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Vocab for AP Literature Flashcards

10305278289	Adage	a proverb or short statement expressing a general truth	0
10305278546	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one	1
10305279571	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words	2
10305279572	Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference	3
10305279894	Ambiguity	the quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness	4
10305280138	Anachronism	a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned	5
10305280139	Analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification	6
10305280493	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	7
10305280494	Antagonist	a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary	8
10305281014	Antithesis	a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else	9
10305281039	Aphorism	a pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."	10
10305281417	Apostrophe	a punctuation mark ( ' ) used to indicate either possession (e.g., Harry's book ; boys' coats ) or the omission of letters or numbers (e.g., can't ; he's ; class of '99 ).	11
10305282072	Archetype	a very typical example of a certain person or thing	12
10305282341	Assonance	in poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in non rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible (e.g., penitence, reticence)	13
10305282342	Ballad	a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture	14
10305282713	Bildungsroman	a novel dealing with one person's formative years or spiritual education	15
10305282714	Blank Verse	verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter	16
10305284722	Cacophony	a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	17
10305284723	Caesura	a pause near the middle of a line	18
10305285194	Catharsis	the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions	19
10305285195	Conceit	a fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor	20
10305285679	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	21
10305286025	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	22
10305286036	Denouement	the final part of a play, movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved.	23
10305286665	Diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	24
10305286666	Dramatic Irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	25
10305288506	Elegy	a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.	26
10305288507	Enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	27
10305289049	Epigram	a witty saying expressing a single thought or observation	28
10305289050	Euphony	the quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words; the tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation	29
10305289665	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	30
10305289995	Exposition	the part of a play or work of fiction in which the background to the main conflict is introduced	31
10305289996	Foil	A character who acts as a contrast to another character	32
10305289997	Free Verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter	33
10305290526	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	34
10305290527	In Medias Res	into the middle of a narrative; without preamble	35
10305290988	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	36
10305290989	Litotes	ironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (e.g., you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad)	37
10305291329	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	38
10305291330	Meter	the rhythm of a piece of poetry, determined by the number and length of feet in a line.	39
10305294848	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	40
10305294849	Motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea in literature	41
10305295245	Non-sequitur	a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement.	42
10305295452	Onomatopoeia	he formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named	43
10305295453	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction	44
10305295454	Paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	45
10305295851	Personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	46
10305295858	Protagonist	he leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text	47
10305296282	Pun	a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	48
10305296283	Satire	the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.	49
10305296284	Simile	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox).	50
10305296928	Stream of Consciousness		51
10305296929	Symbolism	the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities	52
10305297387	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs (meaning "Cleveland's baseball team").	53
10305297388	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	54
10305297389	Tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	55
10305297611	Trope	The generic name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor.	56
10305297612	Verbal Irony	when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean. It is often sarcastic.	57
10305298439	Verisimilitude	the appearance of being true or real	58

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AP Literature - Literary Terms Flashcards

