Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Literature Unit 1a Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7272074400 | Germane (adj) | closely or significantly related; relevant; pertinent | 0 | |
| 7272080423 | Insatiable (adj) | incapable of being satisfied or appeased | 1 | |
| 7272091274 | Intransigent (noun) | refusing to agree or compromise; uncompromising | 2 | |
| 7272092929 | Invidious (adj) | calculated to create ill will or resentful or give offense | 3 | |
| 7272100345 | Largesse (noun) | generous bestowal of gifts | 4 | |
| 7272104400 | Ramify (verb) | to divide or spread out into branches or branch like parts; extend into subdivisions | 5 | |
| 7272108247 | Reconnaissance (noun) | a preliminary survey to gain information; military survey of enemy territory | 6 | |
| 7272114215 | Substantiate (verb) | to establish proof or competent evidence | 7 | |
| 7272117659 | Taciturn (adj) | inclined to silence; reserved speech; relevant to join conversation | 8 | |
| 7272120804 | Temporize | to be indecisive or evasive to gain time or delay acting | 9 |
Flashcards
AP World Chapter 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10609134353 | Rosetta Stone | Bouchard discovered it in the Nile Delta. Young and Champollion decoded it. Made in 200 BCE. Decoded hieroglyphics. | 0 | |
| 10609134354 | Troy | Heinrich Schliemann discovered it in Hisarlik, Turkey. This fell around 1200 BCE. Helped establish modern archaeology. | 1 | |
| 10609138930 | Nineveh's Assyrian Library | Austen Layard discovered it in the Kuyunjik mound. Decoded cuneiform. | 2 | |
| 10609138931 | King Tut's Tomb | Howard Carter discovered it in the Valley of the Kings. Explains Egyptian burial tombs. | 3 | |
| 10609140495 | Machu Picchu | Hiram Bingham discovered it in the Peruvian Jungle. Insight into the Lost City of the Inca. | 4 | |
| 10609140496 | Pompeii | Found by a farmer in Southern Italy near Mount Vesuvius. Insight into Roman culture. | 5 | |
| 10609142472 | Dead Sea Scrolls | Bedouin boys discovered it in Qumran. Revolutionized perception of early Christianity. | 6 | |
| 10609142473 | Thera | Spyridon Marinatos discovered it in the Aegean Sea. Gives us an understanding of Mediterranean sea trade. | 7 | |
| 10609143914 | Olduvai Gorge | The Leakey family discovered it in East Africa. Supported theory of evolution. | 8 | |
| 10609148369 | Tomb of 10,000 Warriors | Farmers discovered it in China. Made in 220 BCE. Awakened western interest in Chinese history. | 9 | |
| 10609148370 | Period 1 | 8000 BCE - 600 BCE | 10 | |
| 10609149772 | Paleolithic Age | Nomads, homo sapiens, tribal bands, hunting and gathering. | 11 | |
| 10609151557 | Nomads | People who traveled for food and shelter. | 12 | |
| 10609151558 | Homo sapiens | Humans | 13 | |
| 10609154302 | Tribal Bands | Groups of people with strong kinship ties that travel together to hunt and gather food. | 14 | |
| 10609154303 | Hunting and Gathering | People who hunted for food or gathered from wild plants. | 15 | |
| 10609155733 | Neolithic Age | Neolithic revolution, slash and burn agriculture, bronze age, catal huyuk, domestication, civilization. | 16 | |
| 10609155734 | Neolithic Revolution | Gateway to Neolithic Age. | 17 | |
| 10609157686 | Slash and Burn Agriculture | A farming technique where you burn the trees, and farm until you can't anymore, then move to another field. | 18 | |
| 10609157687 | Bronze Age | End of the Stone Age. Start of metalworking. | 19 | |
| 10609160405 | Catal Huyuk | Neolithic village in southern Turkey. | 20 | |
| 10609160406 | Domestication | Process of taming an animal. | 21 | |
| 10609162311 | Civilization | Defined by specialization of labor and an agricultural surplus. | 22 | |
| 10609162312 | Mesopotamia | Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. City-states, ziggurats, Hammurabi, cuneiform, Babylonians, Sumerians, monotheism, Phoenicians. | 23 | |
| 10609164848 | City-states | Made by Sumerian political structures. Ruled by a king who claimed divine authority. | 24 | |
| 10609164849 | Ziggurats | Temples used as a monument in Sumerian civilizations. | 25 | |
| 10609166426 | Hammurabi | Ruled the Babylonians. Created the first known code of law. | 26 | |
| 10609166427 | Cuneiform | First writing language. | 27 | |
| 10609166428 | Babylonians | Helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East. | 28 | |
| 10609168588 | Sumerians | Developed cuneiform. | 29 | |
| 10609170009 | Monotheism | Jewish religion. Basis to Christianity. | 30 | |
| 10609170010 | Phoenicians | Made a 22 letter alphabet. | 31 | |
| 10609172416 | Ancient Egyptian Society | Pharaoh, pyramids, matrilineal. | 32 | |
| 10609172417 | Pharaoh | Possessed tons of power. | 33 | |
| 10609174238 | Pyramids | Godlike structures for pharaohs. | 34 | |
| 10609174239 | Matrilineal | Having kinship with female side of the family. | 35 | |
| 10609176975 | Indus River Valley | Harappa, Indo-Europeans. | 36 | |
| 10609176976 | Harappa | Lived in Indus River Valley. Had running water. | 37 | |
| 10609178468 | Indo-Europeans | Speakers of Indo-European languages. | 38 | |
| 10609178469 | Shang Dynasty | Between Yellow and Yang-tse rivers. Ideographs. | 39 | |
| 10609180057 | Ideographs | Symbols that expressed ideas on paper. | 40 | |
| 10609189729 | Rift Valley of East Africa | Where did the genetic ancestor of all modern humans live? | 41 | |
| 10609193757 | Tools and Weapons | How did people make up for their lack of natural weapons? | 42 | |
| 10609195364 | Fire | What invention gave us smaller stomachs, bigger brains, and functions to protect us from predators? | 43 | |
