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AP World History Final Flashcards

12175816195	paleolithic age	age of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence	0
12175816196	homo sapiens	the human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period	1
12175816197	neolithic age	age of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants	2
12175816198	neolithic revolution	succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture	3
12175816199	hunting and gathering	means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture	4
12175816200	bronze age	age when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east	5
12175816201	slash and burn agriculture	a system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted	6
12175816202	bands	a group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people	7
12175816204	civilization	societies distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites	8
12175816205	cuneiform	a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	9
12175816206	nomads	cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies	10
12175816207	Mesopotamia	the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	11
12175816208	Sumerians	people who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states	12
12175816209	ziggurats	massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes	13
12175816210	city-states	a form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings	14
12175816211	Babylonians	unified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion	15
12175816212	Hammurabi	the most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law	16
12175816213	pharoah	title of kings of ancient Egypt	17
12175816214	pyramids	monumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs	18
12175816216	Indus River Valley	location of Harappan civilization	19
12175816219	Huanghe (Yellow) River	site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	20
12175816220	ideographic writing	pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts	21
12175816221	Shang	first Chinese dynasty	22
12175816222	Phoenicians	seafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	23
12175816223	mandate of heaven	the divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers	24
12175816224	monotheism	the exclusive worship of a single god	25
12175816225	Daoism	philosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force	26
12175816226	Qin	dynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty	27
12175816227	Shi Huangdi	founder of the brief Qin dynasty	28
12175816228	Zhou	vassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China	29
12175816229	Confucius	founded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi	30
12175816230	Great Wall	Chinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi	31
12175816231	Han	dynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years	32
12175816232	Silk Roads	trading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations	33
12175816233	Alexander the Great	Successor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures	34
12175816234	monsoon	seasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer	35
12175816235	Aryan	Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society	36
12175816236	sanskrit	the sacred and classical Indian language	37
12175816237	vedas	aryan hymns written down in sacred books	38
12175816238	untouchables	lowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks	39
12175816241	Mauryan dynasty	dynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion	40
12175816242	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire	41
12175816243	dharma	the caste position and career determined by a person's birth	42
12175816244	Kushans	dynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism	43
12175816245	Guptas	dynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire	44
12175816247	gurus	Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas	45
12175816248	Vishnu	the Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice	46
12175816249	Shiva	the Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction	47
12175816250	reincarnation	the successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives	48
12175816251	Buddha	creater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things	49
12175816252	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment	50
12175816254	Cyrus the Great	established massive Persian empire	51
12175816255	zoroastrianism	animist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire	52
12175816256	olympic games	one of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals	53
12175816257	Pericles	Athenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars	54
12175816258	Peloponnesian Wars	wars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece	55
12175816259	Philip II of Macedon	founder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander	56
12175816260	Hellenistic Period	culture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms	57
12175816261	Alexandria	Egyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library	58
12175816262	Roman republic	balanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies	59
12175816263	Punic Wars	fought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts	60
12175816264	Carthage	a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome	61
12175816266	Julius Caesar	Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators	62
12175816267	Augustus Caesar	first emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra	63
12175816269	Constantine	Roman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire	64
12175816270	polis	city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization	65
12175816271	direct democracy	rule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials	66
12175816272	senate	assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic	67
12175816273	consuls	two chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy	68
12175816275	Aristotle	Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world	69
12175816277	Socrates	Athenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions	70
12175816278	Plato	Greek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles	71
12175816284	Ethiopia	Christian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa	72
12175816285	Sahara	desert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa	73
12175816286	Shintoism	religion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world	74
12175816288	Sui	dynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China	75
12175816289	Tang	dynasty after and more stable than the Sui	76
12175816292	islam	major world religion from the Arabian peninsula	77
12175816293	Allah	supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam	78
12175816294	Byzantine empire	eastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople	79
12175816295	Justinian	eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia	80
12175816296	Augustine	influential church father and theologian born in Africa	81
12175816298	Jesus	prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah	82
12175816299	Paul	one of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law	83
12175816300	pope	bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe	84
12175816303	Muslims	followers of islam	85
12175816304	Muhammad	the prophet of Islam	86
12175816305	Qu'ran	the holy book of Islam	87
