Greek philosopher and his student	54

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Chapter 22 AP World History Flashcards

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12005165288	Ibn Battuta was	a Moroccan legal scholar who left Morocco to make a pilgrimage to Mecca	0
12005165289	In the five centuries after the year 1000 CE the peoples of the eastern Hemisphere	Traveled, traded, communicated, and interacted more regularly and intensively than ever before.	1
12005165290	Luxury goods of high value relative to their weight	Often traveled overland on the silk roads used since classical times.	2
12005165291	Which of the following cities was not a major participant in long-distance trading in the immediate centuries after the year 1000 CE?	Were: Beijing, Hangzhou, Quanzhou, Melaka, Cambay, Samarkand, Hormuz, Baghdad, Caffa, Cairo, Alexandria, Kilwa, Constantinope, Venice, Timbuktu	3
12005165292	The important trading city of Melaka is located in modern-day	Malaysia	4
12005165293	The spread of Mongol control	first caused economic disruption throughout much of Eurasia but later laid the foundation for a surge in long-distance trade along the silk roads.	5
12005165294	Marco Polo's stories	were compiled into a large volume that circulated throughout Europe.	6
12005165295	Marco Polo spent seventeen years living with	Khubalai Khan	7
12005165296	Khubalai Khan employed Marco Polo in administrative posts	Because many Mongol rulers of China didn't entirely trust the Chinese subjects and regularly appointed foreigners	8
12005165297	According to Marco Polo's account, he was made governor of the large trading city of	Yangzhou	9
12005165298	When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols to join in an alliance against the Muslims,	the Khans declined the invitation and proposed that the pope and European Christians submit to Mongol rule or face ultimate destruction.	10
12005165299	Rabban Sauma was	a nestorian christian who was sent by the ilkhan of Persia as an envoy to the pope and European political leaders	11
12005165300	Rabban Sauma's journey was designed to	recruit support for the Mongol Ilkhan of Persia's planned invasion of the Muslim-held lands of SW Asia, Capture Jerusalem, and crush Islam as a political force of the region	12
12005165301	The Sharia	prescribed religious observances and social relationships based on the Quaran	13
12005165302	Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because	Islamic rulers governed most of the lands that Ibn Battuta visited	14
12005165303	Ibn Battuta wrote "Amongst their good qualities, there is a small amount of injustice among them." What country was he writing about?	Mali	15
12005165304	The most active of the Roman Catholic missionaries was	John of Montecorvino	16
12005165305	John of Montecorvino	was the most active of RC missionaries in china in 1291 and became the first archbishop of Khanbaliq in 1307. Built several churches, baptized boys, taught them Latin and Roman Catholic rituals	17
12005165306	Cotton was introduced to west Africa by the	Muslims	18
12005165307	Which of the following was not one of the products that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction?	Were: Magnetic compass, citrus fruits, rudder, rice, cotton, sugarcane, gunpowder	19
12005165308	Gunpowder had its origins in	China	20
12005165309	The outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th cent began in	The Yunnan region of SW China	21
12005165310	As a result of the bubonic plague the population of Europe dropped from 79 mil in 1300 to around in 1400	60 mil	22
12005165311	Which one of the following was not a common result of the bubonic plague	were: labor shortages, social unrest, revolts and rebellions	23
12005165312	The Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 by	Hongwu	24
12005165313	Hongwu's philosophy for ruling China was	centralized authority, rulers ruled directly and closely supervised imperial affairs.	25
12005165314	Which of the following was not a hallmark of Hongwu's rule?	What were: Mandarins and Eunuchs	26
12005165315	The Yongle Encylopedia	was a compilation of all significant works of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature, Organized by Yongle, Hongwu's successor	27
12005165316	The Hundred Year's war was fought between	France and England	28
12005165317	The rise of powerful states in Europe in the 15th century was dependent on	The development of fresh sources of finance usually through new taxes levied on citizens and subjects and the maintenance of large standing armies	29
12005165318	The marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castille	United two of the wealthiest and most important Iberian realms, as well as united Spain	30
12005165319	The reconquista	was completed under Fernando and Isabel, popularly known as the Catholic Kings	31
12005165320	The Renaissance began in	1350	32
12005165321	Central to Renaissance thought was	Classical aesthetic standards	33
12005165322	The dome on the cathedral of FLorence was designed by	The florentine architect Filippo Brunelleschi	34
12005165323	Which of the following was not representative of Renasisance painting?	What was: the technique of linear perspective, depicting the subjects in natural poses	35
12005165324	The most important of the humanist thinkers was	Desiderius Eramus of Rotterdam	36
12005165325	Humanist moral philosophers believed that	It was perfectly honorable for Christians to enter into marriage, business relationships, and public affairs	37
12005165326	Zheng He was	a eunuch admiral who was a Muslim from Yunnan in SW China who sailed a lot and stuff yay	38
12005165327	The nation that led the way in early European exploration was	Portugal	39
12005165328	In regard to exploration, Prince Henrique was to Portugal what _____ is to China	Zheng He	40
12005165329	The Portuguese mariner who reached India in 1498 was	Bartolomeo Dias	41

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AP World History Chapter 15 Key Terms Flashcards

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12122427928	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.	0
12122434692	Arawak	Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus.	1
12122444144	Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.	2
12122449088	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	3
12122454850	Gold Coast	Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.	4
12122465805	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.	5
12122475468	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	6
12122488420	Christopher Columbus	Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.	7
12122498627	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.	8
12122504491	Conquistadors	Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)	9
12122517226	Hernan Cortes	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.	10
12122520492	Moctezuma II	Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.	11
12122529157	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.	12
12122543841	Atahualpa	Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.	13

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