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Ap Literature and Composition Terms 2018-2019 Flashcards

9553901349	allegory	story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning	0
9553901350	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words	1
9553901351	allusion	indirect of passing reference	2
9553901352	anaphora	repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning	3
9553901353	antagonist	a hostile person who is opposed to another character	4
9553901354	apostrophe	figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character	5
9553901355	approximate rhyme	words in rhyming pattern that sound alike	6
9553901356	aside	when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage	7
9553901357	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds	8
9553901358	blank verse	poetry written in meter without an ending rhyme	9
9553901359	cacophony	blend of unharmonious sounds	10
9553901360	caesura	pause in the middle of a line	11
9553901361	catharsis	the release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)	12
9553901362	flat character	story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic	13
9553901363	round character	character who has complex personality: contradicted person	14
9553901364	dynamic character	changes throughout the story, through major conflict	15
9553901365	static character	person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality	16
9553901366	characterization	process of revealing characters personality	17
9553901367	climax	point where conflict hits its highest point	18
9553901368	comedy	drama that is amusing or funny	19
9553901369	conflict	struggle between opposing forces	20
9553901370	connotation	secondary meaning to a word	21
9553901371	consonance	repetition of same consonant in words close together	22
9553901372	couplet	two rhyming lines in a verse	23
9553901373	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	24
9553901374	denouement	final outcome of the story	25
9553901375	deus ex machina	resolution of a plot by chance or coincidence	26
9553901376	didactic writing	writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach	27
9553901377	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	28
9553901378	double rhyme	rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)	29
9553901379	dramatic exposition	prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world	30
9553901380	end rhyme	rhymes occurring at the end of line	31
9553901381	end stopped line	line ending in regular punctuation	32
9553901382	English sonnet	a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg	33
9553901383	epiphany	when a character receives a spiritual insight into they life	34
9553901384	euphony	smooth choice and arrangement of sounds	35
9553901385	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	36
9553901386	falling action	Events after the climax, leading to the resolution	37
9553901387	feminine rhyme	lines rhymed by their final two syllables	38
9553901388	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	39
9553901389	figure of speech	a way of saying something other than the ordinary way	40
9553901390	foot	basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables	41
9553901391	form	external pattern or shape of a poem	42
9553901392	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	43
9553901393	hamartia	a fate-based tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	44
9553901394	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	45
9553901395	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	46
9553901396	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	47
9553901397	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	48
9553901398	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	49
9553901399	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	50
9553901400	irony of situation	refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended	51
9553901401	italian sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	52
9553901402	masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable	53
9553901403	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally	54
9553901404	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	55
9553901405	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	56
9553901406	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	57
9553901407	motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	58
9553901408	narrator	Person telling the story	59
9553901409	octave	8 line stanza	60
9553901410	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	61
9553901411	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	62
9553901412	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	63
9553901413	paradox	A contradiction or dilemma	64
9553901414	paraphrase	A restatement of a text or passage in your own words.	65
9553901415	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	66
9553901416	plot	Sequence of events in a story	67
9553901417	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	68
9553901418	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	69
9553901419	third person limited point of view	narrator tells the story from only one character's pov	70
9553901420	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	71
9553901421	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	72
9553901422	protagonist	Main character	73
9553901423	quatrain	A four line stanza	74
9553901424	rhythm	A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.	75
9553901425	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	76
9553901426	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	77
9553901427	sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	78
9553901428	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	79
9553901429	scansion	Analysis of verse into metrical patterns	80
9553901430	sestet	6 line stanza	81
9553901431	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	82
9553901432	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	83
9553901433	soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	84
9553901434	sonnet	14 line poem	85
9553901435	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	86
9553901436	stream of consciousness	private thoughts of a character without commentary	87
9553901437	syllabic verse	Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.	88
9553901438	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else	89
9553901439	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	90
9553901440	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	91
9553901441	tercet	3 line stanza	92
9553901442	terza rima	a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.	93
9553901443	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	94
9553901444	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	95
9553901445	tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	96
9553901446	truncation	Utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.	97
9553901447	understandment	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	98
9553901448	verse	A single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme	99
9553901449	vilanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	100

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AP Literature Terms (Prose) Flashcards