12175816308	Mecca	the holy city of Islam	88
12175816309	Umayyad	clan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam	89
12175816313	Ali	the son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	90
12175816314	umma	community of the faithful within Islam	91
12175816316	five pillars	obligatory religious duties for all Muslims	92
12175816317	Ramadan	Islamic holy month; fasting is observed	93
12175816318	hajj	the pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims	94
12175816319	caliph	successors to Muhammad	95
12175816320	abu bakr	one of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community	96
12175816322	jihad	Islamic holy war	97
12175816327	sunnis	followers of the Umayyads	98
12175816328	shi'a	followers of Ali	99
12175816335	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads	100
12175816337	Baghdad	capital of the Abbasid empire	101
12175816344	seljuk turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis	102
12175816345	crusades	series of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims	103
12175816346	Saladin	Muslim leader towards the end of the 12th century	104
12175816347	Ottoman empire	turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East	105
12175816351	mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph	106
12175816352	chinggis khan	mongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire	107
12175816353	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad	108
12175816372	Sundiata	member of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire	109
12175816373	Ibn Batuta	Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	110
12175816376	Muhammad the Great	extended the boundaries of the Songhai empire	111
12175816383	Great Zimbabwe	Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers	112
12175816387	Bulgaria	Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire	113
12175816388	iconoclasm	religions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons)	114
12175816394	Russian orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire	115
12175816398	middle ages	period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century	116
12175816399	vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe	117
12175816400	manorialism	system that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages	118
12175816401	serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages	119
12175816403	three-field system	system of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe	120
12175816406	Charles Martel	Carolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe	121
12175816407	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany	122
12175816408	holy Roman emperors	emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire	123
12175816409	feudalism	social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service	124
12175816410	vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	125
12175816411	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy	126
12175816412	Magna Carta	great charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims	127
12175816413	parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups	128
12175816414	key three estates	church, nobles, and urban leaders	129
12175816415	hundred years' war	conflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France	130
12175816416	Pope Urban II	called the first crusade	131
12175816418	investiture	practice of state appointment of bishops	132
12175816422	scholasticism	use of logic to solve theological problems	133
12175816426	Black Death	plague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure	134

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AP World History- New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Flashcards

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7965606719	Spabish Caribbean	Spanish mariners came in contact with indigenous Taino Columbus used Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican) as a trading base with Taino Receuited locals ro mine gold	0
7965606720	Encomienda	Forced labor Utilizing native labor force	1
7965606721	Use of the Spanish Caribbean for sugarcane plantations	Taino people disappeared by 16th century due to Spanish gunning down rebellions, smallpox epidemics and Spanish raids to force more Taino people to mine for gold -limited gold production led to exploiting the Caribbean for sugarcane -massive importation of slaves (trans-Atlantic slave trade)	2
7965606722	Destruction of the Aztec Empire	Mexico Brought down by Hernan Cortés and soldiers Smallpox destroyed Tenochititlan	3
7965606723	Destruction of the Inca Empire	Peru Brought down by Francisco Pizarro and soldiers Massacred Inca rulers in a council	4
7969591681	Spanish colonial administration	New Spain in Mexico New Castille in Peru Mexico City built atop Tenochititlan Lima in Peru	5
7969609371	Treaty of Tordesillas	Divided entire non-Christian world world between Spain and Portugal Portugal claimed Brazil, exploited for sugarcane production	6
7969641473	Settler Colonies in North America	Spanish: towns and forts on east coast France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec(1608) England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623)- taken over by English in 1664	7
7969666651	Colonial Government	Difficult conditions (starvation, cannibalism) French and English private merchants invested heavily in expansion of colonies Greater levels of self-governance than Spanish and Portuguese colonies	8
7969706797	Conflict with indigenous peoples	Colonists displaced indigenous peoples, trespassed on hunting grounds English settlers negotiated treaties, poorly understood by natives (William Penn) Military conflict frequent Natives devastated by epidemic disease	9
7969796349	Formation of Multicultural Societies	European and African migrants primarily men Relationships with native women Mestizo society	10
7969823700	Social Hierarchy	Totally based on race Strictly patriarchal society Top- Peninsulares (migrants from Iberian peninsula) Second- criollos (children of migrants) Third- children of mixed parentage Bottom- slaves, conquered peoples	11
7970027767	Métis	Children of unions between French/English and North American natives	12
7970042225	Mining in the Spanish Empire	Driven by the hunt for gold and silver Melting Aztec and Incan artifacts into raw precious metals Employment of natives Mita system of conscripted labor Assimilation into Spanish culture	13
7970082447	Manila galleons	Brought silver to Pacific rim for trading Traded for silk, spices, porcelain in Asia	14
7970095609	Hacienda	Large estates produces products of European origin Encomienda system replaces by debt peonage- peasants repaid peonage	15
7970136674	Resistance to Spanish ruler	Rebellions - 1680 Pueblo Revolt - 1780 Túpac Amaru rebellion Half-hearted work Retreat into the mountains and forest Appeal to Spanish crown	16
7970194390	Suave and slavery in Portuguese Brazil	Sugarcane to molasses Low profit margins Unlike Spanish, Portuguese relied more heavily on African slaves Working conditions poor (5-10% died annually)	17
7970233980	Fur traders and settlers spin North America	Indigenous peoples traded pelts for wool blankets, firearms, etc Beaver hunts caused invasions of other tribes hunting ground- conflict Beaver Wars (Iroquois) European settlers displaced natives from traditional lands Dependent on native assistance	18
