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AP Vocabulary List 23 Flashcards

6166500506	aphorism	a pithy observation that contains a general truth	0
6166500507	assail	to attack vigorously or violently; assault	1
6166500508	beget	to procreate; to produce as an effect; give rise to	2
6166502347	bellicose	inclined or eager to fight; aggressively hostile; belligerent	3
6166502348	discourse	communication of thought by words; talk; conversation	4
6166503317	garrison	a body of troops stationed in a fortified place	5
6166503318	inculcate	to implant by repeated statement; teach persistently and earnestly	6
6166504841	recourse	a source of help in a difficult situation	7
6166507577	usurp	take (a position of power or importance) illegally or by force	8
6166516241	vexation	the state of being annoyed, frustrated, or worried	9

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AP Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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10386067906	Polar Covalent Bond	covalent bond were shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative electron	0
10386067907	Polar Molecule	Molecule where the overall charge is not equally shared	1
10386067908	Cohesion	linking together two like molecules	2
10386067909	adhesion	clinging of one substance to another	3
10386067910	Surface Tension	measure of how difficult to stretch/break surface of liquid	4
10386067911	kinetic energy	energy of motion	5
10386067912	Heat	form of energy	6
10386067913	tempertaure	measure of heat intensity representative average KE regardless of volume	7
10386067914	calorie (cal)	amount of heat it take to raise 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius	8
10386067915	kilocalorie (kcal)	1000 cal, quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celcuis	9
10386067916	joule (j)	energy unit	10
10386067917	1 J= ___ cal	0.239	11
10386067918	1 cal=___ J	4.184	12
10386067919	specific heat	amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance by 1 degree Celcuis	13
10386067920	vaporization (evaporation)	liquid to gas	14
10386067921	Heat of Vaporization	quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas	15
10386067922	evaporative cooling	process where an object becomes cooler during evaporation, result of molecules with higher KE changing from liquid to gas more quickly than others	16
10386067923	solution	a liquid that is completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances	17
10386067924	solvent	dissolving agent of soln.	18
10386067925	solute	substance that is being dissolved	19
10386067926	aqueous solution	one in which water is solvent	20
10386067927	hydrogen shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion	21
10386067928	hydrophilic	any substance that has a natural affinity for water	22
10386067929	colloid	stable suspension of fine particles in liquid	23
10386067930	hydrophobic	repels water	24
10386067931	molecular mass	sum of masses of all atoms in molecule	25
10386067932	mole (mol)	6.02*10^23	26
10386067933	molarity	# of moles per solute per L of solution	27
10386067934	Hydrogen ion (H+)	when a hydrogen atom in hydrogen bond shifts from one molecule to the other, it leaves its electron behind	28
10386067935	hydroxide ion	water molecule that lost a proton	29
10386067936	hydromuim ion (H3O+)	protein binds to the other water molecule	30
10386067937	acid	substance that raises the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 0-6 pH	31
10386067938	base	substance that lowers the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 8-14 pH	32
10386067939	buffer	substance that minimizes the changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution	33
10386067940	ocean acidification	when CO2 reacts with water making it acidic	34
10386067941	acid precipitation	refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5	35

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AP World History - Unit 4 (Ch. 19-20) Flashcards

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11873542792	Ulama	Scholars and experts in Islamic law.	0
11873542793	Kangxi	One of China's longest reigning emperors, presided over a period of stability and expansion in China.	1
11873542794	Shariah Law	A system of Islamic jurisprudence that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance, to name but a few.	2
11873542795	Tibet	The mountainous land north of India.	3
11873542796	Harem	A residence where a man's wives and concubines lived.	4
11873542797	Emperor Qianlong	Sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty. A poet, who was knowledgeable in art and calligraphy. He limited trading privileges to the European powers by confining them to Guangzhou (also known as Canton).	5
11873542798	Taj Mahal	Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife. Located in India.	6
