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Environmental science, Pearson, chapter 10 quizzes Flashcards

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9464345063Oceans cover approximately what percent of the Earth's surface70%0
9464345064Which of the following statements accurately describes temperature patterns in Earth's oceanstemperature decreases with depth in the tropics but not in the far northern and Southern latitudes1
9464345065Temperature, density and salinity.. Which characteristic of ocean water very with depth in the transition layerTemperature , density, and Salinity2
9464345066What are the characteristics of upwelled watercold and nutrient rich3
9464345067Which of the following statements about thermohaline circulation is trueIn thermohaline circulation surface waters become more dense as evaporation and cooling occur4
9464345068Which of the following statements about Delta's and estauries is correctBoth are found in the mouth of rivers, but deltas are formation of made of silt where as estauries contain transitional ecosystems5
9464345069Increases in ocean temperature often result in coral bleaching whichdisrupts the relationship between corals and their algae6
9464345070What is the source of energy used by primary producers living in the abyssal ZoneSulfur compounds7
9464345071Which of the following categories of organisms are the primary producers in most marine food websPhytoplankton8
9464345072Which of the following statements about the photic and a photic zone is this trueGreater Primary productivity occurs in the photic zone than the aphotic zone9
9464345073Which of the following is the best example of a fisheryThe Atlantic Cod industry in maritime Canada10
9464345074Which is the following statements about bottom trawling is correctBottom trawling damages coral reefs11
9464345075Which of the following is the best example of non point source pollutionDiscarded plastic grocery bags that blow into the ocean12
9464345076Which of the following statements correctly describes eutrophicationeutrophication occurs when algae and aquatic plant growth increased because of an increase in nutrient availability13
9464345077Which of the following statements about sewage treatment facilities in the industrialized world is trueSewage treatment facilities generally work well except in times of flooding14
9464345078Which of the following statements regarding the ph scale is trueAs ph decreases, acidity increases15
9464345079Which of the following statements about ocean water is trueOcean water has become more acidic over the past 200 years because of fossil fuel combustion16
9464345080Trade winds blow in which direction in the tropicsFrom East to West17
9464345081Tradewinds weeken and warm water in the Pacific Ocean shifts towards the east during what eventsEl niño18
9464345082Why is surface water salinity higher in tropical oceans than in northern oceansBecause the higher rate of evaporation concentrates the salts19
9464345083El niño and La Niña events affect wheather patterns all over the United States and beyond. why?These events change the temperature the Pacific Ocean and affect atmospheric circulation pattern is that influence climate over North America20
946434508421

Pearson Environmental Science Chapter 10 Terms Flashcards

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8773521955Land CoverThe vegetation and manufactured structures that cover land0
8773521956Land UseHuman activity that occurs on and is directly related to the land; includes farming, grazing, logging, recreation, and residential and industrial development1
8773521957Urban Areamostly developed land or a settlement with more than 2500 people; a city and the suburbs around it2
8773521958Rural AreaUndeveloped land or a settlement of fewer than 2500 people3
8773521959UrbanizationA population shift from living in the country to living in cities4
8773521960InfrastructureThe facilities, services, and installations necessary for the functioning of a community5
8773521961Heat IslandAn area in which the temperature generally is several degrees higher than that of the surrounding area; often found in large cities, where structures and materials (e.g., concrete and asphalt) retain heat6
8773521962SprawlThe spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center7
8773521963City PlanningThe process of designing cities to maximize their functionality and beauty8
8773521964Geographic Information System (GIS)A computerized system for storing, manipulating, and viewing geographic data9
8773521965ZoningThe practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use10
8773521966Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)A line used by city planners to separate areas that will remain urban from areas that will remain rural11
8773521967Smart GrowthA philosophy of urban growth that focuses on sustainable growth and the avoidance of sprawl12
8773521968Ecological RestorationThe practice of rebuilding native communities13
8773521969GreenwayA strip of vegetation that connects parks or neighborhoods; often located along rivers, streams, or canals14