7970317551	European indentured servitude	4-7 year terms Chronically unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, criminals Also dependence on imported slave labor African slaves increasingly replaced indentured labor in North America for cash crops	19
7970414986	Spanish missionaries	Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits taught Christisn doctrine and literacy English and French ,issiinaries less successful	20
7970439755	Bernardino de Sanagún	Efforts to spread Christianity to indigenous peoples Produced Fluorentine Codex Efforts to speak Nahuatl (Aztecs)	21
7970479542	Australia	Portuguese in regions Documented by Dutch VOC considered it of little value British captain James Cook Convicts Shipped to Australia	22
7970541873	Hawaii	Easy route by Manila galleons European control- destroyed by smallpox Sailors spread veneral diseases James cook- good relationship with Hawaiians until 1779 where he was killed in a dispute over thefts	23

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AP Bio chapter 12 Flashcards

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7920669039	cell division	cell reproduction; process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells	0
7920669040	cell cycle	-the life cycle of a cell from the time it's first formed during division of a parent cell until its own division into two daughter cells -it's NOT mitosis, but it LEADS UP to mitosis -makes up 90% of cell division	1
7920669041	mitosis	breaking down/dividing a cell into 2 identical daughter cells	2
7920901452	the nucleus	mitosis happens in which part of a cell?	3
7920901453	cytokinesis	-division of the cytoplasm during cell division (usually follows mitosis) -one cell has become two	4
7920669042	genome	all the genetic material and information in an organism (think of a huge library)	5
7920669043	a single chromosome	a PROKARYOTIC genome often consists of __________ (a single/multiple) chromosome(s)	6
7920669044	multiple chromosomes	a EUKARYOTIC genome often consists of __________ (a single/multiple) chromosomes(s)	7
7920669045	chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules and proteins that contain the genes	8
7920669046	chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes	9
7920669047	somatic cells (aka autosomes)	-all the cells of your body except your sex cells -46 chromosomes (diploid / 2n) -divide by MITOSIS	10
7920669048	diploid cells (2n)	another name for somatic cells	11
7920669049	46 (23 pairs - one from each parent)	how many chromosomes do somatic/diploid cells have?	12
7920669050	gametes	-sex cells (egg and sperm) -haploid (23 chromosomes / n) -divide my MEIOSIS	13
7920669051	haploid cells (n)	another name for gamates	14
7920669052	duplicated chromosome (each cell must be duplicated before cell division!!)	a chromosome that is composed of two sister chromatids held together in a centromere	15
7920669053	chromatid	-one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome -each one has 23 chromosomes, and when 2 come together it makes 46 chromosomes	16
7920669054	centromere	region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach	17
7920901454	gonads	glands related to sexual characteristics and the processes involved in reproduction (ovaries and tested)	18
7920901455	mitotic (M) phase	-includes both mitosis and cytokinesis -shortest part of the cell cycle -CELL ACTUALLY DIVIDES AND REPLICATES	19
7920901456	interphase (G2)	-period of the cell cycle between cell divisions -makes up 90% of the cell cycle	20
7920901457	G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase	Interphase is divided into three phases: _____, _____, and _____.	21
7920901458	G1 phase (first gap)	- stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions -GROWTH	22
7920901459	S phase (synthesis)	-The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. -duplication of the chromosomes -DNA SYNTHESIS	23
7920901460	G2 phase (second gap)	-stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles -PREP FOR DIVISON	24
7920901461	prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PPMAT)	what are the 5 stages of mitosis?	25
7921233364	prophase	-chromatin fibers condense to produce thick strands of DNA wrapped around proteins (aka CHROMOSOMES) -the centrosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell, leaving behind microtubules	26
7921233365	prometaphase	-the nuclear envelope disintegrates -each of the two chromatids of each has a kinetochore -some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores, becoming "kinetochore microtubules" which jerk the chromosomes back and forth to line them up (TUG OF WAR)	27
7921233366	metaphase	-the longest stage of mitosis -the centrosomes are now at opposite poles the cell -motor proteins move chromosomes into a line along the cell center -the proteins attach to microtubules	28
7921233367	anaphase	-shortest stage of mitosis -proteins pull the two daughter chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell -by the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes	29
7921321177	telophase and cytokinesis	TELOPHASE: -two daughter nuclei form in the cell and nuclear envelopes arise from fragments of the parent cell's nuclear envelope -chromosomes turn back into chromatin -a crease forms between the two new cells -mitosis is now complete CYTOKINESIS: -the cell is pinched into two separate and complete cells	30
7920901462	mitonic spindle	a structure formed by microtubules which helps separate the chromosomes in cell division	31
7921233368	centrosome	-the assembly of spindle microtubules starts at the ___________ -organizes the cells microtubules	32
7921233370	kinetochore	proteins associated with DNA at each centromere	33
7921233371	metaphase plate	Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.	34
7921233372	nonkinetochore microtubules	They elongate the cell during anaphase.	35
7921233373	cleavage	cytokinesis in animal cells	36
7921233374	cleavage furrow	The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell	37
7920901463	G1 —> S —> G2 —> mitosis —> cytokinesis (then you start over again)	the order of the cell cycle (if cell replication doesn't follow these steps, it results in severe disabilities)	38
7920901464	alternates	the mitotic phase ________s with interphase	39
7922197150	cell cycle control system	a cycling set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle	40
7922197151	checkpoint	A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.	41
7922197152	G1, G2, M	what are the 3 main checkpoints in the cell cycle control system?	42
7922197153	G1 checkpoint (most important!!)	-"can DNA synthesis begin?" -cell size, growth factors, and environment are checked - GO: complete the whole cell cycle -STOP: cell enters non-dividing state (nerve/muscle cells stay at G0, liver cells called back from G0) -"restriction point"	43
7922197154	G2 checkpoint	-"has DNA synthesis been completed correctly?" -commitment to mitosis -checks for cell size, DNA replication completion, and DNA mutations	44
7922197155	M-spindle (metaphase) checkpoint	-"are all chromosomes attached to spindle?" -"can sister chromatids separate correctly?" -checks microtubule attachment to chromosomes at kinetochores	45
7922197156	G0 phase	-will never divide again -most cells in the human body are in this stage	46
7922197157	kinases and cyclins	what are the two cell cycle regulatory molecules?	47
7922197158	kinases	enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them	48