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10473943268	allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
10473943269	alliteration	It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.	1
10473943270	allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	2
10473943271	anagram	a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase	3
10473943272	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	4
10473943273	antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	5
10473943274	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	6
10473943275	anastrophe	Inversion of the natural or usual word order	7
10473943276	antithesis	A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses.	8
10473943277	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	9
10473943278	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	10
10473943279	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	11
10473943280	asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence.	12
10473943281	blank verse	Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter	13
10473943282	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	14
10473943283	cacophony	Harsh, discordant, or meaningless mixture of sounds	15
10473943284	cadence	Rhythmic rise and fall	16
10473943285	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	17
10473943286	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	18
10473943287	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	19
10473943288	couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.	20
10473943289	dactyl	A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables	21
10473943290	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word	22
10473943291	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	23
10473943292	diction	The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	24
10473943293	didactic	Intended to instruct; teaching, or teaching a moral lesson	25
10473943294	dirge	a funeral hymn or mournful speech	26
10473943295	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	27
10473943296	end-stopped line	A line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation	28
10473943297	enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	29
10473943298	epitaph	A brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone	30
10473943299	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	31
10473943300	epistolary	A piece of literature contained in or carried on by letters	32
10473943301	flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	33
10473943302	foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	34
10473943303	foot	A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables.	35
10473943304	frame story	A secondary story or stories embedded in the main story	36
10473943305	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	37
10473943306	genre	A category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.	38
10473943307	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	39
10473943308	heroic couplet	A pair of rhymed, iambic pentameter lines.	40
10473943309	hexameter	A line of poetry that has six metrical feet.	41
10473943310	hubris	Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	42
10473943311	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	43
10473943312	iamb	A common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.	44
10473943313	imagery	Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.	45
10473943314	irony	A contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.	46
10473943315	verbal irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	47
10473943316	situational irony	Occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	48
10473943317	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	49
10473943318	jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	50
10473943319	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	51
10473943320	kenning	A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities.	52
10473943321	metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	53
10473943322	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	54
10473943323	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	55
10473943324	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	56
10473943325	motif	(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design	57
10473943326	motivation	A psychological factor that provides a directional force or reason for behavior.	58
10473943327	narration	The purpose of this type of rhetorical mode is to tell the story or narrate an event or series of events.	59
10473943328	novel	A long fictional narrative written in prose, usually having many characters and a strong plot.	60
10473943329	novella	A short novel usually under 100 pages.	61
10473943330	novelette	When a novel is short and has chapters reffered to as vignettes	62
10473943331	octave	a verse form consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter	63
10473943332	ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	64
10473943333	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	65
10473943334	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	66
10473943335	paean	song of joy or triumph; a fervent expression of joy	67
10473943336	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	68
10473943337	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	69
10473943338	parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	70
10473943339	parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	71
10473943340	pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	72
10473943341	pentameter	a rhythm in poetry that has five stressed syllables in each line (five metrical feet)	73
10473943342	persona	A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to people's behavior.	74
10473943343	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	75
10473943344	plot	Sequence of events in a story	76
10473943345	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	77
10473943346	polysyndeton	Deliberate use of many conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted. Hemingway and the Bible both use extensively. Ex. "he ran and jumped and laughed for joy"	78
10473943347	prosody	Appropriate expression when reading. Includes pitch (intonation), loudness, stressing phrases, etc.	79
10473943348	protagonist	Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some objective or working toward some goal.	80
10473943349	pun	A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	81
10473943350	quatrain	4 line stanza	82
10473943351	refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	83
10473943352	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	84
10473943353	end rhyme	A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line	85
10473943354	eye rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling but does not rhyme because of pronunciation	86
10473943355	forced rhyme	when two words don't really rhyme together, but an author uses similar spelled, or sounding words to try to create a rhyme; Ex: stone, one	87
10473943356	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	88
10473943357	slant rhyme	rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme	89
10473943358	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	90
10473943359	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	91
10473943360	sestet	a rhythmic group of six lines of verse	92
10473943361	shifts/turns	Changes in the speaker's attitude. Look for key words such as but, yet, however, and although, punctuation, and stanza division.	93
10473943362	sonnet	14-line lyric poem focused on a single theme; usually written in iambic pentameter	94
10473943363	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.	95
10473943364	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	96
10473943365	syntax	Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences	97
10473943366	theme	A topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.	98
10473943367	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	99
10473943368	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	100
10473943369	villanelle	A French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of nineteen lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes.	101

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AP World History - Period 3 (Minus Europe) Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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11918422784	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
11918422785	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
11918422786	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
11918422787	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
11918422788	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
11918422789	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
11918422790	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
11918422791	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
11918422792	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
11918422793	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
11918422794	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
11918422795	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
11918422796	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
11918422797	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
11918422798	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
11918422799	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
11918422800	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
11918422801	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
11918422802	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
11918422803	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
11918422804	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
11918422805	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
11918422806	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
11918422807	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
11918422808	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
11918422809	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
11918422810	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
11918422811	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
11918422812	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
11918422813	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
11918422814	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
11918422815	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
11918422816	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
11918422817	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
11918422818	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
11918422819	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
11918422820	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
11918422821	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	37
11918422822	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	38
11918422823	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	39
11918422824	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	40
11918422825	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	41
11918422826	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	42
11918422827	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	43
11918422828	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	44
11918422829	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	45
11918422830	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	46
11918422831	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	47
11918422832	Fujiwara	mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power	48
11918422833	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	49
11918422834	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	50
11918422835	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	51
11918422836	Gempei wars	Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age	52
11918422837	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	53
11918422838	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	54
11918422839	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	55
11918422840	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	56
11918422841	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	57
11918422842	Trung Sisters	leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society	58
11918422843	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	59
11918422844	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	60
11918422845	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	61
11918422846	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	62
11918422847	Batu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236	63
11918422848	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	64
11918422849	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	65
11918422850	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	66
11918422851	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	67
11918422852	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	68
11918422853	White Lotus Society	secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty	69
11918422854	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	70
11918422855	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	71
11918422856	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	72
11918422857	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	73
11918422871	Silk Road Trade system		74
11918422872	Kingdom of Mali		75
11918422858	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	76
11918422859	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	77
11918422860	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	78
11918422861	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	79
11918422862	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	80
11918422863	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	81
11918422864	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	82
11918422865	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	83
11918422873	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		84
11918422866	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	85
11918422867	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	86
11918422868	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	87
11918422874	Bantu Migrations		88
11918422869	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	89
11918422870	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	90