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12004541892	Allegory	A narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one	0
12004541893	Allusion	A reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history	1
12004585308	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting or humorous incident	2
12004599653	Artistic unity	That condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose	3
12004618768	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	4
12004648524	euphony	A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	5
12004659842	Genre	A type or class, as poetry, drama, etc.	6
12004680239	Imagery	The representation through language of sensory experience	7
12004689630	Mood	The pervading impression of a work	8
12004702229	Moral	A rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work.	9
12004713883	Prose	Non-metrical language; the opposite of verse	10
12004722972	Theme	The main idea, or message, of a literary work. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly	11
12004739972	Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself; the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work	12
12004745829	Topic	The subject matter or area of a literary work. Not to be confused with theme.	13
12004751973	Setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	14
12004800328	Symbol	Something that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well, a figure of speech which may be read both literally and figuratively	15
12004800329	Verse	Metrical language; the opposite of prose	16
12004800331	Voice	The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book	17
12004815369	Antagonist	Character in a story or poem who opposes the main character (protagonist).	18
12004830410	Character	(1) Any of the persons involved in a story or play [sense 1] (2) The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character [sense 2]	19
12004845231	Characterization	The process of conveying information about characters	20
12004916557	Deuteragonist	The second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist	21
12004928093	Direct presentation of character	A method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so	22
12004947678	Dynamic character	A character (sense 1) who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character (sense 2) or outlook.	23
12004979778	Flat character	A character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is summed up in one or two traits	24
12004985918	Foil	a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.	25
12005002139	Hero	A man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for bold exploits, and favored by the gods	26
12005008631	Hubris	Overbearing and excessive pride	27
12005030948	Indirect presentation of character	That method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character	28
12005039512	Protagonist	The main character of a novel, play, or film	29
12005049423	Round character	A character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is complex and many sided.	30
12005058776	Static character	A character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning.	31
12005080967	Stock character	A stereotyped character	32
12005091558	Tragic Flaw	A flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow	33
12005100129	Aside	A brief speech in which a character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience; a dramatic device for letting the audience know what a character is really thinking or feeling as opposed to what the character pretends to think or feel	34
12005139033	Colloquial	Informal, conversational language	35
12005163901	Dialogue	(1) Conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. (2) A literary work written in the form of a conversation.	36
12005174946	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary	37
12005228534	Diction	Word choice	38
12005228535	Euphemism	Substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one	39
12005343748	Figure of speech	Broadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another.	40
12005351499	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth	41
12005362289	Invective	Denunciatory or abusive language	42
12005372549	Monologue	(1) A dramatic soliloquy. (2) A literary composition in such form	43
12005387315	Proverb	A short, pithy saying that expresses a basic truth or practical precept	44
12005397731	Pun	A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words	45
12005406854	Sarcasm	Bitter or cutting speech; speech intended by its speaker to give pain to the person addressed	46
12005426029	Soliloquy	A device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters.	47
12005478997	Slang	A kind of language esp. occurring in casual or playful speech, usu. made up of short-lived coinages and figures of speech deliberately used in place of standard terms	48
12005493320	Understatement	A figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants.	49
12005516255	Exposition	The part of a play (usually at the beginning) that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the actions	50
12005524871	Conflict	A clash of actions, desires, ideas, or goals in the plot of a story or drama. ---- may exist between the main character and some other person or persons; between the main character and some external force—physical nature, society, or "fate"; or between the main character and some destructive element in his or her own nature. A struggle that takes place in a character's mind is called internal --------.	51
12005545152	Rising action	That development of plot in a story that precedes and leads up to the climax	52
12005552309	Climax	The turning point or high point of a story	53
12005569968	Falling Action	The ----- immediately follows the climax and shows the aftereffects of the events in the climax	54
12005603034	Denouement	(Also called the resolution) the conclusion of the story. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis for them and the reader. Sometimes a hint as to the characters' future is given	55
12005621444	Irony	A situation, or a use of language, involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy.	56
12005632465	Dramatic irony	An incongruity of discrepancy between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true (or between what a character perceives and what the author intends the reader to perceive).	57
12005660364	Irony of situation	A situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate.	58
12005674180	Verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	59
12005706553	Epistolary novel	a novel written as a series of documents.	60
12005715977	First person point of view	The story is told by one of its characters, using the first person.	61
12005722334	Flashback	A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.	62
12005731737	Flashforward	A literary device in which a later event is inserted into a narrative.	63
12005748155	In medias res	a Latin phrase denoting the literary and artistic narrative technique wherein the relation of a story begins either at the mid-point or at the conclusion, rather than at the beginning, establishing setting, character, and conflict via flashback and expository conversations.	64
12005769323	Limited omniscient point of view	The author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears.	65
12005787118	Linear structure	a plot that follows a straight-moving, cause and effect, chronological order	66
12005796670	Objective point of view	The author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to reporting what the characters say or do; the author does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings.	67
12005826541	Omniscient point of view	The author tells the story, using the third person, knowing all and free to tell us anything, including what the characters are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do	68
12005833637	Narrator	the speaker or the "voice" of an oral or written work. Although it can be, the narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The ----- is one of three types of characters in a given work, (1) participant (protagonist or participant in any action that may take place in the story), (2) observer (someone who is indirectly involved in the action of a story), or (3) non participant (one who is not at all involved in any action of the story). The --- is the direct window into a piece of work.	69
12005861007	Nonlinear structure	When the plot is presented in a non-causal order, with events presented in a random series jumping to and from the main plot with flashbacks or flashforwards; or in any other manner that is either not chronological or not cause and effect, for example, in medias res.	70
12005874416	Point of View	The angle of vision from which a story is told.	71
12005886210	Stream of consciousness	Narrative which presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary or interpretation by the author	72
12005896341	Unreliable narrator	a narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised. --- are usually first-person narrators.	73
12005912323	Anticlimax	A sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential	74
12005928886	Catastrophe	The concluding action of a classical tragedy containing the resolution of the plot	75
12005936002	Comic Relief	A humorous incident introduced into a serious literary work in order to relieve dramatic tension or heighten emotional impact	76
12005944275	Dilemma	A situation in which a character must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable	77
12005953368	Deus ex machina	The resolution of a plot by use of a highly improbable chance or coincidence (so named from the practice of some Greek dramatists of having a god descend from heaven at the last possible minute—in the theater by means of a stage machine—to rescue the protagonist from an impossible situation).	78
12005970131	Indeterminate ending	An ending in which the central problem or conflict is left unresolved	79
12005989646	Inversion	A reversal in order, nature, or effect	80
12005994374	Motivation	An emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action	81
12006006439	Mystery	An unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation; used to create suspense	82
12006014811	Paradox	A statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements	83
12006024014	Plot	The sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed	84
12006037900	Plot manipulation	A situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved	85
12006045603	Plot device	An object, character, or event whose only reason for existing is to advance the story. Often breaks suspension of disbelief.	86
12006054142	Prologue	An introduction or a preface, esp. a poem recited to introduce a play	87
12006061209	Red herring	a literary tactic of diverting attention away from an item or person of significance	88
12006070529	Scene	A subdivision of an act in a dramatic presentation in which the setting is fixed and the time continuous	89
12006081668	Suspense	That quality in a story that makes the reader eager to discover what happens next and how it will end	90
12006105505	Suspension of Disbelief	An unspoken agreement between writer and reader: "I agree to believe your make-believe if it entertains me."	91
12006113025	Subplot	A plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work	92
12006122380	Surprise	An unexpected turn in the development of a plot	93
12006156693	Comedy	A type of drama, opposed to tragedy, having usually a happy ending, and emphasizing human limitation rather than human greatness.	94
12006168769	Comedy of manners	Comedy that ridicules the manners (way of life, social customs, etc.) of a certain segment of society	95
12006174156	Satire	A kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice.	96
12006190577	Scornful comedy	A type of comedy whose main purpose is to expose and ridicule human folly, vanity, or hypocrisy	97
12006198465	Romantic comedy	A type of comedy whose likable and sensible main characters are placed in difficulties from which they are rescued at the end of the play	98
12006207713	Farce	A type of comedy that relies on exaggeration, horseplay, and unrealistic or improbable situations to provoke laughter	99
12006216954	Escapist literature	Literature written purely for entertainment, with little or no attempt to provide insights into the true nature of human life or behavior.	100
12006233676	Fable	A short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing animal characters that act like human beings	101
12006244503	Fantasy	A kind of fiction that pictures creatures or events beyond the boundaries of known reality	102
12006260282	Interpretive literature	Literature that provides valid insights into the nature of human life or behavior	103
12006273079	Myth	any story that attempts to explain how the world was created or why the world is the way that it is. --- are stories that are passed on from generation to generation and normally involve religion. Most ---- were first spread by oral tradition and then were written down in some literary form. Many ancient literary works are, in fact, -- as -- appear in every ancient culture of the planet.	104
12006313911	Novel	a book of long narrative in literary prose	105
12006320829	Novella	(also called a short novel), a written, fictional, prose narrative longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel.	106
12006328933	Parable	A simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson	107
12006336551	Tragedy	Drama in which a noble protagonist — a person of unusual moral or intellectual stature or outstanding abilities — falls to ruin during a struggle caused by a tragic flaw (or hamartia) in his character or an error in his rulings or judgments.	108