7922197159	it must be attached to a cyclin	to be active, a kinase must be attached to what?	49
7922197160	cyclin	a protein that regulates the cell cycle	50
7922197161	MPF (maturation-promoting factor)	a cyclin and Cdk joined together; triggers a cell's passage from the G2 phase into the M phase	51
7922197163	density dependent inhibition	when crowded cells stop dividing	52
7922197164	anchorage dependence	The requirement that a cell must be attached to another cell or ECM in order to divide	53
7922197165	cancer cells	cells that don't exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence	54
7922197166	cancer	disorder in which body cells lose the ability to control growth	55
7922197167	apoptosis	programmed cell death/suicide	56
7922197168	tumor	a mass of abnormal cells	57
7922197169	benign tumor	mass of cells that remain at their original site (not cancerous)	58
7922197170	malignant tumor	invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs; a cancerous tumor (there are 4 stages)	59
7922197171	metastasis	the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site	60
7932178210	chemotherapy	treatment of cancer with drugs; stops many body processes	61
7932178211	high energy radiation	a cancer treatment option that kills rapidly dividing cells	62
7922375207	the same	the length of every cell cycle is __________ (different/the same)	63
7922375208	replication of genetic material, separation if sister chromatids	the two irreversible points in the cell cycle	64
7922375209	activators and inhibitors	proteins that tell a cell to divide or not to divide	65
7922375210	proto-oncogenes	normal genes involved in control of cell growth/division (if switched "ON" can cause cancer)	66
7922375211	tumor suppressor genes	inhibit cell division (if switched "OFF" can cause cancer)	67
7932178212	UV radiation, chemical exposure, radiation exposure, heat, cigarette smoke, pollution, age, genetics	what are some factors that can trigger cancer?	68
7932441234	HeLa cells	famous cancer cells from Henrietta Lacks	69

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AP Spanish Literature Terms Flashcards

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10523333751	vanguardismo	refers to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly in regard to art , the culture , the politics , philosophy and literature.	0
10523333752	surrealismo	an artistic movement emerged in France from Dadaism , in the early 1920s , around the personality of the poet André Breton.	1
10523333753	postmodernismo	Post-postmodernism is a term applied to a wide range of developments in critical theory , philosophy , architecture , art , the literature and culture emerging from and reacting to the postmodernism . Another recent similar term is metamodernism.	2
10523333754	neoclasicismo	emerged in the eighteenth century to describe such negative movement aesthetic that came to be reflected in the arts , intellectual principles of the Enlightenment , since the mid- eighteenth century had been going on philosophy , and consequently had been transmitted to all areas of culture . However, coinciding with the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte , Neoclassicism was losing favor for the Romanticism .	3
10523333755	costumbrismo	the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic scene, and particularly in the 19th century.	4
10523333756	culteranismo	a stylistic movement of the Baroque period of Spanish history that is also commonly referred to as Gongorismo (after Luis de Góngora). It began in the late 16th century with the writing of Luis de Góngora and lasted through the 17th century.	5
10523333757	conceptismo	a literary movement of the Baroque period of Portuguese and Spanish literature. It began in the late 16th century and lasted through the 17th century. Conceptismo is characterized by a rapid rhythm, directness, simple vocabulary, witty metaphors, and wordplay.	6
10523333758	retruécano	Juegos de palabras; inversión de los términos de una cláusula o proposición en otra subsiguiente para que esta última choque con la anterior.	7
10523333759	sinestesia	Descripción de una sensación o imagen por medio de sensaciones percibidas por distintos órganos sensoriales, por ejemplo, vista y olfato.	8
10523333760	sinécdoque	Tipo de metáfora que usa una parte o cualidad de un objeto físico para representar todo el objeto.	9
10523333761	polisíndeton	Repetición de conjunciones para alargar la frase o hacer más `solemne la expresión.	10
10523333762	paradoja	Contraposición de dos conceptos contradictorios que expresan una verdad.	11
10523333763	metonimia	Un tipo de metáfora en la que la imagen se asocia con lo representado, pero no es parte de ello; la metonimia hace que el destinatario del mensaje haga la asociación.	12
10523333764	epíteto	Palabra o frase delante o después del nombre que sirve para caracterizar al personaje	13
10523333765	cacofonía	Uso de palabras que combinan sonidos desagradables, ásperos y cortantes.	14
10523333766	asíndeton	Omisión de conjunciones o palabras para suscitar viveza o energía.	15
10523333767	ironía dramática	Circunstancia en la que el lector o espectador sabe algo desconocido por un personaje y sabe o sospecha lo que ocurrirá antes de que lo sepa el personaje.	16
10523333768	silva	Poema no estrófico que combina versos de siete y once sílabas, entrelazados por rima consonante y versos libres.	17
10523333769	narrador fidedigno	Narrador digno de confianza, cuyo entendimiento de los personajes o las acciones del relato lo acredita para contar los hechos. Se ajusta a las normas que establece el autor implícito.	18
10523333770	leitmotiv	Repetición de una palabra, frase, situación o noción. Motivo recurrente en una obra.	19
10523333771	realismo mágico	Movimiento literario hispanoamericano surgido a mediados del siglo XX, caracterizado por la introducción de elementos fantásticos —sueños, superstición, mitos, magia— inmersos en una narrativa realista. Hay antecedentes importantes en los libros de caballería, como señalan algunos de los escritores de este movimiento.	20
10523333772	pícaro	Personaje de baja condición, astuto, ingenioso y de mal vivir que protagoniza la novela picaresca	21
10523333773	novela picaresca	Género literario narrativo en prosa de carácter pseudoautobiográfico muy característico de la literatura española. Nace como parodia de las novelas idealizadoras del Renacimiento y saca la sustancia moral, social y religiosa del contraste cotidiano entre dos estamentos, el de los nobles y el de los siervos. El protagonista, un pícaro de muy bajo rango social y descendiente de padres marginados o delincuentes, pretende mejorar su suerte y para ello recurre a la astucia y el engaño.	22
10523333774	naturalismo	Corriente literaria de mediados del siglo XIX que retrata al ser humano y su circunstancia con una objetividad científica. El ser humano carece de libre albedrío; su existencia está determinada por la herencia genética y el medio en el que vive. En cuanto a temas, abundan los asuntos fuertes y las bajas pasiones.	23
10523333775	modernismo	Movimiento literario hispanoamericano cuyo mayor exponente es Rubén Darío y que funde tres movimientos franceses: parnasianismo, simbolismo y romanticismo. Emplea una rica musicalidad verbal para expresar pasiones, visiones, ritmos y armonías internos.	24