Pearson Environmental Science chapter 9 Flashcards

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9568083275Environmental HealthThe study of how environmental factors affect human health and our quality of life0
9568083276HazardsAny factors that threaten or are harmful to human health1
9568083277PathogensDisease-causing agents that infect humans and make them sick2
9568083278EpidemiologyThe study of disease in human populations3
9568083279ToxicologyThe study of how poisonous substances affect an organism's health4
9568083280ToxicityThis will determine how harmful a substance is to an organism5
9568083281DoseThe amount of a substance an organism is exposed to6
9568083282ResponseThe effect an organism is exposed shows as a result of exposure7
9568083283Dose-response relationshipThe relationship between the different doses and the responses they generate8
9568083284RiskThe probability of an unwanted outcome9
9568083285Risk assessmentThe process of measuring risk10
9568083286Infectious diseaseDiseases caused by a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria11
9568083287Emerging diseaseA disease that has appeared in the human population for the first time; or that has existed for a while but is increasing rapidly12
9568083288PollutionMatter or energy that is released into the environment causing negative effects that can impact people, wildlife, and the environment13
9568083289CarcinogensChemicals that cause cancer14
9568083290TeratogensChemicals that harm embryos and fetuses15
9568083291NeurotoxinsChemicals that affect the nervous system16
9568083292AsbestosA mineral that forms long, thin microscopic fibers17
9568083293RadonA colorless, odorless, highly toxis radioactive gas18
9568083294BioaccumulationA build up of large concentrations of toxic substances in an organism's body19
9568083295BiomagnificationThe increased concentration of pollutants20
9568083296EarthquakeEnergy released when tectonic plates move or shift, causing the Earth to shake21
9568083297LandslidesWhen rock and soil slide down a slope22
9568083298TsunamiA large ocean wave23
9568083299VolcanoAn opening in the Earth's crust through which lava, ash, and gases are ejected24
9568083300TornadoA funnel of rotating air that drops down from a storm cloud and touches Earth's surface25
9568083301HurricaneA powerful storm that forms over the ocean in the tropics26
9568083302ThunderstormA storm that produces lightning and thunder27
9568083303AvalancheA mass of snow sliding down a slope28

Environmental science, Pearson, chapter 9 quizzes Flashcards

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9461879036What are the 2 most common gasses in Earth's atmosphereNitrogen and oxygen0
9461879037of the following gasses in Earth's atmosphere which one is least chemically reactiveNitrogen1
9461879038The stratosphere has a greater_______ than the troposphereConcentration of ozone2
9461879039Which of the following occurs as air circulates in The atmosphereWarm, less dense air rises from the Earth's surface and becomes cooler and denser in the upper troposphere3
9461879040Where are the descending air flows of the Hadley cells locatedNear 30゚ North and South latitude4
9461879041The Coriolis effect is caused byThe rotation of the Earth5
9461879042The polar jet stream areLocated in the upper troposphere near the boundary between the feral and polar cells6
9461879043Major storms formIn areas of low atmospheric pressure7
9461879044Which of the following locations is likely to experience a flooding June storm with precipitation of greater than 6 cmA city with a mean June precipitation 5 cm and high variance8
9461879045How the weather in climate differWeather is a description of a short term atmospheric condition, where climate is a description of average atmospheric conditions over a long period of time9
9461879046The release of sulfur oxides into the atmosphere results in the formation ofacid precipitation10
9461879047_____ ozone Is a_______ Pollutant formed during a series of reactions involving VOCs and nitrogen oxidesTropospheric, secondary11
9461879048The United States they concentration of lead in the atmosphere has recentlyDecreased as a result of the ban on the use of lead in gasoline12
9461879049What is a key source of carbon monoxide released into the atmosphereThe incomplete combustion of fossil fuels13
9461879050which of the following pollutants directly interferes with the function of the nervous systemlead14
9461879051Catalytic convertors are used ______to control _____emissionIn cars, nitrogen oxide15
9461879052emissions of_____ have increased since 1970 in the United Statescarbon dioxide16
9461879053The ozone layer is located In theStratosphere17
9461879054Which other follow you contributed to the depletion of ozone layer during the 20th centuryChlorine Atoms, chlotofluorocarbons, nitrous oxides18
9461879055Depletion of the ozone layer causes which of the followingMore cases of skin cancer19
9461879056What are the likely reasons why the montreal protocol agreement was successfulThere was clear science, broad International consensus, and Available Technological replacements for CFC's20
9461879057While we have some ozone depletion over the United States it's not as large as the hole over Antarctica why don't we have an ozone hole over the United StatesThe ozone hole only forms in very cold, dark areas where there is reduced circulation of air compared to the rest of the atmosphere21