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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12098630226	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
12098630227	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
12098630228	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
12098630229	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
12098630230	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
12098630231	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
12098630232	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
12098630233	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
12098630234	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
12098630235	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
12098630236	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
12098630237	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
12098630238	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
12098630239	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
12098630240	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	14
12098630241	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	15
12098630242	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	16
12098630243	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	17
12098630244	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	18
12098630245	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	19
12098630246	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	20
12098630247	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	21
12098630248	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	22
12098630249	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	23
12098630250	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	24
12098630251	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	25
12098630252	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	26
12098630253	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	27
12098630254	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	28
12098630255	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	29
12098630256	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	30
12098630257	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	31
12098630258	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	32
12098630259	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	33
12098630260	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	34
12098630261	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	35
12098630262	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	36
12098630263	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	37
12098630264	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	38
12098630265	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	39
12098630266	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	40
12098630267	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	41
12098630268	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	42
12098630269	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	43
12098630270	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	44
12098630271	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	45
12098630272	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	46
12098630273	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	47
12098630274	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	48
12098630275	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	49
12098630276	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	50
12098630277	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	51
12098630278	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	52
12098630279	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	53
12098630280	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	54
12098630281	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	55
12098630282	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	56
12098630283	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	57
12098630284	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	58
12098630285	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	59
12098630286	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	60
12098630287	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	61
12098630288	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	62
12098630289	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	63
12098630290	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	64
12098630291	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	65
12098630293	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	66
12098630308	Silk Road Trade system		67
12098630309	Kingdom of Mali		68
12098630294	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	69
12098630295	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	70
12098630296	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	71
12098630297	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	72
12098630298	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	73
12098630299	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	74
12098630300	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	75
12098630301	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	76
12098630310	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		77
12098630302	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	78
12098630303	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	79
12098630304	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	80
12098630311	Bantu Migrations		81
12098630305	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	82
12098630306	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	83

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AP World History Winter Final Flashcards