11873542799	White Lotus Rebellion	During the later part of Qianlong's reign, the traditionally efficient Chinese bureaucracy became corrupt, levying high taxes on the people. In response to these high taxes and a desire to restore the Ming Dynasty, a group of peasants organized this rebellion (1796-1804). The Qing government suppressed the uprising brutally, killing around 100,000.	7
11873542800	Gunpowder Empires	Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry (cannon and artillery) and gunpowder to advance their military causes.	8
11873542801	Oda Nobunaga	First of the powerful Japanese Daimyo. Armed with muskets purchased from Portuguese trades, him and his samurai took over Kyoto in 1568. He then began to extend his power, forcing daimyo in the lands around Kyoto to submit. He had unified about one-third of what is today Japan when he was assassinated in 1582.	9
11873542802	Tamerlane	a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late fourteenth century, set the stage for the rise of the Turkic empires. Leading an army partly composed of nomadic invaders from the broad steppes of Eurasia, moved out from the trading city of Samarkand (in modern day Uzbekistan) to make ruthless conquests in Persia (modern-day Iran) and India.	10
11873542803	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Successor to Oda Nobunaga, continued expanding the territory until most of what we now know as Japan was under his control. After his death in 1598, the center of power shifted to the city of Edo (Tokyo), controlled by the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu (ruled 1600-1616), who was declared shogun in 1603.	11
11873542804	Samarkand	During the rule of Timur Lane was the most influential capital city, a wealthy trading center known for decorated mosques and tombs.	12
11873542805	Tokugawa Shogunate	Set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system. Japan was divided into 250 hans each of which was controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was fairly independent. However, they required that daimyo maintain residences both in their home territory and also in the capital; if the daimyo himself was visiting his home territory, his family had to stay in Tokyo, essentially as hostages. This kept the daimyo under control of the shogunate, reducing them to landowners who managed the hans, rather than independent leaders.	13
11873542806	Ottoman Empire	Was the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of it's time. Founded by the Osman Dynasty in the 1300s, the empire lasted until its defeat in 1918 by the Allies in World War I. Thus, a single dynasty controlled the empire for over 600 years.	14
11873542807	Hans	Approximately 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa Shogunate.	15
11873542808	Mehmed II	Also known as "the Conqueror," he firmly established the empires capital after his forces besieged Constantinople (once the center of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453.	16
11873542809	Hermit Kingdom	Except for its close links with China, Korea largely remained isolated from the rest of the world earning this title.	17
11873542810	Topkapi Palace	The royal residence of the sultans which began construction during the reign of Mehmed II.	18
11873542811	Daimyo	Japan's feudal large landowners, landowning aristocrats. Reported to the Shogun.	19
11873542812	Suleiman	Ottoman sultan who brought the Ottoman Empire to its peak (ruled 1520-1566). His armies overran Hungary in in 1526 and, by 1529, were hammering at the gates of Vienna, the main city in Austria.	20
11873542813	Viziers	Strong advisers to Ottoman Sultans who came to occupy influential positions in government in the Ottoman Empire.	21
11873542814	Battle of Lepanto	After Suleiman's death, a European force made up of mostly of Spaniards and Venetians defeated the ottomans in a great naval conflict.	22
11873542815	Safavids	This dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. The shahs ruled over this Gunpowder Empire.	23
11873542816	Ismail	An early Safavid military hero who's ethnic background is much disputed, conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq.	24
11873542817	Shah	Safavid equivalent to king or emperor.	25
11873542818	Shah Abbas	Also known as Abbas the Great (ruled 1587-1627) presided over the Safavid Empire at its height. His troops, which were conscripted in ways similar to the recruitment of the Janissaries in the Ottoman empire, included soldiers from as far northwest as Georgia in Russia.	26
11873542819	Isfahan	Capital of the Safavid Empire.	27
11873542820	Akbar	Babur's grandson who brought Mughal rule to most of India. He practiced religious tolerance. For the first 40 years of his rule, he defeated Hindu armies and extended his empire southward and westward.	28