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AP Literature Vocabulary #1 Flashcards

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11640659386	Assiduously (adv)	constant in application or effort; persevering	0
11640662653	Acrimony (noun)	sharpness, harshness, or bitterness of nature, speech, disposition, etc.	1
11640665922	Auspicious (adj)	promising success; favorable	2
11640669350	Cajole (vt)	to persuade by flattery or promises	3
11640673546	Capitulate (vi)	to surrender unconditionally or on specific terms; give up resistance	4
11640681272	Capricious (adj)	erratic; subject to unpredictable change	5
11640686700	Chagrin (noun)	a feeling of annoyance marked by disappointment or humiliation	6
11640692186	Circumspect (adj)	watchful and discreet; cautious	7
11640694994	Consternation (noun)	a sudden, alarming amazement or dread that results in utter confusion	8
11640697406	Delineate (vt)	draw or trace in outline of; depict graphically or verbally	9
11640697407	Dirge (noun)	a funeral song or tune, expressing mourning in commemoration of the dead	10
11640702895	Esoteric (adj)	understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest	11
11640705800	Expedient (noun)	resource; a means devised in an exigency	12
11640709336	Evanescent (adj)	vanishing; fading away	13
11640712305	Fallibility (noun)	liable to err, especially in being deceived or mistaken	14
11640715439	Gaffe (noun)	a social mistake; faux pas	15
11640715440	Garish (adj)	crudely or tastelessly colorful, showy, or elaborate	16
11640720258	Idiosyncratic (adj)	something unique to the individual	17
11640726316	Irreverent (adj)	lacking respect or awe	18
11640729253	Loquacious (adj)	talking or tending to talk much or freely; talkative; chattering	19
11640731892	Mendacious (adj)	telling lies, especially habitually; dishonest; lying; untruthful	20
11640734826	Nebulous (adj)	hazy, vague, indistinct, or confused	21
11640738430	Obsequious (adj)	characterized by or showing servile complaisance or deference; fawning	22
11640741376	Panacea (noun)	a remedy for all ills; cure-all; an answer to all problems	23
11640745354	Pragmatic (adj)	of or relating to a practical point go view or practical considerations	24
11640748536	Repudiate (vt)	to reject as having no authority or binding force; to cast off or disown	25
11640748537	Scrupulous (adj)	having moral or ethical standards; having or showing a strict regard for what one considers right	26
11640755290	Scurrilous (adj)	grossly or obscenely abusive	27
11640759887	Supercilious (adj)	haughty disdainful or contemptuous, as a person or facial expression	28
11640768478	Unassailable (adj)	not open to attack or assault	29

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AP Literature: Column 3 Flashcards