| 10609195365 | Hunting in Packs | What is the hunting technique that we share with wolves? | 44 | |
| 10609201234 | They could tailor clothes | Why were the clothes in this period better than clothes humans used before? | 45 | |
| 10609206726 | Heightened Senses | What advantages do humans gain by hunting with wolves? | 46 | |
| 10609210195 | Threw seeds in the trash | What did the first farmer observe that led her to the idea of farming? | 47 | |
| 10609212501 | Disease | What was the problem that was introduced when people settled in villages? | 48 | |
| 10609212502 | Theft and War | Land ownership and agriculture led to what ongoing problem? | 49 | |
| 10609217914 | New ways of religion | All the death from disease and war led to what other invention? | 50 | |
| 10609339468 | Grain and Beer | How did they pay the pyramid builders? | 51 | |
| 10609339469 | Writing | What invention allowed Hemiunu to organize the pyramid workers? | 52 | |
| 10609341758 | Made it a competition | What did they do to inspire the pyramid builders to work faster? | 53 | |
| 10609344916 | Broken bones in cemeteries | What evidence do we have of accidents among the pyramid workers? | 54 | |
| 10609346611 | Clay Tablet Letters | How do we know so much about Imdi Ilum? | 55 | |
| 10609346612 | Bandits | What did Amur face on the tin-trading trip? | 56 | |
| 10609362262 | Key to world trade networks | Why was Megiddo important? | 57 | |
| 10609363824 | First battle in history | What was significant about Tutmoses' battle at Megiddo? | 58 | |
| 10609366397 | Went first into Megiddo | How did Tutmoses prove he was able to lead his people? | 59 | |
| 10609369123 | He'd kill the children | How did Tutmoses ensure that the people near Megiddo never rose against him? | 60 | |
| 10609369124 | Iron | What new material brought the era of the godlike king to an end? | 61 | |
| 10611408568 | Venus of Willendorf (Fertility Goddess) |  | 62 | |
| 10611428611 | Hebrews | Religious text was the Torah | 63 | |
| 10611430799 | SPICE | Social, Political, Intellectual, Culture, Environment | 64 | |
| 10611441882 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | NOT CIVILIZATIONS | 65 | |
| 10611447254 | Olmecs | "Mother" civilization of Mesoamerica. | 66 |
AP World History Islam Flashcards
The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Terms : Hide Images
| 12015408506 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 12015408507 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 12015408508 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 12015408509 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 3 | |
| 12015408510 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 4 | |
| 12015408511 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 12015408512 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 12015408513 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 12015408514 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 12015408515 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 12015408516 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 12015408517 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 12015408518 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 12015408519 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 12015408520 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 14 | |
| 12015408521 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 15 | |
| 12015408522 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 16 | |
| 12015408523 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 17 | |
| 12015408524 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 18 | |
| 12015408525 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 19 | |
| 12015408526 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 12015408527 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 21 | |
| 12015408528 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 22 | |
| 12015408529 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 23 | |
| 12015408530 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 24 | |
| 12015408531 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 25 | |
| 12015408532 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 26 | |
| 12015408533 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 27 | |
| 12015408534 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 28 | |
| 12015408535 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 29 | |
| 12015408536 | Mali | state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers | 30 | |
| 12015408537 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 31 | |
| 12015408538 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 32 | |
| 12015408539 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 33 | |
| 12015408540 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 34 | |
| 12015408541 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar | 35 | |
| 12015408542 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 36 | |
| 12015408543 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 37 | |
| 12015408544 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 38 | |
| 12015408545 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 39 | |
| 12015408546 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 40 | |
| 12015408547 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 41 | |
| 12015408548 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 42 | |
| 12015408549 | Rurik | legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 855 | 43 | |
| 12015408550 | Vladmir I | ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity | 44 | |