10523333776	libro de caballerías	Género literario en prosa muy popular en España a mediados del siglo XVI, que celebra las hazañas de los caballeros andantes y contrapone a la fiereza guerrera un masoquismo amoroso inspirado en el amor cortés.	25
10523333777	Generación del 98	Grupo de novelistas, poetas, ensayistas y filósofos españoles, activos durante y después de la Guerra de Cuba (1898), que restauraron a España a una prominencia intelectual y literaria. Les era de gran importancia definir a España como una entidad cultural e histórica.	26
10523333778	Edad Media (medieval)	Período comprendido entre los siglos V y XV. En España se considera que la se cierra con la llegada de Colón a tierras americanas.	27
10523333779	boom	En la literatura hispanoamericana, un momento de gran auge de la creación de obras narrativas que inicia en 1940. La producción es muy variada y muchos de sus autores crearon best sellers internacionales y traducidos a múltiples idiomas. Una de las tendencias de esta literatura se corresponde con la denominada literatura del realismo mágico.	28
10523333780	barroco	Movimiento cultural español (1580-1700) caracterizado por su complejidad y su extravagante ornamentación, cuyo propósito era asombrar e incitar introspección	29
10523333781	hipérbaton	Alteración del orden normal sintáctico de las palabras en una oración.	30
10523333782	apóstrofe	Recurso en que el hablante se dirige a personas presentes o ausentes, a seres animados o a objetos inanimados	31
10523333783	antítesis	Yuxtaposición de una palabra, frase o idea a otra de significación contraria	32
10523333784	anáfora	Repetición de palabras en una sucesión de versos o enunciados.	33
10523333785	teatro del absurdo	Obra dramática basada en una situación sin sentido, en la que los personajes se enfrentan a situaciones que muestran la insensatez de la vida en un mundo deshumanizado.	34
10523333786	soneto	Poema de procedencia italiana que consiste en catorce versos endecasílabos repartidos en dos cuartetos y dos tercetos; el esquema más común es ABBA ABBA CDC DCD; otro es ABBA ABBA CDE CDE	35

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AP Literature Flashcards

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12176813291	simile	a figure of speech expressing a resemblance between things using like or as	0
12176820269	setting	the context and environment in which something is situated	1
12176828419	satire	witty language used to convey insults or scorn	2
12176858029	rhythm	alternation of stressed and unstressed elements in speech	3
12176862339	rhetoric	using language effectively to please or persuade	4
12176866374	repetition	the continued use of the same word or word pattern	5
12176871063	plot	the story that is told, as in a novel, play, movie, etc.	6
12176875091	pathos	a quality that arouses emotions, especially pity or sorrow	7
12176878694	pastoral	a literary work idealizing the rural life	8
12176882541	paradox	a statement that contradicts itself	9
12176962493	allegory	a short moral story	10
12176966483	alliteration	use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word	11
12176972439	apostrophe	an address to an absent or imaginary person	12
12176976447	ballad	a narrative poem of popular origin	13
12176980206	climax	the decisive moment in a novel or play	14
12176984164	denouement	the resolution of the main complication of a literary work	15
12176988189	dialogue	the lines spoken by characters in drama or fiction	16
12176991591	diction	the manner in which something is expressed in words	17
12177007579	elegy	a mournful poem; a lament for the dead	18
12177010048	epic	a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds	19
12177053334	epithet	descriptive word or phrase	20
12177057649	exaggeration	the act of making something more noticeable than usual	21
12177062166	figurative	not literal	22
12177064964	hyperbole	extravagant exaggeration	23
12177069553	irony	incongruity between what might be expected and what occurs	24
12177090995	literal	limited to the explicit meaning of a word or text	25
12177095958	lyric	of or relating to poetry that expresses emotion	26
12177099902	metaphor	a figure of speech that suggests a non-literal similarity	27
12177107624	narrative	consisting of or characterized by the telling of a story	28
12177111725	oxymoron	conjoined contradictory terms	29
12177120448	allegory	Syn: analogy, parable	30
12177579460	satire	Syn: mockery	31
12177124953	alliteration	Syn: rhyme	32
12177554313	pathos	Syn: emotion	33
12177129037	Apostrophe	Syn: address	34
12177137180	ballad	Syn: poem	35
12177141788	climax	Syn: highlight	36
12177148193	denouement	Syn: result	37
12177152616	dialogue	Syn: discussion	38
12177156654	diction	Syn: wording, articulation	39
12177162283	elgy	Syn: lament	40
12177162284	epic	Syn: legend	41
12177246599	paradox	Syn: contradiction	42
12177257421	literal	Syn: factual	43
12177261535	rhetoric	Syn: meter	44
12177278604	Narrative	Syn: chronicle	45
12177410495	epithet	Syn: nickname	46
12177285584	rhythm	Syn: oratory	47
12177296336	denouement	Ant: beginning, introduction	48
12177459680	exaggeration	Syn: Overstatement	49
12177299511	hyperbole	Ant: understatement , minimization	50
12177303239	figurative	Ant: literal, factual	51
12177306655	pastoral	Ant: urban, municipal	52
12177309558	repetition	Ant: sporadic, infrequent	53
12177495522	literal	Ant: Figurative	54

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12167425494	Allegory	A narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one	0
12167425495	Allusion	A reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history	1
12167425496	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting or humorous incident	2
12167425497	Artistic unity	That condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose	3
12167425498	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	4
12167425499	Euphony	A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	5
12167425500	Genre	A type or class, as poetry, drama, etc.	6
12167425501	Imagery	The representation through language of sensory experience	7
12167425502	Mood	The pervading impression of a work	8
12167425503	Moral .	A rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work. Compare Theme	9
12167425504	Prose	Non-metrical language; the opposite of verse	10
12167425505	Theme	The main idea, or message, of a literary work. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly.	11
12167425506	Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself; the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work	12
12167425507	Topic	The subject matter or area of a literary work. Not to be confused with theme.	13
12167425508	Setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs	14
12167425509	Symbol (literary)	Something that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well, a figure of speech which may be read both literally and figuratively.	15
12167425510	Verse	Metrical language; the opposite of prose	16
12167425511	Voice	The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book	17
12167425512	Character	Any of the persons involved in a story or play [sense 1] (2) The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character [sense 2]	18
12167425513	Antagonist	Character in a story or poem who opposes the main character (protagonist). Sometimes the antagonist is an animal, an idea, or a thing.	19
12167425514	Character	(1) Any of the persons involved in a story or play [sense 1] (2) The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character [sense 2]	20