11873542821	Babur	A descendant of Tamerlane, founded a 300-year dynasty in the 1520s, during a time when India was in disarray. He completed conquests in northern India and, under the new Mughal name, formed a central government similar to those of Suleiman in Turkey and Ivan the Terrible in Russia.	29
11873542822	Shah Jahan	Mughal ruler (1627-1658) who built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife.	30
11873542823	Aurangzeb	Shah Jahan's son and successor (ruled 1658-1707), inherited an empire weakened by corruption and the failure to keep up with the military innovations of external enemies. Nevertheless he hoped to increase the size of the empire and bring all of India under Muslim rule.	31
11873542824	Barbary Pirates	Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations.	32
11873542825	Grand Bazaar	A giant complex of buildings that is a reminder of Istanbul's commercial hub and has over 5,000 shops.	33
11873542826	Devshirme	Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers.	34
11873542827	Janissaries	Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.	35
11873542828	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	36
11873542829	Haiku	A Japanese form of poetry, consisting of three un-rhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables.	37
11873542830	Kabuki Theater	A popular form of Japanese drama that brings together dialogue, dance, and music to tell stories. The actors wear colorful costumes and dramatic makeup.	38
11873542831	Guangzhou	A coastal city in southeastern China, also known as Canton. The Qing Dynasty sold limited trading privileges to the European powers here.	39
11873542832	Proto-Industrial	Meaning that although some industry existed, the vast majority of people still worked on farms.	40
11873542833	Qing Dynasty	The last imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.	41
11873542834	Forbidden City	Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission. Members of the royal family lived here away from the general population of the Ming Dynasty.	42

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AP Psychology Midterm Review Flashcards

A comprehensive review of terminology for AP Psychology. Definitions are for triggering other information. (Pulled from other lists.)

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8375250391	absolute threshold	intensity level at which one can detect a stimulus 50% of the time	0
8375250392	acetylcholine (ACh)	a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory and muscle movement	1
8375250393	action potential	the electrical process by which information is transmitted the length of an axon	2
8375250394	agonists	drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters	3
8375250395	all-or-nothing	description of the action of neurons when firing	4
8375250396	amygdala	limbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger	5
8375250397	anorexia (nervosa)	an eating disorder in which one starves oneself even though significantly underweight	6
8375250398	anterograde amnesia	loss of memory for events that occur after the onset of the amnesia; eg, see in a boxer who suffers a severe blow to the head and loses memory for events after the blow	7
8375250399	retrograde amnesia	loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him	8
8375250400	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex which have no specific motor or sensory repsonsibilities, but rather are involved in thinking, memory and judgment	9
8375250401	autonomic nervous system	division of the nervous system that control the glands and organs; its divisions arouse or calm	10
8375250402	basic research	scientific investigations intended to expand the knowledge base	11
8375250403	applied research	scientific investigations intended to solve practical problems	12
8375250404	behavioral	perspective on psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states	13
8375250405	binocular cues	retinal disparity and convergence which enable people to determine depth using both eyes	14
8375250406	biological	perspective that stresses links between biology and behavior	15
8375250407	blind spot	point in the retinal where the optic nerve leaves the retina so there are no rods or cones there	16
8375250408	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain's integration of sensory information	17
8375250410	case study	scientific investigation in which a single subject is studied in great detail	18
8375250411	CAT scan	a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography	19
8375250413	Central Nervous System	consists of the brain and the spinal cord	20
8375250414	cerebellum	brain structure that controls well-learned motor activities like riding a bike	21
8375250415	cerebral cortex	the fabric of interconnecting cells that blankets the brain hemispheres; the brain's center for information processing and control	22
