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AP Language Vocabulary #2 Flashcards

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9160404029AlliterationThe occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. "Sally sells seashells by the seashore."0
9160420935AllusionA figure of speech that refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in the readers' minds. "Your backyard is a Garden of Eden."1
9160466179AnadiplosisThe literary term for a rhetorical device in which a writer or speaker uses a word near the end of the clause and then repeats that word to begin the next clause. "Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task."2
9160480028AnalogyLiterary device that creates a relationship based on parallels or connections between two ideas. A sword is to a warrior as a pen is to a writer.3
9160573117AnaphoraThe repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech. "I have a dream..."4
9160587961AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. If a group of friends are talking about pets, and one of them tells a story about her dog howled in his sleep and woke everyone up.5
9160617374AnthropomorphismThe attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. The characters in the beast's castle in "Beauty and the Beast."6
9160626655AnticlimaxA disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events. If a lead character were to die at the end of a movie.7
9160660847AntimetaboleLiterary and rhetorical device in which a phrase or sentence is repeated, but in reverse order. "Think and wonder. Wonder and think."8
9160679537AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas that is often expressed in balanced phrases or clauses. "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."9
9160711408AphorismA brief, cleverly worded statement that makes an observation about life. "There's no time like the present."10
9160717823ApostropheA technique by which a writer addresses an inanimate object, idea, or person who is either dead or absent. "Oh, Death, be not proud!"11
9160772730AppositiveWhen a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it. My good friend, Sarah, loves to bake.12
9161184577AssonanceThe repetition of a vowel sound or diphthong in non-rhyming words. "The morning was cold with a bold statement."13
9161204832AsyndetonThe omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence. "I came, I saw, I conquered."14
9161248685ChiasmusArrangement of repeated thoughts in the patters of xyyx. It is often short and summarizes a main idea. "I meant what I said and said what I meant."15
9161301181ClimaxWhere the conflict/problem is solved. Sometimes found at the end of a story. When Cinderella puts her foot in the glass slipper and it fits perfectly.16
9161324480ConsonanceRepetition of identical consonant sounds within two or more words in close proximity, as in boost/best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and ping-pong.17
9161434635EllipsisThe omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues. "Bella ate apples, Lauren ate peaches."18
9161453024EpistropheThe repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences. "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil."19
9161470476EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant. Saying "passed away" instead of "died."20
9161484897Extended metaphorA comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph, or lines in a poem. "All the world's a stage and all men and women merely players."-Shakespeare21
9161533665HyperboleThe use of over-exaggeration for the purpose of creating emphasis or being humorous, but it is not intended to be taken literally. "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."22
9161547382ImageryTerm used for language and description that appeals to our five senses. The golden rays of the setting sun reflected upon the clear waters of the lake.23
9161559861IronyThe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. If a fire hydrant were to catch on fire.24
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AMSCO AP World History Chapter 15 Vocab Flashcards

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8028166725Henry IVSanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvanists, converted to Catholicism for the sake of solidifying his power. His rule saw increasing emphasis on national sovereignty.0
8028166726Henry VIIIA king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. (1491-1547)1
8028166727Anne BoleynQueen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII, and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.2
8028166728Charles V, Holy Roman EmpireWas ruler of both the Spanish Empire from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519, as well as of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1506.3
8028166729Philip IIKing of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) ... king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)4
8028166730Queen Isabella and King FerdinandA king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus.5
8028166731James IKing of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England.6
8028166732Charles IKing of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated.7
8028166733Oliver CromwellWas an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was born into the middle gentry, albeit to a family descended from the sister of King Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell.8
8028166734Charles IIKing of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism.9
8028166735James IIKing of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary (later, Mary II) and her husband, William of Orange.10
8028166736William and MaryRuled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II.11
8028166737Jean BodinWas a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty; he was also an influential writer on demonology.12
8028166738Cardinal RichelieuWas the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants.13
8028166739Louis XIVRuled 1643-1715, King of France, his reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies.14
8028166740Prince Henry the NavigatorWas a Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself.15
8028166741Thirty Years WarA war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants.16
8028166742War of the Spanish SuccessionA war (1701-14) fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands, and Prussia against France and Spain, arising from disputes about the succession in Spain after the death of Charles II of Spain.17
8028166743Maritime EmpiresA state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea (such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities) or a sea-borne empire.18
8028166744SepoysAn Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.19
8028166745HuguenotsA French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.20
8028166746Clunaic ReformsWere a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.21
8028166747SimonyThe buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.22
8028166748Reformed Church of ScotlandIs a Christian denomination. It is the original church of the Reformed Presbyterian tradition (commonly known as the RP's). The RPCS formed in 1690 when its members declined to be part of the establishment.23
8028166749Anglican ChurchThe Church of England and the churches in other nations that are in complete agreement with it as to doctrine and discipline and are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury.24