12167425515	Characterization	The process of conveying information about characters	21
12167425516	Deuteragonist	The second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist	22
12167425517	Direct presentation of character	A method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so	23
12167425518	Dynamic character	A character (sense 1) who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character (sense 2) or outlook.	24
12167425519	Flat character	A character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is summed up in one or two traits	25
12167425520	Foil	A character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.	26
12167425521	Hero	A man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for bold exploits, and favored by the gods	27
12167425522	Hubris	Overbearing and excessive pride	28
12167425523	Indirect presentation of character	That method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character	29
12167425524	Protagonist	The main character of a novel, play, or film	30
12167425525	Round character	A character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is complex and many sided.	31
12167425526	Static character	A character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning.	32
12167425527	Stock character	A stereotyped character.	33
12167425528	Tragic Flaw	A flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow	34
12167425529	Aside	A brief speech in which a character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience; a dramatic device for letting the audience know what a character is really thinking or feeling as opposed to what the character pretends to think or feel	35
12167425530	Colloquial	Informal, conversational language	36
12167425531	Dialogue	(1) Conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. (2) A literary work written in the form of a conversation.	37
12167425532	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary	38
12167425533	Diction	Word choice	39
12167425534	Euphemism	Substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one	40
12167425535	Figure of speech	Broadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another.	41
12167425536	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth	42
12167425537	Invective	Denunciatory or abusive language.	43
12167425538	Monologue	(1) A dramatic soliloquy. (2) A literary composition in such form	44
12167425539	Proverb	A short, pithy saying that expresses a basic truth or practical precept	45
12167425540	Pun	A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words	46
12167425541	Sarcasm	Bitter or cutting speech; speech intended by its speaker to give pain to the person addressed	47
12167425542	Soliloquy	a device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters.	48
12167425543	Slang	A kind of language esp. occurring in casual or playful speech, usu. made up of short-lived coinages and figures of speech deliberately used in place of standard terms	49
12167425544	Understatement	A figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants.	50
12167425545	Exposition	The part of a play (usually at the beginning) that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the actions.	51
12167425546	Conflict	A clash of actions, desires, ideas, or goals in the plot of a story or drama. Conflict may exist between the main character and some other person or persons; between the main character and some external force—physical nature, society, or "fate"; or between the main character and some destructive element in his or her own nature. A struggle that takes place in a character's mind is called internal conflict.	52
12167425547	Rising action	That development of plot in a story that precedes and leads up to the climax	53
12167425548	Climax	The turning point or high point of a plot	54
12167425549	Falling Action	The falling action immediately follows the climax and shows the aftereffects of the events in the climax	55
12167425550	Denouement (Also called the resolution)	the conclusion of the story. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis for them and the reader. Sometimes a hint as to the characters' future is given	56
12167425551	Irony	A situation, or a use of language, involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy. Three kinds of irony are distinguished in this class:	57
12167425552	Dramatic irony	An incongruity of discrepancy between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true (or between what a character perceives and what the author intends the reader to perceive).	58
12167425553	Irony of situation	A situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate.	59
12167425554	Verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	60
12167425555	Epistolary novel	A novel written as a series of documents.	61
12167425556	First person point of view	The story is told by one of its characters, using the first person.	62
12167425557	Flashback	A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.	63
12167425558	Flashforward	A literary device in which a later event is inserted into a narrative.	64
12167425559	In medias res (into the middle of things)	is a Latin phrase denoting the literary and artistic narrative technique wherein the relation of a story begins either at the mid-point or at the conclusion, rather than at the beginning, establishing setting, character, and conflict via flashback and expository conversations.	65
12167425560	Limited omniscient point of view	The author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears.	66
12167425561	Linear structure	A plot that follows a straight-moving, cause and effect, chronological order	67
12167425562	Objective point of view	The author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to reporting what the characters say or do; the author does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings.	68
12167425563	Omniscient point of view	The author tells the story, using the third person, knowing all and free to tell us anything, including what the characters are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do	69
12167425564	Narrator	the speaker or the "voice" of an oral or written work. Although it can be, the narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The narrator is one of three types of characters in a given work, (1) participant (protagonist or participant in any action that may take place in the story), (2) observer (someone who is indirectly involved in the action of a story), or (3) non participant (one who is not at all involved in any action of the story). The narrator is the direct window into a piece of work.	70
12167425565	Nonlinear structure	is when the plot is presented in a non-causal order, with events presented in a random series jumping to and from the main plot with flashbacks or flashforwards; or in any other manner that is either not chronological or not cause and effect, for example, in medias res.	71
12167425566	Point of View	The angle of vision from which a story is told.	72
12167425567	Stream of consciousness	Narrative which presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary or interpretation by the author	73
12167425568	Unreliable narrator	a narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised. Unreliable narrators are usually first-person narrators.	74
12167425569	Anticlimax	A sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential	75