8375250416	chunking	organizing units of information into manageable units such as memorizing a phone number as three groups of information 248-555-1212	23
8375250417	classical conditioning	method of learning in which a neutral stimulus can be used to elicit a response that is usually a natural response to a stimulus	24
8375250418	cognitive	perspective on psychology that stresses the importance of mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, etc	25
8375250419	conditioned response	in classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus	26
8375250420	conditioning	generally, learning in which certain experiences make certain behaviors more or less likely; there are two forms of this	27
8375250421	cones	neurons in the retina that are responsible for color vision	28
8375250422	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports one's preconceptions	29
8375250423	control group	subjects in an experiment who do not receive application of the independent variable but are measured nonetheless for the dependent variable	30
8375250424	corpus callosum	the fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres, enabling them to communicate	31
8375250425	correlation	the degree of relationship between two variables	32
8375250426	correlation coefficient	a positive one near 1.0 indicates two variable are positively related; a negative number indicates a negative relationship; zero indicates no relationship	33
8375250427	debriefing	giving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed	34
8375250428	dependent variable	the variable that the experimenter measures at the end of the experiment	35
8375250429	depressant	any agent that reduces the activity of the CNS	36
8375250430	depth perception	an ability that we exercise by using both monocular and binocular cues	37
8375250431	dopamine	a neurotransmitter that is associated with Parkinson's disease (too little of it) and schizophrenia (too much of it)	38
8375250433	EEG	initials of a method of representation of brain waves	39
8375250434	endocrine system	the slow messenger system of the body; produces hormones that affect many bodily functions	40
8375250435	endorphins	neurotransmitters that give one a feeling of well-being, euphoria or eliminate pain	41
8375250436	episodic	describes a type of memory that includes specific events that one has personally experienced	42
8375250437	experiment	form of scientific investigation in which one variable is tested to determine its effect on another	43
8375250438	extinction	in classical conditioning, the process of eliminating the previously acquired association of the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response	44
8375250439	extrinsic	term that describes motivations that drive behavior in order to gain rewards from outside forces	45
8375250440	general adaptation syndrome	Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion	46
8375250441	gestalt	German word for "whole", it refers to our tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete	47
8375250442	heuristic	a useful, but unprovable, cognitive shortcut, such as a "rule of thumb"	48
8375250443	hierarchy of needs	Maslow's theory of the most important motivations people have	49
8375250444	hippocampus	limbic system component associated with memory	50
8375250445	homeostasis	the steady, stable state that is the body's regulatory processes try to maintain	51
8375250446	hunger	it is regulated by the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus	52
8375250447	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain events or emotions will occur	53
8375250448	hypothalamus	limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions	54
8375250449	hypothesis	a prediction of how the an experiment will turn out	55
8375250451	independent	type of variable manipulated by the experimenter	56
8375250452	insight	in psychoanalysis, the basic understanding one develops of the underlying sources of emotion or behavioral difficulty	57
8375250455	latent content	the hidden or disguised meaning of dreams	58
8375250456	latent learning	a change in behavior due to experience acquired without conscious effort, s, for example, a student using a quote in an exam essay that the student had never tried to memorize, though eh had encountered it in studying	59
8375250457	marijuana	a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive	60
8375250458	mean	numerical average of a set of numbers	61
8375250459	median	the middle one of a set of numbers	62
8375250460	memory	functions associated with this include encoding, storage and retrieval	63
8375250461	mode	the most commonly occurring term in a batch of data	64
8375250462	MRI	a technique that enables us to see static images of the brain's structures; uses magnetism to achieve this effect	65