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5756791419	In Athens	citizens had very few rights while the state had many	0
5756795064	Pompeii	was not able to conquer Gaul	1
5756796705	The goths	were of German descent	2
5756798518	Plebians	refers to the masses	3
5756801466	Greek city-states	unified culturally and linguistically	4
5756803686	The Huns	left very few archaeological remains	5
5756805835	San-scrit	ancient Indo-Aryan language	6
5756808594	Philology	spread of languages	7
5756810620	The Maurya empire	proceeded by the Gupta Empire	8
5756811995	Krishnu	incarnation of Vishnu	9
5756813796	Hinduism	absorbed the God's of many local tribes	10
5756815529	The Qin dynasty	created the first Chinese empire	11
5756817662	No empire	never encompassed the entire Indian sub-continent	12
5756822148	The Vedas	most sacred Hindu scriptures	13
5756828116	The Mandate of Heaven	divined rule based on cosmic forces of the universe	14
5756830154	Shinto	based on nature spirits	15
5756833016	Legalism	Chinese governing using strict laws	16
5756834884	Candelabra model	system of no migration and no replacement	17
5756837751	Giza	the location of the great Sphinx	18
5756841457	The Bantu	migrated throughout Southern and Eastern Africa	19
5756839365	Neolithic	new stone age	20
5756844435	Paleolithic	old stone age	21
5756846258	Pericles	the father of democracy in Athens	22
5756847740	Darius	localized control within the empire	23
5756850376	Jericho	oldest known agricultural village	24
5756853076	The Xia dynasty	the first known Chinese dynasty	25
5756856904	Homo-sapiens	known to use tools	26
5756858997	Sumerian trade	extended as far as the Indus Valley	27
5756864662	Kings and Temple Priests	ruled in Sumer after about 2800 b.c.e.	28
5756866452	Hindus believed	the world we live in is just a dream	29
5756868380	Per natural selection	population pressure can affect the evolution of a species	30
5756872586	Napoleon's actions	helped lead to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone	31
5756876968	Early Chinese dynasties	often overlap one another	32
5756880326	The Aryan culture	was not able to defeat the Harrapan civilization	33
5756886943	Hammurabi	the first ruler to issue a detailed legal code	34
5756893144	Fertile crescent	surrounded by mountains and arid regions	35
5756895465	The pictograph	one of the earliest types of writing	36
5756897487	Egyptians	worshiped the Sung god, Aten, in the village of Akhenaten	37
5756907416	The Barbarians	usually were considered inferior by the Romans	38
5756909006	The Longshan People	domesticated cattle and sheep	39
5756911672	The Yang Shao culture	populated China's river valleys	40
5756915584	India's caste system	officially sanctioned by the Rigveda	41
5756918769	The Sui dynasty	initially had the loyalty of peasant farmers	42
5756921999	Chinese poetry	emerged during the Tang dynasty	43
5756924064	Aryan people in India	formed the janapadas	44
5756928366	Shondra Gupta	succeeded to the thronne of Magadha	45
5756931282	The Rigveda	offers no answers to how the world was created	46

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Flashcards

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Vocabulary for pre AP Literature Flashcards

This collection of vocabulary will help us prepare for the AP Literature and AP Language and Composition tests.

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8673087916	Fable	a short moral story (often with animal characters) noun	0
8673087917	Verbal Irony	occurs when what is said contradicts what is meant or thought	1
8673087918	Situational Irony	involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, the outcome is contrary to what was expected.	2
8673087919	Dramatic Irony	inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.	3
8673087920	DIDLS	Diction-Image-Details-Language-Sentence Structure - DIDLS is one technique for analyzing literature by carefully examining five aspects of the writing. Can I apply DIDLS successfully to a piece of writing to unlock the meaning and tone?	4
8673087921	Concrete Language	Language that describes details and specific, observable things, people, or places, rather than abstract ideas or qualities. The yellow, chemically created haze replaced blue puffy clouds in the sky over Fuxingmen in Beijing on March 15, 2013.	5
8673087922	Abstract Language	Language describing general ideas and abstract qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. The pollution was heavy in Beijing. (Pollution is an abstract idea, and no details are provided about the situation.)	6
8673087923	Connotation	An idea that is implied or suggested or the feeling of a word is the connotation. The feeling of a word is not in the dictionary. A connotation of a word is often learned by living in a culture and using a word in daily life.	7
8673087924	Denotation	The most direct meaning of a word or expression found in the dictionary.	8
8673087925	Diction	A writer or speaker's choice of words- informal, formal, slang, jargon, dialect or vulgar language- are all examples of diction and help create the tone of a piece of writing. The national anthems of both China and the United States are written in formal diction.	9
8673087926	Tone	An author's feeling or emotion about a topic in a short story or novel is the tone of the piece. Authors create tone in their writing by using details, images, sentence structure, language, diction, and language. Can you detect an author's tone by using the DIDLS strategy?	10
8673087927	Characterization	The act of describing distinctive characteristics or personality traits of a character in a story is called characterization. A character's clothing, speech-diction, friends, actions, conversations and thoughts are all a part of characterization.	11
8673087928	First Person Point of View	The narrator is a character in the story and uses words like I, me, or we. The character sees and describes the world through his or her own eyes.	12
8673087929	Third Person Point of View	The narrator tells the story using the pronouns "he," "she," and "it" when referring to a person, place, thing, or idea.	13
8673087930	Omniscient Narrator	Knowing everything; having unlimited awareness or understanding: A narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters.	14
8673087931	Rhetoric	Rhetoric is the study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking). When Brutus and Antony are speaking to the crowd about Julius Caesar's death, they both use rhetoric including ethos, pathos and logos to convince the crowd to believe the assassination of Caesar was either honorable or criminal.	15
8673087932	Ethos	The appeal of a text or speaker to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator. Brutus tries to convince the crowd that Caesar's death was necessary and that he is an honorable man. Brutus uses his honorable character as a reason to justify the necessity of Caesar's death.	16
8673087933	Pathos	The appeal of a text or speaker that arouses emotions (especially pity or sorrow) in the reader or listener. When Antony said his heart was in the coffin with Caesar because he loved Caesar, Antony is using emotion to manipulate the feelings of the crowd.	17
8673087934	Logos	An appeal in a text or by a speaker based on logic or reason. Facts and statistics are an example of logos that a writer or speaker would use to persuade the audience.	18
8673087935	Traits	The special quailty of a character. For example the character might be selfish, brave or evil.	19
8673087936	Direct characterization	The writer describes a character's traits.	20
8673087937	Indirect characterization	The writer lets us see the character in action and let us infer what the character's traits are.	21
8673087938	Motivations	The reasons fictional characters have for behaving the way they do.	22
8673087939	Protagonist	The main character of the story.	23
8673087940	Antagonist	The character who prevents the protagonist from getting what he or she wants.	24
8673087941	Flat character	A two-dimensional character with only one or two key personality traits.	25
8673087942	Round character	A round character is the dimensions of a person from real life, with many traits and complexities.	26
8673087943	Stock character	A character that fits our preconceived notions of a "type". Like a mad scientist.	27
8673087944	Conflict	Conflict is the struggle at the heart of every story and is closely tied to character motivation.	28
8673087945	Symbolism	Writers use symbols to invest objects, events, settings, animals, or people with deeper connections and associations. In a story a symbol can be setting, character, object, name, or anything that has a literal meaning while also suggesting a deeper meaning.	29
8673087946	Allegory	An allegory is a type of story in which all the characters symbolize certain voices and virtues.	30
8673087947	Fables	Fables is one of the examples of allegories, it uses animal characters to teach practical lessons.	31
8673087948	Parables	Parables is another example of allegories, it uses everyday situations to teach lessons about ethics or morality.	32
8673087949	Plot	The plot of a story is a series of related events.	33
8673087950	Basic situation	Also called "exposition", it is a synopsis or a brief explanation of what happens in the story	34
8673087951	Conflict	the problem or problems characters face in a literary work	35
8673087952	Complication	An element of a plot that alters the conflict.	36
8673087953	Climax	the point of highest interest, the conflict must be resolved one way or another or a character begins to take action to end the conflict	37
8673087954	Resolution	the final unraveling or solution of the plot	38
8673087955	Chronological sequence	a following of one thing after another in time	39
8673087956	Flashback	A literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the chronological sequence of a narrative.	40
8673087957	Foreshadowing	the act of providing vague advance indications	41
8673087958	Suspense	Uncertainty or anxiety the reader feels about what is going to happen next in a story	42
8673087959	Internal conflict	a struggle between opposing needs, desires, or emotions within a single character	43
8673087960	External conflict	a problem or struggle between a character and someone or something outside of the character	44
8673087961	Setting	arrangement of scenery and properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted	45
8673087962	Mood	a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling	46