12167425570	Catastrophe	The concluding action of a classical tragedy containing the resolution of the plot	76
12167425571	Comic Relief	A humorous incident introduced into a serious literary work in order to relieve dramatic tension or heighten emotional impact	77
12167425572	Dilemma	A situation in which a character must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable	78
12167425573	Deus ex machina (god from the machine)	The resolution of a plot by use of a highly improbable chance or coincidence (so named from the practice of some Greek dramatists of having a god descend from heaven at the last possible minute—in the theater by means of a stage machine—to rescue the protagonist from an impossible situation).	79
12167425574	Indeterminate ending	An ending in which the central problem or conflict is left unresolved	80
12167425575	Inversion	A reversal in order, nature, or effect	81
12167425576	Motivation	An emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action	82
12167425577	Mystery	An unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation; used to create suspense	83
12167425578	Paradox	A statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements	84
12167425579	Plot	The sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed	85
12167425580	Plot manipulation	A situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved	86
12167425581	Plot device	An object, character, or event whose only reason for existing is to advance the story. Often breaks suspension of disbelief.	87
12167425582	Prologue	An introduction or a preface, esp. a poem recited to introduce a play	88
12167425583	Red herring	a literary tactic of diverting attention away from an item or person of significance	89
12167425584	Scene	A subdivision of an act in a dramatic presentation in which the setting is fixed and the time continuous	90
12167425585	Suspense	That quality in a story that makes the reader eager to discover what happens next and how it will end	91
12167425586	Suspension of Disbelief	An unspoken agreement between writer and reader: "I agree to believe your make-believe if it entertains me."	92
12167425587	Subplot	A plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work	93
12167425588	Surprise	An unexpected turn in the development of a plot	94
12167425589	Comedy	A type of drama, opposed to tragedy, having usually a happy ending, and emphasizing human limitation rather than human greatness.	95
12167425590	Comedy of manners	Comedy that ridicules the manners (way of life, social customs, etc.) of a certain segment of society	96
12167425591	Satire	A kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice.	97
12167425592	Scornful comedy	A type of comedy whose main purpose is to expose and ridicule human folly, vanity, or hypocrisy	98
12167425593	Romantic comedy	A type of comedy whose likable and sensible main characters are placed in difficulties from which they are rescued at the end of the play	99
12167425594	Farce	A type of comedy that relies on exaggeration, horseplay, and unrealistic or improbable situations to provoke laughter	100
12167425595	Escapist literature	Literature written purely for entertainment, with little or no attempt to provide insights into the true nature of human life or behavior.	101
12167425596	Fable	A short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing animal characters that act like human beings	102
12167425597	Fantasy	A kind of fiction that pictures creatures or events beyond the boundaries of known reality	103
12167425598	Interpretive literature	Literature that provides valid insights into the nature of human life or behavior	104
12167425599	Myth	any story that attempts to explain how the world was created or why the world is the way that it is. Myths are stories that are passed on from generation to generation and normally involve religion. Most myths were first spread by oral tradition and then were written down in some literary form. Many ancient literary works are, in fact, myths as myths appear in every ancient culture of the planet.	105
12167425600	Novel	a book of long narrative in literary prose.	106
12167425601	Novella (also called a short novel)	a written, fictional, prose narrative longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel.	107
12167425602	Parable	A simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson	108
12167425603	Tragedy Drama	in which a noble protagonist — a person of unusual moral or intellectual stature or outstanding abilities — falls to ruin during a struggle caused by a tragic flaw (or hamartia) in his character or an error in his rulings or judgments.	109
12167425604	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply	110
12167425605	Connotation	What a word suggests beyond its basic definition; a word's overtones of meaning	111
12167425606	Denotation	The basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word	112
12167425607	Ekphrasis	The poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words	113
12167425608	Epigram	(1) A short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation. (2) A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement.	114
12167425609	Extended figure (also knows as sustained figure)	A figure of speech (usually metaphor, simile, personification, or apostrophe) sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem	115
12167425610	Figurative language	Language employing figures of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or only literally	116
12167425611	Figure of speech	Broadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another	117
12167425612	Juxtaposition	Positioning opposites next to each other to heighten the contrast	118
12167425613	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike	119
12167425614	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which some significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the whole experience	120
12167425615	Onomatopoeia	The use of words that supposedly mimic their meaning in their sound (for example, boom, click, plop).	121
12167425616	Personification	A figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal, an object, or a concept	122
12167425617	Rhythm	Any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound	123
12167425618	Sentimentality	Unmerited or contrived tender feeling; that quality in a story that elicits or seeks to elicit tears through an oversimplification or falsification of reality	124
12167425619	Simile	A figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The comparison is made explicit by the use of some such word or phrase as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems	125
12167425620	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole. In this class it is subsumed under the term Metonymy.	126
12167425621	Syntax	Word organization and order.	127
12167425622	Alliteration	The repetition at close intervals of the initial consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words (for example, map-moon, kill-code, preach-approve)	128
12167425623	Anapest	A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable (for example, understand)	129
12167425624	Anapestic meter	A meter in which a majority of the feet are anapests	130
12167425625	Approximate rhyme (also known as imperfect rhyme, near rhyme, slant rhyme, or oblique rhyme)	A term used for words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of sound correspondence but are not perfect rimes (for example, arrayed-said)	131