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11891303973	point of view (1st, 3rd)	the narrator or speaker perspective from which story is told; the perspective from which a narrative is presented. It is analogous to the point from which the camera sees the action in cinema. The third-person (omniscient) stands outside the story itself and always uses third-person pronouns (he, she, they). The first-person narrator participates in the story and uses the first-person "I"	0
11891439174	point of view (limited)	the narrator tells the story in the third person, but stays inside the confines of what is perceived, thought, remembered, and felt by a single character within the story	1
11891447947	point of view (omniscient)	"all-knowing"; narrator plays no part in the story but can tell us what all of the characters are thinking/feeling. Also known as third-person point of view	2
11893108005	protagonist	the main character in a story; more than one character may be important enough to be called "main," or NO character seems to qualify. In those cases, figuring out whether there is a main character and who it is may be an interesting and even difficult interpretive job	3
11893129151	pun	a play on words wherein a word is used to convey two meanings at the same time Ex. In Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet"," Mercutio, who had just been stabbed, knows he is dying and says: "Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man."	4
11893153835	quatrain	a four-line stanza	5
11893157873	realism	fidelity to actuality in literature	6
11893161358	refrain	a phrase or line, usually pertinent to the central topic, which is repeated at regular intervals throughout a poem, usually at the end of a stanza	7
11893173839	repetition	repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	8
11893752993	rhetorical question	a question solely for effect, with no answer expected. By the implication that the answer is obvious, it is a means of achieving an emphasis stronger than a direct statement	9
11893767258	rhetorical strategy	the way an author organizes words, sentences, and overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose	10
11893793914	rhyme scheme	a pattern of rhyming words in a stanza	11
11893797736	romance	works having extravagant characters, remote or exotic settings, adventure, magic, chivalry, and love	12
11893808412	round character	a fully developed character; character who is complex, multi-dimensional, and convincing	13
11893819201	satire	a piece of literature designed to ridicule the subject of the work. While it can be funny, its aim is not to amuse, but to arouse contempt. It arouses laughter or scorn as a means of ridicule and derision, with the avowed intention of correcting human faults Ex. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travel	14
11893845147	sestet	a six-line stanza	15
11893853253	sestina	6 six-line stanzas ending with tercet; last words of each line in 1st stanza are repeated as last words in next stanza	16
11893875877	Shakespearen sonnet	a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of iambic pentameter. The lines are grouped in three quatrains with alternating rhymes (ababcdcdefef) followed by a heroic couplet (gg) that is usually epigrammatic	17
11893895022	simile	a figure of speech which takes the form of a comparison between two unlike quantities for which a basis for comparison can be found, and which uses the words "like" or "as" in the comparison Ex. "clear as frost on the grass blade"	18
11893930207	situational irony	occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	19
11893947195	soliloquy	a long speech made by a character who is alone on the stage in which he reveals his innermost thoughts and feelings	20
11893963349	Spenserian sonnet	a nine-line stanza, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter	21
11893970548	stanza	a related group of lines in a poem, equivalent to a paragraph in prose	22
11893981720	static character	a character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as he or she was at the beginning	23
11893990001	stock character	stereotyped character: one whose nature is familiar from prototypes in previous fiction	24
11893998533	stream of consciousness	narrative technique which presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character's mind	25
11894007801	subplot	a subordinate or minor collection of events in a novel or play, usually connected to the main plot	26
11894034554	suspense	a feeling of anticipation that something risky or dangerous is about to happen. Authors use it to keep readers' interest alive and for readers to form sympathetic associations with the characters	27
11894079001	symbolism	using an image to represent an idea Ex. storms often symbolize impending disaster. Red rose = love. Dove = peace. Black cat = bad luck	28
11894092697	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole or the whole for a part Ex. wheels for automobile or society for high society	29
11894105141	syntax	the arrangement of words in a sentence, the grammar of a sentence	30
11894112612	tercet	a three-line stanza in poetry	31
11894118402	theme	an ingredient of a literary work which gives the work unity. It provides an answer to the question, "What is the work about?" Each literary work carries its own __________. Unlike plot, which deals with the action of a work, this concerns itself with a work's message or contains the general idea of a work and is worded in a complete sentence	32
11894147942	tone	expresses the author's attitude toward his or her subject. May be one of anger or approval, pride or piety; the entire gamut of attitudes toward life's phenomena	33
11894160558	tragedy	depicts the downfall or destruction of a character	34
11894167115	tragic flaw	an error in judgement	35
11894174962	trochaic foot	poetic line created with 1 accented, 1 unaccented syllable	36
11894180412	utopia	an ideal society	37
11894195673	verbal irony	a kind of irony in which words are used to suggest the opposite of their actual meaning	38
11894204898	vernacular	everyday language	39
11894209663	verse	writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme	40
11894212432	villanelle	a poem with five triplets and a final quatrain; only two rhyme sounds are permitted in the entire poem, and the first and third lines of the first stanza are repeated, alternately, as the third line of subsequent stanzas until the last, when they appear as the last two lines of the poem	41
11894212433	volta	the shift or point of dramatic change in a poem	42