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ap world history Flashcards

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11487392357	north america	united states	0
11487398156	Caribbean	Cuba	1
11487453932	Latin America	brazil	2
11487460062	Mexico	Spanish Empire	3
11487469820	Southeast Asia	Thailand	4
11487473450	central asia	russia	5
11487463004	oceania	Australia	6
11487512454	east asia	Japan	7
11487515881	south asia	india	8
11487521241	middle east	Egypt	9
11487527642	north africa	Libya	10
11487535437	west africa	Nigeria	11
11487543361	central africa	Chad	12
11487555752	southern africa	Zambia	13
11488125239	east africa	Kenya	14

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AP World History Unit 4.1 Flashcards

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8366340897	Describe the importance of silk, porcelain, and tea to the Europeans.	Chinese porcelains were regarded as objects of great rarity and luxury which is why to make it so appealing to Europeans.	0
8366391349	What did China import from Europe?	Silver	1
8366408656	What was China's last dynasty, and who was it ruled by?	Qing Dynasty, ruled by the Manchus	2
8366423779	What were some Manchu policies toward the Chinese?	The Manchus made Chinese men grow long queues on the back of their heads as a sign of submission to the Manchurians	3
8366443592	Describe an important continuity in China that had to do with Neoconfucianism.	Neoconfucian exams	4
8366539705	Describe the expansion of the Qing empire.	The Qing replaced the Ming; this Ming empire became larger than previous dynasties. This expansion helped the spread of many trade products	5
8366561464	What was the Qing capital?	Beijing	6
8366570889	What did the Tokugawa shogunate do for Japan?	It unified Japan after a long civil war at the end of the Ashikaga period. The expansion came with the help of new army forces	7
8366622103	Describe the Tokugawa social class system.	-Figurehead and nominal ruling court -Military leader and actual ruling class	8
8366732027	Describe Neoconfician policies of the government.	-Neoconfucian was the main ideology of the Tokogawa government -A caste system locked in place the social classes; couldn't change caste	9
8366751294	Why is Japan know for Isolationism?	The Tokagawa shogunte didn't want Europeans in Japan-especially Japanese missionaries. Only the Dutch were allowed.	10
8366811609	Who were the daimyo, and what restrictions were placed on them?	The daimyo were the largest and most powerful landholders. They had to serve the shogun, and keep two residences (alternate attendance system), including the one in Edo and on in there local region. Their family members were "captive" in Edo to discourage rebellion.	11
8366853883	What are the differences between the shogun and the emperor?	The Shogun was a military dictator of Japan, the rulers of the country during the Tokugawa era. The emperor was like a mascot	12
8366915385	What was the Shmabara Rebellion?	A Christian rebellion in a neighborhood of Nagasaki , but was quickly put down by the shogun. It effectively eliminated Christianity from Japan.	13
8366981004	What were the three major Muslim empires?	Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal	14
8366989018	Describe the characteristics of the Ottoman empire.	-Inspired and sustained by Sunni Islam -Replaced Byzantine Empire -Brought down the Byzantine empire	15
8367030765	Describe the characteristics of the Safavid empire.	-Persia -Safavid shahs ruled over one of the gunpowder empires -First significant Shia/Shi'ite led empire -Ruled to the east of the Ottomans	16
8367069836	Where was the Mughal territory?	India; nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and large parts of Afghanistan	17
8367080516	What are the geographic regions of the Ottoman empire?	Middle East; Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, former Byzantine lands	18
8367100264	Which Ottoman leader went on the Conquest of Constantinople?	Mehmed II	19
8367119123	Describe the rivalry between the Sunni and Shi'ites.	Fought over territorial and religious differences	20
8367132483	Describe the development of Sikhism in India.	-Was born in South Asia -Guru Nanak taught a syncretic blend of Hinduism and Islam -Monotheistic, but ideas of karma and reincarnation	21
8367167335	What is jizya?	a tax on people who were not Muslim	22
8367170610	What were Janissaries?	elite units that made up the Ottoman Sultan's household troops, bodyguards, and the first modern standing army Europe	23
8367188516	What were the Devshirme?	Christian boys who were recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. Usually, the boys were converted to Islam. They took many exams in order to test their intelligence and capabilities	24
8367207518	How did the treatment of non-Muslims change with the ruler Aurangzeb?	He hated heretical Muslims as well as other religious practitioners and began making their lives a living nightmare -He restored the non-Muslim poll tax -Led to tensions in later Mughal empire between Muslim ruler's subjects vs. Sikhs and Hindus	25
8367244698	What was the Taj Mahal?	An ivory-white mausoleum built to house the body of the Sultan's wife, which showed power of the state and the Mughal sultan.	26