8028166750Johannes KeplerWas a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.25
8028166751Francis BaconWas an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England.26
8028166752GalileoItalian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)27
8028166753Sir Isaac NewtonEnglish mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727).28
8028166754MichaelangeloWas an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.29
8028166755Leonardo da Vinci1452-1519. Italian painter, engineer, and scientist.30
8028166756John LockeA seventeenth-century English philosopher. Argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds. He claimed that, on the contrary, the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) until experience begins to "write" on it.31
8028166757Adam SmithIs one of the world's most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.32
8028166758Edict of NatesSigned probably on 30 April 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.33
8028166759Peace of WestaphiliaWas a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence.34
8028170947Vasco da GamaPortuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.35
8028207267spanish armadathe great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 158836
8028219350schmalkaldic leagueprotestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire37
8028227666peace of augsburg1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler38
8028230588English civil warcivil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I39
8028234964puritan revolutionEngland goes from a monarchy to puritan republic under Cromwell40
8028237007petition of righta written document asking for a limit to the king's power41
8028239775glorious revolutionthe revolution against James II42
8028241408English bill of rights1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament43
8028244332divine right of the monarchythe claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God44
8028250849intendantsFrench government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.45
8028252958versaillesPalace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.46
8028267027parlementsFrench noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king47
8028284265reformationa movement for religious reform48
8028299601huldrych zwingliswiss priest who led the protestant movement in switzerland49
8028299602Martin lutherGerman monk who started the Protestant Reformation50
802830238295 thesesArguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.51
8028305874indulgencespardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment52
8028308429John calvinBelieved in predestination53
8028310592the electCalvinistic belief that this is the group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven.54
8028310593predestineddestiny; fate; decided beforehand55
8028312638puritansa group of Anglicans in England who wanted to purify their church of Catholic ways56
8028317024jesuitsmembers of the society of jesus57
8028325294council of TrentA meeting held to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church.58
8028328670index of prohibited bookslist of books forbidden for Catholics to read. issued by holy office59
8028348642social contractAn agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed60
8028369836empiricismthe belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation61
8028410449scholasticisma medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason62
8028414769joint-stock companiesbusinesses in which a group of people invest together63
8028444513mercantilismbelief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.64
8028446766capitalAn economic system based on private ownership of capital65
8028446767cottage industriessmall-scale industries based in the home66
8028449142physiocratesphilosophe who wrote about economics; attacked economy in Europe67
8028453012the wealth of nationswritten by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics68
8028457155commercial revolutionexpansion of trade and business69
8028459692east India companyBenefitted from tea act70
8028466601manilaa strong paper or thin cardboard with a smooth light brown finish made from e.g. Manila hemp the strong fiber of a Philippine plant, used for rope, matting, paper, etc.71
8028469371factorsNumbers that are multiplied together to get a product72
8028475317cartographythe science of making maps73
8028492405Bartholomew Diaz(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488.74
8028494600Ferdinand magellanPortuguese navigator in the service of Spain75
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AP World History Chapter 23 Flashcards

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9154880925caravelsSlender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.0
9154900283Vasco de GamaPortuguese explorer and first European to reach India by sea.1
9155460984Asian sea trading networkPrior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets and tapestries, India zone based on cotton textiles; China zone based on paper porcelain and silks.2
9155469390mercantilistsEconomic theorists that stressed governments' promotion of limitations of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.3
9155587183OrmuzPortuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network.4
9155587184GoaPortuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network.5
9155587185factoriesEuropean trading fortresses with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places commerce.6
9155696605BataviaDutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java.7
9155696606Dutch trading empireThe Dutch system extended into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol and monopoly control of a limited number of products.8
9155722589LuzonNorthern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560's; site of major Catholic missionary effort.9
9155722590MindanaoSouthern island of the Philippines; a Muslim Kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.10
9155771705Francis XavierSpanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in the 1540s with lowcaste and outcaste groups; made little headway among elites.11
9155799464Robert di Nobili(1577-1656) Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites first; strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed.12
9155808843HongwuFirst Ming Emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar gentry.13
9155849130MacaoOne of the 2 ports where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty.14
9155849131CantonOne of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty.15
9155877141Matteo Ricci and Adam SchallJesuit scholars in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity.16
9155894900ChongzhenLast of the Ming Emperors; comited suicide in 1644 in the face of Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City of Bejing.17
9155914315Oda Nobunaga(1534-1582) Japenese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command.18
9155922456Toyotomi HideyoshiGeneral under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.19
9155924343Tokugawa IeyasuVassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan.20
9155937243EdoTokugawa capital city; modern- day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa Shogunate.21
9155957847DeshimaIsland in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter.22