8375250463	narcolepsy	a disorder characterized by sudden sleep attacks, often at inopportune times	66
8375250464	negative reinforcement	in operant conditioning, removing something unpleasant in order to elicit more of a particular behavior	67
8375250465	neurotransmitter	a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons	68
8375250466	neutral	describes a stimulus in classical conditioning that would normally not elicit the response intended, such as the tone in Pavlov's experiments before it was associated with the food	69
8375250467	night terrors	also called sleep terror disorder, these include the characteristic of waking abruptly in a state of panic, usually in children, less often in adults	70
8375250468	occipital	this lobe contains the primary vision processing function	71
8375250469	operant conditioning	a method of influencing behavior by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired ones	72
8375250470	operational definition	a description of an experimental variable in such a way that the variable can be measured and the procedure can be replicated	73
8375250471	optic chiasm	the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing	74
8375250472	optic nerve	the axons of the ganglion cells form this	75
8375250473	parasympathetic	the branch of the nervous system that automatically calms us down when the reason for arousal has passed	76
8375250474	peripheral nervous system	the subsystem of the nervous system that does not include the CNS	77
8375250475	PET scan	method of brain imaging using positron emissions	78
8375250476	place theory	the idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different locations on the basilar membrae	79
8375250477	placebo	an inert substance given to the control group in an experiment	80
8375250478	placebo effect	phenomenon that some people get better even though they receive not medication but an inert substance which should have no medical effect	81
8375250479	refractory period	resting time; occurs in both neuron firing and in human sexual response	82
8375250480	reinforcer	in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	83
8375250481	reliability	in testing, the characteristic of a test that produces consistent scores through retesting or alternate halves or other methods	84
8375250482	reticular formation	a network of cells in the brainstem that filters sensory information and is involved in arousal and alertness	85
8375250483	rods	responsible for black and white vision	86
8375250484	selective attention	this term describes the situation when you are focused on certain stimuli in the environment while other stimuli are excluded	87
8375250485	self-actualization	the highest of Malow's needs; "the full use of talent"	88
8375250487	serotonin	a neurotransmitter; associated with improved mood and other positive emotions	89
8375250488	set point	the point at which one's body tries maintain weight	90
8375250489	signal detection	this theory predicts how and in what circumstances we can detect a stimulus; assumes there is no single threshold	91
8375250490	sleep apnea	a disorder characterized by cessation of breathing during sleep	92
8375250491	socio-cultural	a perspective on psychology that emphasizes effects on behavior and thinking of one's culture and the people around one	93
8375250492	social learning	a theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others	94
8375250493	somatic	a division of the nervous system that controls voluntary muscle movements	95
8375250494	split brain	a condition in which the two brain hemispheres are isolated by cutting the corpus callosum	96
8375250495	spontaneous recovery	in classical conditioning the re-occurence of conditioning after it had appeared to be extinct	97
8375250496	standard deviation	a computation of how much scores vary around a mean	98
8375250497	sympathetic	part of the nervous system that controls the "flight or fight" response	99
8375250498	thalamus	the sensory switchboard	100
8375250499	theory	this organizes data and is used to make predictions	101
8375250500	threshold	in a neuron, reaching this causes the neuron to fire	102
8375250501	unconditioned response	in conditioning the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus	103
8375250502	unconditioned stimulus	in conditioning it elicits the UCR	104
8375250503	resting potential	the inside of a neuron is negatively charged	105
8375250506	algorithm	a step by step process to problem solving	106
8375250507	mirror neurons	neurons that fire as the result of observation	107
8375250508	wernicke's area	part of the brain that interprets language	108
8375250509	broca's area	part of the brain that produces speech	109
8375250510	discrimination	being able to tell the difference between similar stimuli	110
8375250511	generalization	applying a learned concept on to multiple stimuli	111