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AP World History- Period 6 Flashcards

Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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11933330623	African National Congress	ANC; South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid	0
11933330624	apartheid	"separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; this system also reserved South Africa's resources for whites	1
11933330625	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini	lived from 1900 to 1989; religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran	2
11933330626	Big Bang theory	theory which suggests that at some moment all matter in the universe was contained in a single point, which is considered the beginning of the universe	3
11933330627	Vladimir Lenin	born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov; lived from 1870 to 1924; the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and premier of the Soviet Union	4
11933330628	Central Powers	one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; also known as the Quadruple Alliance	5
11933330629	Charles de Gaulle	lived from 1890 to 1970; French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II; served as the president of France from 1959 to 1969	6
11933330630	Che Guevara	lived from 1928 to 1967; Argentine marxist revolutionary who was a major figure in the Cuban Revolution	7
11933330631	Chiang Kai-shek	lived from 1887 to 1975; Chinese military officer who was leader of the Guomindang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China	8
11933330632	Chinese Revolution	prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China	9
11933330633	Cold War	a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict"	10
11933330634	collectivization	also known as collective farming and communal farming; system in which the holdings of several farmers are run collectively as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union	11
11933330635	command economy	a.k.a planned economy; the economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency	12
11933330636	containment	the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War; a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam	13
11933330637	Cuban missile crisis	a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States; Soviet missiles moved to Cuban soil in an agreement by Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev; U.S. responds by blockading Cuba; Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy reach an agreement in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba in return for an American promise not to invade Cuba	14
11933330638	cultural imperialism	the practice of promoting or imposing one's culture on another, usually between powerful societies and less-powerful ones	15
11933330639	Cultural Revolution	also known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; launched by Mao in the late 1960's; aimed to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed had penetrated even the highest ranks of the communist party itself; involved new policies to bring health care and education to the countryside and reinvigorate earlier efforts at rural industrialization under local control	16
11933330640	decolonization	the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations	17
11933330641	Deng Xiaoping	lived from 1904 to 1997; successor to Mao Zedong; reformist who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; dismantled collectivized farming, state enterprises given greater authority, welcomed foreign investment; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square	18
11933330642	environmentalism	ideology which regards the environmental concerns	19
11933330643	European Economic Community	EEC; also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994	20
11933330644	Fascism	political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; celebrated action and placed faith in charismatic leaders; and condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I	21
11933330645	Five Year Plan	a planned economy in which a committee came together to determine rations	22
11933330646	fundamentalism	ideology which demands strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines	23
11933330647	Gamel Abdel Nasser	lived from 1918 to 1970; second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; planned the overthrow of the monarchy and sought to nationalize the Suez Canal	24
11933330648	UN General Assembly	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions	25
11933330649	genocide	the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group	26
11933330650	Getulio Vargas	lived from 1882 to 1954; ruled Brazil from 1930 to 1945; discrediting of established export elites during the Great Depression leads to his dictatorship; supported the military; took steps to modernize Brazil's urban industrial sector	27
11933330651	global warming	term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases	28
11933330652	globalization of democracy	the spread of democracy throughout the world	29
11933330653	Great Depression	economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II; causes drop in world trade, loss of investment, and businesses unable to make profit; countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products hardhit as the West consumed less; conditions resulting in the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and social tensions	30
11933330654	Great Leap Forward	lasted from 1958 to 1960; marked Mao's response to distortions of Chinese socialism; promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism	31
11933330655	Great Purges	also known as the Terror; period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists, including all of Lenin's top associates, and millions more of ordinary peoples; based on suspicious associations in the past, denunciations by colleagues, connections to foreign countries, or bad luck; such people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags; close to 1 million peoples executed between 1936 and 1941; additional 4 to 5 million people sent to the gulag, where they were forced to work in horrendous conditions and died in appalling numbers	32
11933330656	Green Revolution	a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world	33
11933330657	Adolf Hitler	lived from 1889 to 1945; leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945	34
11933330658	Ho Chi Minh	lived from 1890 to 1969; Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader; was prime minister (from 1945 to 1955) and president (from 1945 to 1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	35
11933330659	Holocaust	the mass murder of approximately six million Jews during World War II; a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany; led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	36
11933330660	International Monetary Fund	IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates	37
11933330661	Indian National Congress	INC; organization established in 1885; gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule	38
11933330662	Iranian Cultural Revolution	lasted from 1980 to 198; a period following the Iranian Revolution where intellectuals of Iran were purged of Western and non-Islamic influences to bring it in line with Shia Islam; closed universities between 1980 and 1983, banned many books, and purged thousands of students and lecturers from schools	39
11933330663	iron curtain	the heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe	40
11933330664	Islamic renewal	also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture	41
11933330665	Jawaharlal Nehru	lived from 1889 to 1964; first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India	42
11933330666	League of Arab States	a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia; formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; currently has 22 members	43
11933330667	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war	44
11933330668	Mahatma Gandhi	lived from 1869 to 1948; leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes	45
11933330669	Mao Zedong	lived from 1893 to 1976; Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976	46
11933330670	Marshall Plan	plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; funneled Europe some $12 billion with numerous advisers and technicians; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties; required European nations to cooperate with one another	47