Pearson Environmental Science CH 5 Flashcards

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8292341239EvolutionIn general terms, change over time0
8292341240GeneA sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait1
8292341241MutationAn accidental change in DNA2
8292341242Genetic driftBiological evolution that occurs by chance; natural disasters or fishing nets3
8292341243Natural selectionThe process by which traits that improve an organism`s chances for survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently to offspring than those that do not4
8292341244Fitnessthe degree to which an organism can reproduce successfully in its environment5
8292341245AdaptationA heritable trial that increases the likelihood of an individual`s survival and reproduction6
8292341246Artificial selectionA human-controlled process to produce individuals with certain traits7
8292341247SpeciationThe process by which new species are generated8
8292341248ExtinctionThe disappearance of a species from Earth9
8292341249NicheAn organism's habit, resource use, and fundamental role in a community10
8292341250ToleranceThe ability to survive and reproduce under charging environmental conditions11
8292341251Resource partitioningA process that allows different species to share common resources12
8292341252PredationThe process by which individuals of one species (the predators) hunt, capture, and feed on individuals of another species (the prey)13
8292341253CoevolutionThe process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other14
8292341254ParasitismThe relationship between two organisms from different species in which one organism (the parasite) depends on the other (the host) for nourishment or some other benefit15
8292341255SymbiosisA long-term and physically close relationship between two organisms from different species in which at least one organism benefits; commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism are all symbolic relationships16
8292341256HerbivoryThe act of feeding on a plant17
8292341257MutualismA relationship between two organisms from different species in which both organisms benefit18
8292341258CommensalismA relationship between two organisms from different species in which one benefits and the other is unaffected19
8292341259Primary producerAn organism that can capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it; also called autotroph20
8292341260PhotosynthesisThe process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen21
8292341261ChemosynthesisThe process by which bacteria use energy stored in bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars22
8292341262ConsumerAn organism that relies on other organisms for energy and nutrients; also called heterotroph23
8292341263Cellular respirationThe process by which organism use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars, producing carbon dioxide and water24
8292341264HerbivoreAn organism that eats plants25
8292341265CarnivoreAn animal that kills and eats other animals26
8292341266OmnivoreAn animal that eats both plants and animals27
8292341267DetritivoreAn organism that scavenges the waste products or dead bodies of other community members28
8292341268DecomposerAn organism that breaks down nonliving matter into simple parts can then be taken up and reused by primary producers29
8292341269Trophic levelA rank in a feeding hierarchy30
8292341270BiomassThe total amount of living tissue in a trophic level31
8292341271Food chainA linear series of feeding relationships32
8292341272Food webA diagram of feeding relationships and energy flow showing the paths by which nutrients and energy pass from organism to organism as one consumes another33
8292341273Keystone speciesA species that has a strong or wide-ranging impact on a community34
8292341274SuccessionA somewhat predictable series of changes over time in a community35
8292341275Primary successionThe somewhat predictable series of changes in a community that follows a disturbance so severe that no vegetation or soil life remains36
8292341276Pioneer speciesOne of the first species to colonize newly exposed land37
8292341277Secondary successionThe somewhat predictable series of changed in a community that follows a disturbance that dramatically alters the community but does not destroy all vegetation or soil life38
8292341278Invasive speciesA nonnative species that spreads widely in a community39
8292341279migrationimmigration into or emigration out of the population that causes change (gene flow)40