8375250512	reflex	immediate reaction to a stimulus triggered by the spinal cord	112
8375250518	statistical inference	applying the data from a sample to the entire population	113
8375250519	subliminal	a stimulus that is registered less than 50% of the time	114
8375250520	validity	does the test measure what it is supposed to	115
8375250521	industrial organizational	focuses on applying psychological principles to business	116

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AP World History: Chapter 21 Flashcards

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6239234527	Trading Cities	- maintained order - strategic location - didn't have outrageous taxes	0
6239234528	Melaka	Major trading port in the eastern Indian Ocean that has multiple cultural interactions with a population of 50,000 people	1
6239234529	Marco Polo	- Venetian - 1253-1324 - Govenor to Khubilai Khan for 17 years in the city of Yangzhou	2
6239234530	Pope Innocent IV	sent envoys to invite the Mongol khans to convert to Christianity and join Europeans in an alliance against the Muslims. The khans declined the invitation.	3
6239234531	Rabban Sauma	a Nestorian Christian priest sent as an envoy by the Mongol ilkhan of Persiato the pope and European political leaders to defeat the Muslims but he was declined.	4
6239234532	Ibn Battuta	- 1304-1369 - Became a qadi and enforced Islamic law at many courts throughout the world - Muslim	5
6239234533	Sufi Missionaries	did not insist on a strict practice of Islam but emphasized piety and devotion to Allah	6
6239234534	Christian Missionaries	- Accompanied crusaders - Baltic and Balkan= success - eastern Mediterranean= failure bc Crusaders did not hold land there	7
6239234535	John of Montecorvino	- Roman Catholic missionary in China - Italian - Well-liked and worked hard to introduce Christian elements into society - Attracted few Asian peoples to Christianity.	8
6239234536	Successful Christian Missions	Scandinavia, eastern Europe, Spain, and the Mediterranean islands that European armies recaptured from Muslims	9
6239234537	Failed Christian Missions	East Asians bc they already had religions	10
6239234538	Cultural Exchanges	- Crops (sugarcane from Muslims to the Europeans who staffed plantations with slaves) - Gunpowder (from China to Mongols who spread it west which ends the feudal system and created cannons that could destroy castle walls)	11
6239234539	Spread of Bubonic Plauge	Spread from Yunnan region of China by Mongol travels on trade routes and into the Black Sea where fleeing Italian merchants spread it yet further	12
6239234540	Bubonic Plauge	Causes inflamed lymph nodes and is wildly contagious. Also spreads through rodents. Popped up randomly everywhere and devastated the population.	13
6239234541	Bubonic Plague Avoided	- Scandinavia and northern Europe bc its so cold - India - Subsaharan Africa bc it is so hot	14
6239234542	Effects of Bubonic Plauge	- MAJOR population decline - Labor shortages - Civil unrest	15
6239234543	Hongwu	- Came to power through military achievements - Established the Ming Dynasty - Reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems - Highly centralized government - Expanded China's influence to Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Central and Southeast Asia - Reduced taxes - Reinstated Chinese values - Improved agriculture	16
6239234544	Mandarins	Special class of powerful officials sent out by the government to check on local officials.	17
6239234545	Eunuchs	Used them as advisors bc they wouldn't overthrow them	18
6239234546	Yongle	- Wrote Yongle encyclopedia - Built Forbidden city - Oversees/ sponsors voyages (of Zheng He)	19
6239234547	Humanists	Christians who believed you could participate in the workings of the world and still be a devout Catholic and centered on achievements of the individual rather than of the community - Civic humanism- using talents to improve society	20
6239234548	Francesco Petrarch	defined humanism, said "the potential of the human mind is limitless"	21
6239234549	Baldassare Castiglione-	wrote a newsletter called "The Courier" and in one article he wrote about "the Renaissance Man," a man of education and action who was well spoken and education (Leonardo Da Vinci was the perfect Renaissance Man)	22
6239234550	Niccolo Machiavelli	wrote "The Prince" which was a guide on how to rule to a fictional prince he said "It is better for a prince to be feared than to be loved" and "a prince should use whatever means necessary to maintain control of his realm" (Legalism)	23
6239234551	Desiderius Erasmus	- 1466-1536 - published "The Praise of Folly" and blames the pope he says if you have a bible and faith then you can be a true Christian	24
6239234552	Sir Thomas More	- Contemporary of Desiderius Erasmus - Wrote Utopia about a perfect society based on reason, not the church or government	25