| 12015408551 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 45 | |
| 12015408552 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 46 | |
| 12015408553 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 47 | |
| 12015408554 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 48 | |
| 12015408555 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 49 | |
| 12015408556 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 50 | |
| 12015408557 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 51 | |
| 12015408558 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 52 | |
| 12015408559 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 53 | |
| 12015408560 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 54 | |
| 12015408561 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 55 | |
| 12015408562 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 56 | |
| 12015408563 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 57 | |
| 12015408564 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 58 | |
| 12015408565 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 59 | |
| 12015408566 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 60 | |
| 12015408567 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 61 | |
| 12015408568 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 62 | |
| 12015408569 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 63 | |
| 12015408570 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 64 | |
| 12015408571 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 65 | |
| 12015408572 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 66 | |
| 12015408573 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 67 | |
| 12015408574 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 68 | |
| 12015408575 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 69 | |
| 12015408576 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 70 | |
| 12015408577 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 71 | |
| 12015408578 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 72 | |
| 12015408579 | Jinshi | title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office | 73 | |
| 12015408580 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 74 | |
| 12015408581 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 75 | |
| 12015408582 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 76 | |
| 12015408583 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 77 | |
| 12015408584 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 78 | |
| 12015408585 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 79 | |
| 12015408586 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 80 | |
| 12015408587 | Taika reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 81 | |
| 12015408588 | Fujiwara | mid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 82 | |
| 12015408589 | Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 83 | |
| 12015408590 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 84 | |
| 12015408591 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 85 | |
| 12015408592 | Gempei wars | Waged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age | 86 | |
| 12015408593 | Bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | 87 | |
| 12015408594 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 88 | |
| 12015408595 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 89 | |
| 12015408596 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 90 | |
| 12015408597 | Yi | dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence | 91 | |
| 12015408598 | Trung Sisters | leaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society | 92 | |
| 12015408599 | Khmers and Chams | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi | 93 | |
| 12015408600 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | 94 | |
| 12015408601 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 95 | |
| 12015408602 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 96 | |
| 12015408603 | Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 1236 | 97 | |
| 12015408604 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c | 98 | |
| 12015408605 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire | 99 | |
| 12015408606 | Hulegu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad | 100 | |
| 12015408607 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 101 | |
| 12015408608 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 102 | |
| 12015408609 | White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty | 103 | |
| 12015408610 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 104 | |
| 12015408611 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 105 | |
| 12015408612 | Ethnocentrism | judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history | 106 | |
| 12015408616 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 107 | |
| 12015408630 | Silk Road Trade system |  | 108 | |
| 12015408631 | Kingdom of Mali |  | 109 | |
| 12015408617 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 110 | |
| 12015408618 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 111 | |
| 12015408619 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 112 | |
| 12015408620 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 113 | |
| 12015408621 | Trans Saharan trade | Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.. |  | 114 |
| 12015408622 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 115 | |
| 12015408623 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 116 | |
| 12015408624 | Black Death | plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe. |  | 117 |