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AP Literature & Composition - General Flashcards

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7558523399	Allegory	A narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one	0
7558523400	Allusion	A reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history	1
7558523401	Anecdote	A short account of an interesting or humorous incident	2
7558523402	Artistic unity	That condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose	3
7558523403	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	4
7558523404	Euphony	A smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds	5
7558523405	Genre	A type or class, as poetry, drama, etc.	6
7558523406	Imagery	The representation through language of sensory experience	7
7558523407	Mood	The pervading impression of a work	8
7558523408	Moral	A rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work. Compare Theme.	9
7558523409	Prose	Non-metrical language; the opposite of verse	10
7558523410	Theme	The main idea, or message, of a literary work. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly.	11
7558523412	Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself; the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work	12
7558523414	Topic	The subject matter or area of a literary work. Not to be confused with theme.	13
7558523415	Setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs	14
7558523416	Symbol	(literary) Something that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well, a figure of speech which may be read both literally and figuratively.	15
7558523418	Verse	Metrical language; the opposite of prose	16
7558523419	Voice	The distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book	17

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AP Literature Terms 1-3 Flashcards

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11116115602	Allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions	0
11116126792	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds	1
11116150713	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	2
11116156091	Ambiguity	deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way-	3
11116167278	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	4
11116171460	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row.	5
11116185553	Anastrophe	Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion.	6
11116198352	anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person	7
11116202504	Antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	8
11116206490	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order	9
11116213152	Antithesis	A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses.	10
11116223320	Antihero	Central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. may lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples.	11
11116230433	Assonance	Repetition of similar vowel sounds	12
11116234827	Characterization	the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character	13
11116237723	direct characterization	Author directly describes character	14
11116240518	indirect characterization	The character is revealed through their personality, appearance, words, actions, and effect on others	15
11116242651	static character	A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end	16
11116247914	dynamic character	A character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action	17
11116247916	flat character	has only one or two personality traits	18
11116254475	round character	this character is fully developed - the writer reveals good and bad traits as well as background	19
11116258649	cliche	a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought.	20
11116266097	Colloquialism	A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	21
11116273474	Connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	22
11116278825	Dialect	a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area	23
11116331541	Couplet	Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme	24

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AP Literature Vocabulary #13 Roots Flashcards

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8390013306	nat / nac native: being the place or environment in which a person was born or a thing came into being	birth	0
8390014871	necro necropolis: a historic or prehistoric burial ground	death	1
8390016289	neo / new / nov novel: of a new kind	new	2
8390018559	nomen / nomin nominate: to appoint somebody to a position, or make somebody responsible for a duty	name	3
8390024945	nym / onym synonym: a word that means the same as another word	word, name	4
8390026682	ob obstruct: to cause a blockage in a road, course, or passage	against	5
8390028796	ornoth ornithology: branch of zoology that deals with birds	bird	6
8390033007	ortho orthodox: following the established or traditional rules of a political or religious belief	straight, correct	7
8390034588	-oid asteroid: an irregularly shaped rock that orbits the Sun	resembling, like shaped	8
8390036975	-or / -er actor: somebody who acts in plays, movies, or television	one who takes part in	9

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AP Literature Tone Words 3 Flashcards

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7423567336	pedantic	Excessively scholarly or bookish, ostentatious about one's learning	0
7423567337	pensive	Dreamily thoughtful, usually marked by some sadness	1
7423567338	pessimistic	Expecting the worst, having a negative outlook	2
7423567339	petulant	Unreasonably ill tempered, peevish	3
7423567340	philosophical	Calm and stoical in the face of difficulty or disappointment	4
7423567341	poignant	Profoundly moving, evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret	5
7423567342	pompous	Self-important	6
7423567343	pretentious	Attempting to impress, full of pretense	7
7423567344	reflective	Thoughtful, deliberating, meditative	8
7423567345	reverent	Showing or feeling all, respect or veneration	9
7423567346	ribald	Coarsely mocking, vulgar, lewd	10
7423567347	saccharine	Overly sweet or sentimental calm, cloying	11
7423567348	sanguine	Cheerfully optimistic, confident, hopeful	12
7423567349	sarcastic	Cutting, mockery, intended to wound	13
7423567350	sardonic	Scornfully mocking, disdainfully humorous, skeptical, sarcastic	14
7423567351	sentimental	Swayed by feeling, excessively emotional, controlled by feeling rather than thought	15
7423567352	solemn	Deeply earnest, marked by ceremony or ritual	16
7423567353	somber	Dismal, gloomy, dark, dull	17
7423567354	vituperative	Harshly and abusively censorious, condemnatory	18
7423567355	whimsical	Fanciful, unpredictable, subject to change and whim	19
7423567356	wry	Dryly humorous, ironic and amusing	20