6239234553	Chinese Voyages	Emperor Yongle organized the expeditions for two reasons... - to impose imperial control over foreign trade with China - to impress foreign peoples with the power and might that the Ming dynasty had restored to China. - 1405-1433	26
6239234554	Zheng He	- a Muslim from Yunnan in China who was a trusted advisor of Yongle. - took his fleet to southeast Asia, India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and the coast of Africa - paid respect to the local deities and customs - used diplomacy usually and violence on occasion to impress forieners - brought gifts from many nations	27
6239234555	End of the Voyages	- Confucians said the money being used for the expeditions should be used for agriculture - The Chinese army was needed to defend themselves from the Mongols	28
6239234556	Results of the End of the Voyages	- imperial officials destroyed most of the nautical charts - returned to an isolationist policy in which foreign merchants could only trade at certain supervised markets	29
6239234557	European Voyages	- the desire to expand Roman Catholic Christianity - the desire to profit from trade	30
6239234558	Portuguese Exploration	The first ones after China bc... - They already had experience sailing from fishing - They had a large coastline - Prince Henry (the Navigator) encouraged	31
6239234559	Bartolomeu Dias	sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean but turned around bc his crew was homesick	32
6239234560	Vasco da Gama	Sailed to India and in 1498 he arrived at Calicut, and by 1499 he had returned to Lisbon with a cargo of pepper and spices.	33
6239234561	Pedro Cabral	sailed west and claimed Brazil for Portugal	34
6239234562	Christopher Columbus	- the Catholic Kings, Fernando and Isabel of Spain sponsored him - Reached the Bahamas - Never acknowledged that his expeditions had not reached Asia - Made many voyages	35
6239234563	Reasons for Exploration	- Wealth - Fame and glory - Spread of faith - Curiosity	36
6239234564	Technologies Used in Exploration	- Compass - Astrolabe - Deep draft ships - Lateen sails - Cannons	37
6239234565	Prince Henry (of Portugal) the Navigator	major patron of the explorers	38
6239234566	Reconquista	Led by the Christian kingdom of Castile - captures the city of Toledo - convinces the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Aragon of Portugal to help	39
6239234567	The Ming Dynasty	- Great Wall of China - Improved irrigation and agriculture bc of new crops - Population increase - Manufacturing increase	40
6239234568	Causes of the Italian Renaissance	- Crusades (trade increased) - Rich Italian city-states - Patrons support the arts - Interactions with - Muslims bring back classical (Greek and Roman) knowledge - Increased desire for beauty and knowledge	41
6239234569	Nicholas Copernicus	Heliocentric view of the universe	42
6239234570	Galileo	Arrested for his views against the heliocentric universe	43
6239234571	Patrons	people who commission artwork to be produced - The Medici Family of Florence - The Sforza Family of Milan - Queen Elizabeth I (to Shakespeare)	44
6239234572	Renaissance Art	- perspective - perfect form of beauty	45
6239234573	Michelangelo	- sculptor/ painter - David - Sistine Chapel	46
6239234574	Causes of the Northern Renaissance	- Trade and the growth of cities - Many Italian artists flee the violence in the Peninsula to the north - Patrons spread the word of artists to their friends - Scholars go to the Italian Peninsula and return North	47
6239234575	Most Important Invention	Johannes Gutenberg's printing press	48
6239234576	Christine de Pisan	The City of Women	49
6239234577	Art in the North	- People depicted as they really looked - More landscapes - Darker colors - Pictured with items in everyday scenes - Used religious symbolism but not actual pictures	50
6239234578	Albrecht Durer	Used oils, fabrics, and wood	51
6239234579	Hans Holbein	Used objects to characterize subjects in portraits	52

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AP World History Vocab 53 Flashcards

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11877928345	an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe in exchange for loyalty and service	Fief	0
11877944109	A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.	Manor	1
11877956190	Made official by a public ceremony; to become a vassal, a man performed an act of homage to his lord; Loyalty to one's lord was the chief virtue	Lord-Vassal Relationship	2
11877963672	the art or skill of	Ship	3
11877968086	an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate. Largest population of Medieval Europe	Serf	4
11877989395	a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people. This caused labor shortages and massive social, economic, and political change	Bubonic Plague (Black Death)	5