| 12015408632 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade |  | 118 | |
| 12015408625 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 119 | |
| 12015408626 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 120 | |
| 12015408627 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 121 | |
| 12015408633 | Bantu Migrations |  | 122 | |
| 12015408628 | footbinding | began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming |  | 123 |
| 12015408629 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 124 |
Flashcards
AP World History: Islam Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5169449227 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 0 | |
| 5169449228 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually mean with large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 5169449229 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 2 | |
| 5169449230 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750 | 3 | |
| 5169449231 | Quraysh | Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. | 4 | |
| 5169449232 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam | 5 | |
| 5169449233 | Medina | Also known as Yahtrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) | 6 | |
| 5169449234 | Allah | The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith | 7 | |
| 5169449235 | What were the major ways in which the city of Mecca interacted with the Bedouin tribes that lived in the desert surrounding it? | Trade; the nomadic tribes protected the trade routes | 8 | |
| 5169449236 | Sasanian empires | The dynasty that ruled Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion | 9 | |
| 5169449237 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632 | 10 | |
| 5169449238 | Khadijah(555-619) | First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 11 | |
| 5169449239 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 12 | |
| 5169449240 | Ali(c.599-661) | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 13 | |
| 5169449241 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 14 | |
| 5169449242 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 15 | |
| 5169449243 | Five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. | 16 | |
| 5169449244 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 17 | |
| 5169449245 | Hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 18 | |
| 5169449246 | Which aspects of Muhammad's religious message accounted for its powerful appeal to both urban dwellers and nomadic peoples in Arabia and beyond? | It was the basis to the new religion; taught to the people of Muhammad's clan and people of Mecca; Umayyad saw it as a threat to their wealth and power | 19 | |
| 5169449247 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 20 | |
| 5169449248 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community | 21 | |
| 5169449249 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 22 | |
| 5169449250 | Jihads | Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding | 23 | |
| 5169449251 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule | 24 | |
| 5169449252 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 25 | |
| 5169449253 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan: murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 26 | |
| 5169449254 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 27 | |
| 5169449255 | Mu'awiya(602-680) | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 28 | |
| 5169449256 | Sunnis | Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads | 29 | |
| 5169449257 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 30 | |
| 5169449258 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked by beginning Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 31 | |
| 5169449259 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 32 | |
| 5169449260 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 33 | |
| 5169449261 | Jizya | Head tax paid by all non believers in Islamic territories | 34 | |
| 5169449262 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrains and even Hindus | 35 | |
| 5169449263 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 36 | |
| 5169449264 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E. | 37 | |
| 5169449265 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 38 | |
| 5169449266 | What were the key factors that made possible the rapid Arab conquests in the Middle East, Central Asia, & North Africa? | The chance to glorify their new religion may have been a motive for the Arab conquests. | 39 | |
| 5169449267 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 40 | |
| 5169449268 | Wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 41 | |
| 5169449269 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 42 | |
| 5169449270 | In what ways was the Islamic religion a faith that elevated the status and opportunities of women, and what were the constrains on this process? Was this true in all places to which Islam spread? | Women gained more power such as property ownership. But this was not the case in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia | 43 | |
| 5169449271 | Lateen | Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fire and aft of the ship | 44 | |
| 5169449272 | al-Mahdi(r.775-785) | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 45 | |
| 5169449273 | Harun al-Rashid | One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era | 46 | |
| 5169449274 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 47 | |
| 5169449275 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 48 | |