12167425626	Assonance	The repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words (for example, hat-ran-amber, veinmade).	132
12167425627	Ballad meter	Stanzas formed of quatrains of iambs in which the first and third lines have four stresses (tetrameter) and the second and fourth lines have three stresses (trimeter). Usually, the second and fourth lines rhyme (abcb), although ballad meter is often not followed strictly.	133
12167425628	Blank verse	Poetry with a meter, but not rhymed, usually in iambic pentameter	134
12167425629	Consonance	The repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words (for example, bookplaque-thicker)	135
12167425630	Couplet	Two successive lines, usually in the same meter, linked by rhyme	136
12167425631	Dactyl	A metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables (for example, merrily)	137
12167425632	Dactylic meter	A meter in which a majority of the feet are dactyls	138
12167425633	End rhyme	Rhymes that occur at the ends of lines	139
12167425634	End-stopped line	A line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation — the opposite of enjambment	140
12167425635	Enjambment Or run-on line,	a line which has no natural speech pause at its end, allowing the sense to flow uninterruptedly into the succeeding line — the opposite of an end-stopped line	141
12167425636	English (or Shakespearean) sonnet	A sonnet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. Its content or structure ideally parallels the rhyme scheme, falling into three coordinate quatrains and a concluding couplet; but it is often structured, like the Italian sonnet, into octave and sestet, the principal break in thought coming at the end of the eighth line.	142
12167425637	Feminine rhyme	A rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words (picky, tricky)	143
12167425638	Foot	The basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables	144
12167425639	Free verse	Nonmetrical verse. Poetry written in free verse is arranged in lines, may be more or less rhythmical, but has no fixed metrical pattern or expectation	145
12167425640	Half rhyme	(Sometimes called slant rhyme, sprung, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, off rhyme or imperfect rhyme), is consonance on the final consonants of the words involved	146
12167425641	Heroic couplet	Poems constructed by a sequence of two lines of (usually rhyming) verse in iambic pentameter. If these couplets do not rhyme, they are usually separated by extra white space.	147
12167425642	Iamb	A metrical foot consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable (for example, rehearse)	148
12167425643	Iambic meter	A meter in which the majority of feet are iambs, the most common English meter	149
12167425644	Internal rhyme	A rhyme in which one or both of the rhyme-words occur within the line	150
12167425645	Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abbaabba and of a sestet using any arrangement of two or three additional rhymes, such as cdcdcd or cdecde	151
12167425646	Masculine rhyme (also known as single rhyme)	A rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words (rhyme, sublime)	152
12167425647	Meter Regularized rhythm;	an arrangement of language in which the accents occur at apparently equal intervals in time	153
12167425648	Octave	(1) An eight-line stanza. (2) The first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet	154
12167425649	Perfect rhyme	A rhyme in which is when the later part of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another. Types include masculine and feminine, among others.	155
12167425650	Pentameter	A metrical line containing five feet	156
12167425651	Quatrain	(1) A four-line stanza. (2) A four-line division of a sonnet marked off by its rhyme scheme.	157
12167425652	Refrain	A repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines, normally at some fixed position in a poem written in stanziac form	158
12167425653	Rhyme	The repetition of an identical or similarly accented sound or sounds in a work. Lyricists may find multiple ways to rhyme within a verse.	159
12167425654	End rhymes	have words that rhyme at the end of a verse-line. Internal rhymes have words that rhyme within it.	160
12167425655	Rhyme scheme	Any fixed pattern of rhymes characterizing a whole poem or its stanzas	161
12167425656	Scansion	The process of measuring verse, that is, of marking accented and unaccented syllables, dividing the lines into feet, identifying the metrical pattern, and noting significant variations from that pattern	162
12167425657	Sestet	(1) A six-line stanza (2) The last six lines of a sonnet structured on the Italian model	163
12167425658	Spondee	A metrical foot consisting of two syllables equally or almost equally accented (for example, true-blue).	164
12167425659	Stanza	A group of lines whose metrical pattern (and usually its rhyme scheme as well) is repeated throughout a poem	165
12167425660	Syntax	The arrangement of words to form phrases, clauses and sentences; sentence construction	166
12167425661	Terza Rima	A three-line stanza form borrowed from the Italian poets. The rhyme scheme is: aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.	167
12167425662	Tetrameter	A metrical line containing four feet	168
12167425663	Trimeter	A metrical line containing three feet	169
12167425664	Triple meter	A meter in which a majority of the feet contain three syllables. (Actually, if more than 25 percent of the feet in a poem are triple, its effect is more triple than duple, and it ought perhaps to be referred to as triple meter.) Anapestic and dactylic are both triple meters.	170
12167425665	Trochaic meter	A meter in which the majority of feet are trochees	171
12167425666	Trochee	A metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable (for example, barter)	172
12167425667	Ballad	a narrative folk song. The ballad is traced back to the Middle Ages. Ballads were usually created by common people and passed orally due to the illiteracy of the time. Subjects for ballads include killings, feuds, important historical events, and rebellion.	173
12167425668	Elegy	A type of literature defined as a song or poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who had died.	174
12167425669	Epic	A long poem in a lofty style about the exploits of heroic figures. These often come from an oral tradition of shared authorship or from a single, high-profile poet imitating the style.	175
12167425670	Lyric	a song-like poem written mainly to express the feelings of emotions or thought from a particular person, thus separating it from narrative poems. These poems are generally short, averaging roughly twelve to thirty lines, and rarely go beyond sixty lines. These poems express vivid imagination as well as emotion and all flow fairly concisely.	176
12167425671	Narrative poem	A poem that tells a story. A narrative poem can come in many forms and styles, both complex and simple, short or long, as long as it tells a story. A few examples of a narrative poem are epics, ballads, and metrical romances.	177
12167425672	Ode	Usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. The ode often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts.	178
12167425673	Sonnet	A fixed form of fourteen lines, normally iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types—the Italian or the English	179

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