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AP Literature Vocabulary Unit 2 Flashcards

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10886210710	Mania	in Latin, means madness	0
10886216251	KLeptomania	a mental illness in which a person has a strong desire to steal things	1
10886237267	Dispomaniac	a person with an extreme and uncontrollable desire for alcohol	2
10886261194	Megalomaniac	a mental disorder marked by feelings of great personal power and importance	3
10886271492	Egomaniac	someone who is extremely self-centered and ignores the problems and concerns of others	4
10886283267	Psych	comes from the Greek word psyche, meaning breath, life, soul	5
10886301583	Psyche	soul, personality, mind	6
10886306411	Psychedelic	of or relating to a drug such as LSD that produces abnormal and often extreme mental effects such as hallucinations; imitating the effects of psychedelic drugs	7
10886333069	Psychosmatic	caused by mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness	8
10886341091	Psychotherapist	one who treats mental or criminal disorder or related body ills by psychological means	9
10886357493	Cept	comes from the Latin verb meaning take, seize	10
10886376598	Perception	the act of receiving; a social gathering where guests are formally welcomed	11
10886386782	Intercept	to stop, seize, or interrupt someone or something before arrival	12
10886563722	Perceptible	noticeable or able to be felt by the senses	13
10886580438	Susceptible	open to some influence; responsive; able to be submitted to an action or process	14
10886594918	Fin	comes from the Latin word for end or boundary	15
10886603413	Confine	to keep someone or something within limits; to hold someone in a location	16
10886619279	Definitive	authoritative and final; specifying perfectly and precisely	17
10886629489	Finite	having definite limits	18
10886634187	Infinitesimal	extremely or unmeasureably small	19
10886651690	Ject	comes from jacere, the Latin verb meaning throw or hurl	20
10886657674	Interject	to interrupt a conversation with a comment or remark	21
10886664593	Conjecture	to guess	22
10886669128	Projection	an estimate of what might happen in the future based on what is happening now	23
10886680458	Trajectory	the curved path that an object makes in space, or that a thrown object follows as it rises and falls to the earth	24
10886694114	Tract	comes from trajere, the Latin verb meaning drag or draw	25
10886703588	Traction	the friction that allows a moving thing to move over a surface without slipping	26
10886719908	Retract	to pull back something into something larger; to take back something said or written	27
10886729763	Protracted	drawn out, continued, or extended	28
10886739355	Intractable	not easily handled, led, taught, or controlled	29
10886746566	Duc/Duct	from the Latin verb ducere, to lead	30
10886754255	Conducive	tending to promote, encourage, or assist; helpful	31
10886763470	Deduction	subtraction; reaching of a conclusion by reasoning	32
10886777031	Induce	persuade; influence; bring about	33
10886782652	Seduciton	temptation to sin, especially temptation to sexual intercourse; attraction or charm	34
10886795012	Sequ	comes from the Latin verb sequi, meaning to follow	35
10886808196	Sequential	arranged in order or in a series	36
10886816522	subsequent	following in time, order, or place; later	37
10886829856	Consequential	resulting; important	38
10886833418	Non Sequitar	a statement that does not follow logically from anything previously said	39
10886854833	Appolonian	harmonious, ordered, calm, rational	40
10886858127	bacchanalian	frenzied, orgiastic	41
10886864172	Delphic	unclear, ambiguous, or confusing	42
10886877168	Dionysian	frenzied, delirious	43
10886881791	Jovial	jolly, good-natured	44
10886886656	Mercurial	having rapid and unpredictable changes of mood	45
10886892847	Olympian	lofty, superior, and detached	46
10886899500	Venereal	having to do with sexual intercourse or diseases transmitted by it	47

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