E. Pearson Environmental Science Chapter 4 Flashcards

Ecosystems and populations

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8243181317ecologyThe study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment0
8243181318speciesgroup of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring1
8243181319populationmembers of a species that live in the same area2
8243181320communityall populations in a specific area3
8243181321ecosystemall living things and their physical environment living in a specific area4
8243181322BiosphereAll parts of planet Earth that host life, with all of its organisms and environments5
8243181323biotic factorPart of an ecosystem that is living or used to be living6
8243181324abiotic factorpart of the ecosystem that has never been alive7
8243181325habitatplace where an organism lives8
8243181326resourceanything an organism needs to survive9
8243181327population sizeThe number of individual organisms in a given population at a given time10
8243181328population densityThe number of individuals within a population per unit area11
8243181329population distributionHow organisms are arranged within an area12
8243181330age structureThe numbers of organisms of each age within a population13
8243181331age structure diagramA visual tool used to show the age structure of populations14
8243181332sex ratioA population's proportion of males to females15
8243181333survivorship curveGraph that shows how the likelihood of death varies with age16
8243181334immigrationThe arrival of individuals from outside a given area17
8243181335emigrationThe departure of individuals from a given area18
8243181336migrationA seasonal movement into and out of an area19
8243181337exponential growthWhen a population increases by a fixed percentage each year20
8243181338limiting factorA characteristic of the environment that limits population growth21
8243181339carrying capacityThe largest population size a given environment can sustainably support22
8243181340logistic growthHow a population's initial exponential increase is slowed and finally stopped by limiting factors23
8243181341density dependent factorA limiting factor whose influence changes with the population density24
8243181342density independent factorA limiting factor whose influence is unaffected by population density25
8243181343biotic potentaialThe maximum ability to produce offspring in ideal conditions26
8243374544What is a population growth rate dependent on?birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration27
8243416551What are the levels of organization that ecologists study?individuals, populations, community, ecosystems, biosphere28
8243430441What is one way to monitor the overall health of a population?Tracking how its size changes29
8243452722What are three ways that populations can be distributed?random, uniform, clumped30
8243478447What two things can regulate a populations growth?limiting factors and biotic potential31
8243505386What are two ways that populations can grow?Exponentially and logistically32
8243531478When populations are clumped, what are the clumped around?The resources they need for survival.33
8243541065Where is the population more dense? NYC or Pen Argyl, PANYC34

Pearson: Introduction to Environmental Science-Chapter 1 Flashcards

1.1 Our Island, Our Earth
1.2 The Nature of Science
1.3 The Community of Science

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7282046830all of the living and nonliving things with which an organism interactsenvironment0
7282046831the study of how the natural world works, how the environment affects humans, and how humans affect the environmentenvironmental science1
7282046832a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world-and by extension, people-from the harmful changes produced by humansenvironmentalism2
7282046833any of the natural materials and energy sources provided by nature that humans need to survivenatural resource3
7282046834a resource that is replenished, or renewed over short periods of timerenewable natural resources4
7282046835a resource that is formed much more slowly than it is usednonrenewable natural resources5
7282046836able to meet the current demand for a resource without depleting the future supplysustainable6
7282046837a carbon-containing fuel formed over millions of years from the remains of living thingsfossil fuel7
7282046838the environmental impact of an individual or population in terms of the total amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials the individual or population consumes and to dispose of or recycle the waste the individual or population producesecological footprint8
7282046839a testable idea that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific questionhypothesis9
7282046840a statement of what a scientist expects to observe if a hypothesis is trueprediction10
7282046841a variable that is manipulated, or changed, in an experimentindependent variable11
7282046842the variable that changes in response to the conditions set in an experimentdependent variable12
7282046843a study in which only one factor is manipulated, or changedcontrolled study13
7282046844information collected using scientific methodsdata14
7282046845the formal process of submitting research for examination by the scientific communitypeer review15
7282046846a well- tested explanation of observations and experimental findingstheory16
7282046847the branch of philosophy that involves the study of good and bad and of right and wrongethics17
7282046848the application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and their environmentenvironmental ethics18
7282423177an ethical viewpoint in which human welfare is most important.anthropocentrism19
7282425129an ethical viewpoint in which all life is importantbiocentrism20
7282427891an ethical viewpoint in which all living(biotic) and non-living(abiotic) things are importantecocentrism21
7557500362Tragedy of the CommonsA resource is depleted when it is relatively free and open to most people.22

Environmental Science: Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2 from Pearson Text