11933330671	Mikhail Gorbachev	born in 1931; last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union	48
11933330672	military-industrial complex	the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them; include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States	49
11933330673	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	lived from 1876 to 1948; founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence	50
11933330674	Munich Conference	a conference in Munich which permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along German borders mainly inhabited by German speakers; territory now known as "Sudetenland"; widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany; agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938; agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy; Czechoslovakia not invited to the conference	51
11933330675	Benito Mussolini	lived from 1883 to 1945; leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943	52
11933330676	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	lived from 1881 to 1938; founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation	53
11933330677	North American Free Trade Agreement	NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone	54
11933330678	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe	55
11933330679	Nazi Germany	a.k.a the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	56
11933330680	Nelson Mandela	lived from 1918 to 2013; South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997	57
11933330681	New Deal	a series of reforms proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson; lasted from 1933 to 1942; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future; reflected the thinking of British economist John Maynard Keynes; argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions; consisted of immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks) and long-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs	58
11933330682	non-governmental organization	NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business	59
11933330683	Nikita Khrushchev	lived from 1894 to 1971; leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program	60
11933330684	Osama bin Laden	lived from 1957 to 2011; Islamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks; played a key role in the US-backed effort to aid mujahideen who fought Soviet forces in Afghanistan	61
11933330685	al-Qaeda	"the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks	62
11933330686	Palestinian Liberation Organization	PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine	63
11933330687	Pan-Arabism	an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World	64
11933330688	Pan-Africanism	an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide	65
11933330689	HIV/AIDS epidemic	epidemic which was first discovered in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa; virus attacks and destroys the immune system, which causes a fatal disorder in the immune system; spread through sexual contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding	66
11933330690	ebola epidemic	an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths	67
11933330691	influenza epidemic	an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history	68
11933330692	perestroika	an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises	69
11933330693	glasnost	a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms	70
11933330694	post-modernism	a late 20th Century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism; includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism	71
11933330695	Potsdam Conference	a conference which was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945; participants include the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States; gathered to decide how to punish Nazi Germany, sought to establish a post-war order, address peace treaty issues, and counter the effects of World War II	72
11933330696	Prague Spring	a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of Soviet domination; began on January 5, 1968, when reformist Alexander Dubček was elected First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and continued until August 21 when the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to halt the reforms	73
11933330697	1917 Russian Revolution	a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks	74
11933330698	second-wave feminism	a period of feminist activity that first began in the United States in the early 1960s and eventually spread throughout the Western world; later became a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel; focused on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and various legal and de facto inequalities	75
11933330699	UN Security Council	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states	76
11933330700	space race	lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space	77
11933330701	sphere of influence	a concept in which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the sphere; examples include European "semi-colony" of China	78
11933330702	Joseph Stalin	lived from 1878 to 1953; the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed	79
11933330703	theory of relativity	theory which is composed of special relativity and general relativity; proposed by Albert Einstein; proposes that measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers, space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other (Spacetime), and the speed of light is constant	80
11933330704	Third World	term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States	81
11933330705	total war	war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations	82
11933330706	transnational corporations	a.k.a multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country	83
11933330707	Treaty of Versailles	treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty	84
11933330708	trench warfare	type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I	85
11933330709	Truman Doctrine	an international relations policy set by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947; stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment	86
11933330710	United Nations	organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity	87
11933330711	Vietnam War	war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos	88
11933330712	Weimar Republic	the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I	89
11933330713	Winston Churchill	lived from 1874 to 1965; British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955	90
11933330714	weapon of mass destruction	WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land	91
11933330715	Woodrow Wilson	lived from 1856 to 1924; 28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict	92
11933330716	Fourteen Points	a statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and called for postwar peace in Europe	93
11933330717	World Bank	a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty	94
11933330718	World War I	war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war	95
11933330719	World War II	war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War	96
11933330720	World Trade Organization	WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes	97
11933330721	Yalta Conference	conference which lasted from February 4 to February 11, 1945; meeting attended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization; convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea	98
11933330722	Zionist Movement	the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel	99
11933330723	Brazilian Solution	Combination of dictatorship, violent repression, and gov't promotion of industrialization in South American countries	100
11933330724	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	101
11933330725	nongovernmental organizations	Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.	102
11933330726	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.	103
11933330727	keiretsu	Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.	104
11933330728	Salvador Allende	The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.	105
11933330729	NATO	An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.	106
11933330730	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	107