9155968482School of National LearningNew Ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imporst such as Confuciansim; typical of Japan in the 18th century.23
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AP World History Unit 4 Flashcards

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9047932476Penninsularespeople who had been born in Spain and lived in Latin America @top of social hierarchy in Latin America0
9047932477CreolesSpaniards born in Latin America and @2nd their for social hierarchy1
9047932478MeztizosPeople who are a mix of Europeans and Natives involved in the encomienda system2
9047932479MulattoThe term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.3
9047932480Plantation Complex1450-1750 : Colonies, such as those in south Africa, new Zealand, Algeria, Kenya and Hawaii where minority European populations lived among a majority of indigenous people -- based upon African slavery beyond the Caribbean ad brazil to encompass the southern colonies of British North America where tobacco, cotton, rice and indigo where major crops where4
9047932481YasakAlso known as a tribute paid in cash or in kind that Russian rulers demanded from the Native peoples of Siberia mainly for pelts.5
9047932482Mughal EmpireMuslim empire, early 1500s, in India, which brought new customs that conflicted with the Hindus. 20% people were Muslim (rulers) everyone else was Hindu.6
9047932483Safavid EmpireShia Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries. Was the only empire around to practice Shia Islam.7
9047932484AkbarMughal ruler with a genius for cultural blending, military conquest, and art, put Hindus in military, removed Jizya very tolerant of religion.8
9086485328WahhabismA type of islam that reformed to the original Islamic beliefs before religious syncretism such as no idol no tobacco and no books on logic.9
9086485329Tokugawa ShogunateJapanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences, ended civil wars and unified Japan10
9086485330Soft GoldNickname for animal furs due to their high value, primarily from Russia11
9086485331RenaissanceRebirth of Greek and Roman culture rejection of Middle Ages. Depicted things as realistic believed in humanism, individualism, secularism12
9086485332SecularismNot related to religion believed in the now and not as much in the afterlife13
9086485333HumanismA belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity14
9086485334Johann GutenbergMan who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books15
9086485335Leonardo da VinciItalian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect, drew the human body and Mona Lisa16
9086485336Protestant Reformation• movement against Catholic indulgences started by complaints in Martin Luther's 95 Theses created a schism in Christianity17
9086485337Catholic Counter ReformationThe Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself.18
9086485338Martin Lutherbegan the Protestant Reformation, wrote 95 Thesis believed salvation could be reached through bible and that teachings should come directly from bible19
908648533995 ThesesArguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.20
9086485340TsarThe Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.21
9086485341JizyaPoll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire22
9086485342JesuitsMembers of the Society of Jesus who helped spread Christianity in China and Spanish America23
9086485343Ottoman EmpireA Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922. Created by Turkic warriors controlled much of Middle East and coastal north Africa24
9089724365Suleiman 1The most famous sultan of the Ottoman Empire25
9089724366Devshirme SystemOttoman system where balkans/Christians were required each conquered village give certain number of young men for army26
9089724367Janisarrieselite Ottoman army force27
9089724368SultansRulers of Muslim states like the Ottoman Empire28
9089724369"God, Glory, Gold"The motivations for European exploration29
9089724370Prince HenryPortuguese prince who started a school for sailors and sponsored early voyages of exploration, wanted to spread Christianity30
9089724371Dutch East India Co.Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.31
9089724372British East India Companyset up trading posts in India in the 1600s, beginning the British economic interest there32
9089724373Ming Dynastythe imperial dynasty of China from 1368 to 164433
9089724374Zheng HeA Chinese admiral and diplomat who voyaged overseas to promote trade and collect tribute, was in charge of voyages and was supported by the Ming Dynasty34
9095615649AztecsLocated in Mexico capital Tenochtitlan, centralized and didn't assimilate new people. Human sacrifice and tribute were paid35
9095615650human sacrificea person who is killed as part of a religious ritual to keep cosmos in balance and fuel the sun god36
9095615651IncasAncient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru had a labor tribute system called Mita wanted material things37
9095615652QuipuAn arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. Used in Incan Empire38
9095615653Mita systemIncan system for payment of taxes with labor39
9095615654PochtecaSpecial merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items,like slaves40
9095615655TenochtitlanThe captial city of the Aztecs.41
9095615656CuzcoThe capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru42
9095615657Macchu PicchuInca city on top of Andes Mountains43
9095615658Chinampasfloating gardens, in Aztec44
9095615659Incan road systemoften compared to roman road system due to its reach and complexity, 14000 miles wide45
9102187430Qing DynastyChina's last dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912, reunified China and rebuilt it46
9102187431ManchusFounded the Qing Dynasty47
9102187432Christopher ColumbusHe mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India, for the European crown48
9102187433Caravela small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries. Used in expeditions49
9102187434AstrolabeNavigational tool that helped explorers sail the Atlantic50
9102187435Coloniesterritories controlled by other countries, occurred in the Americas most popular are the US Colonies. Goal is to establish new life51
9102187436Great Dyingthe devastation of American Indian populations by diseases brought over from Europe. Allowed Europeans to more easily subject natives52
9102187437ExplorersChristopher Columbus, Zheng He, Vasco de Gama53
9102187438Mercantilismthe theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys. Europeans in Americas were tasked with getting goods to Europe to be sold for a higher price. Merchants in spices islands practice this.54
9102187439Colombian Exchangethe transfer of slates, plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa55
9102358452Atlantic Slave Tradethe buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas, slaves had to cross the middle passage.56
9102358453Capitalismeconomic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit, joint stock company's and mercantilism gave rise to this57
9102358454Triangular TradeA system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa58
9102358455cash cropscrops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit59
9102358456Joint Stock CompanyA business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.60
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