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9036749864economicsthe study of how resources are converted into goods and services and how these goods and services are distributed and used0
9036749865supplythe amount of a product offered for sale at a given price1
9036749866demandthe amount of a product people will buy at a given price if free to do2
9036749867cost-benefit analysisa method in which decision makers compare what will be sacrificed and gained by taking a specific action3
9036749868ecological economicsthe field of economics that recognizes the relationships between ecosystems and economic system4
9036749869environmental economicsthe field of economics that links environmental and economic costs5
9036749870non-market valuesthe value that is not included in the price of a product or service, appreciated for beauty6
9036749871market failureit occurs when markets do not consider the environment's positive effects on economies, such as ecosystem services, or when they do not reflect the negative effects of economic activity on the environment or on people, such as external costs7
9036749872ecolabelinga labeling system that tells consumers which brands are made with processes that do not harm the environment; EX: energy star, USDA organic8
9036749873environmental policya general plan and principle related to the interactions between humans and the environment9
9036749874environmental impact statementa description of the effects a proposed project will have on the environment10
9036749875command and control approachan approach in which a government body sets rules and regulations and threatens punishment for violations11
9036749876subsidya giveaway of cash or public resources that is intended to encourage a particular activity or lower the price of a product12
9036749877green taxtaxes imposed on companies that participate in activities or produce products that are harmful to the environment13
9036749878cap and tradea system in which the government determines the overall amount of pollution it will accept for specific pollutants and issues permits that allow polluters to emit a certain fraction of that amount14
9036749879lobbyingefforts to influence an elected official into supporting a specific interest15
9036749880policya formal set of general plans and principles that guides problem solving and decision making in specific instances16
9095020015Laws and acted from the 1780s to late 1800s reflectedAmount of land and natural resources in the west was endless17
9095020016Judicial branchInterprets laws relating to the environment and hearing lawsuit regarding environmental issues18
9095020017When the demand for a product is low, the producer willDrop Price and supply19
9095020018Environmental policy in the US during the mid to late 1900sShifted because Americans found themselves living in dirtier air, dirty water, in more waste and toxic chemicals20
9095020019World trade organizationInternational organization that regulates international trade, forced EPA to weaken its regulations requiring cleaner gasoline21
9095193254Final step of environmental policyGuide the solution to law22
9095193255Environmental Protection AgencyOversees pollution standards, research and anti-pollution actions23
9095193256World bankProviding interest free credit, low interest loans, or grants to countries for projects that will improve their citizens living standards24
9095193257Laws that make up historical US environmental policy can be divided into how many periods?Three periods25
9095193258Environmental impact statementA statement that details the impact a federally funded project will have on the environment.26
9095193259International treatiesagreements between different countries can be used to protect the natural world; EX: Kyoto Protocol and Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora27
9095193260United Nations (UN)190 member nations of the following organizations work together to promote peace and help solve economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems located in New York City28
9095193261Most major laws in modern US environmental policy were enacted in what time.1960s and 1970s29
9095193262Harm to the environment canHarm an economy30
9095193263trans boundary issueAnd environmental problem that occurs across boundaries of two or more countries31
10988383690supply and demand curve32
10989514128Ecosystemeconomies get their resources and put their waste here.33

Environmental Science: Chapter 1 Flashcards

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10504386605Environmental ScienceThe study of the impact of humans on the environment0
10504386606Ecologythe study of how living things interact with each other and with their non-living environment. (biotic and abiotic parts)1
10504386607Sociologythe study of human population dynamics and statistics2
10504386608Hunter Gathererspeople who obtain food by collection plants, hunting, and scavenging.3
10504386609Over HuntingLead to extinction such as saber-tooth-cats and giant bison.4
10504386610Agricultural Revolutionoccurred when hunter-gathers began to plant the seeds they collected and the domestication of animals.5
10504386611Agriculturethe practice of growing, breeding, and caring for plants and animals that are used for food, clothing, housing, and transportation.6
10504386613Industrial RevolutionShift from man/animal power to fossil fuels.7
10504386617Resource Depletion .When a specific resource is all used up8
10504386618Natural ResourcesAny natural material that is used by humans.9
10504386619RenewableCan be replaced quickly by natural processes.10
10504386620Air, water, soil, trees, and solarRenewable resources11
10504386622Nonrenewable ResourcesOil and Minerals12
10504386623PollutionAn undesired change in air, water, or soil that adversely affects the health, survival or activities of humans or other organisms.13
10504386624Biodegradable Pollutantsthose that can be broken down by a natural process.14
10504386625Human Sewage and Food WasteExample of biodegradable pollutants.15
10504386626Mercury, Lead, and PlasticExample of non-degradable pollutants16
10504386627Non-Degradable PollutantsThose that cannot be broken down by natural processes.17
10504386628BiodiversityThe number and variety of species that live in an area.18
10504386630"Tragedy of the Commons"Essay which was written in 1968 which explored the conflict between the short-term interest of man and long-term welfare of society.19
10504386631Law of Supply and Demandstate the greater the demand for a limited supply of something, the more the thing is worth.20
10504386632Cost and BenefitsIs the cost of the program worth the benefit? Examples: Forcing everyone to use an electric car.21
10504386633Risk AssessmentAn example of this is Nuclear energy22
10504386634Ecological FootprintShows the productive area of Earth needed to support one person in a particular country.23
10504386635Sustainabilitythe condition in which a human needs are met in such a way that a human population car survive indefinitely.24

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