| 5169449276 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 49 | |
| 5169449277 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam | 50 | |
| 5169449278 | Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406) | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute | 51 | |
| 5169449279 | What were the major sources contributing to the decline of the Abbasid dynasty? Why were the Abbasids ineffective at halting this decline? Who replaced them? How? | The courtly excesses and political divisions that eventually contributed to the decline of the empire were apparent. Harun al-Rashid took the throne after the fall | 52 | |
| 5169449280 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 53 | |
| 5169449281 | Ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 54 | |
| 5169449282 | al-Ghazali(1058-1111) | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'-anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 55 | |
| 5169449283 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 56 | |
| 5169449284 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170's in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world | 57 | |
| 5169449285 | Hulegu(1217-1265) | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 58 | |
| 5169449286 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1250 and halted Mongol advance | 59 | |
| 5169449287 | Discuss the major advances in the arts and sciences which occurred in the Islamic world in the late Abbasid period. | Artists and Artisans continued the formidable achievements in architecture and other crafts. Islamic civilization outstripped all others in scientific discoveries, new discoveries, new technologies of investigation, and new technologies | 60 | |
| 5169449288 | What did the Sufis teach? | Tried to see beyond what they believed to be the illusory existence of everyday life and to delight in the presence of Allah in the world. More accomplished Sushis created a large following | 61 | |
| 5169449289 | Muhammad ibn Qasim(661-750) | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 62 | |
| 5169449290 | Mahmud of Ghanzi(971-1030) | Third ruler of Turkish Slave Dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India: gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 63 | |
| 5169449291 | Muhammad of Ghur(1173-1206) | Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus Valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control | 64 | |
| 5169449292 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak. (r.1206-1210) | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India | 65 | |
| 5169449293 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddes who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu | 66 | |
| 5169449294 | Mira Bai(1498-1547) | Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 67 | |
| 5169449295 | Kabir(1440-1518) | Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 68 | |
| 5169449296 | How did Hindu religious leaders and organizations counter the considerable appeal of Sufi missionaries and their efforts to win converts in south and Southeast Asia from the 10th through the 16th centuries? | In the 11th century Muhammad of Ghandi seized power and began to dig deep Muslim roots. Made little impression on the Hindu religion | 69 | |
| 5169449297 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion | 70 | |
| 5169449298 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands | 71 | |
| 5169449299 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on north cost of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports | 72 | |
| 5169449300 | Beyond the Sufis, who were the major agents and what were the motivations for conversions to the Islamic religion in south and Southeast Asia during this time period? | Muslim merchants and sailors helped to spread the new faith to local people. | 73 | |
| 5169449301 | Stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states | 74 | |
| 5169449302 | Ifriqiya | The Arabic term for eastern North Africa | 75 | |
| 5169449303 | Maghrib | The Arabic word for western North Africa | 76 | |
| 5169449304 | Almohadis | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of Northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa | 77 | |
| 5169449305 | Why did the Sudanic states develop in the Sahel and what advantages did they derive from their location? | 78 | ||
| 5169449306 | Sahel | A vast semiarid region of North Africa, south of the Sahara, that forms a transitional zone between the desert and the region known as Sudan | 79 | |
| 5169449307 | Juula | Manlike merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire; eventually spread throughout much of west Africa | 80 | |
| 5169449308 | Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260 | 81 | |
| 5169449309 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | 82 | |
| 5169449310 | Ibn Battuta(b.1304) | Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records | 83 | |
| 5169449311 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university | 84 | |
| 5169449312 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger Valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali(r.1464-1492) | 85 | |
| 5169449313 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay empire; Islamic rule of the mid-16th century | 86 | |
| 5169449314 | Hausa | Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions | 87 | |
| 5169449315 | Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance | 88 | |
| 5169449316 | How did African societies accommodate Islam and what was the effect of the spread of Islam across Africa? | 89 |
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