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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12121935592	Alexander the Great	Leader of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), who conquered Persia and Egypt, creating an empire that merged several cultures.	0
12121935593	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who promoted Buddhism and practiced religious tolerance.	1
12121935594	Chandragupta Mauyra	Founder of the Mauryan dynasty. Began centralization of power in S. Asia.	2
12121935595	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	3
12121935596	Constantine	Roman emperor of the 4th century CE who legalized Christianity.	4
12121935597	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
12121935598	Darius I	Achaemenid king (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) who expanded the Persian empire through military conquest and undertook building campaigns in Susa and Parsargaade.	6
12121935599	Gupta	Empire that promoted Hinduism and under which India entered a "golden age" of culture.	7
12121935681	Mauryan Empire		8
12121935600	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China, pacified the xiongnu, and set up the civil service exams to create competent bureaucrats to administer the empire.	9
12121935601	Hellenistic	The spread of Greek culture throughout Afro-Eurasia from 323 to 30 B.C.E by Alexander the Great and hsi political successors.	10
12121935602	Ptolemaic Empire	Dynasty of Egypt founded by descendants of Macedonian generals. They promoted science, greek learning, and trade.	11
12121935603	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	12
12121935604	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	13
12121935605	plebians	Members of the general citizenry of ancient Rome. It included all citizens not connected to one of Rome's privileged families. They had little real power.	14
12121935606	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	15
12121935607	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	16
12121935608	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	17
12121935609	Pataliputra	Located at the confluence of the Ganges and Son Rivers in northeastern India. It was the capital city of the Mauryan and Gupta empires.	18
12121935610	Alexandria	An important center of the Hellenistic civilization best known for the Lighthouse and largest library in the ancient world	19
12121935611	Appian Way (Via Appia)	One of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic	20
12121935612	Samarkand	Important trading city that benefited from it's position along the silk roads.	21
12121935613	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. used Legalism as its base of belief.	22
12121935614	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly united China and established a strong and repressive state.	23
12121935615	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	24
12121935616	Han Fei	Founder of legalism, a system justifying rule by a strong authority	25
12121935617	Kong Fuzi	Chinese philosopher who promoted a system of social and political ethics emphasizing order, moderation, and reciprocity between superiors and subordinates. The Analects contains a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death.	26
12121935618	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	27
12121935619	Aristotle	A Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.) who stressed the importance of using empirical evidence to explain the natural world	28
12121935620	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	29
12121935621	Plato	Philosopher who believed the wisest men should rule. He introduced the idea that human misery due to their not engaging properly with a class of entities he called forms, chief examples of which were Justice, Beauty, and Equality.	30
12121935622	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	31
12121935623	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	32
12121935624	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	33
12121935625	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	34
12121935626	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	35
12121935627	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	36
12121935628	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	37
12121935629	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	38
12121935630	Paul	Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity by preaching to both Jews and non-Jews and speaking to large audiences throughout the Roman Empire.	39
12121935631	Peter	One of the 12 Apostles who made Rome the center of Christianity and is known as the first pope.	40
12121935632	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	41
12121935633	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	42
12121935634	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	43
12121935635	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	44
12121935636	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	45
12121935637	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes withdrawal from earthly pleasures in order to achieve nirvana	46
12121935638	Mahayana	A form of Buddhism popular in East Asia that	47
12121935639	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	48
12121935640	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	49
12121935641	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	50
12121935642	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	51
12121935643	Manichaeism	a syncretic religious system founded by a Persian claiming to be a prophet. It combined Gnostic Christianity, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and various other elements, which included doctrines of light and darkness:; the need for an ascetic life to purify the soul; and the need for personal salvation from the divine force of goodness.	52
12121935644	jati	social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	53
12121935645	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	54
12121935646	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	55
12121935647	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	56
12121935648	Sudra	Originally the lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	57
12121935649	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	58
12121935650	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	59
12121935651	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	60
12121935652	Yellow Turban uprising	Chinese peasant uprising that weakened the Han Empire.	61
12121935653	Spartacus Rebellion	One of the largest slave revolts in history. It was led by a Roman slave who was backed by thousands of other slaves. It demonstrates the weakness of having a labor system increasingly dependent on slavery.	62
12121935654	Parthian	Empire in modern Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan. originally made of nomadic peoples from Central Asia . They were able to defend the region from the Romans.	63
12121935655	Visigoths	Tribe who sacked Rome in the 5th century CE	64
12121935656	Xiongnu	Central Asian tribe who harassed the early Chinese empires until they were occupied and pacified by the Han.	65
12121935657	Diaspora	the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel	66
12121935658	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding	67
12121935659	Caste System (Varnas)	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society	68
12121935660	Monotheism	belief in only one god	69
12121935661	Polytheism	belief in more than one god	70
12121935662	Filial Piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	71
12121935663	Universal truths (dealing with belief systems)	truths common to all people and at the heart of the identity of all people	72
12121935664	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty.	73
12121935665	Shamanism	The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)	74
12121935666	Animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	75
12121935667	Ancestor Veneration	The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.	76
12121935668	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	77
12121935669	Zhou Dynasty	the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.	78
12121935670	Hellenistic Era	the age of Alexander the Great; period when the Greek language and ideas were carried to the non-Greek world	79
12121935671	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	80
12121935672	Syncretism	a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith	81
12121935673	society	the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.	82
12121935674	Stoicism	An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular among many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.	83
12121935675	Cicero	Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers	84
12121935676	doctrine	(n.) a belief, principle, or teaching; a system of such beliefs or principles; a formulation of such beliefs or principles	85
12121935677	Salvation	deliverance from ruin, acceptance into heaven, fulfillment of the principles of a religion	86
12121935678	Asceticism	severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.	87
12121935679	Oracle Bones	one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods, Shang dynasty	88
12121935680	Diasporic communities	Widely dispersed community as a result of natural disaster, politics or other reasons. Many communities have become diasporic throughout time starting with the Jews of Babylon in ancient history	89